小升初英语培优第9讲：介词讲解(学生版)

第九讲：介词一、【考点解读】介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句子中不能单独作成分。

介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。

介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语、表语、补语或介词宾语。

介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。

介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，特别是一些常用介词的搭配力特别强，可以用来表示各种不同的意思。

二、【知识讲解】Mrs. Smith’s kitchenMrs. Smith’s kitchen is small.There is a refrigerator in the kitchen.The refrigerator is white.It is on the right.There is an electric cooker in the kitchen.The cooker is blue.It is on the left.There is a table in the middle of the room.There is a bottle on the table.The bottle is empty.There is a cup on the table, too.The cup is clean.知识点1——时间介词at, on, in 的用法1. at（1）表示具体时刻，如：at three o’clock在三点钟at half past eight在八点半（2）固定搭配：at noon at night at dawn at duskat the moment at first at the beginning at presentat last at sunrise at sunset at the age ofat the same time at dinner-time at the end of at Christmas2. on（1）表示具体某一天（包括节假日），如：on March 8th, 2016在2016年3月8日on Children’s Day在儿童节(at the Spring Festival)on Sunday在星期天（2）表示具体某一天的早、中、晚，如：on Saturday morning在周六早上on a rainy evening在一个下雨的傍晚on a hot afternoon在一个炎热的下午3. in（1）表示月份，季节，年，年代，世纪，如：in July在七月in summer在夏天in 2016 在2016年in the 1990s在20世纪90年代in the 21st century在21世纪in his twenties在他20多岁（2）后面跟一段时间，表示“…..之后”，指将来的时间，如：in a week 一周之后in a few months 几个月之后I’ll be back in a few minutes. 我几分钟后回来。

（3）固定搭配in the morning in English in a minutein a hurry in time in the end注意：this, that, last, next, every, one, yesterday, today, tomorrow, tonight, all, most等词之前一般不加介词。

如：this morning 今天早晨（on）that day在那天（that day更常用些）last week上周next year明年next month下个月every day每天one morning一天早晨yesterday afternoon昨天下午tomorrow morning明天早晨all day/morning/night整天/整个早晨/整晚知识点2——地点、方位介词at, in, on, above, below的用法1. at 表示在某个具体地点，即“小地方”（比城市小），如：at home at school at the bus stationat the corner at the top of at the school gateat the crossroads at the foot of at the airport2. in “在…之中”，表示在某范围之内，或某个地方（城市，国家等大地方），如：There are many books in my schoolbag.My grandparents are in Beijing now.固定搭配：in the car in the middle of in the libraryin the hospital in Shanghai in Chinain the world in the east in the sky注意：在某个地理范围内的“东、南、西、北”方，也用in, 如：Shanghai is in the east of China.3. on“在…之上”，表示某物体上面并与之接触，如：My book is on the table.固定搭配：on the desk on the wall on the playgroundon the road on the right/left on a bus/trainon the shelf on one’s way to on both sides of the river注意：地理上与某个地方接壤的“东、南、西、北”方，用on, 如：Shanghai is on the south of Jiangsu.补充：地理上与某个地方不接壤的“东、南、西、北”方，用to, 如：Japan is to the east of China.4. above 意为“高出…”，“超过…”，指在……上方，不一定在正上方（正上方用over），与below相对，如：The plane is flying above the clouds.5. below 意为“在……之下，低于”，不一定在正下方（正下方用under），如：The fish were swimming below the surface of the water.图示总结三.表运动方向和位置的介词：1. across / through / over / by 经过①across 指横穿,穿过. 表示动作从某一物体表面上经过.②through 指穿过,透过,表示从某一物体空间内通过.③over 表示从某人或某物的上空经过或越过,不与表面接触. ④by/past 表示从某人/某物的旁边经过.Can you swim ______ the river ? / The elephant is so big that it can’t go _____ the gate .I don’t think anyone can jump ___ the fence. / I walked _____ the bank of China yesterday .2.between, among①between指在两个人或两个事物之间；There is a bank between the post office and the policeabovebelowoverunderstation.② among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间eg:The teacher is standing among the students.3 . in, into, out of①in：在……里面，用于表示静止的位置。

Her mother works in the hospital.②into：进入，用于表示有特定终点的运动方向，经常与表示动作的动词连用如,come, go, run, rush等。

The child ran into his mother’s arms. 这小孩跑进了它妈妈的怀里③out of：从……里出来，与into一样，也表示有一定的运动方向。

如：All the children rushed out of the classroom when the bell rang.四.表示方式的介词with / in / by 表示“用……”（注意格式要对齐）1.with 表示“用…” 一般指有形的工具/ 手段/ 人体器官.He cut the apple into halves ____ a knife . 注: with 表伴随, “带有,含有”He came in _____ a big smile on his face .2.in a)表示用某种语言,方式,途径. 或书写/绘画所用的材料..Can you say it _____English ? / He wrote a letter ____ blue ink .b)以…方式in this way 用这种方法behave in a polite wayc)也可表交通方式travel in a c ar d)“穿着” in red穿红色的衣服3.by a)表示乘坐交通工具, travel by busb)以……方式、方法或手段I study for a test _____ working with a group .4. on a)通过study on the air/radio通过广播学习b)乘坐on a bus/ on a bike注意: 1).by phone = on the phone 2).by car = in a car 3).in pen = with a pen = with pens 五．范围介词In 在......里边in our class between 在两者之间between usamong 在三者或三者以上的中间among studentsbesides 除了......之外还有（包括后面的宾语）Tom,Jim besides Lily.except 除了......之外（不包括后面的宾语）Tom,Jim except Lily.including包括All the students including me.六．介词词组辨析1. on the tree /in the tree①on the tree 表示“树上本身长的东西” 在树上. ②in the tree 表示“外界的物体进入树中” 人或物在树上.There are some apples _____ the tree ./ There is a boy ____ the tree.2．in the wall /on the wall①in the wall 表示“门窗在墙上” ②on the wall 表示“某东西张贴或挂在墙上”a picture the wall the window the wall3 .except / besides / except for1).except 除了…之外, 都… 不包括在范围之内，排除同类的. We all went swimming except Lucy .注: nothing but …除了…之外,什么也没有. There is nothing but a letter in the box .2).besides除了…之外,还有… 包括在范围之内. We study Japanese and French besides English3) except for 句中的主语与except for后的宾语不同类：Smith is a good man, except for his bad temper. 史密斯除了脾气不好外，是个好人4.with / without1).with具有,带有反义词: without 没有词组: with the help of = with one’s help反义词：without one’s help2).without 的用法:A).without + sb./ sth. 没有某人或某物B).without + doing sth . He left here without____(say ) “Goodbye”to usC). without sth 常与if 引导的否定的条件句. If there is no water , we can’t live .= We can’t live ______ _______ .5.be made +介词的区别:be made of 由…制成(看得见原材料)；be made from由…制成(看不见原材料)be made in +地点由哪儿生产；be made by sb. 由某人制造be made into+成品制成某种产品6. since / for （常用于现在完成时）.1).since : a).since +表示过去的时间短语（since+yesterday/two years ago/last week）b) since+过去时态的句子2)for: for +段时间= since +过去的时间7．其他固定搭配be full of充满；be filled with装满……；be born in出生于；be sure of确信；be used to 习惯于…；be late for迟到；be strict with sb对某人要求严格；be excited about 对…感到激动。