英语专业语言学课件unit 7
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Unit7Syllables课件
英语音节划分规则
•
7．辅音字母组合构成发音的辅音连缀，划分音 节时，也不能将其分开。例如： Des/troy，ex／ pli／cit，pre／scri/be，in／struc／tion • 8．如果一个单词是以字母-le结尾，并且辅音-le 前面还有一个辅音字母，那么这个辅音字母通常 划分在右边这个音节里。因为发音时，这是一个 成音节。例如： ta／ble，un／cle，mar／ble
英语音节划分规则
•
5．如果两个元音或元音和半元音字母组合发的 是一个元音或双元音，划分音节时，不能将其从 中分开，要划在一起。例如： oi ：boil／er；oy： voy／age；ou： through／out；ow： tow／er • 6．有些辅音字母经常在一起，只发一个辅音，或 者联系很紧密。划分音节时，也不能将其分开。 例如： ph： te/le／phone；sh： u/sher；th： pa／the/tic；
Syllabic Consonants成音节辅音
成音节辅音：一个辅音加上/l, m, n / 也能构 成一个音节，称为成音节，这种音节中没 有元音，如：couldn’t, didn’t, written, able, blossom等。成音节往往出现在词尾，一般 是非重读音节。
Thank you very much！
Байду номын сангаас
Syllable Structure(音节结构）
V
Ｉ
CV
nｏ
CCV
sｎｏｗ
CCCVC
sｐｒｉｎｇ
CVC
tｅｎ
CVCC
tｅｎｔｈ
ＣＶＣＣ
tｅｔｈｓ
Ｏｈ
lｏｗ
sｌｏｗ
sｃｒｅｅｎ
语言学7
• Knowledge of sentence: • being able to produce new sentences never spoken before and to understand sentences never heard before; • the number of sentences produced is infinite; • to distinguish sentence and nonsentence
Language Universals
• rules representing the universal properties that all languages share constitute a universal grammar • Chomsky’s view that there is a Universal Grammar (UG) that is part of the biologically endowed human language faculty • UG as the basic blueprint that all languages follow. It specifies the different components of the grammar and their relations
• There is some sound symbolism in language—that is, words whose pronunciation suggests the meaning • Most languages contain onomatopoeic words that imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to • the sounds differ from language to language, reflecting the particular sound system of the language
英语专业院校的原版课件--英语教学论Unit-7-Teaching-Grammar
• It may help to increase student’ confidence in those examinations which are written with accuracy as the main criterion of success.
•Explicit grammar instruction
The deductive method is criticized because:
• Grammar is taught in an isolated way; • Little attention is paid to meaning; • The practice is often mechanical.
The best approach is the combination of both implicit and explicit instruction.
the deductive method （演绎法） the inductive method （归纳法）
the guided discovery method (引导发现法）
It is generally believed that
• Grammar teaching is less important for children than for adults;
• Grammar teaching is less important in listening and reading than in writing.
Unit 7 Teaching Grammar
Focal points
1. The role of grammar in ELT 2. Grammar presentation methods 3. Grammar practice
•Explicit grammar instruction
The deductive method is criticized because:
• Grammar is taught in an isolated way; • Little attention is paid to meaning; • The practice is often mechanical.
The best approach is the combination of both implicit and explicit instruction.
the deductive method （演绎法） the inductive method （归纳法）
the guided discovery method (引导发现法）
It is generally believed that
• Grammar teaching is less important for children than for adults;
• Grammar teaching is less important in listening and reading than in writing.
Unit 7 Teaching Grammar
Focal points
1. The role of grammar in ELT 2. Grammar presentation methods 3. Grammar practice
《英语语言学导论》(第四版)课件Chapter 7 Pragmatics
1) the relationships between linguistic forms; 2) the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the
world; 3) the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of
Contents
1 Introduction to Pragmatics 2 Deixis and Reference
3 Speech Acts 4 Pragmatic Presupposition
5 The Cooperative Principle and Implicature
6
Apply PP to teaching in future Politeness
7.2.6 Social deixis
the encoding of social distinctions, or the use of deictic expressions to indicate social status of the interlocutors
● honorifics e.g. tu/vous (in French) du/sie (in German) nǐ/nín (in Chinese)
--- the addressees being audio-visually present during the utterances to be able to understand these expressions
e.g. I like that one, not this one.
7.2 Deixis and reference
world; 3) the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of
Contents
1 Introduction to Pragmatics 2 Deixis and Reference
3 Speech Acts 4 Pragmatic Presupposition
5 The Cooperative Principle and Implicature
6
Apply PP to teaching in future Politeness
7.2.6 Social deixis
the encoding of social distinctions, or the use of deictic expressions to indicate social status of the interlocutors
● honorifics e.g. tu/vous (in French) du/sie (in German) nǐ/nín (in Chinese)
--- the addressees being audio-visually present during the utterances to be able to understand these expressions
e.g. I like that one, not this one.
7.2 Deixis and reference
Unit7英语专业综合教程第三册
Audiovisual Supplement
Cultural Information
Man:
A lot of life comes down to deciding what am I willing to sacrifice because obviously if you choose one path in life, well, you know, you can’t choose the other. That’s kind of where I found myself lately, ever since we, you and I, in our relationship, en, have reached that place. Woman: That place. Man: The upshot is ―you win.‖ Woman: ―You win‖? Was that a proposal? Man: ―You win‖ was just the last part of it. The whole thing was a proposal. The ―you win‖ had a context. Aren’t you even gonna look at it? Woman: But, first, can we just, can we retrace the mental steps that led to ―you win‖? Like when you say you and I have reached that place. What place?
7 Unit 7 The Chaser
Audiovisual Supplement
Cultural Information
英语语言学课件Chapter 7 Words and Word-formation Processes
Acronyms
• Formed from the initial letters of a set of other words.
• MADD (mothers against drunk driving) • WAR (women against rape) • PIN (personal identification number) • ABS (anti-block system)
Derivation
• The most common word-formation process to be found in the production of new English words.
• By means of a large number of small ‘bits’ of the English language: affixes
Blending
• The combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term
• Gasohol: gasoline + alcohol • Smog: smoke + fog • Smaze: smoke + haze • Bit: binary + digit • Sitcom: situation + comedy • Simulcast: simultaneous + broadcast
• Other languages borrow from Eng as well • Loan translation (calque): there is a direct translation of
the elements of word into the borrowing language • Boyfriend – boyifurendo – nan pengyou (calque) loan
Unit 7 英语阅读第一册课件(上外教材,英语专业)
Reading Skill Practice
• Reading Skill: Context Clue to Word Meaning • Exercise on P89
Vocabulary Building
① Word Match (P91)
• • • •
1. signal 2. tentative 3. personality 4. committed
Unit 7
Shyness
Teaching Objectives
1. Read some passages about shyness. 2. Help students to know how to overcome shyness in life. 3. Do some reading and vocabulary exercises.
Helpful Ways To Beat Shyness
• 1. Realizing that shyness is a problem for you is the first step in overcoming it. • 2. Each day identify one thing you can do to help yourself overcome shyness. (making eye contact) • 3. Sometimes its not really shyness that is the problem. (a lack of social skills)
Cloze (P93)
①people ④interview ⑦differently ⑩physical ②women ⑤public ⑧service ③worse ⑥position ⑨low
英语语言学 Chapter 7
16
Anthropological study of linguistics: study of language in a sociocultural context. Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942):
The meaning of a word greatly depends upon its occurrence in a given context. 2. Language functions as a link in human activity, a mode of action.
3
第一个给文化下明确定义是英国人类学家泰勒， 他认为文化是“一个复杂的总体，它包括知识、 信仰、艺术、伦理道德、法律、风俗以及作为 一个社会成员的个人通过学习获得任何其他能 力和习惯。 随后，由于学者各自的学术立场和观察角度不 同，产生了各种定义。各种定义应当是互补的。 综合各家之见解，文化是指人类创造出来的并 可以通过学习获得和为后人学习和传递下去的 一切物质和非物质产品。
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1.1 The relationship between L & C
Generally, the relation of L to C is that of part to whole, for L is part of C. The knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people’s culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in L.
9
请客吃饭 称呼用语 接受礼物 电话用语 面对恭维 问候用语 考虑问题的主体 亲属称谓
Anthropological study of linguistics: study of language in a sociocultural context. Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942):
The meaning of a word greatly depends upon its occurrence in a given context. 2. Language functions as a link in human activity, a mode of action.
3
第一个给文化下明确定义是英国人类学家泰勒， 他认为文化是“一个复杂的总体，它包括知识、 信仰、艺术、伦理道德、法律、风俗以及作为 一个社会成员的个人通过学习获得任何其他能 力和习惯。 随后，由于学者各自的学术立场和观察角度不 同，产生了各种定义。各种定义应当是互补的。 综合各家之见解，文化是指人类创造出来的并 可以通过学习获得和为后人学习和传递下去的 一切物质和非物质产品。
14
1.1 The relationship between L & C
Generally, the relation of L to C is that of part to whole, for L is part of C. The knowledge and beliefs that constitute a people’s culture are habitually encoded and transmitted in L.
9
请客吃饭 称呼用语 接受礼物 电话用语 面对恭维 问候用语 考虑问题的主体 亲属称谓
英语语音学习课件 lesson 7
Lesson Seven Stress and Rhythm (Ⅰ)
Attention:
What are you looking at? 位于句末的
介词短语中的 / 5wR:t E ju 5lukiN 5At / 介词要重读
On the day of his arrival his wife gave birth to a baby.
of words and the quality of vowels.
Lesson Seven Stress and Rhythm (Ⅰ)
Rules of word stress
two-syllable word
1. word with prefix such as, a-, be-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans-, ea-, is always stressed on the second syllable:_ 5 _
des-ert / 5dezEt / n. in-suct / 5insQlt / n. re-cord / 5rekR:d / conduct n/ .5kEndQkt / n. content / 5kEntent / n.
des-ert /di5zE:t / v. in-suct /in5sQlt / v. re-cord /ri5kR:d / v. conduct /kEn5dQkt / v. content /kEn5tent / v.
Sentence stress
Content words carry the message and therefore usually be stressed, and
语言学教程Chapter 7. Language, Culture, and Society(课堂PPT)
2
Anthropological linguistics
A branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between language and culture in a community, e.g. its tradition, beliefs, and family structure. 语言学的一个分支，研究一个社团的语 言和文化之间的关系，如传统、信仰和 家庭结构。
22
Prediction
Linguistic studies in the new century will become more fruitful if an evolutionary, cognitive, and interdisciplinary perspective is taken in its theoretic pursuit.
Paved the way for a cultural, rather, a contextual study of language use in Britain.
10
His influence
Under his anthropological view of language and being fully aware of the importance of the context in the study of language use, Firth, a leading figure in a linguistic tradition later known as the London school, tried to set up a model for illustrating the close relationships between language use and its co-occurrent factors. He developed
Anthropological linguistics
A branch of linguistics which studies the relationship between language and culture in a community, e.g. its tradition, beliefs, and family structure. 语言学的一个分支，研究一个社团的语 言和文化之间的关系，如传统、信仰和 家庭结构。
22
Prediction
Linguistic studies in the new century will become more fruitful if an evolutionary, cognitive, and interdisciplinary perspective is taken in its theoretic pursuit.
Paved the way for a cultural, rather, a contextual study of language use in Britain.
10
His influence
Under his anthropological view of language and being fully aware of the importance of the context in the study of language use, Firth, a leading figure in a linguistic tradition later known as the London school, tried to set up a model for illustrating the close relationships between language use and its co-occurrent factors. He developed
英语语言学课件Chapter 7 Words and Word-formation Processes
• Alcohol (Arabic), boss (Dutch), croissant (French), lilac (Persian), piano (Italian), pretzel (German), robot (Czech), tycoon (Japanese), yogurt (Turkish), zebra (Bantu)
Derivation
• The most common word-formation process to be found in the production of new English words.
• By means of a large number of small ‘bits’ of the English language: affixes
Words and Word-formation Processes
• Spangler – spanglering – spanglered – spanglerish – spanglerism
• Hoovering (not spanglering) in Britain today
• Can quickly understand a new word in our language (a neologism) and accept the use of different forms of that new word.
Blending
• The combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term
• Gasohol: gasoline + alcohol • Smog: smoke + fog • Smaze: smoke + haze • Bit: binary + digit • Sitcom: situation + comedy • Simulcast: simultaneous + broadcast
语言学课件 Chapter 7 Language Culture and Society
native language spoken in Arizona; the other is taken from a language spoken in the central highlands of Irian Jaya (伊里安 岛，太平洋). • The first example serves to show how languages may differ from each other. • The second example serves to challenge the hypothesis.
• There are only two basic color words in this language: modla for light, bright, hence, white, and mili for dark, dull, hence, black.
• What will native Irian language speaker do if he/she wants to designate colors other than black and white Or do white and black always mean white and black crosslinguistically
Therefore, the contrast between modla and mili in fact is a contrast between
“whitewarmness” versus “blackcoldness”.
• The color word system in the Irian language is still in its first stage of evolution and by means of using this whitewarmness and blackcoldness contrast and other types of color words derived from object names, animals, plants and so on, the speakers from this culture can successfully express any colors labelled by distinct color words in another culture.
• There are only two basic color words in this language: modla for light, bright, hence, white, and mili for dark, dull, hence, black.
• What will native Irian language speaker do if he/she wants to designate colors other than black and white Or do white and black always mean white and black crosslinguistically
Therefore, the contrast between modla and mili in fact is a contrast between
“whitewarmness” versus “blackcoldness”.
• The color word system in the Irian language is still in its first stage of evolution and by means of using this whitewarmness and blackcoldness contrast and other types of color words derived from object names, animals, plants and so on, the speakers from this culture can successfully express any colors labelled by distinct color words in another culture.
Unit7Lesson1Languagepoints语言点课件高中英语北师大版
(1)keep/lose one’s figure 保持身材 / 身材走样 (2)a historical figure 历史人物 (3)figure out 弄清楚；弄明白；计算出
Exercises: (1)In the moonlight, I saw a figure standing (stand) in the shadows. (2)How does she manage to keep (keep) her figure when she eats
__s_p_o_t_s__ (spot)in China. (2)When the man was trying to break into the bank，he was caught
by the police on the spot. (3)He was spotted _l_y_i_n_g___(lie) under the shade of a tree. (4) When he was running in the rain，his shoes was spotted
2.affect vt. 影响；（感情上）深深打动；（疾病）侵袭，使感染
(1)The crops were seriously affected by the bad weather. (2)We were deeply affected by his story. (3)Smoking has a bad effect on health.
parents__d_o_w__n__ . (3)Let him alone ；your brother is going over his lessons for tomorrow’s test.
(4)Would you mind me opening the window to let the fresh air __i_n___?
Exercises: (1)In the moonlight, I saw a figure standing (stand) in the shadows. (2)How does she manage to keep (keep) her figure when she eats
__s_p_o_t_s__ (spot)in China. (2)When the man was trying to break into the bank，he was caught
by the police on the spot. (3)He was spotted _l_y_i_n_g___(lie) under the shade of a tree. (4) When he was running in the rain，his shoes was spotted
2.affect vt. 影响；（感情上）深深打动；（疾病）侵袭，使感染
(1)The crops were seriously affected by the bad weather. (2)We were deeply affected by his story. (3)Smoking has a bad effect on health.
parents__d_o_w__n__ . (3)Let him alone ；your brother is going over his lessons for tomorrow’s test.
(4)Would you mind me opening the window to let the fresh air __i_n___?
大学英语 第七单元课件ppt
Off balance in an unsteady position or about to fall 不平衡 The motorcycle knocked him off balance and he fell down on the ground
摩托车把他失去平衡,摔倒在地上
Toddler n.a child who has only recently learnt to walk 学步的儿童
Retail n. the practice of selling goods in small quantities to the general public 零售 Retail Buyer零售采购员；零售采购员购员 retail trader[贸易] 零售商；小贩 Retail Index零售指数 Wal-mart is a company that operates a variety of retail chain stores。 沃尔玛公司是一家经营各种零售连锁店
Transit mall n. passage through or across：a system of urban public transportation 通行，过境：公共交通运 输系统 Our fleet made the transit through the Panama Canal without any difficulty 我们的舰队使交通通过巴拿马运河没有任 何困难
Useless a.not fulfilling the intended purpose 无用的 无效的 useless move空着 useless reserves表外储量 Very Useless很没用 Preventing the country from purchasing oil crippled its army and made its navy and air force completely useless 防止该国从采购石油残废的军队和其海军、 空军完全无用
英语语言学实用教程课件unit7-9
Approaches to the study of meaning
traditional approach structuralist approach functional approach pragmatic approach cognitive approach
Traditional approach
A. Naming/labeling vs. convention “moon”
PP. 111-112
No. 10
Presentation Session
The naming of people in English
Structuralist approach
Treats meaning as semantic structures formed by semantic components/ semantic features -- componential analysis (语义成分 分析）.
d. Affective meaning （情感意义）
It
has to do with the personal feelings of the speaker, including his attitude to the listener, or his attitude to something he is talking about. It‟s often explicitly conveyed through conceptual or connotative content of the words used.
(1)What does ‘tall’ mean? (signify) (2)A nod means agreement. (indicate) (3)I know the place you mean. (refer to) (4)Your presence would mean a lot to me. (matter) (5)I am sorry. I didn’t mean to be late. (intend) (6)The boy wasn’t meant to be there. (supposed to)
Unit 7 英语阅读第二册课件(上外教材,英语专业)汇总
Background Information (12)
Dionysus: the Greek God of wine
狄俄尼索斯（酒神） --views as a promoter of civilization; --lover of peace; --the Dionysus festival is one of the most important events in Athens
古代希腊人和罗马人把这种冠冕即桂冠授予杰出古代希腊人和罗马人把这种冠冕即桂冠授予杰出的诗人英雄或竞技优胜者后来欧洲把桂冠作的诗人英雄或竞技优胜者后来欧洲把桂冠作为光荣称号这一习俗一直流传至今因此为光荣称号这一习俗一直流传至今因此laurellaurel往往喻指往往喻指桂冠桂冠荣誉荣誉或或殊荣殊荣且常以复数形式出现
3. Do some reading and vocabulary exercises.
Teaching Procedures:
Lead-in activity: Group Discussion
1. Have you ever read Greek mythology? Can you name some of the famous heroes in Greek stories? And try to tell their stories.
Background Information (13)
Poseidon: God of the
waters
波塞冬（海神） --brother of Zeus --fall in love with Demeter
Demeter: Goddess of
fertility 丰产、农林女神
Background Information (14)
语言学教程课件7 Language, Culture, and Society
In Hopi, an American Native language, there seems to be no concept of time, and there is no words about speed.
He runs fast can be interpreted literarily as He very runs.
what end”
Hymes: Ethnography of communication 1. Speech situation. 2. Situation, event, and act. 3. SPEAKING: situation, participants, ends,
act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms, and genres
Linguistic evidence of cultural differences Terms of address Greetings Thanks and compliments Privacy and taboos Color words
English: horseshoe French: fer a cheval —— iron for horse German: hufeisen—— hoof iron The Eskimos have countless words for snow.
Extreme opposition to universalism. Universalists argue that we can say whatever we want to say in any language, and that whatever we say in one language can always be translated into another.
语言学课件7
Define “culture” in your own words
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ ……
more that 500 versions no consensus reached up to present
4
Some well-known definitions…
“that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
(2) Social life such as lifestyles, social organizations, and political and economic relation;
(3) Spiritual life such as religion, philosophy, value systems, science and art.
Liang Shuming, a well-known Chinese scholar, the last Confuscianist in China, offers three aspects of
culture in his book Culture & Philosophy:
(1) Material life such as material things, essential for human survival;
11
London School:
Halliday(1925- )
1. Study language from a social semiotic or interactional perspective
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ ……
more that 500 versions no consensus reached up to present
4
Some well-known definitions…
“that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
(2) Social life such as lifestyles, social organizations, and political and economic relation;
(3) Spiritual life such as religion, philosophy, value systems, science and art.
Liang Shuming, a well-known Chinese scholar, the last Confuscianist in China, offers three aspects of
culture in his book Culture & Philosophy:
(1) Material life such as material things, essential for human survival;
11
London School:
Halliday(1925- )
1. Study language from a social semiotic or interactional perspective
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Adj. verb: to cool, to narrow, to dim, to slow…
Adj. noun: a daily, a Christian, the rich, the
impossible…
Borrowing
----When different cultures come into contact, words
Acronyms
----Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words, e.g. CBS---- Columbia Broad casting system ISBN----International Standard Book Number WTO WHO PLA AIDS UNESCO APEC OPEC CAD SARS
Vocabulary change
Addition of new words Loss of words Changes in the meaning of words
Addition of new words
coinage(创新词) clipped words(缩略词)
blending(紧缩法)
Back-formation
----New words may be coined from already existing words by “subtracting” an affix thought to be part of the old word. edit editor hawk hawker beg beggar baby-sit baby-sitter
Loss of words
Words can be lost from a language as time
goes by. The following words, taken from Romeo and Juliet, have faded out of the English language. Beseem to be suitable Wot to know Gyve a fetter Wherefore why
acronyms(词首字母缩略词)
back-formation(逆构词法)
functional shift
borrowing
Coinage
----A new word can be coined outright to fit some purpose, e.g. walkman Kodak Xerox Ford Benz Toyota
Changes in the meaning of words (Semantic change)
Widening of meaning Narrowing of meaning Meaning shift
Widening of meaning
Holiday:
[+specific] holy day [+general] any rest day [+specific] tail of a horse [+general] tail of any animal
pollution,…)
Causes of the language change
The rapid development of science and
technology; (bullet train, fax,…) More and more women have taken up activities formerly reserved for men, more neutral job titles have been created; (chairperson, police officer,…) “Theory of least effort” and “ Economy of memory” result in grammar simplification; (it‟s me, ) …
Chapter 7 Language change
Sound change
Old English Modern English [a] (as in arm) [ou ] Stan stone Ham home Wrat wrote Rad rode
Morphological change
Addition of affixes
Clipped words
----The abbreviation of longer words or phrases, e.g. gym—gymnasium memo—memorandum disco—discotheque fridge—refrigerator
Blending
Tail:
Narrowing of meaning
hound: any dog
a special kind of dog girl: young person of either sex young people of female sex deer: any animal a particular kind of animal meat: food edible part of an animal corn: grain a particular grain
e.g. 1.-ment (French Origin) 2.Fusion (prefixation, suffixation) had/-hood, dom/-dom, lic/-ly Loss of affixes (gender markers and case markers in Old English. P.96)
----A blend is a word formed by combining parts of other words, e.g. smog—smoke + fog motel—motor + hotel camcorder—camera + recorder taikonnaut----taikong + astronaut
I googled you last night Space travel (spacesuit, heatshield,…) Computer and internet language (tolurk, to , to hacker, C2C,…)
Ecology (ecoactivist, ecocide, visual
Functional shift
----Words may shift from one part of speech to another without the addition of affixes, e.g.
Noun verb: to knee, to bug, to tape, to brake… Verb noun: a hold, a flyby, a reject, a retreat…
The influence of American English
Petrol-gas, autumn-fall, lift-elevator, pavement-sidewalk; Teenager, commuter, update, host (v.), check up
The of science and technology
are often borrowed from one language to another. The following are some of the loan words in English (see more in P100-101). Latin bonus education exit German beer waltz quartz Chinese tea kowtow sampan Russian sputnik commissar vodka Arabic zero algebra alcohol
Grammatical Change
Grammatical gender, case system;
masculine, neuter, feminie; „s, him/he. Change of word order; S O V-----S V O (She him advised-she advised him) Change in negation rule (I love thee not, He saw you not.)
Comment on the following statement
Words and expressions will e forced into
use in spite of all the exertions of all the writers in the world. This door must not be left in an open position.
Meaning shift (downgrading vs. upgrading)
inn:
a small, old hotel or pub well-known, nice hotel nice: ignorant (1000 years ago) good, fine lust: pleasure with negative and sexual overtones silly: happy naï ve, foolish
Some recent trends