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雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编17(题后含答案及解析)

雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编17(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.CLASSIFYING SOCIETIESAlthough humans have established many types of societies throughout history, sociologists and anthropologists tend to classify different societies according to the degree to which different groups within a society have unequal access to advantages such as resources, prestige or power, and usually refer to four basic types of societies. From least to most socially complex they are clans, tribes, chiefdoms and states.ClanThese are small-scale societies of hunters and gatherers, generally of fewer than 100 people, who move seasonally to exploit wild(undomesticated)food resources. Most surviving hunter-gatherer groups are of this kind, such as the Hadza of Tanzania or the San of southern Africa. Qan members are generally kinsfolk, related by descent or marriage. Clans lack formal leaders, so there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status among their members.Because clans are composed of mobile groups of hunter-gatherers, their sites consist mainly of seasonally occupied camps, and other smaller and more specialised sites. Among the latter are kill or butchery sites—locations where large mammals are killed and sometimes butchered—and work sites, where tools are made or other specific activities carried out. The base camp of such a group may give evidence of rather insubstantial dwellings or temporary shelters, along with the debris of residential occupation.TribeThese are generally larger than mobile hunter-gatherer groups, but rarely number more than a few thousand, and their diet or subsistence is based largely on cultivated plants and domesticated animals. Typically, they are settled farmers, but they may be nomadic with a very different, mobile economy based on the intensive exploitation of livestock. These are generally multi-community societies, with the individual communities integrated into the larger society through kinship ties. Although some tribes have officials and even a “capital”or seat of government, such officials lack the economic base necessary for effective use of power.The typical settlement pattern for tribes is one of settled agricultural homesteads or villages. Characteristically, no one settlement dominates any of the others in the region. Instead, the archaeologist finds evidence for isolated, permanently occupied houses or for permanent villages. Such villages may be made up of a collection of free-standing houses, like those of the first farms of the Danube valley in Europe. Or they may be clusters of buildings grouped together, for example, the pueblos of the American Southwest, and the early farming village or small town ofin modern Turkey.ChiefdomThese operate on the principle of ranking—differences in social status between people. Different lineages(a lineage is a group claiming descent from a common ancestor)are graded on a scale of prestige, and the senior lineage, and hence the society as a whole, is governed by a chief. Prestige and rank are determined by how closely related one is to the chief, and there is no truestratification into classes. The role of the chief is crucial.Often, there is local specialisation in craft products, and surpluses of these and of foodstuffs are periodically paid as obligation to the chief. He uses these to maintain his retainers, and may use them for redistribution to his subjects. The chiefdom generally has a center of power, often with temples, residences of the chief and his retainers, and craft specialists. Chiefdoms vary greatly in size, but the range is generally between about 5000 and 20,000 persons.Early StateThese preserve many of the features of chiefdoms, but the ruler(perhaps a king or sometimes a queen)has explicit authority to establish laws and also to enforce them by the use of a standing army. Society no longer depends totally upon kin relationships: it is now stratified into different classes. Agricultural workers and the poorer urban dwellers form the lowest classes, with the craft specialists above, and the priests and kinsfolk of the ruler higher still. The functions of the ruler are often separated from those of the priest: palace is distinguished from temple. The society is viewed as a territory owned by the ruling lineage and populated by tenants who have an obligation to pay taxes. The central capital houses a bureaucratic administration of officials; one of their principal purposes is to collect revenue(often in the form of taxes and tolls)and distribute it to government, army and craft specialists. Many early states developed complex redistribution systems to support these essential services.This rather simple social typology set out by Elman Service and elaborated by William Sanders and Joseph Marino, can be criticised, and it should not be used unthinkingly. Nevertheless, if we are seeking to talk about early societies, we must use words and hence concepts to do so. Service’s categories provide a good framework to help organise our thoughts.Questions 1-7Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1．There’s little economic difference between members of a clan.A．真B．假C．Not Given正确答案：A解析：利用细节信息“clan”和“economic difference”定位于原文Clan部分的第一个分段落的最后一句话“there are no marked economic differences or disparities in status amongtheir members”。

雅思考试阅读试题及答案解析

雅思考试阅读试题及答案解析2017年雅思考试阅读试题及答案解析赶脚的对头是脚懒，学习的对头是自满。

以下是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年雅思考试阅读试题及答案解析，希望能给大家带来帮助!From The Economist print editionHow shops can exploit people’s herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome， Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani， a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted：for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store， forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes， also of the Florida Institute of Technology， set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that， if a certain product is seen to be popular， shoppers are likely to choose it too. Thechallenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani’s supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag， a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods，a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high，he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bough t the “right” product—that is， the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world，mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work， and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could，indeed，be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14，000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded，they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank， but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed， the effect of social influence was still there but wasless pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category， and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem， a company in Cambridge， Massachusetts， also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home， you can still be part of the swarm.Questions 1-6Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.2. In shops，products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.3. According to Mr. Usmani，with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon， a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store，shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high， other customers tend to follow them.6. Using the “swarm-moves” model， shopowners do nothave to give customers _______________ to increase sales.Questions 7-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 write YES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contraicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life. Answer keys：1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. (第1段第2 行：Shoppers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.)2. 答案：expensive. (第1段第4 行：Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)3. 答案：impulse buying. (第2段第1 句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan- ul- hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology， described a new way to increaseimpulse buying using this phenomenon.)4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. (第2段第2 句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted：for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.)5. 答案：screen. (第3段第4 行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods， a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high， he is more likely to select it too.)6. 答案：discounts. (第4段第第1句：Mr Usmani’s “swarm- moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4 句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world， mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal- Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd， and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语“get under way”的意思是“开始进行”，在Wal-Mart的.试验要等到春天才开始)8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. (在文中没有提及该信息)9. 答案：YES。

2017雅思阅读考试真题(1)

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G. In his previous job Mr Hennequin established a “design studio” in France to spruce up his company's drab restaurants and adapt the interior to local tastes. The studio is now masterminding improvements everywhere in Europe. He also set up a “food studio”, where cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends. H. Given France's reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe, it seems odd that McDonald's revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman, using ideas cooked up in the French market. But France is in fact the company's most profitable market after America. The market where McDonald's is weakest in Europe is not France, but Britain. I. “Fixing Britain should be his priority,” says David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS. Almost two-thirds of the 1,214 McDonald's restaurants in Britain are companyowned, compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America. The company suffers from the volatility of sales at its own restaurants, but can rely on steady income from franchisees. So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible, says Mr Palmer. J. M.Mark Wiltamuth, an analyst at Morgan Stanley, estimates that European company-owned restaurants' margins will increase slightly to 16.4% in 2007. This is still less than in the late 1990s and below America's 18-19% today. But it is much better than before Mr Hennequin's reign. He is already being tipped as the first European candidate for the group's top job in Illinois. Nobody would call that a McJob.

2017年7月雅思真题回忆及解析

2017年7月雅思真题回忆及解析学习是一个长期坚持的过程，对于考试而言，每天进步一点点，基础扎实一点点，日积月累，考试就会更容易一点点。

无忧考网搜集整理了2017年7月雅思真题回忆及解析，希望对大家有所帮助。

2017年7月举行了4场考试，考试时间为7月8日、7月15日、7月20日、7月29日。

以下内容仅供参考。

7月8日雅思口语真题回忆：Describe a time you were not allowed to use your mobile phone.You should say:when and where it was;why you were not allowed to use your phone;what you wanted to use your phone for;and explain how you felt about not being able to use your phone.解析：题目要求描述你不被允许用手机的时刻，这种时刻可以时某个重要的场合，比如考试，开会等等。

题目中的问题要素都要一一作答。

Last Monday, I went to visit a famous grand museum that is located in the center of the city. The administrator said that we are not allowed to use our mobile phones and cameras during the visit because taking photographs of exhibitions are not allowed. I obeyed the rules, handed in my mobile phone and other personal stuff and enjoyed the visit. Suddenly, it occurred to me that I didn’t tell my mom that I would be late for home and I took the only keys of my home. She possibly couldn’t get into the rooms if she came home earlier than me. Then I couldn’t focus on my visit. I wanted to use my mobile phone to call her. But the workers in the museum told me that they could only return our mobile phones after the visit is over, otherwise they will shoulder the responsibility of any loss of visitors’ stuff.I was worried and restless all the time during the following visit.This is the first time that I wanted to use my phone so much. I felt a great sense of unease and danger if I lost the contacts by mobile phones. The most key point is we are in the era of science and technology. Mobile phones have become the most common product that most people have access to. It has become a normal habit that whenever you wanna use it, you can use it. If you can’t, it seems thatyou’re deprived of some basic need. We often say that we rely too much on our electronic devices, but I have to say they are really helpful in all sorts of emergencies.Describe a challenging experience you hadYou should say:What experience it was;When you had it;Why it was challenging;And explain how you felt about it.解析：话题要求描述一项颇有挑战性的经历，可以是重大考试、求职等比较重要的人生经历，也可以是学习一项技能等比较细节的经历。

雅思答题卡

雅思答题卡一、READING1、READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Accentuate the negativeJul 5th 2010, 10:11 by The Economist online A FOR everyone else what the picture showed was the glaciers: for the Dutch it was the floodingLast January errors in the work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) hit the headlinesThe chapter on Asia in the report by the IPCC's second working group, charged with looking at the impact of climate change and adapting to it, mistakenly claimed that the Himalayan glaciers would be gone by2035This contradicted some reasonably basic physics, had not been predicted by the glacier specialists in the first working group and was unsupported by any evidenceThere was a report from the 1990s which said something similar about all the world's non-polar glaciers, but it gave the date as 2350Then there was a crucial typo and some shoddy referencingNevertheless the IPCC's chair, Rajendra Pachauri, had lashed out at people bringing the criticism up, accusing them of “voodoo science”He then had to eat his words, and set up a panel to look into ways the IPCC might be improved. B Inspired by this to look for other errors, a journalist for a Dutch newspaper spotted that the chapter on Europe gave a figure for the area of the Netherlands below sea level that was much too largeThe area at risk of flooding by the sea had been conflated with that at risk of flooding by the Rhine and the Meuse riversThat the careful Dutch should have provided faulty information and not spotted it in the review process was an embarrassment to the environment minister, Jacqueline Cramer; following a debate in parliament she called on the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL), to look at all the regional chapters in the working group II report and make sure they were up to snuffThis the PBL has now done and its report has already been published. C The authors try hard to make clear that their findings do not undermine the IPCC's conclusions on climate changeAnd there is nothing in their report as egregious as the glaciers or as embarrassing as the Dutch sea levelBut they did find a number of things to take issue with, most of which they thought minor but eight of which they classed as major; and their work seems to bring out a systemic tendency to stress negative effects over positive onesThis tendency can be defendedBut a reading of the report suggests there may also be broader and potentially more misleading bias. D The auditors found one distinct error which they deemed major: a statement about the frequency of turbulence in South African fishing waters which had been translated directly into a statement about the productivity of the fisheriesThe IPCC has indicated it will produce an erratum for this, and for a number of other errors all concerned deemed minorBut the PBL also identified seven statements, which, while not errors, it thought were deserving of comment. E Perhaps the most striking relates to AfricaThe table in the summary for policy makers reads: “By 2020, in some countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 50%.” The evidence on which this is based says only that yields during years in which there are droughts could be reduced by 50%Furthermore, the relevant reference applies only for Morocco—and it cites as its source an earlier paper that the PBL says no one, including the IPCC authors, now seems able to find. F Other criticisms turn on a tendency to generalizeResearch showing decreased yields of millet, groundnuts and cowpeas in Niger becomes a claim that crop yields are decreasing in the Sahel, the strip that separates the Sahara from the savannah in Africa, rather than that the yields of some crops are decreasing in some parts of the SahelThe results of research on cattle in Argentina are applied to livestock (which would include pigs, chickens, llamas and the rest) throughout South AmericaThe expert authors do not provide a compelling reason for their claim that fresh water availability will decline overall in south, east and Southeast Asia, or that the balance of climate-related effects on the health of Europeans will be negative. G Another problem identified by the PBL analysis is that, in general, negative impacts are stressed over positive onesThe table in the summary for policymakers is almost unremittingly bad news; the conclusions in the chapters that fed into it, while far from cheery, were more mixedIn a similar way, when there is a range of possible impacts, the top end of the range tends to get more play in the summaries for policy makers than the bottom end doesThe PBL says that this is a reasonable way to proceed in a document that is explicitly aimed at policy makers thinking about adaptation, but it is not clear how transparent this approach is to readers. H This may reflect a larger issueWork on the impacts of climate change--the literature Working Group II assesses—tends to focus on vulnerabilities and damage for much the same reason the IPCC authors doThey seem more important, more urgent and quite possibly more fundableThe UN Framework Convention on Climate Change requires countries to assess their vulnerabilities, and these assessments are fodderfor Working Group IIThus the evidence base from which an assessment of impacts has to start is to some extent skewed. I Perhaps the most worrying thing about the PBL report, though, is a rather obvious one about which its authors say littleIn all ten of the issues that the PBL categorized as major (the original errors on glaciers and Dutch sea level, and the eight others identified in the report), the impression that the reader gets from the IPCC is more strikingly negative than the impression which would have been received if the underlying evidence base had been reflected as the PBL would have wished, with more precise referencing, more narrow interpretation and less authorial judgmentA large rise in heat related deaths in Australia is mentioned without noting that most of the effect is due to population rather than climate changeA claim about forest fires in northern Asia seems to go further than the evidence referred to--in this case a speech by a politician--would warrant. J A suspicion thus gains ground that the way in which the IPCC synthesizes, generalizes and checks its findings may systematically favor adverse outcomes in a way that goes beyond just serving the needs of policy makersAnecdotally, authors bemoan fights to keep caveats in place as chapters are edited, refined and summarizedThe PBL report does not prove or indeed suggest systematic bias, and it stresses that it has found nothing that should lead the parliament of the Netherlands, or anyone else, to reject the IPCC's findingsBut the panel set up to look at the IPCC's workings should ask some hard questions about systematic tendencies to accentuate the negative.1．Questions 27-29Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.27. How did the IPCC's chair respond to the charge of IPCC's mistaken report about Himalayan's oncoming disappearance?A. He absolutely denied it and retorted fiercely.B. He sincerely accepted it and promised to make some improvement later.C. He hesitated a lot and didn't know how to react for a while.D. He felt it hard to accept it at first but demonstrated a positive attitude towards it.【答案】D【解析】根据题干关键词“IPCC’s chair ，mistaken report about Himalayan’s”定位至A段最后两句，据此可知IPCC主席开始抨击提意见的人，但随后收回自己的话并且成立智囊团试图解决问题。

2017年雅思英语考试阅读测试试题

2017年雅思英语考试阅读测试试题Never give up, Never lose the opportunity to succeed.以下是小编为大家搜索整理的2017年雅思英语考试阅读测试试题，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网!Hackers target the home front1. One of the UK's leading banks has been forced to admit that organised hacking gangs have been targeting its executives. For the past year, Royal Bank of Scotland has been fighting systematic attempts to break into its computer systems from hackers who have sent personalised emails containing keyloggers to its senior management. This has included executives up to board level and is now the subject of a separate investigation by the Serious and Organised Crime Agency.2. The hackers are homing in on the trend for people to work from home. The hackers make the assumption that the computers being used outside the work environment are more vulnerable than those protected by a corporate IT department.Growing threat3. For companies it is a growing threat as home working increases: a recent survey from the Equal Opportunities Commission found that more than 60% of the UK's population wants the option of flexible working.4. And the hackers are employing increasingly sophisticated techniques. Each email they send is meticulously built to make it attractive to its target, who the criminals have carefully researched by trawling the internet for information. Once the email is composed, the malware is just as carefully designed: it is often modified to avoid detection by security software.5. The keylogger contained in the email installs itself automatically and then collects details of logins and passwords from the unsuspecting user. This means that hackers can, using the usernames and passwords stolen by the keyloggers, connect to VPNs, or Virtual Private Networks, which many companies use to create an encrypted pathway into their networks.6. Once inside a bank's network, the hackers can communicate directly with computers holding account information and manipulate funds.7. Has this actually happened? In some cases sources claim that the login details of VPNs have been obtained and used though there has been no confirmation that any losses have occurred as a result. The attacks are not believed to have focused on RBS but to have been across the whole of the banking industry.8. Royal Bank of Scotland said that the bank had suffered no losses as a result of the attacks and added: "RBS has extremely robust processes in place in order to protect our systems from fraud. Trojan email attacks are an industry-wide issue and are not isolated to a particular area ora particular bank."9. It is not just banks that have been targets. Last year attempts were made to steal information from the Houses of Parliament using malicious email. Messagelabs, the company responsible for monitoring much of the email traffic of the government and big business for suspect software, said at the beginning of the year that criminals have been evolving more sophisticated techniques to attack corporate networks.10. According to Mark Sunner, chief technology officer of Messagelabs, the number of malicious emails targeted at individuals has been increasing. Two years ago they were being seenonce every two months, but now they are seeing one or two a day. This has been accompanied by an increase in quality in the creation of Trojans and spyware.11. "The hackers are now aiming to take over computers, particularly those of home users. Some of the malicious software that we are routinely seeing for that purpose will have its own antivirus system built into it so that they can kill off the programs of their competitors."Increased vigilance12. Tony Neate, the head of Get Safe Online, a government-funded organisation set up to raise awareness among UK businesses of computer criminals, says: "There is now an attempt to target individuals within UK businesses - including the banking sector. What is happening is that crime is doing what it always does, which is look for the weakest link. Home working is where they perceive a weakness.13. "This points to a need for increased vigilance and security by those working from home and by those responsible for letting them work from home. For home working to be effective, security needs to be as effective as if working in an office."(667 words)Questions 1-4 Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.1. What do the hackers use to attack the computer system of the Royal Bank of Scotland?2. Which word is most likely to be used by hackers to describe home computers?3. What do the majority of people in the UK prefer?4. How do hackers collect information so as to compose emails?5. What do hackers obtain illegally to gain access to banks’ computer network?Questions 5-12 Complete the sentences below with words from the passage.Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.6. The use of login details of VPNs by criminals does not necessarily result in any ______________.7. Royal Bank of Scotland claimed that they are not the only victim of ______________.8. Corporate networks will be another target of hackers with improved _______________.9. The attacks on individuals have been greatly increased within _______________.10. With ________________, software used by criminals can eliminate its competing programs.11. Home users are chosen as a target because they are considered as a __________ .12. Get Safe Online is calling for an increase in _____________ to ensure safe home working.Answers Keys:1.答案：personalised emails/keyloggers (见第1段第2句：For the past year, Royal Bank of Scotland has been fighting systematic attempts to break into its computer systems from hackers who have sent personalised emails containing keyloggers to its senior management.)2.答案：vulnerable (见第2段：The hackers make the assumption that the computers being used outside the work environment are more vulnerable than those protected by a corporate IT department. )3. 答案：flexible working (见第3段: For companies it is a growing threat as home working increases: a recent survey from the Equal Opportunities Commission found that more than 60% of the UK's population wants the option of flexible working.)4. 答案：trawling (the) internet (见第4段第2句：Each email they send is meticulouslybuilt to make it attractive to its target, who the criminals have carefully researched by trawling the internet for information.)5. 答案：logins and passwords/usernames and passwords (见第5段第第1、2句：The keylogger contained in the email installs itself automatically and then collects details of logins and passwords from the unsuspecting user. This means that hackers can, using the usernames and passwords stolen by the keyloggers, …)6. 答案：losses (见第7段第2句：In some cases sources claim that the login details of VPNs have been obtained and used though there has been no confirmation that any losses have occurred as a result.)7. 答案：Trojan email attacks (见第8段最后1句：Trojan email attacks are an industry-wide issue and are not isolated to a particular area or a particular bank.)8. 答案：techniques (见第9段最后1句：…said at the beginning of the year that criminals have been evolving more sophisticated techniques to attack corporate networks. )9. 答案：two years (见第10段第1、2句：According to Mark Sunner, chief technology officer of Messagelabs, the number of malicious emails targeted at individuals has been increasing. Two years ago they were being seen once every two months, but now they are seeing one or two a day.)10.答案：(an) antivirus system (见第11段："The hackers are now aiming to take over computers, particularly those of home users. Some of the malicious software that we are routinely seeing for that purpose will have its own antivirus system built into it so that they can kill off the programs of their competitors." )11. 答案：weakness (见第12段最后1句：Home working is where they perceive a weakness. )12. 答案：vigilance and security (见第13段："This points to a need for increased vigilance and security by those working from home and by those responsible for letting them work from home. For home working to be effective, security needs to be as effective as if working in an office.")。

雅思听力-阅读-写作全部答题纸彩色无水印完美版噢

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20Leabharlann 20 4040 Marker 2 Initials
IELTS L-R v4.0
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DP650/394
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2017年雅思阅读模拟试题：示意图题（2）

What's so funny? John McCrone reviews recent research on humor The joke comes over the headphones: 'Which side of a dog has the most hair? The left.' No, not funny. Try again. 'Which side of a dog has the most hair? The outside.' Hah! The punchline is silly yet fitting, tempting a smile, even a laugh. Laughter has always struck people as deeply mysterious, perhaps pointless. The writer Arthur Koestler dubbed it the luxury reflex:‘unique in that it serves no apparent biological purpose. ’ Theories about humor have an ancient pedigree. Plato expressed the idea that humor is simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others. Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the punchline. But most modern humor theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle's belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is either a nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second meaning. Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes in order to understand not only humor but language understanding and reasoning in machines. He says that while there is no single format for jokes, many revolve around a sudden and surprising conceptual shift. A comedian will present a situation followed by an unexpected interpretation that is also apt. So even if a punchline sounds silly, the listener can see there is a clever semantic fit and that sudden mental 'Aha!' is the buzz that makes us laugh. Viewed from this angle, humor is just a form of creative insight, a sudden leap to a new perspective. However, there is another type of laughter, the laughter of social appeasement and it is important to understand this too. Play is a crucial part of development in most young mammals. Rats produce ultrasonic squeaks to prevent their scuffles turning nasty. Chimpanzees have a ‘play-face’—a gaping expression accompanied by a panting 'ah ah' noise. In humans, these signals have mutated into smiles and laughs. Researchers believe social situations, rather than cognitive events such as jokes, trigger these instinctual markers of play or appeasement. People laugh on fairground rides or when tickled to flag a play situation, whether they feel amused or not. Both social and cognitive types of laughter tap into the same expressive machinery in our brains, the emotion and motor circuits that produce smiles and excited vocalizations. However, if cognitive laughter is the product of more general thought processes, it should result from more expansive brain activity. Psychologist Vinod Goel investigated humor using the new technique of 'single event' functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). An MRI scanner uses magnetic fields and radio waves to track the changes in oxygenated blood that accompany mental activity. Until recently, MRI scanners needed several minutes of activity and so could not be used to track rapid thought processes such as comprehending a joke. New developments now allow half-second 'snapshots' of all sorts of reasoning and problem-solving activities. Although Goel felt being inside a brain scanner was hardly the ideal place for appreciating a joke, he found evidence that understanding a joke involves a widespread mental shift. His scans showed that at the beginning of a joke the listener's prefrontal cortex lit up, particularly the right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem solving. But there was also activity in the temporal lobes at the side of the head (consistent with attempts to rouse stored knowledge) and in many other brain areas. Then when the punchline arrived, a new area sprang to life—the orbital prefrontal cortex. This patch of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated with evaluating information. Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding job for the brain, animal or human. Energy and arousal levels may need to be retuned in the blink of an eye. These abrupt changes will produce either positive or negative feelings. The orbital cortex, the region that becomes active in Goel's experiment, seems the best candidate for the site that feeds such feelings into higher-level thought processes, with its close connections to the brain's sub-cortical arousal apparatus and centres of metabolic control. All warm-blooded animals make constant tiny adjustments in arousal in response to external events, but humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings, but to their own thoughts. Whenever a sought-for answer snaps into place, there is a shudder of pleased recognition. Creative discovery being pleasurable, humans have learned to find ways of milking this natural response. The fact that jokes tap into our general evaluative machinery explains why the line between funny and disgusting, or funny and frightening, can be so fine. Whether a joke gives pleasure or pain depends on a person's outlook. Humor may be a luxury, but the mechanism behind it is no evolutionary accident. As Peter Derks, a psychologist at William and Mary College in Virginia, says: 'I like to think of humour as the distorted mirror of the mind. It's creative, perceptual, analytical and lingual. If we can figure out how the mind processes humor, then we'll have a pretty good handle on how it works in general.'。

2017年雅思考试阅读理解训练试题及答案（三篇）

【导语】为了帮助考⽣复习雅思考试，全⾯的了解雅思考试的相关重点，特编辑汇总了2017年雅思考试阅读理解训练试题及答案，希望对您参加本次考试有所帮助!2017年雅思考试阅读理解训练试题及答案1 Background music may seem harmless,but it can have a powerful effect on those who hear it.Recorded background music first found its way into factories,shop and restaurants in the US.But it soon spread to other arts of the world.Now it is becoming increasingly difficult to go shopping or eat a meal without listening to music. To begin with,"muzak"(⾳乐⼴播)was intended simply to create a soothing(安慰)atmosphere.Recently,however,it's become big business—thanks in part to recent research.Dr.Ronald Milliman,an American marketing expert,has shown that music can boost sales or increase factory production by as much as a third. But,it has to be light music.A fast one has no effect at all on sales.Slow music can increase receipts by 38%.This is probably because shoppers slow down and have more opportunity to spot items they like to buy.Yet,slow music isn't always liman found,for example,that in restaurants slow music meant customers took longer to eat their meals,which reduced overall sales.So restaurants owners might be well advised to play up-tempo music to keep the customers moving—unless of course,the resulting indigestion leads to complaints! 练习1.The reason why background music is so popular is that ______. A.it can have a powerful effect on those who hear it B.it can help to create a soothing atmosphere C.it can boost sales or increase factory production everywhere D.it can make customers eat their meals quickly 2.Background music means ________. A.light music that customers enjoy most B.fast music that makes people move fast C.slow music that can make customers enjoy their meals D.the music you are listening to while you are doing something 3.Restaurant owners complain about background music because ______. A.it results in indigestion B.it increases their sales C.it keeps customers moving D.it decreases their sales 4.The word"up-tempo music"probably means_____. A.slow music B.fast music C.light music D.classical music 注释：1.spread to传到，波及，蔓延到 2.to begin with⾸先;第⼀点(理由) To begin with,we must consider the faculties of the staff all-sidedly.⾸先，我们必须全⾯地考虑全体员⼯的素质。

2017年雅思阅读模拟试题及答案解析

Seeking an energy holy trinity Jan 10th 2007 From 1 NEELIE KROES, the European Union’s competition commissioner, did not mince her words when reporting on Europe’s energy markets on Wednesday January 10th. Europe’s energy firms have failed to invest in networks and so customers are suffering. Those “vertically integrated” energy companies such as Electricité de France (EDF) or Germany’s E.ON, widely dubbed as “national champions”, are effectively behaving like local monopolies. Shy of competition, eager for artificially high prices, they are helping to block the efficient generation, transmission and distribution of energy on the continent. 2 Energy prices vary wildly across Europe. Ms Kroes wants to see cheaper energy, and intends to push suppliers to divest their distribution network and to get them to invest more in transportation systems so that more energy—in the form of gas, or electricity, for example—can flow easily over borders. It is remarkably hard, for example, for gas-poor Germany to import from the neighbouring, gas-rich Netherlands. Companies that dominate national markets have, so far, had little interest in improving the interconnections which would mean lower prices for consumers across the continent. 3 Ms Kroes, of course, will struggle to get her way. The European Commission, which on the same day presented its recommendation for improving EU energy policy, also wants to see the unbundling of ownership, the legal separation of energy suppliers and transporters, something that the integrated energy companies and interested governments, notably in France and Germany, are bound to oppose ferociously. 4 Complicating the matter is an argument over the security of energy supply in Europe. Much has been made of the risk for western Europe of depending too heavily on Russian exports of gas. Russia under Vladimir Putin is prone to using energy exports as a blunt tool of foreign policy, especially when trying to bully countries in its hinterland. Last year Russia interrupted gas deliveries to Ukraine, affecting supplies in central and western Europe too. This week it blocked oil exports passing via Belarus to Europe, though that spat was soon resolved. 5 The risk is that concerns about security of supply may be used spuriously by those in Europe who oppose the sort of liberalisation encouraged by Ms Kroes. The likes of E.ON and EDF may claim that only protected national champions are able to secure supply, by striking long-term deals with powerful foreign suppliers. The Commission disagrees. Such deals are too often politically motivated and far from transparent. Protection has been tried for long enough and evidently has not worked for the internal market, nor have these companies secured the best deals for consumers from the Russians. 6 In contrast, the Commission's new policy proposes, ideally, a break-up of these companies into suppliers and distributors. (As a second best solution, especially for France and Germany, it recommends the management of the networks by a third party.) Properly independent managers of Europe's energy networks would have a strong incentive to build interconnecting pipelines and power lines across borders. For the gas market another means of ensuring competition and security would be finding a more diverse range of suppliers, for example by building more terminals for the import of liquified natural gas. It would also be likely to mean lower prices, if the example of liberalised Britain over the past ten years is anything to go by. 7 Whether any of this is likely to happen soon, however, is another matter. The Commission is also calling for European governments to agree on a common effort to reduce carbon emissions by at least 20% by 2020 (compared with 1990 levels). If America is willing to play ball, the Commission proposes to reduce emissions by as much as 30%. Achieving either target would mean promoting cleaner cars, a more effective emissions-trading system for Europe, wider use of public transport and a sharp increase in the use of renewable sources of energy, like wind and solar power. All that is laudable enough, but will also require political horse-trading as governments—Europe’s leaders are due to meet in March to discuss the various energy proposals—try to avoid commitments that may hurt domestic energy companies or make European firms less competitive than rivals in America, Asia and elsewhere. (689 words) Questions 1-5 Do the following statements reflect the views of the writer in the reading passage? In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet write YES if the statement reflects the views of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage 1. Europe’s energy companies have funded the construction of the distribution network. 2. There has been a wide range of energy prices within Europe. 3. Gas-poor Germany has to pay a price higher than average to import gas from its neighbour. 4. E.ON and EDF may oppose the liberalisation due to their concerns about the security of energy supply. 5. The European Commission proposes to reduce carbon emissions by 30% if the U.S. is willing to cut its. Questions 6-10 Look at the box of countries below. Choose One or Two countries to complete the following sentences. Write your answers in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet. Countries A. Belarus B. Britain C. France D. Germany E. Russia F. Ukraine G. The U.S. 6. It’s dangerous for western Europe to depend too much on gas imports from …… 7. A liberalised policy of energy supply was enforced over ten years in … 8. Last year energy supplies in central and western Europe was affected owing to the interruption of gas deliveries to … 9. The governments in …… are bound to oppose the separation of energy suppliers and transporters? 10. Oil exports passing via … to Europe was blocked this week. Questions 11-14 Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the reading passage above for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-14. 11. The EC disagrees with energy firms to strike long-term deals with foreign suppliers because such deals are usually far from … 12. The EC proposes to split those “national champions” into … 13. A more diverse range of suppliers would guarantee …in the European gas market. 14. The realization of carbon emissions reduction would require the promotion of cleaner cars, a better emissions-trading system, wider use of public transport and more use of … of energy. Key and Explanations: 1. No See para.1: Europe’s energy firms have failed to invest in networks… 2. Yesb d s f i d = " 1 5 6 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 2 : E n e r g y p r ic e s v a r y w i ld l y a c r o s s E u r o pe . b r b d sf i d = " 1 5 7 " >0 0 3 . N o t G i v e n b r b d s f i d = " 1 5 8 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 2 : I t i s r e m a r k a b l y h a r d , f o r e x a m p l e , f o r g a s -p o o r G e r m a n y t o i m p o r t f r o m t h e n e i g h b o u r i n g , g a s - r i c h N e t h e r l a n d s . b r b d s f i d = " 1 5 9 " > 00 4 . N o b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 0 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 5 : T h e r i s k i s t h a t c o n c e r n s a b o u t s e c u r i t y o f s u p p l y ma yb e u s e d s p u r i o u s l y b y t h o s e i n E u r o p e w h o o p p o s e t h e s o r t o f l i b e r a l i s a t i o n e nc o u r a g e db y M s K r o e s . T h e l i k e s o f E . O N a n d E D F m a yc l a i m t h a t & b r bd s f i d = " 1 6 1 " > 0 0 5 . Ye s b r b d sf i d = " 1 6 2 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 7 : I f A m e r i c a i s w i l l i ng t o p l a y b a l l , th e C o m mi s s i o n p r o p o s e s t o r e d u c e e m i s s i o n s b y a s m u c h a s 3 0 % . b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 3 " > 0 0 6 . E b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 4 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 4 : M u c h h a s b e e n m a d e o f t h e r i s k f o r w e s t e r n E u r o p e o f d e p e n d i n g t o o h e a v i l y o n R u s s i a n e x p o r t s o f g a s . b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 5 " > 0 0 7 . B b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 6 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 6 : I t w o u l d a l s o b e l i k e l y t o m e a n l o w e r p r i c e s , i f t h e e x a m p l e o f l i b e r a l i s e d B r i t a i n o v e r t h e p a s t t e n y e a r s i s a n y t h i n g t o g o b y . b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 7 " > 0 0 8 . F b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 8 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 4 : L a s t y e a r R u s s i a i n t e r r u p t e d g a s d e l i v e r i e s t o U k r a i n e , a f f e c t i n g s u p p l i e s i n c e n t r a l a n d w e s t e r n E u r o p e t o o . b r b d s f i d = " 1 6 9 " > 0 0 9 . C , D b r b d s f i d = " 1 7 0 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 3 : & t h e l e g a l s e p a r a t i o n o f e n e r g y s u p p l i e r s a n d t r a n s p o r t e r s , s o m e t h i n g t h a t t h e i n t e g r a t e d e n e r g y c o m p a n i e s a n d i n t e r e s t e d g o v e r n m e n t s , n o t a b l y i n F r a n c e a n d G e r m a n y , a r e b o u n d t o o p p o s e f e r o c i o u s l y . b r b d s f i d = " 1 7 1 " > 0 0 1 0 . A b r b d s f i d = " 1 7 2 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 4 : T h i s w e e k i t b l o c k e d o i l e x p o r t s p a s s i n g v i a B e l a r u s t o E u r o p e , t h o u g h t h a t s p a t w a s s o o n r e s o l v e d . b r b d s f i d = " 1 7 3 " > 0 0 1 1 . t r a n s p a r e n t b r b d s f i d = " 1 7 4 " > 0 0 S e e p a r a . 5 : b y s t r i k i n g l o n g - t e r m d e a l s w i t h p o w e r f u l f o r e i g n s u p p l i e r s . T h e C o m m i s s i o n d i s a g r e e s . S u c h d e a l s a r e t o o o f t e n p o l i t i c a l l y m o t i v a t e d a n d f a r f r o m t r a n s p a r e n t . b r b d s f i d = " 1 7 5 " > 0 0 1 2 . s u p p l i e r s a n d d i s t r i b u t o r s。

2017全国卷(I)英语去水印A3

绝密★启封前试卷类型A2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（新课标I）英语（考试时间：120分钟试卷满分：150分）注意事项：1.本试卷由四个部分组成。

其中，第一、二部分和第三部分的第一节为选择题。

第三部分的第二节和第四部分为非选择题。

2.答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。

3.回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用2B铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑；回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。

4.考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。

录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。

第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分）听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A. £ 19. 15.B. £ 9. 18.C. £ 9. 15.答案是C。

1．What does the woman think of the movie?A．It’s amusing B．It’s exciting C．It’s disappointing2．How will Susan spend most of her time in France?A．Traveling around B．Studying at a school C．Looking after her aunt3．What are the speakers talking about?A．Going out B．Ordering drinks C．Preparing for a party 4．Where are the speakers?A．In a classroom B．In a library C．In a bookstore5．What is the man going to do?A．Go on the Internet B．Make a phone call C．Take a train trip第二节（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。

雅思阅读精选题及答案解析2017

雅思阅读精选题及答案解析2017不要为已消逝之年华叹息，须正视欲匆匆溜走的时光，以下是小编为大家搜索整理的雅思阅读精选题及答案解析2017，希望能给大家带来帮助!更多精彩内容请及时关注我们应届毕业生考试网!Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes SenseA. It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry's greatest showman. But the essay published this week by Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, on his firm’s website under the unassuming title Thoughts on Music has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future of digital music, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. At issue is digital rights management (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft. Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work onanother. Apple's DRM system, called FairPlay, is the most widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobs called for DRM for digital music to be abolished.B. This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has locked in customers. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling), any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rival firm, such as Sony or Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill last year compelling Apple to open up FairPlay to rivals, the company warned of state-sponsored piracy. Only DRM, it implied, could keep the pirates at bay.C. This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM: the record companies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixespromptly. All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation. So, he suggests, why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected? This is clearly the best alternative for consumers, he declares, and Apple would embrace it in a heartbeat.D. Why the sudden change of heart? Mr Jobs seems chiefly concerned with getting Europe's regulators off his back. Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free. Two and a half of the four big record companies, he helpfully points out, are European-owned. Mr Jobs also hopes to paint himself as a consumer champion. Apple resents accusations that it has become the Microsoft of digital music.E. Apple can afford to embrace open competition in music players and online stores. Consumers would gravitate to the best player and the best store, and at the moment that still means Apple's. Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in atypical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today, he notes. (And even the protected tracks can be burned onto a CD and then re-ripped.) So Apple's dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related lock in.F. The music giants are trying DRM-free downloads. Lots of smaller labels already sell music that way. Having seen which way the wind is blowing, Mr Jobs now wants to be seen not as DRM's defender, but as a consumer champion who helped in its downfall. Wouldn't it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most. Mr Jobs's argument, in short, is transparently self-serving. It also happens to be right.Questions 1-7 Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?Write your answer in Boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossbile to say what the writer thinks about this1. Apple enjoys a controlling position in digital music market with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.2. DRM is a government decree issued with a purpose to protect downloaded music from theft by consumers.3. Lack of standardization in DRM makes songs bought for one kindof music player may not function on another.4. Apple has been criticized by European regulators since it has refused to grant a license FairPlay to other firms.5. All music can be easily played on non-iPod music devices from Sony or Microsoft without too much fiddling.6. Apple depends far more on DRM rather than branding for its dominance of the digital music devices.7. If DRM was cancelled, Sony would certainly dominate the international digital music market.Questions 8-10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 8-10 on your answe sheet.8. Which of the following statements about Mr. Jobs'idea of DRM is NOT TRUE?A. DRM places restrictions on consumer'choice of digital music products available.B. DRM comples iTunes buyers to switch to a device made by Sony or Microsoft.C. DRM constitutes a barrier for potential consumers to enter digital music markets.D. DRM hinders development of more stores and players and technical innovation.9. The word unfazed in line 3 of paragraph E, means___________.A. refusedB. welcomedC. not botheredD. not well received10. Which of the following statements is TRUE if DRM was scapped?A. Sony would gain the most profit.B. More customers would be “locked in”.C. A sudden increase in piracy would occur.D. Online-music sales would probably decrease.Questions 11-14 Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Mr. Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, explains the reason why he used to defend DRM, saying that the company was forced to do so: the record companies would make their music accessible to …11...only if they agreed to protect it using DRM; they can still…12…if theDRM system is compromised. He also provides the reason why Apple did not license FairPlay to others: the company relies on them to …13….But now he changes his mind with a possible expectation that Europe's regulators would not trouble him any more in the future. He proposes that those who are unsatisfactory with the current situation in digital music market should …14… towards persuade the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.Notes to Reading Passage 11. low-key：抑制的，受约束的，屈服的2. showman：开展览会的人，出风头的人物3. unassuming：谦逊的，不夸耀的，不装腔作势的4. iPod：(苹果公司出产的)音乐播放器5. iTunes store：(苹果公司出产的)在线音乐商店6. get off person's back: 不再找某人的麻烦，摆脱某人的纠缠7. gravitate: 受吸引，倾向于8. unfazed: 不再担忧，不被打扰Keys and explanations to the Questions 1-131. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph A … the future of digitalmusic, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.2. FALSESee the third sentence in Paragraph A …At issue is 'digital rights management' (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft.3. TRUESee the fourth sentence in Paragraph A Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another.4. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph B It has come under fire from European regulators who claim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has 'locked in' customers.5. NOT GIVENThe third sentence in Paragaph B only mentions music from the iTunes store, nothing about that of Sony or Microsoft. Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling).6. FALSESee the last sentence in Paragraph E So Apple's dominance evidently depends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related 'lock in'.7. NOT GIVENSee the fourth sentence in Paragraph F only mentions music generally, no particular information about business prospect of Sony Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility.8. BSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide a barrier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far more innovation.9. CSee the third sentence of Paragraph E and the context Mr Jobs isevidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today.10. ASee the last four sentences of Paragraph F Wouldn't it lead to a surge in piracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most.11. the iTunes storeSee the second sentence of Paragraph C They would make their music available to the iTunes store only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM.12. withdraw their cataloguesSee the third sentence of Paragraph C They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRM system is compromised.13. produce security fixesSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly.14. redirect their energiesSee the second sentence of Paragraph D Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests, those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading the musiccompanies to sell their music DRM-free.。

2017年雅思阅读考试精选习题及答案（4）

2017年雅思阅读考试精选习题及答案（4）小编为大家带来2017年雅思阅读考试精选习题及答案(4)，欢迎大家参考!更多相关内容请关注本站!2017年雅思阅读考试精选习题及答案(4)1. The transcription needs a certain amount of editing,as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right,it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.第一层：The transcription 主 needs 谓 a certain amount of 定editing,宾 as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar 状语从句sounds such as write and right， it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary.第二层：(状语从句)as 引even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right,状语从句1 it 主 is 系 still not yet 状 able 表 to do the work 宾as well as an inte- lligent secretary . 状语从句2第三层：(状语从句1)even if 引 the computer 主 can tell 谓 the difference 宾 between words of similar sounds 定 such as write and right 同位语(状语从句2)as well as 引 an intelligent secretary 主要点本句中as引导原因状语从句，其中该句还带有一个由even if引导的让步状语从句;介词短语between words of similar sounds 修饰difference，such as write and right修饰words，as well as……为同等比较状语从句，其中省略了与主句相同的部分。

2017年雅思阅读模拟试题：流程图题（3）

The history of the tortoise If you go back far enough, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different animal groups moved out onto the land, sometimes even to the most parched deserts, taking their own private seawater with them in blood and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which we see all around us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land crabs, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and various worms. And we mustn’t forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the land none of the other migrations could have happened. Moving from water to land involved a major redesign of every aspect of life, including breathing and reproduction. Nevertheless, a good number of thorough going land animals later turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have only gone part way back. They show us what the intermediates might have been like, on the way to extreme cases such as whales and dugongs. Whales (including the small whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures altogether and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They don’t even come ashore to breed. They do, however, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the sea a very long time ago and, like all vertebrate returnees to the water, they breathe air. However, they are, in one respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches. There is evidence that all modern turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived before most of the dinosaurs. There are two key fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Plaeochersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be close to the ancestry of all modern turtles nd tortoises. You might wonder how we can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if only fragments are found. Sometimes it’s obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils look like dolphins and they surely lived like dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a little less obvious. One way to tell is by measuring the bones of their forelimbs. Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the three measurements against one another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the water turtles cluster in the lower part of the triangular graph. There was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend time both in water and on land. Sure enough, these amphibious species show up on the triangular graph approximately half way between the ‘wet cluster’ of sea turtles and the ‘dry cluster’ of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils fell. The bones of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis leave us in no doubt. Their points on the graph are right in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water. You might think, therefore, that modern land tortoises have probably stayed on and ever since those early terrestrial times, as most mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. But apparently not. If you draw out the family three of all modern turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Today’s land tortoises constitute a single branch, deeply nested among branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modern land tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went back to the water, and they then reemerged back onto the land in (relatively) more recent times. Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In common with all mammals, reptiles and birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that various more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the sea, to the primeval bacteria. Later ancestors lived on land and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the water and became sea turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the land as tortoises, some of which now live in the direst of deserts.。

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