Chapter 4 developing-paragraphs
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Features of a Paragraph
Three fundamental features:
• A central idea (which may be expressed either explicitly in a topic sentence or implicitly) • Supporting evidence (all the information given in this sentences should impresses the reader with the central idea) • Close connection between the sentences
• 1. Development by Time • • In telling a story or recounting an event , the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time. This method is also called chronological sequencing.
Structure of a Pharagraph
• It is a group of sentences that introduces, presents and develops one main idea about the topic, mainly occuring in the following forms. • Topic sentence; • Detail1, detail 2... • Concluding sentence
• The order of time: • By one o'clock → At about two o'clock → After a half hour → Around an hour later • And some coherent words: • When, Then, Next, After.
B. Second supporting detail: Reading 1. Little space 2. Little money 3. Knowledge
C. Third supporting detail: Sports 1. Fun 2. Exercises 3. Active relaxation III. Conclusion: More reading and sports in our spare time
B. Second supporting detail: Reading is easy, cheap and beneficial. Ways of developing a paragraph 1. Reading doesn’t need much space. 2. Reading doesn’t cost much money. 3. Reading broadens our knowledge.
• • • • • • • • • • •
Words and Phrases Used in Describing Chronological Relations (p97) hence; before; after; while; during; between; and ; in ... (y ear) Since; later; earlier; formerly; etc. at the turn of the century (decade) etc. in the first half of the century, etc. in the 1900's, etc. at birth; in childhood; in infancy; in adolescence; as an adu lt; in adulthood; in old age; at death; simultaneously; simultaneous with; at the same time as; th e former; the latter prБайду номын сангаасvious; previously; prior to first; second; etc. in the first place; in the second place, etc .; to begin with next; then; subsequently; in the next place in conclusion; finally; lastly; in the end Task 2 and task 4
Lunar New Year Parade in Hong Kong
•
Starting in 1996, the Hong Kong Tourist Association organizes a Lunar New Year Parade every year to promote tourism and celebrate this traditional festival. By one o'clock, on third day of January in the lunar calendar, many tourists coming from different countries, together with local people, line the streets of Tsim Sha Tsui, which is the heart of the city, for the parade. When they hear the beat of the drums and the traditional New Year songs approaching, they shout loudly and applaud as the parade begins. At about two o'clock, the main activities – the Lion Dance and the Dragon Dance – lead nearly a hundred floats which represent various associations, large corporations and countries. Moving one by one, some of them wear native costume and dance to their national music. Sometimes, they get off their floats and walk into the crowd. Then they shake hands with people warmly. After a half hour, the parade reaches its climax. Some movie stars with cheerful smiles show up and throw flowers and souvenirs to the crowd. People in the front row go to get them quickly and wave to the float happily. Some tourists take pictures of the various kinds of floats and ask the movie stars to sign their tee shirts. Next, come the clowns and magicians who wear colorful costumes and heavy make-up. They give balloons to the children and practice magic. Around an hour later, the last float passes by and most of the people begin to leave the streets. After the parade, the city becomes calm and well ordered.
Characeristics of a paragraph
• 1. Unity
• • Deal with a single topic State a single thought
• 2. Coherence
• 1) The part of the paragraph should be logically connected • 2) Each sentence naturally leads to the next sentence in explaining and developing the central idea. • 3) The paragraph is an integrated whole, rather than a collection of separate sentences.
C. Third supporting detail: Sports are fun and active. 1. Sports are fun. 2. Sports strengthen our body. 3. Sports are a kind of active relaxation. III. Conclusion: We prefer doing more reading and sports in spare time.
Developing Paragraphs
Contents
• I Structure of a pagragraph; • II Characeristics of a paragraph; • III Features of making an effective paragraph; • IV Planning a paragraph; • V Ways of developing a paragraph
Planning a paragraph
• Topic outline • Sentence outline
2. Ways of Developing a Paragraph
• Topic outline • 在标式提纲中,每部分的内容将短语(通 常是名词短语)列为标题,其特点是简洁 醒目,例如:
Types of a Paragraph
• • • • • • • • 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. 7.
developing by time developing by process developing by space developing by example developing by comparison and contrast developing by cause and effect developing by classification
Title: How Should We Spend Our Spare Time I. Introduction: Many kinds of activities in spare time II. Body: A. First supporting detail: Movies, TV programs 1. Much money 2. A passive activity 3. A waste of time
• Sentence outline • 在句式提纲中,每部分的内容用完整的句 子列出。其特点是能较详尽地体现出实质 内容和各部分之间的逻辑联系,因此对议 论性强的严密文章更为适合。如:
Title: How Should We Spend Our Spare Time I. Introduction: There are many kinds of activities in our spare time. II. Body: A. First supporting detail: Movies, TV programs are not preferable. 1. Going to movies needs much money. 2. Watching TV programs is a passive activity. 3. They waste a lot of time.