外文翻译及外文原文参考格式
毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】
因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定，为统一起见,特做以下要求：1、每篇字数为1500字左右，共两篇；2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本，具体字号、字体已标注。
外文翻译（包含原文)(宋体四号加粗）外文翻译一（宋体四号加粗）作者：(宋体小四号加粗）Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team，Korean Film Council（小四号）出处：(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358～P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景（标题：宋体四号加粗）1996～现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四）在过去的十年间，韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。
上个世纪60年代，韩国电影迅速崛起，然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后，韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。
在这个时期，韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长，但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。
1996年，韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。
但是到了1998年，市场占有量增长到35。
8%，到2001年更是达到了50%。
虽然从1996年开始，韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中，但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。
虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录，但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。
当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时，2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。
姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。
从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》，康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。
外文文献翻译(图片版)
本科毕业论文外文参考文献译文及原文学院经济与贸易学院专业经济学（贸易方向）年级班别2007级 1 班学号3207004154学生姓名欧阳倩指导教师童雪晖2010 年 6 月 3 日目录1 外文文献译文（一）中国银行业的改革和盈利能力（第1、2、4部分） (1)2 外文文献原文（一）CHINA’S BANKING REFORM AND PROFITABILITY（Part 1、2、4） (9)1概述世界银行（1997年）曾声称，中国的金融业是其经济的软肋。
当一国的经济增长的可持续性岌岌可危的时候，金融业的改革一直被认为是提高资金使用效率和消费型经济增长重新走向平衡的必要（Lardy，1998年，Prasad，2007年）。
事实上，不久前，中国的国有银行被视为“技术上破产”，它们的生存需要依靠充裕的国家流动资金。
但是，在银行改革开展以来，最近，强劲的盈利能力已恢复到国有商业银行的水平。
但自从中国的国有银行在不久之前已经走上了改革的道路，它可能过早宣布银行业的改革尚未取得完全的胜利。
此外，其坚实的财务表现虽然强劲，但不可持续增长。
随着经济增长在2008年全球经济衰退得带动下已经开始软化，银行预计将在一个比以前更加困难的经济形势下探索。
本文的目的不是要评价银行业改革对银行业绩的影响，这在一个完整的信贷周期后更好解决。
相反，我们的目标是通过审查改革的进展和银行改革战略，并分析其近期改革后的强劲的财务表现，但是这不能完全从迄今所进行的改革努力分离。
本文有三个部分。
在第二节中，我们回顾了中国的大型国有银行改革的战略，以及其执行情况，这是中国银行业改革的主要目标。
第三节中分析了2007年的财务表现集中在那些在市场上拥有浮动股份的四大国有商业银行：中国工商银行（工商银行），中国建设银行（建行），对中国银行（中银）和交通银行（交通银行）。
引人注目的是中国农业银行，它仍然处于重组上市过程中得适当时候的后期。
第四节总结一个对银行绩效评估。
毕业论文 外文翻译格式
毕业论文外文翻译格式毕业论文外文翻译格式在撰写毕业论文时，外文翻译是一个重要的环节。
无论是引用外文文献还是翻译相关内容，都需要遵循一定的格式和规范。
本文将介绍一些常见的外文翻译格式，并探讨其重要性和应用。
首先，对于引用外文文献的格式，最常见的是使用APA（American Psychological Association）格式。
这种格式要求在引用外文文献时，先列出作者的姓氏和名字的首字母，然后是出版年份、文章标题、期刊名称、卷号和页码。
例如：Smith, J. D. (2010). The impact of climate change on biodiversity. Environmental Science, 15(2), 145-156.在翻译外文文献时，需要注意保持原文的准确性和完整性。
尽量避免意译或添加自己的解释，以免歪曲原文的意思。
同时，还需要在翻译后的文献后面加上“译者”和“翻译日期”的信息，以便读者可以追溯翻译的来源和时间。
其次，对于翻译相关内容的格式，可以参考国际标准组织ISO（International Organization for Standardization）的格式。
这种格式要求在翻译相关内容时，先列出原文，然后是翻译后的文本。
例如：原文：The importance of effective communication in the workplace cannot be overstated.翻译：工作场所有效沟通的重要性不容忽视。
在翻译相关内容时，需要注意保持原文的意思和语气。
尽量使用准确的词汇和语法结构，以便读者能够理解和接受翻译后的内容。
同时，还需要在翻译后的文本后面加上“翻译者”和“翻译日期”的信息，以便读者可以追溯翻译的来源和时间。
此外，对于长篇外文文献的翻译，可以考虑将其分成若干章节，并在每个章节前面加上章节标题。
这样可以使读者更容易理解和阅读翻译后的内容。
论文及外文翻译格式(标准)
附件5 论文及外文翻译写作格式样例附录1 内封格式示例（设置成小二号字，空3行）我国居民投资理财现状及发展前景的研究（黑体，加粗，小二，居中，空2行）The Research on Status and Future of Inhabitants’Investment and Financial Management in China （Times New Roman体，加粗，小二，居中，实词首字母大写，空5行）院系经济与管理学院（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）专业公共事业管理（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）班级 6408101 （宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）学号 200604081010 （宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）姓名李杰（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）指导教师张芸（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）职称副教授（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）负责教师（宋体，四号，首行缩进6字符）（空7行）沈阳航空航天大学（宋体，四号，居中）2010年6月（宋体，四号，居中）附录2 摘要格式示例（设置成三号，空2行）摘要（黑体，加粗，三号，居中，两个字之间空两格）（空1行）我国已经步入经济全球化发展的21世纪，随着市场经济的快速增长和对外开放的进一步深化，我国金融市场发生了巨大的变化。
一方面，投资理财所涉及到的领域越来越广，不仅仅是政府、企业、社会组织进行投资理财，居民也逐步进入到金融市场中，开始利用各种投资工具对个人、家庭财产进行打理，以达到资产保值、增值，更好的用于消费、养老等的目的；另一方面，我国居民投资理财观念逐渐趋于成熟化、理性化；同时，其投资理财工具以及方式手段亦越来越向多元化、完善化发展。
本论文以我国居民投资理财为研究对象，综合运用现代经济学、金融学和管理学的理论；统计学、概率学的方法和工具，主要对我国居民投资理财的历史演变、发展现状、意识观念、存在的问题和主要投资理财工具进行了分析和探讨，并提出了改善和促进我国居民理财现状的对策和建议，指出了普通居民合理化投资理财的途径。
毕业论文正文、文献综述和外文翻译文本编辑排版格式要求
附12-2：毕业论文正文、文献综述和外文翻译文本编辑排版格式要求1、标题：三号宋体居中。
2、作者姓名，学号，班级小四号宋体，居中。
3、中文摘要，中文关键词。
中文摘要和关键词用小五号宋体。
其中“摘要，关键词”用黑体小五号，后面加冒号，关键词之间用分号隔开，关键词一般不超过5个。
4、正文的一级标题用四号宋体，二级标题用小四号黑体，三级标题用五号黑体，正文中文字符用五号宋体。
标题统一采用1; 1.1; 1.1.1; 2; 2.1; 2.1.2; …的样式。
标题最多为三级。
5、文中引用参考文献，统一用[1]的格式，上标。
6、参考文献用小五号字体，中文用宋体。
“参考文献”四字用宋体四号。
参考文献著录格式：序号（统一用[1]的格式）著者（如有多个作者，列出前三名，其余用“等”表示，英文用“et al”表示。
）. 文献题名[文献类型代码]（其中，专著为M，期刊为J，标准为S，学位论文为D，报告为R，论文集为C，专利为P，报刊新闻为N，论文集中析出文献为A）. 期刊名，年，卷（期）：起止页码. 其中卷加粗。
著录格式如下例：[1] 王子健,吕怡兵,王毅等. 淮河水体多介质取代苯类污染及其生态健康风险[J]. 环境科学学报, 2002,22(3): 300~304.[2] Lueking A D, Huang W, Soderstrom-Schwarz S, et al. The chemical structure of soil /sediment organic matter and its role in the sequestration and bioavailability of sorb ed organic contaminants[J]. Journal of Environment Quality, 2000,29(1):317~323. [3] 史忠宝. 建设项目环境影响评价[M]. 北京：中国环境科学出版社，1994.。
外文翻译规范要求及模版格式
外文翻译规范要求及模版格式
外文中文翻译规范要求及模板格式可以根据具体需求和要求有所不同，以下是一般常见的外文中文翻译规范要求及模板格式：
1.规范要求：
-符合语法、语言规范和语义准确性；
-译文流畅自然，符合中文表达习惯；
-忠实准确地传达原文信息；
-注意统一使用特定的术语翻译；
-文章结构、段落、标题等要与原文一致；
-保持适当的篇幅，不过度增加或删减内容；
-遵守保密原则。
2.模板格式：
-文章标题（与原文保持一致，可放在正文上方）；
-标题（与原文保持一致）；
-段落（与原文保持一致，首行缩进）；
-字体（常用宋体或黑体，一般字号12或14）；
-行间距（一般1.5倍，可根据需要调整）；
-页边距（上下左右均为2.5厘米）；
-段落间距（一般1.5倍，可根据需要调整）；
以上是一般常见的外文中文翻译规范要求及模板格式，具体要求和格式可以根据具体的翻译项目和要求进行调整。
在翻译过程中，保持准确、流畅、专业是非常重要的。
毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】
盐城师范学院毕业论文（设计）外文资料翻译学院：（四号楷体_GB2312下同）专业班级:学生姓名:学号:指导教师：外文出处：(外文）(Times New Roman四号) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文； 2.外文原文1．外文资料翻译译文译文文章标题×××××××××正文×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××………….＊注：（本注释不是外文翻译的部分，只是本式样的说明解释）1. 译文文章标题为三号黑体居中，缩放、间距、位置标准，无首行缩进，无左右缩进,且前空（四号)两行，段前、段后各0.5行间距,行间距为1。
25倍多倍行距;2. 正文中标题为小四号，中文用黑体,英文用Times New Roman体,缩放、间距、位置标准,无左右缩进，无首行缩进，无悬挂式缩进，段前、段后0。
5行间距,行间距为1.25倍多倍行距；3。
正文在文章标题下空一行，为小四号，中文用宋体，英文用Times New Roman体,缩放、间距、位置标准，无左右缩进,首行缩进2字符（两个汉字)，无悬挂式缩进,段前、段后间距无，行间距为1。
外文翻译排版格式参考
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系别：电子信息系专业：通信工程班级：B100309姓名：张杨学号：B10030942外文出处：附件： 1. 原文； 2. 译文2014年03月An Introduction to the ARM 7 ArchitectureTrevor Martin CEng, MIEETechnical DirectorThis article gives an overview of the ARM 7 architecture and a description of its major features for a developer new to the device. Future articles will examine other aspects of the ARM architecture.Basic CharacteristicsThe principle feature of the ARM 7 microcontroller is that it is a register based load-and-store architecture with a number of operating modes. While the ARM7 is a 32 bit microcontroller, it is also capable of running a 16-bit instruction set, known as "THUMB". This helps it achieve a greater code density and enhanced power saving. While all of the register-to-register data processing instructions are single-cycle, other instructions such as data transfer instructions, are multi-cycle. To increase the performance of these instructions, the ARM 7 has a three-stage pipeline. Due to the inherent simplicity of the design and low gate count, ARM 7 is the industry leader in low-power processing on a watts per MIP basis. Finally, to assist the developer, the ARM core has a built-in JTAG debug port and on-chip "embedded ICE" that allows programs to be downloaded and fully debugged in-system.In order to keep the ARM 7 both simple and cost-effective, the code and data regions are accessed via a single data bus. Thus while the ARM 7 is capable of single-cycle execution of all data processing instructions, data transfer instructions may take several cycles since they will require at least two accesses onto the bus (one for the instruction one for the data). In order to improve performance, a three stage pipeline is used that allows multiple instructions to be processed simultaneously.The pipeline has three stages; FETCH, DECODE and EXECUTE. The hardware of each stage is designed to be independent so up to three instructions can be processed simultaneously. The pipeline is most effective in speeding up sequential code. However a branch instruction will cause the pipeline to be flushed marring its performance. As we shall see later the ARM 7 designers had some clever ideas to solve this problem.InstructionFig 1 ARM 3- Stage pipelineARM7 Programming ModelThe programmer's model of the ARM 7 consists of 15 user registers, as shown in Fig. 3, with R15 being used as the Program Counter (PC). Since the ARM 7 is a load-and- store architecture, an user program must load data from memory into the CPU registers, process this data and then store the result back into memory. Unlike other processors no memory to memory instructions are available.M1M2M34,R1,R2 (R4=R0+R2)3Fig 2 Load And Store ArchitectureAs stated above R15 is the Program Counter. R13 and R14 also have special functions; R13 is used as the stack pointer, though this has only been defined as a programming convention. Unusually the ARM instruction set does not have PUSH and POP instructions so stack handling is done via a set of instructions that allow loading and storing of multiple registers in a single operation. Thus it is possible to PUSH or POP the entire register set onto the stack in a single instruction. R14 has special significance and is called the "link register". When a call is made to a procedure, the return address is automatically placed into R14, rather than onto a stack, as might be expected. A return can then be implemented by moving the contents of R14 intoR15, the PC. For multiple calling trees, the contents of R14 (the link register) must be placed onto the stack.15 User registers +PCR13 is used as the stack pointer R14 is the link registerR14 is the Program Counter Current Program Status RegisterFig 3 User Mode Register ModelIn addition to the 16 CPU registers, there is a current program status register (CPSR). This contains a set of condition code flags in the upper four bits that record the result of a previous instruction, as shown in Fig 4. In addition to the condition code flags, the CPSR contains a number of user-configurable bits that can be used to change the processor mode, enter Thumb processing and enable/disable interrupts.31 30 29 28 27Negative Carry OverflowIRQ System UserUndefined instruction AbortThumb instruction setFig 4 Current Program Status Register and Flags Exception And Interrupt ModesThe ARM 7 architecture has a total of six different operating modes, as shown below. These modes are protected or exception modes which have associated interruptsources and their own register sets.User: This mode is used to run the application code. Once in user mode the CPSR cannot be written to and modes can only be changed when an exception is generated. FIQ: (Fast Interrupt reQuest) This supports high speed interrupt handling. Generally it is used for a single critical interrupt source in a systemIRQ: (Interrupt ReQuest) This supports all other interrupt sources in a system Supervisor: A "protected" mode for running system level code to access hardware or run OS calls. The ARM 7 enters this mode after resetAbort: If an instruction or data is fetched from an invalid memory region, an abort exception will be generatedUndefined Instruction:If a FETCHED opcode is not an ARM instruction, an undefined instruction exception will be generated.The User registers R0-R7 are common to all operating modes. However FIQ mode has its own R8 -R14 that replace the user registers when FIQ is entered. Similarly, each of the other modes have their own R13 and R14 so that each operating mode has its own unique Stack pointer and Link register. The CPSR is also common to all modes. However in each of the exception modes, an additional register一the saved program status register (SPSR)，is added. When the processor changes the current value of the CPSR stored in the SPSR，this can be restored on exiting the exception mode.System&User FIQ Supervisor Abort IRQ Undefined Fig 5 Full Register Set For ARM 7Entry to the Exception modes is through the interrupt vector table. Exceptions in the ARM processor can be split into three distinct types.(i) Exceptions caused by executing an instruction, these include software interrupts, undefined instruction exceptions and memory abort exceptions(ii) Exceptions caused as a side effect of an instruction such as a abort caused by trying to fetch data from an invalid memory region.(iii) Exceptions unrelated to instruction execution, this includes reset, FIQ and IRQ interrupts.In each case entry into the exception mode uses the same mechanism. On generation of the exception, the processor switches to the privileged mode, the current value of the PC+4 is saved into the Link register (R14) of the privileged mode and the current value of CPSR is saved into the privileged mode's SPSR. The IRQ interrupts are also disabled and if the FIQ mode is entered, the FIQ interrupts are also disabled, Finally the Program Counter is forced to the exception vector address and processing of the exception can start. Usually the first action of the exception routine will be to pushPrefetch Abort(instruction fetch memory abort)Software interrupt (SWI)Undefined instruction ResetData Abort (data access momory abort)IRQ (interrupt)FIQ (fast interrupt)Supervisor Undefined Supervisor Abort Abort IRQ FIQ0x000000000x0000001C0x000000040x0000000C 0x000000080x000000100x00000018Fig 6 ARM 7 Vector TableA couple of things are worth noting on the vector table. Firstly, there is a missing vector at 0x000000014. This was used on an earlier ARM architecture and is left empty on ARM 7 to allow backward compatibility. Secondly, the FIQ interrupt is at the highest address so the FIQ routines could start from this address, removing the need for a jump instruction to reach the routine. It helps make entry into the FIQ routine as fast as possible.Once processing of the exception has finished, the processor can leave the privileged mode and return to the user mode. Firstly the contents of any registers previously saved onto the stack must be restored. Next the CSPR must be restored from the SPSR and finally the Program Counter is restored by moving the contents of the link register to R15, (i.e. the Program Counter). The interrupted program flow can then restart.Data TypesThe ARM instruction set supports six data types namely 8 bit signed and unsigned, 16 bit signed and unsigned plus 32 bit signed and unsigned. The ARM processor instruction set has been designed to support these data types in Little or Big-endian formats. However most ARM silicon implementations use the Little-endian format. ARM instructions typically have a three-operand format, as shown belowADD Rl，R2, R3 ; Rl=R2+R3ARM7 Program Flow ControlIn all processors there is a small group of instructions that are conditionally executed depending on a group of processor flags. These are branch instructions such as branch not equal. Within the ARM instruction set, all instructions are conditionally executable.31 28CONDFig. 7 Instruction Condition Code BitsThe top four bits of each instruction contain a condition code that must be satisfied if the instruction is to be executed. This goes a long way to eliminating small branches in the program code and eliminating stalls in the pipeline so increasing the overall program performance. Thus for small conditional branches of three instructions or less, conditional execution of instructions should be used. For larger jumps, normal branching instructions should be used.Fig. 8 Instruction Condition CodesThus our ADD instruction below could be prefixed with a condition code, as shown. This adds no overhead to instruction executionEQADD R1，R2，R3 ;If(Zero flag = 1)then R1 = R2+R3The ARM7 processor also has a 32-bit barrel shifter that allows it to shift or rotate one of the operands in a data processing instruction. This takes place in the same cycle as the instruction. The ADD instruction could be expanded as followsEQADD R1，R2 R3，LSL #2 ; If ( Zero flag = 1) then R1 = R2+ (R3 x 4) Finally the programmer may decide if a particular instruction can set the condition code flags in the CPSR.EQADDS R1，R2 R3，LSL #2; If (Zero flag = 1) then R1 = R2 + (R3 x4)and set condition code flagsIn the ARM instruction set there are no dedicated call or return instructions. Instead these functions are created out of a small group of branching instructions.The standard branch (B) instruction allows a jump of around+-32Mb. A conditional branch can be formed by use of the condition codes. For example, a "branch notequal" would be the branching instruction B and the condition code "NE" for not equal giving "BNE". The next form of the branch instruction is the branch with link. This is the branch instruction but the current value of the PC +4 is saved into R14, the link register. This acts as a CALL instruction by saving the return address into R14. A return instruction is not necessary since a return can be implemented by moving R14 into the PC. The return is more complicated in the case of an interrupt routine. Depending on the type of exception, it may be necessary to modify the contents of the link register to get the correct return address. For example, in the case of an IRQ or FIQ interrupt, the processor will finish its current instruction, increment the PC to the next instruction and then jumping to the vector table. This means that the value in the link register is PC+4 or one instruction ahead of the return address. This means we need to subtract 4 from the value in the link register to get the correct return address. This can be done in a single instruction thus: SUBS pc, r14, #4// PC=Link register-40x80000x400PC=0x80000x4000x8000Fig 9 Branch and Branch Link Instruction OperationBranching instructions are also used to enter the 16-bit Thumb instruction set. Both the branch and branch-with-link may perform an exchange between 32-bit and 16-bit instruction sets and vice versa .The Branch exchange will jump to a location and start to execute 16-bit Thumb instructions. Branch link exchange will jump to a location, save PC+4 into the link register and start execution of 16-bit Thumb instructions. In both cases, the T bit is set in the CPSR. An equivalent instruction is implemented in the Thumb instruction set to return to 32-bit ARM instruction processing.0x8000T=1Y=10x4000x4000x8000Fig. 10 Branch Exchange and Branch Link Exchange Instruction Operation Software InterruptsThe ARM instruction set has a software interrupt instruction. Execution of thisinstruction forces an exception as described above; the processor will enter supervisor mode and jump to the SWI vector at 0x00000008.Fig. 11 Software Interrupt InstructionThe bit field 0-23 of the SWI instruction is empty and can be used to hold an ordinal. On execution of an SWI instruction, this ordinal can be examined to determine which SWI procedure to run and gives over 16 million possible SWI functions.…Swi_ #1 . call swi function one…Tn the swi handlerregister unsigned*link ptr asm ("r14")；// define a pointer to the hnk register Switch ((*(link-ptr-1))&Ox00FFFFFF) //calculate the number of the swi function{Case 0x01 : SWI_unction (); //Call the function…}This can be used to provide a hardware abstraction layer. In order to access OS calls or SFR registers, the user code must make a SWI call . All these functions are therunning in a supervisor mode, with a separate stack and link register.As well as instructions to transfer data to and from memory and to CPU registers, the ARM 7 has instructions to save and load multiple registers. It is possible to load or save all 16 CPU registers or a selection of registers in a single instruction. Needless tosay, this is extremely useful when entering or exiting a procedure.M0Fig. 12 Load and Store Multiple Instruction OperationThe CPSR and SPSR are only accessed by two special instructions to move their contents to and from a CPU register. No other instruction can act on them directly.MSRMRSR15R15Fig. 13 Programming The SPSR And CPSR RegistersTHUMB SupportThe ARM processor is capable of executing both 32-bit (ARM) instructions and 16- Bit (Thumb instructions). The Thumb instruction set must always be entered byrunning a Branch exchange or branch link exchange instruction and NOT by setting the T bit in the CPSR. Thumb instructions are essentially a mapping of their 32 bit cousins but unlike the ARM instructions, they are unconditionally executed except though for branch instructions.Fig. 14 Thumb Instruction ProcessingThumb instructions reduced number of only have unlimited access to registers RO-R7 and R13一Rl5. A instructions can access the full register set.Fig.15 Thumb programmers modelThe Thumb instruction set has the same load and store multiple instructions as ARM and in addition, has a modified version of these instructions in the form of PUSH and POP that implement a full descending stack in the conventional manner. The Thumb instruction set also supports the SWI instruction, except that the ordinal field is only 8 bits long to support 256 different SWI calls. When the processor is executing Thumb code and an exception occurs, it will switch to ARM mode in order to process the exception. When the CPSR is restored the, Thumb bit will be reset and the processor continues to run Thumb instructions.BCXBXFig.16 Thumb Exception ProcessingThumb has a much higher code density than ARM code, needing some 70% of the space of the latter. However in a 32-bit memory, ARM code is some 40% faster than Thumb. However it should be noted that if you only have 16-bit wide memory then Thumb code will be faster than ARM code by about 45%. Finally the other important aspect of Thumb is that it can use up to 30% less power than ARM code.ARM7的体系结构介绍特里沃马丁曾，鼠技术总监本文给出了ARM 7架构的概述和开发新的设备，以及主要功能的描述，未来将研究ARM体系结构的其他方面。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译【范本模板】
华南理工大学广州学院本科生毕业设计(论文）翻译英文原文名Review of Vibration Analysis Methods for Gearbox Diagnostics and Prognostics中文译名对变速箱振动分析的诊断和预测方法综述学院汽车工程学院专业班级车辆工程七班学生姓名刘嘉先学生学号201130085184指导教师李利平填写日期2015年3月15日英文原文版出处：Proceedings of the 54th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, Virginia Beach，V A, May 1-4，2000，p. 623-634译文成绩：指导教师(导师组长）签名：译文：简介特征提取技术在文献中有描述;然而，大多数人似乎掩盖所需的特定的预处理功能。
一些文件没有提供足够的细节重现他们的结果，并没有一个全面的比较传统的功能过渡齿轮箱数据。
常用术语,如“残差信号”,是指在不同的文件不同的技术.试图定义了状态维修社区中的常用术语和建立所需的特定的预处理加工特性。
本文的重点是对所使用的齿轮故障检测功能。
功能分为五个不同的组基于预处理的需要。
论文的第一部分将提供预处理流程的概述和其中每个特性计算的处理方案。
在下一节中，为特征提取技术描述，将更详细地讨论每一个功能。
最后一节将简要概述的宾夕法尼亚州立大学陆军研究实验室的CBM工具箱用于齿轮故障诊断。
特征提取概述许多类型的缺陷或损伤会增加机械振动水平。
这些振动水平，然后由加速度转换为电信号进行数据测量。
原则上,关于受监视的计算机的健康的信息被包含在这个振动签名。
因此，新的或当前振动签名可以与以前的签名进行比较,以确定该元件是否正常行为或显示故障的迹象。
在实践中，这种比较是不能奏效的。
由于大的变型中,签名的直接比较是困难的。
相反,一个涉及从所述振动署名数据特征提取更多有用的技术也可以使用。
外文文献原稿和译文格式
四、外文文献原稿和译文打印格式
外文文献原稿和译文包括题目、原稿、译文三个部分。
●题目为“外文文献原稿和译文”：之上之下各留一空行，宋体，三号字，居中，加粗
原稿整体格式要尽量保持与原文格式相同，如原稿格式不明确可采用如下格式：
“原稿”：之下留一空行，宋体，小三号字，居中，加粗，“原稿”二字中间空两格；原稿内容：章节题目——新罗马“Times New Roman”字体，四号字，加粗，左对齐；正文——新罗马“Times New Roman”字体，小四号字，段落设置为：固定值，22磅，段前、段后均为0磅。
“译文”：本部分另起一页。
之上之下各留一空行。
宋体，小三号字，居中，加粗。
“译文”二字中间空两格。
译文内容：章节题目——章节题目：宋体，四号字，加粗，左对齐；正文——宋体，小四号字。
段落设置为：固定值，22磅，段前、段后均为0磅。
●页面设置为：上3.5cm，下2.6cm，左2.7cm，右2.7cm，页眉2.4cm，页脚2cm。
●页眉：“北京化工大学北方学院毕业设计（论文）——外文文献原稿和译文”，宋体，小五号字，居中。
●页脚：插入页码，居中。
页码格式为“1，2，3…”。
外文参考文献及翻译稿的要求与格式
百度文库- 让每个人平等地提升自我！外文参考文献及翻译稿的要求及格式一、外文参考文献的要求1、外文原稿应与本研究项目接近或相关联；2、外文原稿可选择相关文章或节选章节，正文字数不少于1500字。
3、格式：外文文献左上角标注“外文参考资料”字样，小四宋体。
1.5倍行距。
标题：三号，Times New Roman字体加粗，居中，行距1.5倍。
段前段后空一行。
作者（居中）及正文：小四号，Times New Roman字体，首行空2字符。
4、A4纸统一打印。
二、中文翻译稿1、中文翻译稿要与外文文献匹配，翻译要正确；2、中文翻译稿另起一页；3、格式：左上角标“中文译文”，小四宋体。
标题：宋体三号加粗居中，行距1.5倍。
段前、段后空一行。
作者（居中）及正文：小四号宋体，数字等Times New Roman字体，1.5倍行距，首行空2字符。
正文字数1500左右。
4、A4纸统一打印。
格式范例如后所示。
百度文库 - 让每个人平等地提升自我！外文参考文献Implementation of internal controls of small andmedium-sized pow erStephen Ryan The enterprise internal control carries out the strength to refer to the enterprise internal control system execution ability and dynamics, it is the one whole set behavior and the technical system, is unique competitive advantage which the enterprise has; Is a series of …………………………标题：三号，Times New Roman字体加粗，居中，行距1.5倍。
外文翻译格式
外文翻译格式
外语翻译通常需要遵循一定的格式，以确保翻译内容的准确性和易读性。
以下是一个700字外文翻译的通用格式示例：
1. 标题：翻译的内容的标题，通常与原文标题保持一致，居中显示。
2. 原文：原文内容，可将原文段落编号，并保留原文格式，如段落缩进或列表。
3. 译文：相关段落的翻译内容，与原文一一对应，并保持相同的段落编号和格式。
4. 术语翻译：将翻译中使用的特定术语或固定表达进行解释和翻译，避免出现歧义。
5. 校对与审校：对翻译内容进行校对和审校，确保翻译准确无误。
6. 结论：对整个翻译内容进行总结和评价，提出自己的观点和见解。
7. 参考文献：如有需要，列出翻译过程中所参考的文献或资料。
8. 附录：如有需要，可在翻译后添加附录，补充相关资料或说明。
注意事项：
- 翻译应遵循专业的术语和语法规范，尽量保持翻译内容的准确性。
- 可根据需要调整段落的分配和序号，以符合原文和翻译内容的逻辑结构。
- 保持翻译格式的统一和美观，使用合适的字体和字号，并注意标点符号的使用。
- 翻译结束后，应进行校对和审校，以确保翻译质量的准确性和流畅性。
总之，一个700字外文翻译的格式应该清晰明了，结构合理，准确无误，并能为读者提供一个清晰且易于理解的翻译内容。
外文翻译撰写规范
第一部分：格式篇
1.外文翻译封面中从“院系”——“指导老师”旁边的下划线请保持长度一致。
2.封面中“原文出处”信息应该完整，同参考文献中的外文文献格式。
3.先中文后英文，中文页码为阿拉伯数字，英文页码为罗马数字。
4.中英文上方第一行都是文章或者书的名称，第二行是出处。
5.字间距为标准，行距为固定值，设置值为23。
如标题与标题、标题与段落之
间间距明显较大时，请选定标题并选择“段落”检查间距中“段前”、“段后”
是否是0行。
6.中文文章段落中出现除序号外的阿拉伯数字或英文应用Times New Roman字
体。
第二部分：内容篇
1．必须是英文文献翻译成中文，不能中文翻译成英文。
2. 英文文献必须是外国人写的，不能只是中国人发表的外文论文。
3．外文文献只要和所写课题相关即可，不用完全一致。
如课题为审计风险，如果找不到审计风险的外文，也可以找审计相关的外文即可。
4．关键词前后翻译必须一致，英文缩写在中文翻译中第一次出现时必须翻译出全称。
5．不能仅仅依靠翻译软件，翻译的中文应检查是否语句通顺，是否有词不达意的情况。
英文译著参考文献格式
英文译著参考文献格式英文译著参考文献的格式可以根据不同的引用风格而有所不同。
以下是根据APA引用风格的标准格式示例：1. 单一作者的译著：作者姓, 作者名. (出版年). 书名 (译者名, 译). 出版地: 出版商.例如：Smith, J. (2010). The Art of Translation (Wang, L., 译). Beijing: Publishing House.2. 两位作者的译著：作者1姓, 作者1名., & 作者2姓, 作者2名. (出版年). 书名 (译者名, 译). 出版地: 出版商.例如：Johnson, M., & Anderson, P. (2015). Introduction to Translation Studies (Li, H., 译). Shanghai: University Press.3. 多位作者的译著：作者1姓, 作者1名., 作者2姓, 作者2名., & 作者3姓, 作者3名. (出版年). 书名 (译者名, 译). 出版地: 出版商.例如：Smith, J., Johnson, M., & Anderson, P. (2012). Comparative Translation Studies (Wu, Y., 译). Beijing: Publishing House.4. 编辑的译著：编者姓, 编者名. (Ed.). (出版年). 书名 (译者名, 译). 出版地: 出版商.例如：Brown, A. (Ed.). (2008). Translation and Language Teaching (Zhang, L., 译). Shanghai: University Press.需要注意的是，以上的格式是根据APA引用风格的标准来给出的示例，其他引用风格（如MLA、Chicago等）可能会有稍微的差异。
外文翻译原文模板
1、外文资料翻译内容要求：外文资料的内容应为本学科研究领域，并与毕业设计（论文）选题相关的技术资料或专业文献，译文字数应不少于3000汉字以上，同时应在译文末注明原文的出处。
不可采用网络中直接有外文和原文的。
2、外文资料翻译格式要求：译文题目采用小二号黑体，居中；译文正文采用宋体小四号，段前、段后距为0行；行距：固定值20磅。
英文原文如果为打印的话用新罗马（Times New Roman）小四号字。
装订时原文在前，译文在后。
文章中有引用的地方在原文中也要体现。
参考文献也要翻译成中文！An Energy-Efficient Cooperative Algorithm for Data Estimation inWireless Sensor NetworksAbstract – In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), nodes operate on batteries and network’s lifetime depends on energy consumption of the nodes. Consider the class of sensor networks where all nodes sense a single phenomenon at different locations and send messages to a Fusion Center (FC) in order to estimate the actual information. In classical systems all data processing tasks are done in the FC and there is no processing or compression before transmission. In the proposed algorithm, network is divided into clusters and data processing is done in two parts. The first part is performed in each cluster at the sensor nodes after local data sharing and the second part will be done at the Fusion Center after receiving all messages from clusters. Local data sharing results in more efficient data transmission in terms of number of bits. We also take advantage of having the same copy of data at all nodes of each cluster and suggest a virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (V-MIMO) architecture for data transmission from clusters to the FC. A Virtual-MIMO network is a set of distributed nodes each having one antenna. By sharing their data among themselves, these nodes turn into a classical MIMO system. In the previously proposed cooperative/virtual MIMO architectures there has not been any data processing or compression in the conference phase. We modify the existing VMIMO algorithms to suit the specific class of sensor networks that is of our concern. We use orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) for MIMO part and by simulation show that this algorithm saves considerable energy compared to classical systems.I. INTRODUCTIONA typical Wireless Sensor Network consists of a set of small, low-cost and energy-limited sensor nodes which are deployed in a field in order to observe a phenomenon and transmit it to a Fusion Center (FC). These sensors are deployed close to one another and their readings of the environment are highly correlated. Their objective is to report a descriptive behavior of the environment based on all measurements to the Fusion Center. This diversity in measurement lets the system become more reliable and robust against failure. In general, each node is equipped with a sensing device, a processor and a communication module (which can be either a transmitter or transmitter/receiver).Sensor nodes are equipped with batteries and are supposed to work for a long period of time without battery replacement. Thus, they are limited in energy and one of the most important issues in designing sensor networks will be the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. To deal with this problem, we might either reduce the number of bits to be transmitted by source compression or reduce the required power for transmission by applying advanced transmission techniques while satisfying certain performance requirement.A lot of research has been done in order to take advantage of the correlation among sensors’ data for reducing the number of bits to be transmitted. Some are based on distributed source coding[1]while others use decentralized estimation[2-5]. In [1], authors present an efficient algorithm that applies distributed compression based on Slepian – Wolf[14] encoding technique and use an adaptive signal processing algorithm to track correlation among sensors data. In [2-5] the problem of decentralized estimation in sensor networks has been studied under different constraints. In these algorithms, sensors perform a local quantization on their data considering that their observations are correlated with that of other sensors. They produce a binary message and send it to the FC. FC combines these messages based on the quantization rules used at the sensor nodes and estimates the unknown parameter. Optimal local quantization and final fusion rules are investigated in these works. The distribution of data assumed for sensor observation in these papers has Uniform probability distribution function. In our model we consider Gaussian distribution introduced in [17] for sensor measurements which ismore likely to reality.As an alternative approach, some works have been done using energy-efficient communication techniques such as cooperative/virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission in sensor networks [6-11]. In these works, as each sensor is equipped with one antenna, nodes are able to form a virtual MIMO system by performing cooperation with others. In [6] the application of MIMO techniques in sensor networks based on Alamouti[15] space-time block codes was introduced. In [8,9] energy-efficiency of MIMO techniques has been explored analytically and in [7] a combination of distributed signal processing algorithm presented and in [1] cooperative MIMO was studied.In this paper, we consider both techniques of compression and cooperative transmission at the same time. We reduce energy consumption in two ways; 1) processing data in part at the transmitting side, which results in removing redundant information thus having fewer bits to be transmitted and 2) reducing required transmission energy by applying diversity and Space-Time coding. Both of these goals will be achieved by our proposed two-phase algorithm. In our model, the objective is to estimate the unknown parameter which is basically the average of all nodes’ measurements. That is, exact measurements of individual nodes are not important and it is not necessary to spend a lot of energy and bandwidth to transmit all measured data with high precision to the FC. We can move some part of data processing to the sensors side. This can be done by local data sharing among sensors. We divide the network into clusters of ‘m’ members. The number of members in the cluster (m) is both the compression factor in data processing and also the diversity order in virtual-MIMO architecture. The remaining of this paper is organized as following: in section II we introduce our system model and basic assumptions. In section III we propose our collaborative algorithm. In section IV we present the mathematical analysis of the proposed algorithm and in section V we give some numerical simulations. Finally section VI concludes the paper.II. SYSTEM MODELA. Network ModelThe network model that we use is similar to the one presented in [2-5].Our network consists of N distributed Sensor Nodes (SN) and a Fusion Center (FC). Sensors are deployed uniformly in the field, close to one another and each taking observations on an unknown parameter (θ). Fusion Center is located far from the nodes. All nodes observe same phenomenon but with different measurements. These nodes together with the Fusion Center are supposed to find the value of the unknown parameter. Nodes send binary messages to Fusion Center. FC will process the received messages and estimate the unknown value.B. Data ModelIn our formulation we use the data model introduced in[17]. We assume that all sensors observe the same phenomenon (θ) which has Gaussian distribution with variance σx 2. They observe different versions of θ and we model this difference as an additive zero mean Gaussian noisewith variance σn 2. Therefore, sensor observations will be described byn i i θx += （1） Where θ ~ N (0, σx 2) and n i ~ N (0, σn 2) for i = 1, 2, … , N .Based on thisassumption the value of θ can be estimated by taking the numerical average of the nodes observations, i.e.∑==N i i x N 11θ（2）C. Reference System ModelOur reference system consists of N conventional Single Input Single Output (SISO) wireless links, each connecting one of the sensor nodes to the FC. For the reference system we do not consider any communication or cooperation among the sensors. Therefore each sensor quantizes its observation by an L-bit scalar quantizer designed for distribution of θ, generates a message of length L and transmits it directly to the FC. Fusion Center receives all messages and performs the processing, which is calculation of the numerical average of these messages.III. COOPERATIVE DATA PROCESSING ALGORITHMSensor readings are analog quantities. Therefore, each sensor has to compress its data into several bits. For data compression we use L -bit scalar quantizer [12,13].In our algorithm, network is divided into clusters, each cluster having a fixed and pre-defined number of members (m). Members of each cluster are supposed to cooperate with one another in two ways:1. Share, Process and Compress their data2. Cooperatively transmit their processed data using virtual MIMO.IV. ANALYSISThe performance metric considered in our analysis is the total distortion due to compression and errors occurred during transmission. The first distortion is due to finite length quantizer, used in each sensor to represent the analog number by L bits. This distortion depends on the design of quantizer.We consider a Gaussian scalar quantizer which is designed over 105 randomly generated samples. The second distortion is due to errors occurred during transmission through the channel. In our system, this distortion is proportional to the probability of bit error. Since the probability of bit error (Pe) is a function of transmission energy per bit (Eb), total distortion will be a function of Eb. In this section we characterize the transmission and total consumed energy of sensors and find the relationship between distortion and probability of bit error.V. SIMULATION AND NUMERICAL RESULTS To give a numerical example, we assume m = 4 members in each cluster. Therefore our Virtual-MIMO scheme will consist of 4 transmit antennas. We assume that network has N = 32 sensors. Sensor observations are Gaussian with σx2= 1 and are added to a Gaussian noise of σn2= 0.1 .Nodes are deployed uniformly in the field and are 2 meters apart from each other and the Fusion Center is located 100 meters away from the center of the field. The values for circuit parameters are quoted from [6] and are listed in Table I. These parameters depend on the hardware design and technological advances. Fig. 1 illustrates the performance (Distortion) of reference system and proposed two-phase V-MIMO scheme versus transmission energy consumption in logarithmic scale. As shown in the figures, depending on how much precision is needed in the system, we can save energy by applying the proposed algorithm.TABLE IFig. 2 illustrates the Distortion versus total energy consumption of sensor nodes. That is, in this figure we consider both the transmission and circuit energy consumption. The parameters that lead us to these results may be designed to give better performance than presented here. However, from these figures we can conclude that the proposed algorithm outperforms the reference system when we want to have distortion less than 10−3 and it can save energy as high as 10 dB.VI. CONCLUSIONIn this paper we proposed a novel algorithm which takes advantage of cooperation among sensor nodes in two ways: it not only compresses the set of sensor messages at the sensor nodes into one message, appropriate for final estimation but also encodes them into orthogonal space-time symbols which are easy to decode and energy-efficient. This algorithm is able to save energy as high as 10 dB.REFERENCES[1] J.Chou,D.Petrovic and K.Ramchandran “A distributed and adaptive signalprocessing approach to reducing energy consumption in sensornetworks,”Proc. IEEE INFOCOM,March 2003.[2] Z.Q.Luo, “Universal decentralized estimation in a bandwidth constrainedsensor network,” IEEE rmation The ory, vol.51,no.6,June 2005.[3] Z.Q.Luo,“An Isotropic Universal decentralized estimation scheme for abandwidth constrained Ad Hoc sensor network,”IEEEm. vol.23,no. 4,April 2005.[4] Z.Q.Luo and J.-J. Xiao, “Decentralized estimation i n an inhomogeneoussensing environment,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol.51, no.10,October 2005.[5] J.J.Xiao,S.Cui,Z.-Q.Luo and A.J.Goldsmith, “Joint estimation in sensornetworks under energy constraints,” Proc.IEEE First conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, (SECON 04),October 2004.[6] S.Cui, A.J.Goldsmith, and A.Bahai,“Energy-efficiency of MIMO andcooperative MIMO techniques in sensor networks,”IEEEm,vol.22, no.6pp.1089–1098,August 2004.[7] S.K.Jayawe era and M.L.Chebolu, “Virtual MIMO and distributed signalprocessing for sensor networks-An integrated approach”,Proc.IEEEInternational Conf. Comm.(ICC 05)May 2005.[8] S.K.Jayaweera,"Energy efficient virtual MIMO-based CooperativeCommunications for Wireless Sensor Networks",2nd International Conf. on Intelligent Sensing and Information Processing (ICISIP 05),January 2005.[9] S.K.Jayaweera,“Energy Analysis of MIMO Techniques in Wireless SensorNetworks”, 38th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS 04),March 2004.[10] S.K.Jayaweera and M.L.Chebolu,“Virtual MIMO and Distributed SignalProcessing for Sensor Networks - An Integrated Approach”,IEEEInternational Conf.on Communications (ICC 05),May 2005.[11] S.K.Jayaweera,“An Energy-efficient Virtual MIMO CommunicationsArchitecture Based on V-BLAST Processing for Distributed WirelessSensor Networks”,1st IEEE International Conf.on Sensor and Ad-hocCommunications and Networks (SECON 2004), October 2004.[12] J.Max,“Quantizing for minimum distortion,” IRE rmationTheory,vol.IT-6, pp.7 – 12,March 1960.[13] S.P.Lloyd,“Least squares quantization in PCM ,”IEEE rmationTheory,vol.IT-28, pp.129-137,March 1982.[14] D.Slepian and J.K.Wolf “Noiseless encoding of correlated inf ormationsources,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory,vol.19, pp.471-480,July1973.[15] S.M.Alamouti,“A simple transmit diversity technique for wirelesscommunications,” IEEE m., vol.16,no.8,pp.1451–1458,October 1998.[16] V.Tarokh,H.Jafarkhani,and A.R.Calderbank. “Space-time block codesfrom orthogonal designs,’’IEEE rmationTheory,vol.45,no.5,pp.1456 -1467,July 1999.[17] Y.Oohama,“The Rate-Distortion Function for the Quadratic GaussianCEO Problem,” IEEE Trans. Informatio nTheory,vol.44,pp.1057–1070,May 1998.。
外文翻译及外文原文(参考格式)
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下页附：外文翻译与原文参考格式2英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)外文原文出处：(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍，译文后附上外文原文)《ASHRAE Handbook —Refrigeration 》.CHAPTER3 .SYSTEM Practices for ammonia 3.1 System Selection 3.2 Equipment3.10 Reciprocating Compressors第3章 氨制冷系统的实施3.1 系统选择在选择一个氨制冷系统设计时，须要考虑一些设计决策要素，包括是否采用（1）单级压缩（2）带经济器的压缩（3）多级压缩（4）直接蒸发（5）满液式（6）液体再循环（7）载冷剂。
单级压缩系统基本的单级压缩系统由蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器、储液器（假如用的话）和制冷剂控制装置（膨胀阀、浮球阀等）。
1997 ASHRAE 手册——“原理篇”中的第一章讨论了压缩制冷循环。
图1.壳管式经济器的布置外文翻译的标题与译文中的字体、字号、行距、页边距等与论文格式相同。
英文原文(黑体、四号、顶格)英文翻译2（黑体，四号，顶格）外文原文出处：（黑体，四号，顶格）P. Fanning. Nonlinear Models of Reinforced and Post-tensioned Concrete Beams. Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin. Received 16 Jul 2001.非线形模型钢筋和后张法预应力混凝土梁摘要:商业有限元软件一般包括混凝土在荷载做用下非线性反应的专用数值模型。
毕业论文外文翻译范例
外文原文(一)Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciple s*M. H. HoeflichFriedrich Carl von Savigny, nobleman, law reformer, champion of the revived German professoriate, and founder of the Historical School of jurisprudence, not only helped to revolutionize the study of law and legal institutions in Germany and in other civil law countries, but also exercised a profound influence on many of the most creative jurists and legal scholars in England and the United States. Nevertheless, tracing the influence of an individual is always a difficult task. It is especially difficult as regards Savigny and the approach to law and legal sources propounded by the Historical School. This difficulty arises, in part, because Savigny was not alone in adopting this approach. Hugo, for instance, espoused quite similar ideas in Germany; George Long echoed many of these concepts in England during the 1850s, and, of course, Sir Henry Sumner Maine also espoused many of these same concepts central to historical jurisprudence in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Thus, when one looks at the doctrinal writings of British and American jurists and legal scholars in the period before 1875, it is often impossible to say with any certainty that a particular idea which sounds very much the sort of thing that might, indeed, have been derived from Savigny's works, was, in fact, so derived. It is possible, nevertheless, to trace much of the influence of Savigny and his legal writings in the United States and in Great Britain during this period with some certainty because so great was his fame and so great was the respect accorded to his published work that explicit references to him and to his work abound in the doctrinal writing of this period, as well as in actual law cases in the courts. Thus, Max Gutzwiller, in his classic study Der einfluss Savignys auf die Entwicklung des International privatrechts, was able to show how Savigny's ideas on conflict of laws influenced such English and American scholars as Story, Phillimore, Burge, and Dicey. Similarly, Andreas Schwarz, in his "Einflusse Deutscher Zivilistik im Auslande," briefly sketched Savigny's influence upon John Austin, Frederick Pollock, and James Bryce. In this article I wish to examine Savigny's influence over a broader spectrum and to draw a picture of his general fame and reputation both in Britain and in the United States as the leading Romanist, legal historian, and German legal academic of his day. The picture of this Anglo-American respect accorded to Savigny and the historical school of jurisprudence which emerges from these sources is fascinating. It sheds light not only upon Savigny’s trans-channel, trans-Atlantic fame, but also upon the extraordinarily*M.H.Hoeflich, Savigny and his Anglo-American Disciples, American Journal of Comparative Law, vol.37, No.1, 1989.cosmopolitan outlook of many of the leading American and English jurists of the time. Of course, when one sets out to trace the influence of a particular individual and his work, it is necessary to demonstrate, if possible, precisely how knowledge of the man and his work was transmitted. In the case of Savigny and his work on Roman law and ideas of historical jurisprudence, there were three principal modes of transmission. First, there was the direct influence he exercised through his contacts with American lawyers and scholars. Second, there was the influence he exercised through his books. Third, there was the influence he exerted indirectly through intermediate scholars and their works. Let us examine each mode separately.I.INFLUENCE OF THE TRANSLATED WORKSWhile American and British interest in German legal scholarship was high in the antebellum period, the number of American and English jurists who could read German fluently was relatively low. Even those who borrowed from the Germans, for instance, Joseph Story, most often had to depend upon translations. It is thus quite important that Savigny’s works were amongst the most frequently translated into English, both in the United States and in Great Britain. His most influential early work, the Vom Beruf unserer Zeitfur Rechtsgeschichte und Gestzgebung, was translated into English by Abraham Hayward and published in London in 1831. Two years earlier the first volume of his History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages was translated by Cathcart and published in Edinburgh. In 1830, as well, a French translation was published at Paris. Sir Erskine Perry's translation of Savigny's Treatise on Possession was published in London in 1848. This was followed by Archibald Brown's epitome of the treatise on possession in 1872 and Rattigan's translation of the second volume of the System as Jural Relations or the Law of Persons in 1884. Guthrie published a translation of the seventh volume of the System as Private International Law at Edinburgh in 1869. Indeed, two English translations were even published in the far flung corners of the British Raj. A translation of the first volume of the System was published by William Holloway at Madras in 1867 and the volume on possession was translated by Kelleher and published at Calcutta in 1888. Thus, the determined English-speaking scholar had ample access to Savigny's works throughout the nineteenth century.Equally important for the dissemination of Savigny's ideas were those books and articles published in English that explained and analyzed his works. A number of these must have played an important role in this process. One of the earliest of these is John Reddie's Historical Notices of the Roman law and of the Progress of its Study in Germany, published at Edinburgh in 1826. Reddie was a noted Scots jurist and held the Gottingen J.U.D. The book, significantly, is dedicated to Gustav Hugo. It is of that genre known as an external history of Roman law-not so much a history of substantive Roman legal doctrine but rather a historyof Roman legal institutions and of the study of Roman law from antiquity through the nineteenth century. It is very much a polemic for the study of Roman law and for the Historical School. It imparts to the reader the excitement of Savigny and his followers about the study of law historically and it is clear that no reader of the work could possibly be left unmoved. It is, in short, the first work of public relations in English on behalf of Savigny and his ideas.Having mentioned Reddie's promotion of Savigny and the Historical School, it is important to understand the level of excitement with which things Roman and especially Roman law were greeted during this period. Many of the finest American jurists were attracted-to use Peter Stein's term-to Roman and Civil law, but attracted in a way that, at times, seems to have been more enthusiastic than intellectual. Similarly, Roman and Civil law excited much interest in Great Britain, as illustrated by the distinctly Roman influence to be found in the work of John Austin. The attraction of Roman and Civil law can be illustrated and best understood, perhaps, in the context of the publicity and excitement in the English-speaking world surrounding the discovery of the only complete manuscript of the classical Roman jurist Gaius' Institutes in Italy in 1816 by the ancient historian and German consul at Rome, B.G. Niebuhr. Niebuhr, the greatest ancient historian of his time, turned to Savigny for help with the Gaius manuscript (indeed, it was Savigny who recognized the manuscript for what it was) and, almost immediately, the books and journals-not just law journals by any means-were filled with accounts of the discovery, its importance to legal historical studies, and, of course, what it said. For instance, the second volume of the American Jurist contains a long article on the civil law by the scholarly Boston lawyer and classicist, John Pickering. The first quarter of the article is a gushing account of the discovery and first publication of the Gaius manuscript and a paean to Niebuhr and Savigny for their role in this. Similarly, in an article published in the London Law Magazine in 1829 on the civil law, the author contemptuously refers to a certain professor who continued to tell his students that the text of Gaius' Institutes was lost for all time. What could better show his ignorance of all things legal and literary than to be unaware of Niebuhr's great discovery?Another example of this reaction to the discovery of the Gaius palimpsest is to be found in David Irving's Introduction to the Study of the Civil Law. This volume is also more a history of Roman legal scholarship and sources than a study of substantive Roman law. Its pages are filled with references to Savigny's Geschichte and its approach clearly reflects the influence of the Historical School. Indeed, Irving speaks of Savigny's work as "one of the most remarkable productions of the age." He must have been truly impressed with German scholarship and must also have been able to convince the Faculty of Advocates, forwhom he was librarian, of the worth of German scholarship, for in 1820 the Faculty sent him to Gottingen so that he might study their law libraries. Irving devotes several pages of his elementary textbook on Roman law to the praise of the "remarkable" discovery of the Gaius palimpsest. He traces the discovery of the text by Niebuhr and Savigny in language that would have befitted an adventure tale. He elaborates on the various labors required to produce a new edition of the text and was particularly impressed by the use of a then new chemical process to make the under text of the palimpsest visible. He speaks of the reception of the new text as being greeted with "ardor and exultation" strong words for those who spend their lives amidst the "musty tomes" of the Roman law.This excitement over the Verona Gaius is really rather strange. Much of the substance of the Gaius text was already known to legal historians and civil lawyers from its incorporation into Justinian's Institutes and so, from a substantive legal perspective, the find was not crucial. The Gaius did provide new information on Roman procedural rules and it did also provide additional information for those scholars attempting to reconstruct pre-Justinianic Roman law. Nevertheless, these contributions alone seem hardly able to justify the excitement the discovery caused. Instead, I think that the Verona Gaius discovery simply hit a chord in the literary and legal community much the same as did the discovery of the Rosetta Stone or of Schliemann’s Troy. Here was a monument of a great civilization brought newly to light and able to be read for the first time in millenia. And just as the Rosetta Stone helped to establish the modern discipline of Egyptology and Schliemann's discoveries assured the development of classical archaeology as a modern academic discipline, the discovery of the Verona Gaius added to the attraction Roman law held for scholars and for lawyers, even amongst those who were not Romanists by profession. Ancillary to this, the discovery and publication of the Gaius manuscript also added to the fame of the two principals involved in the discovery, Niebuhr and Savigny. What this meant in the English-speaking world is that even those who could not or did not wish to read Savigny's technical works knew of him as one of the discoverers of the Gaius text. This fame itself may well have helped in spreading Savigny's legal and philosophical ideas, for, I would suggest, the Gaius "connection" may well have disposed people to read other of Savigny's writings, unconnected to the Gaius, because they were already familiar with his name.Another example of an English-speaking promoter of Savigny is Luther Stearns Cushing, a noted Boston lawyer who lectured on Roman law at the Harvard Law School in 1848-49 and again in 1851- 1852.Cushing published his lectures at Boston in 1854 under the title An Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. He devoted a full chapter to a description of the historical school and to the controversy betweenSavigny and Thibaut over codification. While Cushing attempted to portray fairly the arguments of both sides, he left no doubt as to his preference for Savigny's approach:The labors of the historical school have established an entirely new and distinct era in the study of the Roman jurisprudence; and though these writers cannot be said to have thrown their predecessors into the shade, it seems to be generally admitted, that almost every branch of the Roman law has received some important modification at their hands, and that a knowledge of their writings, to some extent, at least, is essentially necessary to its acquisition.译文(一)萨维尼和他的英美信徒们*M·H·豪弗里奇弗雷德里奇·卡尔·冯·萨维尼出身贵族，是一位出色的法律改革家，也是一位倡导重建德国教授协会的拥护者，还是历史法学派的创建人之一。
外文翻译格式要求
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外文著录：Liu Shaozhong, Liao Fengrong. S tudies of negative pragmatic transfer in interlanguage pragmatics[J]. Journal of Guangxi Normal University, 2002, (4):34-45.2）若选自论文集：著者，题名，论文集名称，编者，出版地，出版社，出版年，起始页码。
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20外文文献翻译原文及译文参考样式
20外⽂⽂献翻译原⽂及译⽂参考样式华北电⼒⼤学科技学院毕业设计（论⽂）附件外⽂⽂献翻译学号： 0819******** 姓名：宗鹏程所在系别：机械⼯程及⾃动化专业班级：机械08K1指导教师：张超原⽂标题：Development of a High-PerformanceMagnetic Gear年⽉⽇⾼性能磁齿轮的发展1摘要：本⽂提出了⼀个⾼性能永磁齿轮的计算和测量结果。
上述分析的永磁齿轮有5.5的传动⽐，并能够提供27 Nm的⼒矩。
分析表明，由于它的弹簧扭转常数很⼩，因此需要特别重视安装了这种⾼性能永磁齿轮的系统。
上述分析的齿轮也已经被应⽤在实际中，以验证、预测其效率。
经测量，由于较⼤端齿轮传动引起的磁⼒齿轮的扭矩只有16 Nm。
⼀项关于磁齿轮效率损失的系统研究也展⽰了为什么实际⼯作效率只有81％。
⼀⼤部分磁损耗起源于轴承，因为机械故障的存在，此轴承的备⽤轴承在此时是必要的。
如果没有源于轴的少量磁泄漏，我们估计能得到⾼达96％的效率。
与传统的机械齿轮的⽐较表明，磁性齿轮具有更好的效率和单位体积较⼤扭矩。
最后，可以得出结论，本⽂的研究结果可能有助于促进传统机械齿轮向磁性齿轮发展。
关键词：有限元分析（FEA）、变速箱，⾼转矩密度，磁性齿轮。
⼀、导⾔由于永久磁铁能产⽣磁通和磁⼒，虽然⼏个世纪过去了，许多⼈仍然着迷于永久磁铁。
，在过去20年的复兴阶段，正是这些优点已经使得永久磁铁在很多实际中⼴泛的应⽤，包括在起重机，扬声器，接头领域，尤其是在永久磁铁电机⽅⾯。
其中对永磁铁的复兴最常见于效率和转矩密度由于永磁铁的应⽤显著提⾼的⼩型机器的领域。
在永久磁铁没有获取⾼度重视的⼀个领域是传动装置的领域，也就是说，磁⼒联轴器不被⼴泛⽤于传动装置。
磁性联轴器基本上可以被视为以传动⽐为1：1磁⼒齿轮。
相⽐标准电⽓机器有约10kN m/m的扭矩，装有⾼能量永久磁铁的磁耦有⾮常⾼的单位体积密度的扭矩，变化范围⼤约300–400 kN 。
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插图、排序：“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”4 内文字及图名也译成中文。
与论文格式要求相同。
5、标题与译文格式（字体、字号、行距、页边距等）下页附：外文翻译与原文参考格式英文翻译黑体、四号、顶格()外文原文出处：)(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍，译文后附上外文原文 .CHAPTER3 .SYSTEM Practices for ammonia —Refrigeration》《ASHRAE Handbook System Selection 3.1Equipment3.2外文翻译的标题与译Reciprocating Compressors3.10 字号文中的字体页边距等与论文距、式相同。
章氨制冷系统的实施第3 3.1 系统选择）在选择一个氨制冷系统设计时，须要考虑一些设计决策要素，包括是否采用（1）液体再64）直接蒸发（5）满液式（）多级压缩（单级压缩（2）带经济器的压缩（3 7循环（）载冷剂。
单级压缩系统基本的单级压缩系统由蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器、储液器（假如用的话）和制冷剂手册——“原理篇”中的第一章讨论控制装置（膨胀阀、浮球阀等）。
1997 ASHRAE了压缩制冷循环。
图1.壳管式经济器的布置文件可采用外文原文有PDF 文件直接插入。
PDF英文原文)(黑体、四号、顶格2英文翻译（黑体，四号，顶格）外文原文出处：（黑体，四号，顶格）Lecturer, Concrete Beams. Reinforced and Post-tensioned Models P. Fanning. Nonlinear ofDepartment of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin. Received 16 Jul 2001.非线形模型钢筋和后张法预应力混凝土梁商业有限元软件一般包括混凝土在荷载做用下非线性反应的专用数值模型。
这些摘要:混凝土受压缩区域可塑性的运算法则以及各种模型通常包括混凝土开裂时的抗拉强度，软件采用的数ANSYS方法的详细说明，梁内部配筋的分布情况。
本文主要讨论的就是被挠度反应对比-字模型。
通过对普通钢筋混凝土梁，后张法预应力混凝土T型梁的荷载实验确定适当数字模型。
外文翻译的标题与译文 :混凝土；后张法；有限元模型。
关键字中的字体、字号、行距、页边距等与论文格式相同。
2 测试梁在普通混凝土梁和后张法预应力钢筋混凝土梁上的最终负载测试结果被用来评估ANSYS软件建立钢筋混凝土模型来预测钢筋混凝土梁。
是否适合用 3.0米普通钢筋混凝土梁毫米的钢筋和两根直径121为截面配筋图,三根直径为长为3.0米梁的横截面，图毫米125毫米钢筋被包藏在张力区域作为受压钢筋。
直径为6毫米，相邻间距为为12的梁分别进行对称和非对称加载实验，箍筋作为抗剪区域的受拉钢筋。
对两根宽为2.8m通过位移控制集中荷载的大小，0.3M，加载点与梁边缘间的距离为4个加载点位于梁上，直到梁破坏为止。
通过梁的压坏实验，根据英国标准查出的混凝土轴心抗拉强度和轴心222)69.0N/mm)，N/mm与混凝土的杨氏模量 (39,200 = ，5.1N/mm (f抗压强度标准值= f ct通过拉伸试验保证样品梁的非线性的塑性反应能在理论模型上准等数据算出理论模型。
梁的配筋应能保证梁的整体稳定性。
确模仿,12mm,2 根直径为受压钢筋为2的钢筋f=460N/mm y2箍筋为直径6mm ,f=250N/mm y125mm) 箍筋间距为的钢筋(12mm 根直径为受拉钢筋为32 =460N/mm的钢筋f y米梁的横截面详图：3.0图1米预应力混凝土梁9.0米预应力混凝土梁的测试是在斯洛文尼亚首都卢布尔雅那的土木工程研究所完9.0型梁的翼缘米，其有效腹板I型梁的翼缘宽1.1米、厚0.08成的，详图示于图2 。
T毫米5.08米。
除了普通的配筋外，在浇筑好混凝土构件上预留7×米、厚宽0.290.6网格的孔道，将预应力筋穿入孔道后，在孔道内灌浆使钢筋和混凝土构成一个整体。
通过对梁进行拉伸实验、钢筋的强度和刚度试验，混凝土的有关材料性能，线性与非线性等数据确定梁的理论模型。
记录下混凝土梁上的应变片册出挠度和应力等数在梁上加载集中荷载直到梁破坏，之间以外的区域上布置均布和P所示，3在所有情况下，集中荷载P据。
负载情况如图21荷载。
110998 cm 2929293030860图2：后张法预应力梁的长和横截面模型1515 561414,5334,5 43 43 50154,5 14,5 5046 71 1631449949903056 结论的有米后03：荷载布置3图张法预应力混凝土梁，9.0米普通钢筋混凝土梁和3.0建立在ANSYS V5.5 限元模型已经准确记录了梁非线性弯曲直到破坏的应变反应。
梁上的裂缝表明了混凝土开裂与配筋率有关。
通过对试验梁的研究发现，控制箍筋密度和准确定位内部钢筋是对梁加固的一种方式。
因此，普通钢筋混凝土梁的所有内部钢筋要按照理论模型分配，后张法预应力梁的后张筋以及分布钢筋也应按照模型分配。
总而言之检测钢筋混凝土弯曲破坏的梁可以用一个适当的理论模型来表示。
此外，当必须用给定的荷载精确地预测钢筋混凝土系统的变形时，应引起设计师重视。
英文原文2（黑体，四号，顶格）ConcretePost-tensioned of Reinforced and Nonlinear Models BeamsP. Fanning文件PDF1、外文原文有Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin文件直接插PDF可采用入。
Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland.文件时，外、没有2PDF Email: paul.fanning@ucd.ie文原文排版格式与“外文摘要”格式相同。
Received 16 Jul 2001; revised 8 Sep 2001; accepted 12 Sep 2001.ABSTRACTthe models for includes dedicated numerical finite Commercial element softwaregenerallynonlinear response of concrete under loading. These models usually include a smeared crackanalogy to account for the relatively poor tensile strength of concrete, a plasticity algorithm tofacilitate concrete crushing in compression regions and a method of specifying the amount, thedistribution and the orientation of any internal reinforcement. The numerical model adopted byare strategies numerical modelling discussed is in this paper. Appropriate ANSYS recommended and comparisons with experimental load-deflection responses are discussed forordinary reinforced concrete beams and post-tensioned concrete T-beams. KEYWORDSConcrete; post-tensioning; finite element modelling.2. Test case beamsResults of ultimate load tests on ordinarily reinforced and post-tensioned concrete beamswere used to assess the suitability of the reinforced concrete model implemented in ANSYS inpredicting the ultimate response of reinforced concrete beams.3.0m long Ordinarily Reinforced Concrete Beamsinternal illustrates the , Figure long the section A cross through 3.0m beams, 1 zone with tworeinforcement. Three 12mm diameter steel bars were included in the tension12mm steel bars as compression steel. Ten shear links, formed from 6mm mild steel bars,were provided at 125mm centres for shear reinforcement in the shear spans. Two beams weretested each of which were simply supported with a clear span of 2.8m and loaded symmetrically and monotonically, under displacement control, in four point bending, withpoint loads 0.3m either side of the mid-span location, to failure. Cylinder splitting and crushing tests on cored samples of the beams, in accordance with the British Standards, wereundertaken to identify the uni-axial tensile and compressive strengths of the concrete,(f = t22 respectively), and the Young's Modulus of f = 69.0N/mmthe concrete ,5.1N/mm and c2), for inclusion in the numerical models. Tensile tests on samples of (39,200 N/mmthereinforcing bars and shear links were also undertaken such that their nonlinear plastic response could be accurately simulated in the numerical models.?9.0m long Third Scale Prestressed BeamsA cross section and elevation of third scale models of 30m long prestressed concrete beams tested at the Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Ljubljana,Slovenia are shown in Figure 2. The flange of the T-beam is 1.1m wide and 0.08m deep whilethe web is effectively an I-beam with a flange width of 0.29m and an overall depth of 0.6m. Inaddition to ordinary reinforcing bars, three grouted 0.6 (15.2 mm) tendons, each composedof 7×5.08 mm diameter wires, were used to post-tension each beam. Tensile tests on thereinforcing bars and tendons and strength and stiffness tests on the concrete identified therelevant material properties, linear and nonlinear, for the numerical model.The beam was loaded to failure while deflection and strain data, on the external concretesurfaces and on the individual cables, were monitored. The load arrangement is illustrated inFigure 3 and in all cases the uniformly distributed loading was applied initially with the pointloads P1 and P2 being applied in subsequent increments until the ultimate load of the beamwas reached.: Cross section details for the 3.0m beamsFigure 1110998 cm 2930302929860: Elevation and cross-section of the model post-tensioned beam1515 561414,550334,5 43 71 46 14,5 154,5 5016343 14499499030503: Loading arrangementFigure 36. Conclusions9.0m and reinforced concrete beams of Finite element models 3.0m ordinarily concrete the using dedicated beams, constructed in ANSYS V5.5 post-tensioned concreteto up of these systems nonlinear have element accurately captured the flexural responsefailure.crackingconcrete allow model smeared employs dedicated The element a crack to forwith the option of modelling the reinforcement in a distributed or discrete manner. It wasfound that the optimum modelling strategy, in terms of controlling mesh density and accurately locating the internal reinforcement was to model the primary reinforcing in adiscrete manner. Hence for ordinary reinforced concrete beams all internal reinforcementshould be modelled discretely and for post-tensioned beams the post-tensioning tendonsshould be modelled discretely with any other additional reinforcement modelled in a distributed manner.In conclusion the dedicated smeared crack model is an appropriate numerical model forcapturing the flexural modes of failure of reinforced concrete systems. In addition it should beparticularly attractive to designers when they are required to accurately predict the deflectionof a reinforced concrete system, for a given load, in addition to its ultimate strength.。