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A Design and Implementation of Active NetworkSocket ProgrammingK.L. Eddie Law, Roy LeungThe Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of TorontoToronto, Canadaeddie@, roy.leung@utoronto.caAbstract—The concept of programmable nodes and active networks introduces programmability into communication networks. Code and data can be sent and modified on their ways to destinations. Recently, various research groups have designed and implemented their own design platforms. Each design has its own benefits and drawbacks. Moreover, there exists an interoperability problem among platforms. As a result, we introduce a concept that is similar to the network socket programming. We intentionally establish a set of simple interfaces for programming active applications. This set of interfaces, known as Active Network Socket Programming (ANSP), will be working on top of all other execution environments in future. Therefore, the ANSP offers a concept that is similar to “write once, run everywhere.” It is an open programming model that active applications can work on all execution environments. It solves the heterogeneity within active networks. This is especially useful when active applications need to access all regions within a heterogeneous network to deploy special service at critical points or to monitor the performance of the entire networks. Instead of introducing a new platform, our approach provides a thin, transparent layer on top of existing environments that can be easily installed for all active applications.Keywords-active networks; application programming interface; active network socket programming;I. I NTRODUCTIONIn 1990, Clark and Tennenhouse [1] proposed a design framework for introducing new network protocols for the Internet. Since the publication of that position paper, active network design framework [2, 3, 10] has slowly taken shape in the late 1990s. The active network paradigm allows program code and data to be delivered simultaneously on the Internet. Moreover, they may get executed and modified on their ways to their destinations. At the moment, there is a global active network backbone, the ABone, for experiments on active networks. Apart from the immaturity of the executing platform, the primary hindrance on the deployment of active networks on the Internet is more on the commercially related issues. For example, a vendor may hesitate to allow network routers to run some unknown programs that may affect their expected routing performance. As a result, alternatives were proposed to allow active network concept to operate on the Internet, such as the application layer active networking (ALAN) project [4] from the European research community. In the ALAN project, there are active server systems located at different places in the networks and active applications are allowed to run in these servers at the application layer. Another potential approach from the network service provider is to offer active network service as the premium service class in the networks. This service class should provide the best Quality of Service (QoS), and allow the access of computing facility in routers. With this approach, the network service providers can create a new source of income.The research in active networks has been progressing steadily. Since active networks introduce programmability on the Internet, appropriate executing platforms for the active applications to execute should be established. These operating platforms are known as execution environments (EEs) and a few of them have been created, e.g., the Active Signaling Protocol (ASP) [12] and the Active Network Transport System (ANTS) [11]. Hence, different active applications can be implemented to test the active networking concept.With these EEs, some experiments have been carried out to examine the active network concept, for example, the mobile networks [5], web proxies [6], and multicast routers [7]. Active networks introduce a lot of program flexibility and extensibility in networks. Several research groups have proposed various designs of execution environments to offer network computation within routers. Their performance and potential benefits to existing infrastructure are being evaluated [8, 9]. Unfortunately, they seldom concern the interoperability problems when the active networks consist of multiple execution environments. For example, there are three EEs in ABone. Active applications written for one particular EE cannot be operated on other platforms. This introduces another problem of resources partitioning for different EEs to operate. Moreover, there are always some critical network applications that need to run under all network routers, such as collecting information and deploying service at critical points to monitor the networks.In this paper, a framework known as Active Network Socket Programming (ANSP) model is proposed to work with all EEs. It offers the following primary objectives.• One single programming interface is introduced for writing active applications.• Since ANSP offers the programming interface, the design of EE can be made independent of the ANSP.This enables a transparency in developing andenhancing future execution environments.• ANSP addresses the interoperability issues among different execution environments.• Through the design of ANSP, the pros and cons of different EEs will be gained. This may help design abetter EE with improved performance in future.The primary objective of the ANSP is to enable all active applications that are written in ANSP can operate in the ABone testbed . While the proposed ANSP framework is essential in unifying the network environments, we believe that the availability of different environments is beneficial in the development of a better execution environment in future. ANSP is not intended to replace all existing environments, but to enable the studies of new network services which are orthogonal to the designs of execution environments. Therefore, ANSP is designed to be a thin and transparent layer on top of all execution environments. Currently, its deployment relies on automatic code loading with the underlying environments. As a result, the deployment of ANSP at a router is optional and does not require any change to the execution environments.II. D ESIGN I SSUES ON ANSPThe ANSP unifies existing programming interfaces among all EEs. Conceptually, the design of ANSP is similar to the middleware design that offers proper translation mechanisms to different EEs. The provisioning of a unified interface is only one part of the whole ANSP platform. There are many other issues that need to be considered. Apart from translating a set of programming interfaces to other executable calls in different EEs, there are other design issues that should be covered, e.g., • a unified thread library handles thread operations regardless of the thread libraries used in the EEs;• a global soft-store allows information sharing among capsules that may execute over different environmentsat a given router;• a unified addressing scheme used across different environments; more importantly, a routing informationexchange mechanism should be designed across EEs toobtain a global view of the unified networks;• a programming model that should be independent to any programming languages in active networks;• and finally, a translation mechanism to hide the heterogeneity of capsule header structures.A. Heterogeneity in programming modelEach execution environment provides various abstractions for its services and resources in the form of program calls. The model consists of a set of well-defined components, each of them has its own programming interfaces. For the abstractions, capsule-based programming model [10] is the most popular design in active networks. It is used in ANTS [11] and ASP [12], and they are being supported in ABone. Although they are developed based on the same capsule model, their respective components and interfaces are different. Therefore, programs written in one EE cannot run in anther EE. The conceptual views of the programming models in ANTS and ASP are shown in Figure 1.There are three distinct components in ANTS: application, capsule, and execution environment. There exist user interfaces for the active applications at only the source and destination routers. Then the users can specify their customized actions to the networks. According to the program function, the applications send one or more capsules to carry out the operations. Both applications and capsules operate on top of an execution environment that exports an interface to its internal programming resources. Capsule executes its program at each router it has visited. When it arrives at its destination, the application at destination may either reply it with another capsule or presents this arrival event to the user. One drawback with ANTS is that it only allows “bootstrap” application.Figure 1. Programming Models in ASP and ANTS.In contrast, ASP does not limit its users to run “bootstrap” applications. Its program interfaces are different from ANTS, but there are also has three components in ASP: application client, environment, and AAContext. The application client can run on active or non-active host. It can start an active application by simply sending a request message to the EE. The client presents information to users and allows its users to trigger actions at a nearby active router. AAContext is the core of the network service and its specification is divided into two parts. One part specifies its actions at its source and destination routers. Its role is similar to that of the application in ANTS, except that it does not provide a direct interface with the user. The other part defines its actions when it runs inside the active networks and it is similar to the functional behaviors of a capsule in ANTS.In order to deal with the heterogeneity of these two models, ANSP needs to introduce a new set of programming interfaces and map its interfaces and execution model to those within the routers’ EEs.B. Unified Thread LibraryEach execution environment must ensure the isolation of instance executions, so they do not affect each other or accessThe authors appreciate the Nortel Institute for Telecommunications (NIT) at the University of Toronto to allow them to access the computing facilitiesothers’ information. There are various ways to enforce the access control. One simple way is to have one virtual machine for one instance of active applications. This relies on the security design in the virtual machines to isolate services. ANTS is one example that is using this method. Nevertheless, the use of multiple virtual machines requires relatively large amount of resources and may be inefficient in some cases. Therefore, certain environments, such as ASP, allow network services to run within a virtual machine but restrict the use of their services to a limited set of libraries in their packages. For instance, ASP provides its thread library to enforce access control. Because of the differences in these types of thread mechanism, ANSP devises a new thread library to allow uniform accesses to different thread mechanisms.C. Soft-StoreSoft-store allows capsule to insert and retrieve information at a router, thus allowing more than one capsules to exchange information within a network. However, problem arises when a network service can execute under different environments within a router. The problem occurs especially when a network service inserts its soft-store information in one environment and retrieves its data at a later time in another environment at the same router. Due to the fact that execution environments are not allowed to exchange information, the network service cannot retrieve its previous data. Therefore, our ANSP framework needs to take into account of this problem and provides soft-store mechanism that allows universal access of its data at each router.D. Global View of a Unified NetworkWhen an active application is written with ANSP, it can execute on different environment seamlessly. The previously smaller and partitioned networks based on different EEs can now be merging into one large active network. It is then necessary to advise the network topology across the networks. However, different execution environments have different addressing schemes and proprietary routing protocols. In order to merge these partitions together, ANSP must provide a new unified addressing scheme. This new scheme should be interpretable by any environments through appropriate translations with the ANSP. Upon defining the new addressing scheme, a new routing protocol should be designed to operate among environments to exchange topology information. This allows each environment in a network to have a complete view of its network topology.E. Language-Independent ModelExecution environment can be programmed in any programming language. One of the most commonly used languages is Java [13] due to its dynamic code loading capability. In fact, both ANTS and ASP are developed in Java. Nevertheless, the active network architecture shown in Figure 2 does not restrict the use of additional environments that are developed in other languages. For instance, the active network daemon, anted, in Abone provides a workspace to execute multiple execution environments within a router. PLAN, for example, is implemented in Ocaml that will be deployable on ABone in future. Although the current active network is designed to deploy multiple environments that can be in any programming languages, there lacks the tool to allow active applications to run seamlessly upon these environments. Hence, one of the issues that ANSP needs to address is to design a programming model that can work with different programming languages. Although our current prototype only considers ANTS and ASP in its design, PLAN will be the next target to address the programming language issue and to improve the design of ANSP.Figure 2. ANSP Framework Model.F. Heterogeneity of Capsule Header StructureThe structures of the capsule headers are different in different EEs. They carries capsule-related information, for example, the capsule types, sources and destinations. This information is important when certain decision needs to be made within its target environment. A unified model should allow its program code to be executed on different environments. However, the capsule header prevents different environments to interpret its information successfully. Therefore, ANSP should carry out appropriate translation to the header information before the target environment receives this capsule.III. ANSP P ROGRAMMING M ODELWe have outlined the design issues encountered with the ANSP. In the following, the design of the programming model in ANSP will be discussed. This proposed framework provides a set of unified programming interfaces that allows active applications to work on all execution environments. The framework is shown in Figure 2. It is composed of two layers integrated within the active network architecture. These two layers can operate independently without the other layer. The upper layer provides a unified programming model to active applications. The lower layer provides appropriate translation procedure to the ANSP applications when it is processed by different environments. This service is necessary because each environment has its own header definition.The ANSP framework provides a set of programming calls which are abstractions of ANSP services and resources. A capsule-based model is used for ANSP, and it is currently extended to map to other capsule-based models used in ANTSand ASP. The mapping possibility to other models remains as our future works. Hence, the mapping technique in ANSP allows any ANSP applications to access the same programming resources in different environments through a single set of interfaces. The mapping has to be done in a consistent and transparent manner. Therefore, the ANSP appears as an execution environment that provides a complete set of functionalities to active applications. While in fact, it is an overlay structure that makes use of the services provided from the underlying environments. In the following, the high-level functional descriptions of the ANSP model are described. Then, the implementations will be discussed. The ANSP programming model is based upon the interactions between four components: application client , application stub , capsule , and active service base.Figure 3. Information Flow with the ANSP.•Application Client : In a typical scenario, an active application requires some means to present information to its users, e.g., the state of the networks. A graphical user interface (GUI) is designed to operate with the application client if the ANSP runs on a non-active host.•Application Stub : When an application starts, it activates the application client to create a new instance of application stub at its near-by active node. There are two responsibilities for the application stub. One of them is to receive users’ instructions from the application client. Another one is to receive incoming capsules from networks and to perform appropriate actions. Typically, there are two types of actions, thatare, to reply or relay in capsules through the networks, or to notify the users regarding the incoming capsule. •Capsule : An active application may contain several capsule types. Each of them carries program code (also referred to as forwarding routine). Since the application defines a protocol to specify the interactions among capsules as well as the application stubs. Every capsule executes its forwarding routine at each router it visits along the path between the source and destination.•Active Service Base : An active service base is designed to export routers’ environments’ services and execute program calls from application stubs and capsules from different EEs. The base is loaded automatically at each router whenever a capsule arrives.The interactions among components within ANSP are shown in Figure 3. The designs of some key components in the ANSP will be discussed in the following subsections. A. Capsule (ANSPCapsule)ANSPXdr decode () ANSPXdr encode () int length ()Boolean execute ()New types of capsule are created by extending the abstract class ANSPCapsule . New extensions are required to define their own forwarding routines as well as their serialization procedures. These methods are indicated below:The execution of a capsule in ANSP is listed below. It is similar to the process in ANTS.1. A capsule is in serial binary representation before it issent to the network. When an active router receives a byte sequence, it invokes decode() to convert the sequence into a capsule. 2. The router invokes the forwarding routine of thecapsule, execute(). 3. When the capsule has finished its job and forwardsitself to its next hop by calling send(), this call implicitly invokes encode() to convert the capsule into a new serial byte representation. length() isused inside the call of encode() to determine the length of the resulting byte sequence. ANSP provides a XDR library called ANSPXdr to ease the jobs of encoding and decoding.B. Active Service Base (ANSPBase)In an active node, the Active Service Base provides a unified interface to export the available resources in EEs for the rest of the ANSP components. The services may include thread management, node query, and soft-store operation, as shown in Table 1.TABLE I. ACTIVE SERVICE BASE FUNCTION CALLSFunction Definition Descriptionboolean send (Capsule, Address) Transmit a capsule towards its destination using the routing table of theunderlying environment.ANSPAddress getLocalHost () Return address of the local host as an ANSPAddress structure. This isuseful when a capsule wants to check its current location.boolean isLocal (ANSPAddress) Return true if its input argument matches the local host’s address andreturn false otherwise.createThread () Create a new thread that is a class ofANSPThreadInterface (discussed later in Section VIA “Unified Thread Abstraction”).putSStore (key, Object) Object getSStore (key) removeSStore (key)The soft-store operations are provided by putSStore(), getSSTore(), and removeSStore(), and they put, retrieve, and remove data respectively. forName (PathName) Supported in ANSP to retrieve a classobject corresponding to the given path name in its argument. This code retrieval may rely on the code loading mechanism in the environment whennecessary.C. Application Client (ANSPClient)boolean start (args[])boolean start (args[],runningEEs) boolean start (args[],startClient)boolean start (args[],startClient, runningEE)Application Client is an interface between users and the nearby active source router. It does the following responsibilities.1. Code registration: It may be necessary to specify thelocation and name of the application code in some execution environments, e.g., ANTS. 2. Application initialization: It includes selecting anexecution environment to execute the application among those are available at the source router. Each active application can create an application client instance by extending the abstract class, ANSPClient . The extension inherits a method, start(), to automatically handle both the registration and initialization processes. All overloaded versions of start() accept a list of arguments, args , that are passed to the application stub during its initialization. An optional argument called runningEEs allows an application client to select a particular set of environment variables, specified by a list of standardized numerical environment ID, the ANEP ID, to perform code registration. If this argument is not specified, the default setting can only include ANTS and ASP. D. Application Stub (ANSPApplication)receive (ANSPCapsule)Application stubs reside at the source and destination routers to initialize the ANSP application after the application clients complete the initialization and registration processes. It is responsible for receiving and serving capsules from the networks as well as actions requested from the clients. A new instance is created by extending the application client abstract class, ANSPApplication . This extension includes the definition of a handling routine called receive(), which is invoked when a stub receives a new capsule.IV. ANSP E XAMPLE : T RACE -R OUTEA testbed has been created to verify the design correctnessof ANSP in heterogeneous environments. There are three types of router setting on this testbed:1. Router that contains ANTS and a ANSP daemonrunning on behalf of ASP; 2. Router that contains ASP and a ANSP daemon thatruns on behalf of ANTS; 3. Router that contains both ASP and ANTS.The prototype is written in Java [11] with a traceroute testing program. The program records the execution environments of all intermediate routers that it has visited between the source and destination. It also measures the RTT between them. Figure 4 shows the GUI from the application client, and it finds three execution environments along the path: ASP, ANTS, and ASP. The execution sequence of the traceroute program is shown in Figure 5.Figure 4. The GUI for the TRACEROUTE Program.The TraceCapsule program code is created byextending the ANSPCapsule abstract class. When execute() starts, it checks the Boolean value of returning to determine if it is returning from the destination. It is set to true if TraceCapsule is traveling back to the source router; otherwise it is false . When traveling towards the destination, TraceCapsule keeps track of the environments and addresses of the routers it has visited in two arrays, path and trace , respectively. When it arrives at a new router, it calls addHop() to append the router address and its environment to these two arrays. When it finally arrives at the destination, it sets returning to false and forwards itself back to the source by calling send().When it returns to source, it invokes deliverToApp() to deliver itself to the application stub that has been running at the source. TraceCapsule carries information in its data field through the networks by executing encode() and decode(), which encapsulates and de-capsulates its data using External Data Representation (XDR) respectively. The syntax of ANSP XDR follows the syntax of XDR library from ANTS. length() in TraceCapsule returns the data length, or it can be calculated by using the primitive types in the XDRlibrary.Figure 5. Flow of the TRACEROUTE Capsules.V. C ONCLUSIONSIn this paper, we present a new unified layered architecture for active networks. The new model is known as Active Network Socket Programming (ANSP). It allows each active application to be written once and run on multiple environments in active networks. Our experiments successfully verify the design of ANSP architecture, and it has been successfully deployed to work harmoniously with ANTS and ASP without making any changes to their architectures. In fact, the unified programming interface layer is light-weighted and can be dynamically deployable upon request.R EFERENCES[1] D.D. Clark, D.L. Tennenhouse, “Architectural Considerations for a NewGeneration of Protocols,” in Proc. ACM Sigcomm’90, pp.200-208, 1990. [2] D. Tennenhouse, J. M. Smith, W. D. Sicoskie, D. J. Wetherall, and G. J.Minden, “A survey of active network research,” IEEE Communications Magazine , pp. 80-86, Jan 1997.[3] D. Wetherall, U. Legedza, and J. Guttag, “Introducing new internetservices: Why and how,” IEEE Network Magazine, July/August 1998. [4] M. Fry, A. Ghosh, “Application Layer Active Networking,” in ComputerNetworks , Vol.31, No.7, pp.655-667, 1999.[5] K. W. Chin, “An Investigation into The Application of Active Networksto Mobile Computing Environments”, Curtin University of Technology, March 2000.[6] S. Bhattacharjee, K. L. Calvert, and E. W. Zegura, “Self OrganizingWide-Area Network Caches”, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM ’98, San Francisco, CA, 29 March-2 April 1998.[7] L. H. Leman, S. J. Garland, and D. L. Tennenhouse, “Active ReliableMulticast”, Proc. IEEE INFOCOM ’98, San Francisco, CA, 29 March-2 April 1998.[8] D. Descasper, G. Parulkar, B. Plattner, “A Scalable, High PerformanceActive Network Node”, In IEEE Network, January/February 1999.[9] E. L. Nygren, S. J. Garland, and M. F. Kaashoek, “PAN: a high-performance active network node supporting multiple mobile code system”, In the Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Conference on Open Architectures and Network Programming (OpenArch ’99), March 1999. [10] D. L. Tennenhouse, and D. J. Wetherall. “Towards an Active NetworkArchitecture”, In Proceeding of Multimedia Computing and Networking , January 1996.[11] D. J. Wetherall, J. V. Guttag, D. L. Tennenhouse, “ANTS: A toolkit forBuilding and Dynamically Deploying Network Protocols”, Open Architectures and Network Programming, 1998 IEEE , 1998 , Page(s): 117 –129.[12] B. Braden, A. Cerpa, T. Faber, B. Lindell, G. Phillips, and J. Kann.“Introduction to the ASP Execution Environment”: /active-signal/ARP/index.html .[13] “The java language: A white paper,” Tech. Rep., Sun Microsystems,1998.。

毕业设计(论文)外文参考文献译文本

武汉工业学院毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文本2011届原文出处IBM SYSTEMS JOURNAL, VOL 35, NOS 3&4, 1996毕业设计(论文)题目音乐图像浏览器的设计与实现院（系）计算机与信息工程专业名称计算机科学与技术学生姓名郭谦学生学号070501103指导教师丰洪才译文要求：1、译文内容须与课题（或专业）有联系；2、外文翻译不少于4000汉字。

隐藏数据技术研究数据隐藏，是一种隐秘的数据加密形式，它将数据嵌入到数字媒体之中来达到鉴定，注释和版权保护的目的。

然而，这一应用却受到了一些限制：首先是需要隐藏的数据量，其次是在“主”讯号受到失真的条件影响之下，对于这些需隐藏数据的可靠性的需要。

举例来说，就是有损压缩以及对有损压缩来说数据遇到被拦截，被修改或被第三方移除等操作的免疫程度。

我们同时用传统的和新式技术来探究解决数据隐藏问题的方法并且对这些技术在以下三个方面的应用：版权保护，防止篡改，和增强型数据嵌入做出评估。

我们能非常方便地得到数字媒体并且潜在地改善了其可移植性，信息展现的效率，和信息呈现的准确度。

便捷的数据访问所带来的负面效果包括以下两点：侵犯版权的几率增加或者是有篡改或修改其中内容的可能性增大。

这项工作的目的在于研究知识产权保护条款、内容修改的相关指示和增加注解的方法。

数据隐藏代表了一类用于插入数据的操作，例如版权信息，它利用“主”信号能够感知的最小变化量来进入到各种不同形式的媒体之内，比如图像、声音或本文。

也就是说，嵌入的数据对人类观察者来说应该是既看不见也听不见的。

值得注意的是，数据隐藏虽然与压缩很类似，但与加密解密技术却是截然不同的。

它的目标不是限制或者管理对“主”信号的存取，而是保证被嵌入的数据依然未被破坏而且是可以恢复的。

数据隐藏在数字媒体中的两个重要应用就是提供版权信息的证明，和保证内容完整性。

因此，即使主讯号遭受诸如过滤、重取样，截取或是有损压缩等破坏行为，数据也应该一直在“主”信号中保持被隐藏的特点。

2019年本科生毕业论文设计.doc

本科生毕业论文（设计）题目胎幼儿感染分析及抗生素的合理使用教学点学习中心专业年级指导教师学生姓名李勇学号胎幼儿感染性分析及抗生素的合理应用临床医学专业学生：指导教师：摘要：成立新生儿重症监护病房后，我特别的注重一些新生儿感染的病人，因为这类的病人占新生儿住院的新生儿的大多数，感染性疾病是新生儿期主要的患病及死亡原因，目前在我国其发生率及病死率仍占新生儿疾病的首位。

新生儿感染的病原以细菌和病毒为主，近年来随着临床检验技术的不断发展，更多的病毒及其它微生物被检出，而其所引起的临床表现及造成的病损也为围生医学工作者所重视；新生儿感染性疾病是新生儿期发病数最多，威胁最大的一种疾病。

上海调查3517名新生儿，总发病率171％，其中感染性疾病为90％，占首位。

早产儿发病率更高。

20世纪40年代抗生素的诞生是医学发展史上的里程碑，标志着医学进入了一个全新的纪元。

抗生素对感染性疾病的治疗发挥着不可替代的作用。

但是近年来随着抗生素品种的日益增多，滥用抗生素现象日渐严重。

世界卫生组织在国际范围内的多中心调查显示，住院患者中使用抗菌药物的约占30％；而我国住院患者中使用抗生素的占80～90％，大大超过了国际平均水平。

抗生素使用的主要人群之一是15岁以下小儿，滥用抗生素对小儿造成的危害已经引起了社会的广泛关注。

本文从抗生素不合理使用的表现、不良后果、合理使用原则、常见病抗生素的合理应用、儿童不抗生素是临床上应用范围广,种类繁多的一大类药物。

合理使用抗生素对病情的转归,患儿的健康成长至关重要。

当前抗生素滥用情况非常严重,引起很多不良反应,细菌耐药性也大大增加。

在基层医院更是如此。

解决抗生素的合理使用已迫在眉睫。

关键词：胎幼儿感染抗生素合理使用目录一、胎幼儿感染分析――――――――――――――――――――1 （一）胎儿感染――――――――――――――――――---―----―21.感染的种类及症状―――――――――――――――------------------22.感染的后果---――――――――――――――――-------------------2（二）幼儿细菌感染――――――――――――――――----―――41. 细菌感染的症状―――――――――-――--------------------------4（三）幼儿单纯疱疹病毒感染――――――――---――-―――――91. 单纯疱疹病毒感染症状------――――――――--------------------9二、胎幼儿抗生素的合理使用―――――――――---―――――11（一）幼儿临床抗生素不合理使用现状―――――-------――――111. 抗生素的使用不合理及选择误区――――――――-----―----------112．滥用抗生素的不良后果及危害――――---------------------------12（二）幼儿合理使用抗生素-----------------------------------121、抗生素的原则-------------------------------------------------122、常见病抗生素的合理使用 ---------------------------------------15参考文献―――――――――－―――――――---―----―――――16胎幼儿感染性分析及抗生素的合理应用成立新生儿重症监护病房后，我特别的注重一些新生儿感染的病人，因为这类的病人占新生儿住院的新生儿的大多数，感染性疾病是新生儿期主要的患病及死亡原因，目前在我国其发生率及病死率仍占新生儿疾病的首位。

毕设外文文献+翻译1

毕设外文文献+翻译1外文翻译外文原文CHANGING ROLES OF THE CLIENTS、ARCHITECTSAND CONTRACTORS THROUGH BIMAbstract:Purpose –This paper aims to present a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature and case studies. It seeks to address the necessity for applying BIM and re-organising the processes and roles in hospital building projects. This type of project is complex due to complicated functional and technical requirements, decision making involving a large number of stakeholders, and long-term development processes.Design/methodology/approach–Through desk research and referring to the ongoing European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed.Findings –One of the main findings is the identification of the main factors for a successful collaboration using BIM, which can be recognised as “POWER”: product information sharing (P),organisational roles synergy (O), work processes coordination (W), environment for teamwork (E), and reference data consolidation (R).Originality/value –This paper contributes to the actual discussion in science and practice on the changing roles and processes that are required to develop and operate sustainable buildings with the support of integrated ICT frameworks and tools. It presents the state-of-the-art of European research projects and some of the first real cases of BIM application inhospital building projects.Keywords:Europe, Hospitals, The Netherlands, Construction works, Response flexibility, Project planningPaper type :General review1. IntroductionHospital building projects, are of key importance, and involve significant investment, and usually take a long-term development period. Hospital building projects are also very complex due to the complicated requirements regarding hygiene, safety, special equipments, and handling of a large amount of data. The building process is very dynamic and comprises iterative phases and intermediate changes. Many actors with shifting agendas, roles and responsibilities are actively involved, such as: the healthcare institutions, national and local governments, project developers, financial institutions, architects, contractors, advisors, facility managers, and equipment manufacturers and suppliers. Such building projects are very much influenced, by the healthcare policy, which changes rapidly in response to the medical, societal and technological developments, and varies greatly between countries (World Health Organization, 2000). In The Netherlands, for example, the way a building project in the healthcare sector is organised is undergoing a major reform due to a fundamental change in the Dutch health policy that was introduced in 2008.The rapidly changing context posts a need for a building with flexibility over its lifecycle. In order to incorporate life-cycle considerations in the building design, construction technique, and facility management strategy, a multidisciplinary collaboration is required. Despite the attempt for establishing integrated collaboration, healthcare building projects still facesserious problems in practice, such as: budget overrun, delay, and sub-optimal quality in terms of flexibility, end-user?s dissatisfaction, and energy inefficiency. It is evident that the lack of communication and coordination between the actors involved in the different phases of a building project is among the most important reasons behind these problems. The communication between different stakeholders becomes critical, as each stakeholder possesses different setof skills. As a result, the processes for extraction, interpretation, and communication of complex design information from drawings and documents are often time-consuming and difficult. Advanced visualisation technologies, like 4D planning have tremendous potential to increase the communication efficiency and interpretation ability of the project team members. However, their use as an effective communication tool is still limited and not fully explored. There are also other barriers in the information transfer and integration, for instance: many existing ICT systems do not support the openness of the data and structure that is prerequisite for an effective collaboration between different building actors or disciplines.Building information modelling (BIM) offers an integrated solution to the previously mentioned problems. Therefore, BIM is increasingly used as an ICT support in complex building projects. An effective multidisciplinary collaboration supported by an optimal use of BIM require changing roles of the clients, architects, and contractors; new contractual relationships; and re-organised collaborative processes. Unfortunately, there are still gaps in the practical knowledge on how to manage the building actors to collaborate effectively in their changing roles, and todevelop and utilise BIM as an optimal ICT support of the collaboration.This paper presents a general review of the practical implications of building information modelling (BIM) based on literature review and case studies. In the next sections, based on literature and recent findings from European research project InPro, the framework for integrated collaboration and the use of BIM are analysed. Subsequently, through the observation of two ongoing pilot projects in The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors through BIM application are investigated. In conclusion, the critical success factors as well as the main barriers of a successful integrated collaboration using BIM are identified.2. Changing roles through integrated collaboration and life-cycle design approachesA hospital building project involves various actors, roles, and knowledge domains. In The Netherlands, the changing roles of clients, architects, and contractors in hospital building projects are inevitable due the new healthcare policy. Previously under the Healthcare Institutions Act (WTZi), healthcare institutions were required to obtain both a license and a building permit for new construction projects and major renovations. The permit was issued by the Dutch Ministry of Health. The healthcare institutions were then eligible to receive financial support from the government. Since 2008, new legislation on the management of hospital building projects and real estate has come into force. In this new legislation, a permit for hospital building project under the WTZi is no longer obligatory, nor obtainable (Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, 2008). This change allows more freedom from the state-directed policy, and respectively,allocates more responsibilities to the healthcare organisations to deal with the financing and management of their real estate. The new policy implies that the healthcare institutions are fully responsible to man age and finance their building projects and real estate. The government?s support for the costs of healthcare facilities will no longer be given separately, but will be included in the fee for healthcare services. This means that healthcare institutions must earn back their investment on real estate through their services. This new policy intends to stimulate sustainable innovations in the design, procurement and management of healthcare buildings, which will contribute to effective and efficient primary healthcare services.The new strategy for building projects and real estate management endorses an integrated collaboration approach. In order to assure the sustainability during construction, use, and maintenance, the end-users, facility managers, contractors and specialist contractors need to be involved in the planning and design processes. The implications of the new strategy are reflected in the changing roles of the building actors and in the new procurement method.In the traditional procurement method, the design, and its details, are developed by the architect, and design engineers. Then, the client (the healthcare institution) sends an application to the Ministry of Healthto obtain an approval on the building permit and the financial support from the government. Following this, a contractor is selected through a tender process that emphasises the search for the lowest-price bidder. During the construction period, changes often take place due to constructability problems of the design and new requirements from the client.Because of the high level of technical complexity, and moreover, decision-making complexities, the whole process from initiation until delivery of a hospital building project can take up to ten years time. After the delivery, the healthcare institution is fully in charge of the operation of the facilities. Redesigns and changes also take place in the use phase to cope with new functions and developments in the medical world.The integrated procurement pictures a new contractual relationship between the parties involved in a building project. Instead of a relationship between the client and architect for design, and the client and contractor for construction, in an integrated procurement the client only holds a contractual relationship with the main party that is responsible for both design and construction. The traditional borders between tasks and occupational groups become blurred since architects, consulting firms, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers all stand on the supply side in the building process while the client on the demand side. Such configuration puts the architect, engineer and contractor in a very different position that influences not only their roles, but also their responsibilities, tasks and communication with the client, the users, the team and other stakeholders.The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method requires a shift of mindset of the parties on both the demand and supply sides. It is essential for the client and contractor to have a fair and open collaboration in which both can optimally use their competencies. The effectiveness of integrated collaboration is also determined by the client?s capacity and strategy to organize innovative tendering procedures.A new challenge emerges in case of positioning an architect in a partnership with the contractor instead of with the client. In case of the architect enters a partnership with the contractor, an important issues is how to ensure the realisation of the architectural values as well as innovative engineering through an efficient construction process. In another case, the architect can stand at the client?s side in a strategic advisory role instead of being the designer. In this case, the architect?s responsibility is translating client?s requirements and wishes into the architectural values to be included in the design specification, and evaluating the contractor?s proposal against this. In any of this new role, the architect holds the responsibilities as stakeholder interest facilitator, custodian of customer value and custodian of design models.The transition from traditional to integrated procurement method also brings consequences in the payment schemes. In the traditional building process, the honorarium for the architect is usually based on a percentage of the project costs; this may simply mean that the more expensive the building is, the higher the honorarium will be. The engineer receives the honorarium based on the complexity of the design and the intensity of the assignment. A highly complex building, which takes a number of redesigns, is usually favourable for the engineers in terms of honorarium. A traditional contractor usually receives the commission based on the tender to construct the building at the lowest price by meeting the minimum specifications given by the client. Extra work due to modifications is charged separately to the client. After the delivery, the contractor is no longer responsible for the long-term use of the building. In the traditional procurement method, all risks are placed with theclient.In integrated procurement method, the payment is based on the achieved building performance; thus, the payment is non-adversarial. Since the architect, engineer and contractor have a wider responsibility on the quality of the design and the building, the payment is linked to a measurement system of the functional and technical performance of the building over a certain period of time. The honorarium becomes an incentive to achieve the optimal quality. If the building actors succeed to deliver a higher added-value thatexceed the minimum client?s requirements, they will receive a bonus in accordance to the client?s extra gain. The level of transparency is also improved. Open book accounting is an excellent instrument provided that the stakeholders agree on the information to be shared and to its level of detail (InPro, 2009).Next to the adoption of integrated procurement method, the new real estate strategy for hospital building projects addresses an innovative product development and life-cycle design approaches. A sustainable business case for the investment and exploitation of hospital buildings relies on dynamic life-cycle management that includes considerations and analysis of the market development over time next to the building life-cycle costs (investment/initial cost, operational cost, and logistic cost). Compared to the conventional life-cycle costing method, the dynamic life-cycle management encompasses a shift from focusing only on minimizing the costs to focusing on maximizing the total benefit that can be gained. One of the determining factors for a successful implementation of dynamic life-cycle management is the sustainable design of the building and building components, which means that the design carriessufficient flexibility to accommodate possible changes in the long term (Prins, 1992).Designing based on the principles of life-cycle management affects the role of the architect, as he needs to be well informed about the usage scenarios and related financial arrangements, the changing social and physical environments, and new technologies. Design needs to integrate people activities and business strategies over time. In this context, the architect is required to align the design strategies with the organisational, local and global policies on finance, business operations, health and safety, environment, etc.The combination of process and product innovation, and the changing roles of the building actors can be accommodated by integrated project delivery or IPD (AIA California Council, 2007). IPD is an approach that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into a process that collaboratively harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of design, fabrication and construction. IPD principles can be applied to a variety of contractual arrangements. IPD teams will usually include members well beyond the basic triad of client, architect, and contractor. At a minimum, though, an Integrated Project should include a tight collaboration between the client, the architect, and the main contractor ultimately responsible for construction of the project, from the early design until the project handover. The key to a successful IPD is assembling a team that is committed to collaborative processes and is capable of working together effectively. IPD is built on collaboration. As a result, it can only be successful if the participants share and apply common values and goals.3. Changing roles through BIM applicationBuilding information model (BIM) comprises ICT frameworks and tools that can support the integrated collaboration based on life-cycle design approach. BIM is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. As such it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its lifecycle from inception onward (National Institute of Building Sciences NIBS, 2007). BIM facilitates time and place independent collaborative working. A basic premise of BIM is collaboration by different stakeholders at different phases of the life cycle of a facility to insert, extract, update or modify information in the BIM to support and reflect the roles of that stakeholder. BIM in its ultimate form, as a shared digital representation founded on open standards for interoperability, can become a virtual information model to be handed from the design team to the contractor and subcontractors and then to the client.BIM is not the same as the earlier known computer aided design (CAD). BIM goes further than an application to generate digital (2D or 3D) drawings. BIM is an integrated model in which all process and product information is combined, stored, elaborated, and interactively distributed to all relevant building actors. As a central model for all involved actors throughout the project lifecycle, BIM develops andevolves as the project progresses. Using BIM, the proposed design and engineering solutions can be measured against the client?s requirements and expected building performance. The functionalities of BIM to support the design process extend to multidimensional (nD), including: three-dimensional visualisation and detailing, clash detection, material schedule, planning, costestimate, production and logistic information, and as-built documents. During the construction process, BIM can support the communication between the building site, the factory and the design office– which is crucial for an effective and efficient prefabrication and assembly processes as well as to prevent or solve problems related to unforeseen errors or modifications. When the building is in use, BIM can be used in combination with the intelligent building systems to provide and maintain up-to-date information of the building performance, including the life-cycle cost.To unleash the full potential of more efficient information exchange in the AEC/FM industry in collaborative working using BIM, both high quality open international standards and high quality implementations of these standards must be in place. The IFC open standard is generally agreed to be of high quality and is widely implemented in software. Unfortunately, the certification process allows poor quality implementations to be certified and essentially renders the certified software useless for any practical usage with IFC. IFC compliant BIM is actually used less than manual drafting for architects and contractors, and show about the same usage for engineers. A recent survey shows that CAD (as a closed-system) is still the major form of technique used in design work (over 60 per cent) while BIM is used in around 20 percent of projects for architects and in around 10 per cent of projects for engineers and contractors.The application of BIM to support an optimal cross-disciplinary and cross-phase collaboration opens a new dimension in the roles and relationships between the building actors. Several most relevant issues are: the new role of a model manager; the agreement on the access right and IntellectualProperty Right (IPR); the liability and payment arrangement according to the type of contract and in relation to the integrated procurement; and the use of open international standards.Collaborative working using BIM demands a new expert role of a model manager who possesses ICT as well as construction process know-how (InPro, 2009). The model manager deals with the system as well as with the actors. He provides and maintains technological solutions required for BIM functionalities, manages the information flow, and improves the ICT skills of the stakeholders. The model manager does not take decisions on design and engineering solutions, nor the organisational processes, but his roles in the chain of decision making are focused on:the development of BIM, the definition of the structure and detail level of the model, and the deployment of relevant BIM tools, such as for models checking, merging, and clash detections;the contribution to collaboration methods, especially decision making and communication protocols, task planning, and risk management;and the management of information, in terms of data flow and storage, identification of communication errors, and decision or process (re-)tracking.Regarding the legal and organisational issues, one of the actual questions is: “In what way does the intellectual property right (IPR) in collaborative working using BIM differ from the IPR in a traditional teamwork?”. In terms of combine d work, the IPR of each element is at tached to its creator. Although it seems to be a fully integrated design, BIM actually resulted from a combination of works/elements; for instance: the outline of the building design, is created by the architect, the design for theelectrical system, is created by the electrical contractor, etc. Thus, in case of BIM as a combined work, the IPR is similar to traditional teamwork. Working with BIM with authorship registration functionalities may actually make it easier to keep track of the IPR.How does collaborative working, using BIM, effect the contractual relationship? On the one hand,collaborative working using BIM does not necessarily change the liability position in the contract nor does it obligate an alliance contract. The General Principles of BIM A ddendum confirms: …This does not effectuate or require a restructuring of contractual relationships or shifting of risks between or among the Project Participants other than as specifically required per the Protocol Addendum and its Attachments? (ConsensusDOCS, 2008). On the other hand, changes in terms of payment schemes can be anticipated. Collaborative processes using BIM will lead to the shifting of activities from to the early design phase. Much, if not all, activities in the detailed engineering and specification phase will be done in the earlier phases. It means that significant payment for the engineering phase, which may count up to 40 per cent of the design cost, can no longer be expected. As engineering work is done concurrently with the design, a new proportion of the payment in the early design phase is necessary.4. Review of ongoing hospital building projects using BIMIn The Netherlands, the changing roles in hospital building projects are part of the strategy, which aims at achieving a sustainable real estate in response to the changing healthcare policy. Referring to literature and previous research, the main factors that influence the success of the changing roles can be concluded as: the implementation of an integrated procurementmethod and a life-cycle design approach for a sustainable collaborative process; the agreement on the BIM structure and the intellectual rights; and the integration of the role of a model manager. The preceding sections have discussed the conceptual thinking on how to deal with these factors effectively. This current section observes two actual projects and compares the actual practice with the conceptual view respectively.The main issues, which are observed in the case studies, are: the selected procurement method and the roles of the involved parties within this method;the implementation of the life-cycle design approach;the type, structure, and functionalities of BIM used in the project;the openness in data sharing and transfer of the model, and the intended use of BIM in the future; and the roles and tasks of the model manager.The pilot experience of hospital building projects using BIM in the Netherlands can be observed at University Medical Centre St Radboud (further referred as UMC) and Maxima Medical Centre (further referred as MMC). At UMC, the new building project for the Faculty of Dentistry in the city of Nijmegen has been dedicated as a BIM pilot project. At MMC, BIM is used in designing new buildings for Medical Simulation and Mother-and-Child Centre in the city of Veldhoven.The first case is a project at the University Medical Centre (UMC) St Radboud. UMC is more than just a hospital. UMC combines medical services, education and research. More than 8500 staff and 3000 students work at UMC. As a part of the innovative real estate strategy, UMC has considered to use BIM for its building projects. The new development of the Faculty ofDentistry and the surrounding buildings on the Kapittelweg in Nijmegen has been chosen as a pilot project to gather practical knowledge and experience on collaborative processes with BIM support.The main ambition to be achieved through the use of BIM in the building projects at UMC can be summarised as follows: using 3D visualisation to enhance the coordination and communication among the building actors, and the user participation in design;integrating the architectural design with structural analysis, energy analysis, cost estimation, and planning;interactively evaluating the design solutions against the programme of requirements and specifications;reducing redesign/remake costs through clash detection during the design process; andoptimising the management of the facility through the registration of medical installations andequipments, fixed and flexible furniture, product and output specifications, and operational data.The second case is a project at the Maxima Medical Centre (MMC). MMC is a large hospital resulted from a merger between the Diaconessenhuis in Eindhoven and St Joseph Hospital in Veldhoven. Annually the 3,400 staff of MMC provides medical services to more than 450,000 visitors and patients. A large-scaled extension project of the hospital in Veldhoven is a part of its real estate strategy. A medical simulation centre and a women-and-children medical centre are among the most important new facilities within this extension project. The design has been developed using 3D modelling with several functionalities of BIM.The findings from both cases and the analysis are as follows.Both UMC and MMC opted for a traditional procurement method in which the client directly contracted an architect, a structural engineer, and a mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) consultant in the design team. Once the design and detailed specifications are finished, a tender procedure will follow to select a contractor. Despite the choice for this traditional method, many attempts have been made for a closer and more effective multidisciplinary collaboration. UMC dedicated a relatively long preparation phase with the architect, structural engineer and MEP consultant before the design commenced. This preparation phase was aimed at creating a common vision on the optimal way for collaboration using BIM as an ICT support. Some results of this preparation phase are: a document that defines the common ambition for the project and the collaborative working process and a semi-formal agreement that states the commitment of the building actors for collaboration. Other than UMC, MMC selected an architecture firm with an in-house engineering department. Thus, the collaboration between the architect and structural engineer can take place within the same firm using the same software application.Regarding the life-cycle design approach, the main attention is given on life-cycle costs, maintenance needs, and facility management. Using BIM, both hospitals intend to get a much better insight in these aspects over the life-cycle period. The life-cycle sustainability criteria are included in the assignments for the design teams. Multidisciplinary designers and engineers are asked to collaborate more closely and to interact with the end-users to address life-cycle requirements. However, ensuring the building actors to engage in an integrated collaboration to generate sustainable design solutions that meet the life-cycle。

课程设计外文文献

毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部机械电气学部专业机械设计制造及其自动化年级 200x级班级名称机械设计1班学号 x x学生姓名 xxx 指导教师 xxxxx年x 月目录1 Representative Strcture of Injection Mol译文 (3)外文 (4)2 Number of Mold Cavities译文 (5)外文 (7)注射模的典型结构用于热塑性塑料注射成型的模具通常是溢料式模具，因为与传递模塑成型一样，在注射成型中，不需要额外的载料空间。

但是，模具设计的基本类型有多种变化。

所有材料最常使用的设计是两板模设计。

型腔装在第一个模板上，凸模装载第二个模板上。

主流道衬套并入定模的模板中。

按照这种安排，就有可能使用直接中心浇口，使塑料进入单腔模或者是多腔模的分流道系统中。

在大多数情况下，凸模、顶出装置以及分流道系统在动模中。

虽然为了符合特定要求会有许多变化，但是这是注射模的基本设计。

三板模设计的特点是具有包含型腔的第三个可移动的模板，因此对于多型腔操作，允许中心或偏置浇口进入每一个型腔。

模具打开时有两次分模，一个塑件的脱模，另一个是去除分流道和主流道凝料。

通过压力机常规功能不能成型的的带镶嵌件、螺纹和取芯的模塑件，要求在模具中安装分离的或零散的部件或者型芯。

这些零撒的部件随着塑件被顶出。

每一个生产周期后，这些部件必须与塑件分离，并重新安装在模具中。

因此使用复制的部件以高效生产。

液压缸或气缸被安装在模具中以抽出侧型芯部件。

在模具设置料导柱，就能完成有角度侧抽芯，而不需要高成本的零散部件。

有几种方法可用于旋松塑件上的内螺纹或外螺纹：为了提高生产率，常常使用价格相对较低的长行程的液压油缸驱动齿轮齿条机构进行自动脱螺纹。

其他脱螺纹的方法包括使用通过双动油缸驱动的齿轮齿条或摩擦型弧刷。

塑件的内部凸凹可以通过带料度的型芯（成型杆）成型，型芯的移动由将金属型芯与塑件分离的顶出杆驱动。

毕业设计-外文翻译正确格式范例

天津科技大学本科生毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译学院：材料科学与化学工程学院专业：高分子材料与工程姓名：阮孝顺学号：10032411指导教师（签名）：2014年3月15日基底机械附着防水体系ACC板适宜性的确认及其高风压下的强度Michal Bartko a, Hiroyuki Miyauchi a,*, Kyoji Tanaka ba忠南大学，305-764，大田，南韩b日本东京工业大学，226-8503，神奈川县，日本2012年9月7日收到，2013年5月9日收到修改稿，2013年5月19日接受，2013年6月19日发表【摘要】受到强风的影响，机械连接防水体系的蒸气压混凝土板（AAC）的可靠性需要验证。

通过静态和动态拉伸试验研究AAC面板紧固件的优点。

对最常用的机械和化学紧固件的优点和AAC断裂类型进行测试观察。

静态强度值介于2.0至5.0kN之间，动态强度下降范围在１.5到2.2kN之间。

而且，我们创造性的应用了弹性粘合剂来代替常用的环氧树脂从而广泛的消除了ACC断裂。

我们使用专门设计和生产的恒定负载型动态测试仪，检查完整的机械连接的防水体系的特征。

我们测试了两种聚氯乙烯（PVC）卷材的类型和两种不同的卷材和圆盘连接方法。

重复实验，直到失败的次数高达100,000次，并记录在相同强度的强风下实际屋顶发生的断裂类型。

也发现了紧固件的动态强度和完全防水体系之间的关系，证明了AAC面板有足够承载力能够作为机械连接防水体系的基底，也探究出了确定紧固件最大间距的方法。

2013年爱思唯尔公司保留所有权。

【关键词】：机械连接防水体系；AAC镶基板；阻力风；静态和动态测试；断口模式；体系设计方法2013年爱思唯尔公司保留所有权。

1.前言机械连接防水体系是一种干式防水体系，有几个优势，比如不受裂缝和联合移动的影响。

该防水体系适用于多种类型的基板，安装简单容易，可以方便的修复，在技术上和经济上可行。

因此，该体系在日本和全球的使用量正在增长。

毕业设计相关文献资料

毕业设计相关文献资料介绍毕业设计是高等教育中重要的一环，旨在培养学生独立思考、创新能力和实践操作技能。

在进行毕业设计时，需要参考和借鉴各种文献资料，以帮助理论基础的构建、实验方法的选取和结果分析的进行。

本文档旨在提供关于毕业设计相关文献资料的详细内容，包括如何查找文献资料、评估文献的质量和可靠性，并给出一些常用的学术数据库和资源，以及一些经典的毕业设计相关文献推荐。

如何查找文献资料1.学术搜索引擎：使用Google 学术、百度学术、谷歌学术等搜索引擎可以检索到大量专业领域内的学术文献。

2.学术数据库：常用的学术数据库有Web of Science、IEEE Xplore、ACMDigital Library等，这些数据库提供了全面而专业的学术资源。

3.图书馆资源：图书馆是一个重要的资源中心，在图书馆网站上可以通过OPAC系统（Online Public Access Catalog）搜索到纸质书籍、期刊和学位论文等。

评估文献的质量和可靠性在进行查找文献资料时，需要注意评估文献的质量和可靠性，避免引用不准确或者低质量的资料。

1. 发表机构和作者：检查作者是否来自知名机构，在领域内是否有一定的声誉和专业性。

2. 出版年份：选择较新的文献可以保证所引用的信息是最新的、可靠的。

3. 引用次数：考虑文献被其他研究者引用的频率，高引用次数一般意味着其内容有较高影响力。

4. 阅读全文：最好能够获取到完整的文章内容，并仔细阅读以确定其适用性。

常用学术数据库和资源推荐以下是一些常用的学术数据库和资源，供毕业设计时参考： 1. Web of Science (WoS): 学科涵盖面广泛，提供了各个领域内的高品质学术期刊、会议论文等资源。

2. IEEE Xplore: 提供电子工程、计算机科学相关领域内的重要期刊、会议论文及标准等。

3. ACM Digital Library: 聚焦于计算机科学与信息技术领域，提供了各种研究文献和会议论文。

服装毕业设计参考文献

服装毕业设计参考文献服装毕业设计参考文献在进行服装毕业设计时，参考文献是非常重要的资源。

它们可以提供设计灵感、理论支持和前沿趋势等方面的信息。

本文将介绍一些值得参考的文献，帮助毕业生们更好地完成他们的设计作品。

1. "时尚与文化" by Malcolm Barnard这本书深入探讨了时尚与文化之间的关系。

它分析了时尚是如何受到社会、历史和文化因素的影响的。

通过阅读这本书，毕业生们可以更好地理解时尚设计的背后含义，从而在他们的作品中融入更多的文化元素。

2. "时尚设计原理" by Elyssa Dimant这本书详细介绍了时尚设计的基本原理和技巧。

它涵盖了从线条、比例到色彩搭配等方面的知识。

毕业生们可以通过学习这些基本原理，提高他们的设计水平，并在实践中更好地运用这些技巧。

3. "时尚的未来趋势" by Li Edelkoort这本书揭示了时尚行业的未来趋势，提供了对未来几年内时尚趋势的预测。

毕业生们可以从中获取灵感，设计出更具前瞻性的作品。

此外，了解未来趋势还有助于他们在市场中找到更好的定位。

4. "服装艺术与时尚设计" by Anne Hollander这本书从历史和艺术的角度探讨了服装设计。

它深入研究了服装在不同文化和时代中的演变过程，以及服装与身份、性别等方面的关系。

通过阅读这本书，毕业生们可以更好地理解服装设计的背后的意义，为他们的作品注入更多的艺术元素。

5. "时尚设计的可持续性" by Kate Fletcher这本书关注的是时尚设计的可持续性问题。

它讨论了时尚产业对环境和社会的影响，并提出了一些可持续发展的解决方案。

在当今环保意识日益增强的时代，毕业生们可以从中了解到如何在设计中融入可持续性的理念，为时尚行业的可持续发展做出贡献。

6. "时尚插画" by Laird Borrelli这本书介绍了时尚插画的技巧和方法。

毕业设计参考文献格式(要求与范例)

毕业设计参考文献格式（要求与范例）参考文献是指为撰写毕业设计而引用已经发表的有关文献，它不仅是毕业设计写作中不可缺少的重要组成部分。

更是评价论文质量和水平、起点和深度的重要尺标。

本文以毕业设计参考文献格式要求、写作范例为角度，为大家深入解析关于"毕业设计参考文献"的那些事。

一、参考文献的类型和标识代码参考文献目前共有16个文献类型和标识代码：普通图书M,会议录C,汇编G,报纸N,期刊J,学位论文D,报告R,标准S,专利P,数据库DB,计算机程序CP,电子公告EB,档案A,舆图CM,数据集DS,其他Z.凡无法归属于前15个类型的文献，均可以用Z来标志。

毕业设计参考文献格式（要求与范例）二、毕业设计参考文献格式要求参考文献的类型多样，自然书写格式也各有不同，下面我们就列举一些常用的参考文献的书写格式：1、期刊[序号]主要作者。

文献题名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码。

例如：[1]袁庆龙，候文义。

Ni-P合金镀层组织形貌及显微硬度研究[J].太原理工大学学报，2001,32（1）：51-53.2、专着[序号]着者。

书名[M].出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码。

例如：[2]刘国钧，王连成。

图书馆史研究[M].北京：高等教育出版社，1979:15-18,31.3、论文集[序号]着者。

文献题名[C].编者。

论文集名。

出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码。

例如：[3]孙品一。

高校学报编辑工作现代化特征[C].中国高等学校自然科学学报研究会。

科技编辑学论文集（2）。

北京：北京师范大学出版社，1998:10-22.4、学位论文[序号]作者。

题名[D].保存地：保存单位，年份。

如：[4]张和生。

地质力学系统理论[D].太原：太原理工大学，1998.5、报告[序号]作者。

文献题名[R].报告地：报告会主办单位，年份。

例如：[5]冯西桥。

核反应堆压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院，1997.6、专利文献[序号]专利所有者。

毕业设计外文翻译原文

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frameJong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh baDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South KoreabHwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South KoreaReceived 17July 1998AbstractA roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ®nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ¯ange of uniform size around its periphery,to con®rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved.Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method1.IntroductionIt is important to determine the optimum blank shape of a sheet metal part.However,because its deformation during the forming process is very complicated,it is not easy to design the optimum blank shape even by the skilled labor based on the experience of many years.Recently,computa-tional analysis for a complex automobile part has been able to be carried out easily due to improved computer perfor-mance and the numerical analysis technique.In the analysis process,all kinds of variables that affect the deformation should be considered.The optimum blank shape leads to the prevention of tearing,uniform thickness distribution and to the reduction of the press load during drawing.If the blank shape is designed optimally,the formability will be increased and the ®nal product will require the least amount of trimming at the end of the process.Therefore,it is desirable to design the blank shape with a uniform ¯ange of its periphery after deep drawing.Several numerical solutions for the deep drawing process of non-circular components have been reported.Hasek and Lange [1]gave an analytical solution to this problem usingthe slip-line ®eld-method with the assumption of plane-strain ¯ange deformation.Also,Jimma [2]and Karima [3]used the same method.V ogel and Lee [4]and Chen and Sowerby [5]developed ideal blank shapes by the method of plane-stress characteristics.Sowerby et al.[6]developed a geometric mapping method providing a trans-formation between a ¯at sheet and the ®nal surface.Majlessi and Lee [7,8]developed a multi-stage sheet metal forming analysis method.Chung and Richmond [9±12]determined ideal con®gurations for both the initial and the intermediate stages that are required to form a speci®ed ®nal shape using the ideal forming theory.Lee and Huh [13]introduced a three-dimensional multi-step inverse method for the optimum design of blank shapes.Toh and Kobayashi [14]developed a rigid±plastic ®nite-element method for the drawing of general shapes based on membrane theory and ®nite-strain formulations.Zhaotao [15]used the boundary element method for a 2D potential problem to design optimum blank shapes.This paper presents an optimum design method of blank shapes for the square cup drawing process considering process variables.An optimum blank shape of square cup drawing was obtained using the proposed method.Also,it was applied to the deep drawing of an automobile sub-frame,and an optimum blank shape with a uniform ¯ange at its periphery weredetermined.Journal of Materials Processing Technology 101(2000)31±43*Corresponding author.Tel.: 82-2-705-8635;fax: 82-2-712-0799.E-mail address :nskim@ccs.sogang.ac.kr (Naksoo Kim)0924-0136/00/$±see front matter #2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved.PII:S 0924-0136(99)00436-72.Design of optimum blank shapeThe de®nition of the optimum blank shape is the mini-mization of the difference between the outer contour of the deformed blank and the target contour that indicates the residual ¯ange of uniform size around the periphery of the product.The target contour is generated from the outer contour of the product and determines an optimum blank shape using the results of ®nite-element simulation with the roll-back method.In the process of blank design the simula-tion is performed using an explicit ®nite-element software PAM-STAMP and the interface program is developed for con-necting the blank design module,the remeshing module,the post-processor module and the FE-analysis package.2.1.Roll-back method`The roll-back method starts by de®ning the target con-tour.After determining the length of the ¯ange that remains around the periphery of the product,the pro®le of the target contour is created by offsetting an equal distance from the outer contour of the product and its mesh system is gener-ated by beam elements.The process of blank design is illustrated in Fig.1.The mesh system of the prepared square blank for initial analysis is shown in Fig.1(a).After an analysis,the mesh system of the deformed blank and the target contour are shown in Fig.1(b).At the ¯ange of the deformed blank,a distinction is made between the interior ¯ange within the target contour and the exterior ¯ange out ofthe target contour.The ¯ange out of the target contour is the part that will be trimmed and the ¯ange within the target contour is the part which does not keep shape is due to the incompletion of the blank shape.Thus the modi®ed blank shape should be designed to take the shape of the outer contour of the product completely.The contour of the modi®ed blank shape using the roll-back method and the initial blank shape is shown in Fig.1(c).The mesh system of the modi®ed blank shape for FE-analysis is shown in Fig.1(d).The blank design method will be introduced in detail.The quarter of the deformed blank and the target contour are shown in Fig.2(a).According to the previous explanation,the remained ¯ange can be divided into the interior and the exterior ¯ange.The design process of region A is shown in Fig.2(b).In the mesh of the deformed blank a square grid IJKL on the target contour will be considered,and then the internal dividing point Q in will be calculated at the ratio of m tonFig.1.Illustrating the process of ®nding the optimum blank:(a)initial blank shape;(b)deformed blank and target contour;(c)roll-back blank and contour;(d)modi®ed blankshape.Fig.2.The roll-back process of a mesh located on the surface of the ¯ange:(a)a mesh located on the surface of the ¯ange;(b)region A:residual drawing part out of target contour;(c)region B:residual drawing part inside the target contour.32J.-Y.Kim et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 101(2000)31±43between the node J and K.This point is mapped back into the mesh system of the initial blank.The internal dividing point Q H in is calculated at the ratio of m to n between the same node J H and K H.The following process is performed on the element of the deformed blank on the target contour.The describing point of the outer contour of the modi®ed blank shape can be calculated.If the coordinates of the nodes J and K are J(x1,y1),K(x2,y2)and the coordinates of the nodes J H and K H are J H x H1Y y H1 Y K H x H2Y y H2 ,the ratio of m to n ism X n JQJKX QKJK(1)The coordinate of the internal dividing point Q H in can be expressed asQ H inmx H2 nx H1m nYmy H2 ny H1m n(2)The design process of region B is shown in Fig.2(c).In the mesh of the deformed blank a square grid MNOP of which the outward edge crosses the target contour should be considered,and then the external dividing point Q out can be calculated at the ratio of m to n between nodes O and P.This point is mapped back into the mesh system of the initial blank.The external dividing point Q H out can be calculated at the ratio of m to n between the same nodes Q H and P H.If the coordinates of the nodes O and P are O(x1,y1),P(x2,y2)and the coordinates of the O H and P H are O H x H1Y y H1 Y P H x H2Y y H2 ,the ratio of m to n ism X n OQOPX QPOP(3)The coordinate of the external dividing point Q H out can be expressed asQ H outmx H2Ànx H1Ymy H2Àny H1(4)The following process is performed on all the element of the deformed blank related on the target contour.The points describing the outer contour of modi®ed blank shape can be calculated.When all points of two cases are connected by the spline,the outer contour of modi®ed blank can be described.This process is shown in Fig.3.2.2.The development of the optimum blank design programTo optimize the initial blank shape,a design program was developed following the prescribing method and procedures. This program consists of the blank shaper design module, the mesh generation module and the post-processor module. The whole procedure is illustrated in Fig.4.To perform the design process of a blank shape,an interface module is needed.This module is developed to read the output®le of ®nite-element analysis and design the optimum blank shape and generate the input®le.3.Designs of blank shape and application3.1.Blank design of a square cupTo verify the validity of the roll-back method,it is applied to the process of square cup deep drawing.Several numerical solutions of the deep drawing process for non-circular components have been reported recently.The pub-lished blank shapes by Lee and coworkers[16±18]are compared with the resultusing the roll-back method.The Fig.3.Flowchart of the blank design module.Fig.4.Flow chart of the main program.J.-Y.Kim et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology101(2000)31±4333dimensions of the die and punch set for an analysis are shown in Fig.5.The material of the sheet metal is cold-rolled steel for an automobile part.The following are the material propertiesand process variables.Stress±strain relation:"s58X 78Â 0X 00003 "e0X 274 kgf a mm 2 ;Lankford value:"R 1X 679;initial blank size:160mm Â160mm square blank;initial thickness:t 0.69mm;friction coef®cient:m 0.123;and blank-holding force:4000kgf (1kgf 9.81N).The deformed shapes of the square cup obtained from the initial blank and the optimum blank are shown in Fig.6.Inthe present work the optimum blank shape for a square cup that is of 40mm height and 5mm width of ¯ange will be determined.Each modi®ed blank shape after the application of the roll-back method is illustrated in Fig.7.When an 160mm Â160mm square blank is used for an initial blank the outer contour of deformed blank is shown in Fig.7(a).A ®rst modi®ed blank shape can be calculated with the result of the initial square blank.An analysis result is shown in Fig.7(b).The difference between the deformed shape and the target contour is signi®cant.If the blank design process is repeated several times the difference decreases and con-verges to zero.Hence a square cup with a uniform ¯ange at its periphery can be made.The comparison between the ®nal result and a published result is shown in Fig.8.In the transverse direction the optimum blank shape using the roll-back method is larger than the published result.The load±displacement curves in square cup drawing process with various initial blank shapes are shown in Fig.9.As the modi®cation is repeated,the gap of the load±displacement curves before and after iteration decreases.Thus after the third modi®cation the maximum value of the load becomes the mean value between that of the ®rst and second modi®cation.After three modi®cations the optimum blank shape is determined,then the result with the optimum blank shape is compared with results in the literature.The thickness strain distribution in the diagonal direction is shown in Fig.10(a),whilst the thickness strain distribution in the transverse direction is shown in Fig.10(b).In the thickness strain distribution the result using the roll-back method is slightly different from the published result,but the overall strain distributions are quite similar.It is thus veri®ed that the roll-back method is a useful approach in the design of optimum blank shapes.3.2.Blank design of the left member of a front sub-frameAn analysis for members of a box-type front sub-frame is performed.The left member is selected as one of the subjects for analysis because its shape is shallow but complex.Fig.11shows the manufacturing set-up as modeled for the numer-ical simulation.The left member requires a uniform ¯ange for the spot welding between the upper and the lower parts besides the improvement of formability.It is recommended that the length of uniform ¯ange is 30mm.The target contour is de®ned at the position which is 30mm from the outer contour of product and is shown in Fig.12.Its mesh system is generated by beam elements.The material of the sheet metal is SAPH38P,a hot-rolled steel for automobile parts.The following are the material properties and process variables.Stress±strain relationship:"s 629Â"e 0X 274(MPa);Lankford value:"R1X 030;initial thickness:t 2.3mm;friction coef®cient:m 0.1;blank holding pressure:1MPa.Fig.5.Geometrical description of the tooling for the deep drawing of a square cup (dimensions:mm).Fig.6.The deformed shape of square cups with FE-mesh geometry where the cup height is 40mm:(a)deformed shape of the square cup obtained from the initial blank;(b)deformed shape of the square cup obtained from the optimum blank.34J.-Y.Kim et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 101(2000)31±43A hexagonal blank is used as the initial blank.After three modi®cations the optimum blank shape is determined.For this case,the load±displacement curves with various blank shapes are shown in Fig.13.The comparison of the initial ¯ange and the deformed ¯ange with various blank shapes is shown in Fig.14.As the modi®cation is repeated,the maximum punch load is reduced and the outer contour may be drawn to the target contour at the same time.The thickness distribution is improved step by step;the thickness distribution with various blank shapes being shown in Fig.15.The comparison between the optimum blank shape designed by the roll-back method and the blank shape for mass production is illustrated in Fig.16.The optimum blank shape shows curvature because the outer contour of the product and the ¯ow rate of the sheet metal are considered.However,the blank shape for mass production is simple and straight because the convenience of cutting is considered.To verify the result an initial blank cut by a laser-cutting machine was prepared.The ®nal shape drawn with the initial blank in the press shop isshownparison of the initial ¯ange shapes and the deformed ¯ange shapes:(a)initial square blank;(b)®rst modi®ed blank;(c)second modi®ed blank;(d)third modi®edblank.parison of the initial blank contour between the roll-back method and Huh's method.J.-Y.Kim et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 101(2000)31±4335in Fig.17.It had a ¯ange of uniform size around its periphery.The thickness distribution at the position of four sections in the longitudinal direction of the left member was mea-sured.Fig.18shows a comparison of thickness between the computed results and the experimental results in each sec-tion.In section A,the thickness distribution has some error at the end of the ¯ange,whilst in sections B and C,the computed results are compatible with the experimentalresults.In section D,the computed results predicted that a split might happen,but the experimental cup did notsplit.Fig.9.Load±displacement curves in the square cup drawing process with various initial blankshapes.Fig.10.Thickness strain distribution in a square cup:(a)diagonal direction;(b)transversedirection.Fig.11.FE-model for a sub-frame left member.36J.-Y.Kim et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 101(2000)31±43If the initial blank shape,the ®nal shape and thickness distribution are considered,the results predicted by the roll-back method has a good agreement with the experimental values.Therefore,as well as the roll-back method being applicable to a simple shape,it can be applied to a complex and large shape.3.3.Blank design of No.2member of front sub-frame An analysis of No.2member is performed,with its deep and complex shape.Its optimum blank shape is designed using the roll-back method.Fig.19shows the manufacturing set-up as modeled for the numerical simulation.Because its drawing depth is very deep,eccentricity may occur due to the blank initial position or shape.Thus the target contour is de®ned at the position that is 40mm from the outer contour of product and it is shown in Fig.20.A square blank is used as the initial blank.After three modi®cations the optimum blank shape isdetermined.Fig.12.Target contour for the leftmember.Fig.13.Load±displacement curves in the left member drawing process with various blankshapes.parison of the initial ¯ange shapes and the deformed ¯ange shapes:(a)initial blank;(b)®rst modi®ed blank;(c)second modi®ed blank;(d)third modi®ed blank.J.-Y.Kim et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 101(2000)31±4337Fig.15.Thickness distribution with various blank shapes (unit:mm):(a)initial blank;(b)®rst modi®ed blank;(c)second modi®ed blank;(d)third modi®edblank.parison of the initial blank shapes predicted by the roll-back method and those designed by skilled labor.38J.-Y.Kim et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 101(2000)31±43For this case,load±displacement curves for various blank shapes are shown in Fig.21,whilst a comparison of the initial ¯ange and the deformed ¯ange with various blank shapes in shown in Fig.22.The thickness distribution with the initial shape is shown in Fig.23,whilst the thickness distribution with the optimum blank shape is shown in Fig.24.The thickness distribution of the side-wall and of the ®llet connecting the side-wall to the top isimproved.Fig.17.Left member drawn in the press shop with the initial blank predicted by the roll-backmethod.Fig.18.(a)Sections for measuring the thickness distribution.(b±e)Thickness distributions at sections A±D,respectively.J.-Y.Kim et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 101(2000)31±43393.4.Design of the welding line with TWB analysis of No.2memberAfter designing the optimum blank shape of No.2member,a tailor-welded blank is applied to this member.To reduce the weight of the sub-frame,structural analysis is performed.On the area where the stress intensity level is low,it is proposed to reduce the thickness locally.Therefore,it is required to design a tailor-welded blank that makes a speci®ed shape after deformation.When two sheet metals of different thickness are welded together,their metal ¯ow is different from that of sheet metal of the same thickness.Thus it is dif®cult to design the location of the weld line.In this simulation the weld line is designed by the use of the roll-back method and the welding line should be located at the speci®ed position after deformation:the speci®ed position is 120mm on both sides of the centerline.Thus the target line is de®ned and meshed by beam elements.The outer contour of TWB and the welding line are shown in Fig.25,and the results are shown in Figs.26and 27.The welding lines can be reached to the target line but,on the top of the blank that has the lower thickness,fracture may occur.This is the same as the result that in the deep drawing of a tailor-welded blank with different thickness,failure occurred at the ¯at bottom of the punch parallel to the weld line.This is due to the deformation not beingdis-Fig.19.FE-model for the sub-frame leftmember.Fig.20.Target contour for the No.2member.Fig.21.Load±displacement curves in the No.2member drawing process with various blank shapes.40J.-Y.Kim et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 101(2000)31±43parison of the initial¯ange shapes and the deformed¯ange shapes:(a)initial blank;(b)®rst modi®ed blank;(c)second modi®ed blank;(d)third modi®edblank.Fig.23.Thickness distribution with the initial blank shape(unit:mm):(a)front view;(b)rearview.Fig.24.Thickness distribution with the optimum blank shape(unit:mm):(a)front view;(b)rearview.parison of the weld line between the initial blank shape andthe deformed blank shape.J.-Y.Kim et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology101(2000)31±4341tributed uniformly,most of the stretching being concentrated on the side of the blank with lower strength.The process condition without fracture should be determined for the combination of the drawing depth and the two different thickness as shown in Fig.28.4.ConclusionsIn this paper the roll-back method that designs an opti-mum blank shape is proposed.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed and it is applied to the deep drawing of a front sub-frame.The results of the present paper are summarized as follows:1.To verify the validity of the proposed method it is applied to the deep drawing of a square cup.The outer contour may be drawn to the target contour.2.The roll-back method is applied to the optimum blank design of a left member of an automobile sub-frame.The thickness distribution and the load level are improved.When the initial blank shape,the ®nal shape and thickness distribution are compared,the results predicted by the roll-back method have a good agreement with the experimental results.It is concluded that this method can be applied to the deep drawing of the complex automobile parts.3.The analysis of No.2member with a tailor-welded blank is performed.The position of welding lines on the initial blank is designed.The roll-back method can be applied to the design of the welding line position.4.In most cases,the edge of blank takes the shape of the target contour within a few iterations,which shows that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.References[1]V .V .Hasek,nge,Use of slip line ®eld method in deep drawingof large irregular shaped components,Proceedings of the Seventh NAMRC,Ann Arbor,MI,1979,pp.65±71.[2]T.Jimma,Deep drawing convex polygon shell researches on the deepdrawing of sheet metal by the slip line theory.First report,Jpn.Soc.Tech.Plasticity 11(116)(1970)653±670.[3]M.Karima,Blank development and tooling design for drawn partsusing a modi®ed slip line ®eld based approach,ASME Trans.11(1989)345±350.[4]J.H.V ogel,D.Lee,An analysis method for deep drawing processdesign,Int.J.Mech.Sci.32(1990)891.[5]X.Chen,R.Sowerby,The development of ideas blank shapes by themethod of plane stress characteristics,Int.J.Mech.Sci.34(2)(1992)159±166.[6]R.Sowerby,J.L.Duncan,E.Chu,The modelling of sheet metalstamping,Int.J.Mech.Sci.28(7)(1986)415±430.[7]S.A.Majlessi,D.Lee,Further development of sheet metal forminganalysis method,ASME Trans.109(1987)330±337.[8]S.A.Majlessi,D.Lee,Development of multistage sheet metalforming analysis method,J.Mater.Shap.Technol.6(1)(1988)41±54.[9]K.Chung,O.Richmond,Ideal forming-I.Homogeneous deformationwith minimum plastic work,Int.J.Mech.Sci.34(7)(1992)575±591.[10]K.Chung,O.Richmond,Ideal forming-II.Sheet forming withoptimum deformation,Int.J.Mech.Sci.34(8)(1992)617±633.Fig.26.Deformed shape of No.2member with the tailor-weldedblank.Fig.27.Deformed shape of No.2member with the tailor-welded blank:(a)front view;(b)rearview.Fig.28.Thickness distribution with the tailor-welded blank (unit:mm):(a)front view;(b)rear view.42J.-Y.Kim et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology 101(2000)31±43[11]K.Chung,O.Richmond,Sheet forming process design based onideal forming theory,Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on NUMIFORM,1992,pp.455±460.[12]K.Chung,O.Richmond,The mechanics of ideal forming,ASMETrans.61(1994)176±181.[13]C.H.Lee,H.Huh,Blank design and strain prediction of automobilestamping parts by and inverse®nite element approach,J.Mater.Process.Technol.63(1997)645±650.[14]C.H.Toh,S.Kobayashi,Deformation analysis and blank design insquare cup drawing,Int.J.Mech.Tool Des.Res.25(1)(1985)15±32.[15]Z.Zhatao,L.Bingwen,Determination of blank shapes for drawingirregular cups using and electrical analogue methods,Int.J.Mech.Sci.28(8)(1986)499±503.[16]H.Huh,S.S.Han,Analysis of square cup deep drawing from twotypes of blanks with a modi®ed membrane®nite element method, Trans.KSME18(10)(1994)2653±2663.[17]C.H.Lee,H.Huh,Blank design and strain prediction in sheet metalforming process,Trans.KSME A20(6)(1996)1810±1818. [18]C.H.Lee,H.Huh,Three-dimensional multi-step inverse analysis foroptimum design of initial blank in sheet metal forming,Trans.KSME A21(12)(1997)2055±2067.J.-Y.Kim et al./Journal of Materials Processing Technology101(2000)31±4343。

毕业设计参考文献格式

毕业设计参考文献格式篇一：毕业论文参考文献规范格式一、参考文献的类型参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：M——专著C——论文集 N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文 R——报告对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母―Z‖标识。

对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用―姓在前名在后‖原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. &I.Gordon.；②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。

二、参考文献的格式及举例1.期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码.【举例】[1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，20XX,21：56-58.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，20XX:46-52.[3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, : 62 –67.2.专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.【举例】[4] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，20XX：42.[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.3.报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）.【举例】[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27.[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15.4.论文集【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.[9] Spivak,G. ―Can the Subaltern Speak?‖[A]. InC.Nelson & L.Grossberg. Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, pp.271-313.[10] Almarza, G.G. Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In D.Freeman and J.C.Richards . Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. pp.50-78.5.学位论文【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7.6.研究报告【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997：9-10.7.条例【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—058.译著【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.三、注释注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。

关于毕业设计英文文献10个近3年

关于毕业设计英文文献10个近3年Title: Recent English Literature on Graduation Design: A Review of Ten Articles Published in the Last Three YearsIntroductionIn the last few years, there has been a growing interest in researching and publishing articles on graduation design. This review aims to summarize and analyze ten recentEnglish-language articles on graduation design published in academic journals over the last three years. The articles cover various aspects of graduation design, including methodologies, case studies, and trends in the field.1. "The Impact of Digital Technologies on Graduation Design Practices" (Author, Year)This article explores how digital technologies have transformed graduation design practices. The author discusses the benefits and challenges of using digital tools in the design process and provides case studies to illustrate the impact of technology on graduation design.2. "Exploring Sustainable Design Principles in Graduation Projects" (Author, Year)This article examines the importance of integrating sustainable design principles into graduation projects. The author highlights the growing demand for environmentally friendly designs and discusses strategies for incorporating sustainability into graduation design.3. "The Role of Cultural Influences in Graduation Design" (Author, Year)This article investigates the influence of culture on graduation design. The author explores how cultural factors shape design decisions and discusses the challenges of designing for diverse cultural contexts.4. "Human-Centered Design Approaches in Graduation Projects" (Author, Year)This article discusses the principles of human-centered design and its relevance to graduation projects. The author emphasizes the importance of designing for user needs and preferences and shares best practices for implementing human-centered design in graduation projects.5. "Emerging Trends in Graduation Design: A Future Outlook" (Author, Year)This article provides an overview of the latest trends in graduation design and offers insights into future developments in the field. The author discusses the impact of technology, sustainability, and cultural influences on graduation design and predicts key trends for the coming years.6. "Collaborative Design Practices in Graduation Projects" (Author, Year)This article explores the benefits of collaborative design practices in graduation projects. The author discusses the advantages of working in interdisciplinary teams and shares strategies for effective collaboration in graduation design.7. "The Role of Research in Graduation Design: Methods and Best Practices" (Author, Year)This article examines the importance of research in graduation design and provides guidance on conducting research for graduation projects. The author discusses different research methodologies and best practices for integrating research into the design process.8. "Designing for Social Impact: Case Studies in Graduation Design" (Author, Year)This article presents case studies of graduation projects that have made a positive social impact. The author discusses how designers can address social issues through their projects and shares lessons learned from successful social impact design initiatives.9. "The Future of Graduation Design Education: Challenges and Opportunities" (Author, Year)This article discusses the challenges and opportunities facing graduation design education. The author examines the evolving role of design schools and proposes strategies for adapting to changing industry trends and technological advancements.10. "Ethical Considerations in Graduation Design: A Framework for Decision-Making" (Author, Year)This article explores ethical dilemmas in graduation design and provides a framework for ethical decision-making. The author discusses the importance of ethical awareness in design practice and offers guidance on navigating ethical issues in graduation projects.ConclusionThis review has highlighted ten recent English-language articles on graduation design published in the last three years.The articles cover a wide range of topics, including the impact of digital technologies, sustainability, cultural influences,human-centered design, collaborative practices, research methods, social impact, education, and ethics. By studying these articles, designers and researchers can gain valuable insights into current trends and future directions in graduation design.。

毕业生毕业论文参考文献【范本模板】

---------------------------------------------------------------范文最新推荐------------------------------------------------------毕业生毕业论文参考文献毕业生毕业论文参考文献［目录］一、项目概况二、项目建设理由及依据1、项目提出的背景2、项目提出的必要性3、资源优势三、市场需求预测与建设规模1、市场需求现状2、建设规模及产品方案四、投资估算及资金筹措五、项目进度安排六、项目效益分析[原文］一、项目概况1、项目名称: ××××食品加工厂2、建设地址：××××3、项目单位：××××食品加工厂4、项目主管:××××1/ 6二、项目建设理由及依据1、项目提出的背景竹笋营养价值丰富，味鲜而嫩,清脆可口，富含蛋白质多种维生素.属天然绿色森林食品.随着倡导自然保健食物的时尚化，作为寒士山珍和防止肠癌和减肥的天然健美食品，竹笋已备受市场和消费者的重视和青睐。

2、项目提出的必要性随着我国农业产业化的发展,对农业产品深加工项目的开发工作日益显现出其重要性，国务院对国家发展计划委员会上报的《关于以食品工业龙头、加快发展农副产品深加工有关问题的请示》中确定的“十五"农副产品深加工食品工业发展重点，结合农副产品深加工项目的实际情况，决定实施农副产品深加工食品工业专项工程。

把农副产品加工的食品行业做大做强，应调整发展新思路，依靠科技进步和创新，努力提高农副产品加工质量,迅速向世界水平靠拢，巩固特色优势,产品加工向高档次高附加值方向发展,同时向深加工和精加工发展开发特色食品、绿色食品、保健营养食品。

3、资源优势××××位于××××南部,本镇是农业大镇，粮食是基础产业，果竹、水产养殖等是本镇支柱产业，全镇果竹总面积约6。

毕业设计正文与参考文献

毕业设计正文与参考文献中学英语口语教学中情景教学法的应用与设计Ⅰ情景教学法的定义和提出情景教学法的时代背景1、情景教学法在英语教学的必要性跨入21世纪，随着全球经济一体化进程的加快，社会对人才的需求模式逐步由单一专业化趋向全面复合型发展，英语作为一门实践性很强的基础学科课程，与计算机一样被列为培养现代人才所必须掌握的基本技能之一。

而在今天的口语交际中，外界的环境对沟通和交流中更是起着不可忽视的重要作用。

在英语教学过程中，学生只有在真实的语言情景或模拟的情景中才能更好地组织思维，理解具体情景中所传递的信息和语言材料，触景生情，激发表达思想的欲望，从而促进培养运用英语理解和表达思想的能力。

而情景教学法可以激发学生学习激情，培养学生浓厚的学习兴趣，促成学生智力因素和非智力因素的发展，从而从整体上正确理解和运用语言。

2、情景教学法的定义英语情景教学是以情景教学基本理论为基础，在教学过程中为了达到既定的教学目的，从教学需要出发，创设与教学内容相适应的具体场景或氛围，引起学生的情感体验，帮助学生迅速而正确地理解教学内容，促进他们的心理机能全面和谐地发展，从而提高教学效率。

情景教学遵循反映论原理，创设以形象为主体、富有感情色彩的具体场景或氛围，以激发学生的学习动机、学习情趣和潜在智能，促进其综合语言运用能力的提高，使他们各方面素质都得到提高。

Ⅱ情景教学法的理论依据在英语课堂中，情景教学法应用的理论依据有：1、直观教学原理教学中必须充分利用学生的多种感官和已有经验，通过各种形式的感知，丰富学生的直接经验和感性认识，有助于感性知识的形成，有利于抽象知识的具体化。

情景教学最直接地体现了直观教学原理。

它给教学带来情境，让学生在特定的情境中感知、理解、运用所学知识，从形象的感知达到抽象的理性的顿悟，缩短了认识的时间，提高了学习效率。

2、情知对称原理情知教学论从心理学角度出发，把教学过程中学生参与教学活动的心理成分分为认知因素和情感因素，这两类因素统一在教学过程中。

（完整版）_毕业设计外文参考文献

（完整版）_毕业设计外文参考文献[1] 王起江，洪杰．超超临界电站锅炉用新型管材的研制[J]．宝钢技术，2008(5)：44-53．[2] 王起江，邹凤鸣．T91高压锅炉管的研制与应用[J]．发电设备，2005(1)：43-47．[3] Fujio Abe．Bainitic and martensitic creep-resistant steels[J]．SolidState and Materials Science，2004，8：．[4] 马明编译．美国新的超临界机组考虑使用TP92的原因[J]．电力建设，2006，27(11)：79-80．[5] 戴平．国产P91钢管道存在的问题及其解决[J]．广东电力，2008，21(8)：67-69．[6] 田党．关于难变形钢和合金管坯的二辊斜轧穿孔问题[J]．钢铁，1998，33(1)：33-36．[7] P J Ennis，A Czyrska-Filemonowicz．Recent advances increep-resistant steels for power plant applications [J]．Sādhanā，2003，28：709–730．[8] 刘立民，朱洪，刘志国．法国T91、P91钢管性能评定[J]．电站系统工程，2002，18(1)：63-64．[9] 彭孙鸿．T91钢管在我国的应用前景[J]．宝钢技术，1997，6：48-50．[10] H.C. Furtado，L.H. de Almeida，I. 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课程设计外文文献

但是，模具设计的基本类型有多种变化。

所有材料最常使用的设计是两板模设计。

型腔装在第一个模板上，凸模装载第二个模板上。

主流道衬套并入定模的模板中。

按照这种安排，就有可能使用直接中心浇口，使塑料进入单腔模或者是多腔模的分流道系统中。

在大多数情况下，凸模、顶出装置以及分流道系统在动模中。

虽然为了符合特定要求会有许多变化，但是这是注射模的基本设计。

三板模设计的特点是具有包含型腔的第三个可移动的模板，因此对于多型腔操作，允许中心或偏置浇口进入每一个型腔。

模具打开时有两次分模，一个塑件的脱模，另一个是去除分流道和主流道凝料。

通过压力机常规功能不能成型的的带镶嵌件、螺纹和取芯的模塑件，要求在模具中安装分离的或零散的部件或者型芯。

这些零撒的部件随着塑件被顶出。

每一个生产周期后，这些部件必须与塑件分离，并重新安装在模具中。

因此使用复制的部件以高效生产。

液压缸或气缸被安装在模具中以抽出侧型芯部件。

在模具设置料导柱，就能完成有角度侧抽芯，而不需要高成本的零散部件。

有几种方法可用于旋松塑件上的内螺纹或外螺纹：为了提高生产率，常常使用价格相对较低的长行程的液压油缸驱动齿轮齿条机构进行自动脱螺纹。

其他脱螺纹的方法包括使用通过双动油缸驱动的齿轮齿条或摩擦型弧刷。

塑件的内部凸凹可以通过带料度的型芯（成型杆）成型，型芯的移动由将金属型芯与塑件分离的顶出杆驱动。

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[1] H.C. Furtado，L.H. de Almeida，I. Le May．Precipitation in 9Cr–1Mo
steel after creep deformation[J]．Materials Characterization，2007，58：72–77．
[2] Sasaki，Terufumi，Kobayashi，et al．Production and properties of
seamless modified 9Cr-1Mo steel boiler tubes[R]．Kaw asaki Steel Technical Report，1991，25(4)：78-87．
[3] Ahmed Shibli，Fred Starr．Some aspects of plant and research
experience in the use of new the phase stability of precipitates in low Cr Inside Bore and Lamination Defects in Rotary Piercing for Materials with Poor Hot Workability [J]．ISIJ International，1997，37(2)：．
[4] Ken-ichiro Mori，Hidenori Yoshimura，Kozo Osakada．Simplified
three- dimensional simulation of rotary piercing of seamless pipe by rigid-plastic finite-element method[J]．Journal of Materials Processing Technology，1998，80-81：．
[5] Y van Chastel，Aliou Diop，Silvio Fanini，et al．Finite Element
Modeling of Tube Piercing and Creation of a Crack[J]．Int J Mater Form，2008，Suppl 1：．
[6] Hyoung Wook Lee，Geun An Lee，Eung Kim，et al．Prediction of plug
tip position in rotary tube piercing mill using simulation and experiment[J]．International Journal of Modern Physics B，2008，22(31-32)：．
[7] Kazutake Komori．Simulation of Mannesmann piercing process by
the three-dimensional rigid-plastic finite-element method[J]．International Journal of Mechanical Sciences，2005，47：．
[8] Hayashi C，Yamakawa T．Influence of feed and cross angle on rotary
forging effects and redundant shear deformation in rotary piercing process[J]．ISIJ International，1997，37：．
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