高级岩浆岩岩石学 第八章 岩浆起源和演化
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与部分熔融
熔 融 作 用(melting):源岩全部发生熔融形成岩 浆的过程 富硅的矿物先熔融(熔融温度较低),后结晶; 富铁镁的矿物后熔融,早结晶 深熔作用(anatexis):指的是变质岩尤其是混合岩 形成过程中地壳岩石发生分异和部分熔融的过程。
部分熔融(partial melting): 岩石中仅部分矿物 发生熔融 在加热过程中,具有最低熔融温度的矿物首先熔 融; 在冷凝过程中具最低熔融温度的矿物最后结晶; 部分熔融体是富硅(SiO2)的,未熔的残余是富 FeO,MgO的; 大洋(玄武岩)地壳是由贫硅的地幔岩部分熔融 形成的; 部分熔融形成的岩浆会聚积和迁移进入岩浆房 (分凝和上升作用)
3、Where:岩浆产生的构造背景举例
MORB 减压熔融
Mantle Plumes - “Hot” or “Wet” Spots?
Seismic Tomographic Image of Iceland Plume
Contour of -2.5% shear wave velocity anomaly
Crustal Rocks Melt!
models
from: /~crlb/COURSES/270
Global Heat Flow
convection in the mantle observed heat flow warm: near ridges cold: over cratons
二面角( dihedral angle,)与熔体分凝能力
Illustration of the dihedral angle () of melt droplets that typically form at multiple grain junctions. After Hunter (1987) In I. Parsons (ed.), Origins of Igneous Layering. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 473-504.
岩浆底侵作用
Island Arc Petrogenesis
A proposed model for subduction zone magmatism with particular reference to island arcs. Dehydration of slab crust causes hydration of the mantle (violet), which undergoes partial melting as amphibole (A) and phlogopite (B) dehydrate. From Tatsumi (1989), J. Geophys. Res., 94, 4697-4707 and Tatsumi and Eggins (1995). Subduction Zone Magmatism. Blackwell. Oxford.
(二)同化混染作用
1、玄武岩浆的同化作用
(1)玄武岩浆同化酸性岩(浆岩):可以使岩浆成分变得更酸性, 并能促进玄武岩浆的分离结晶作用(降低了岩浆温度,并 且结晶加速) (2)同化泥质岩(含Al高):以Al2O3和SiO2为主的岩石 透辉石+Al2O3+SiO2==An+Py 这样就可以形成苏长岩,因此有人认为苏长岩是同化混染 作用形成的。
Formation of boundary layers along the walls and top of a magma chamber. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall
Schematic section through a rhyolitic magma chamber undergoing convection-aided in-situ differentiation. After Hildreth (1979). Geol. Soc. Amer. Special Paper, 180, 43-75.
From: /~gung/_Qplume
Volatile Fluxing Mantle Wedge
Volatile Fluxing of Mantle Wedge
Downgoing Slab Crustal Melting
Primitive Mantle Melts vs. Remelting of the Lower Crust
Schematic representation of the fractional crystallization scheme of Green and Ringwood (1967) and Green (1969). After Wyllie (1971). The Dynamic Earth: Textbook in Geosciences. John Wiley & Sons.
2、花岗岩浆同化混染作用
主要是通过与固态高熔点的围岩或捕掳体发生反应,改造 它们,而使得花岗岩浆成分发生改变 如同化混染了含Fe、Mg较高的围岩,可使岩浆基性程度 增高,可以形成闪长岩或花岗闪长岩,同化碳酸盐岩,由于 Ca增Si减,也可形成闪长岩或花岗闪长岩。若花岗岩浆同化 了泥质岩,岩浆中Al增加,可形成一些富Al矿物,如安徽某 花岗岩普遍含红柱石。
B. Flow segregation
The motion of the magma past the stationary walls of the country rock creates shear in the viscous liquid Magma must flow around phenocrysts, thereby exerting pressure on them at constrictions where phenocrysts are near one another or the contact grain dispersive pressure, forcing the grains apart and away from the contact This is probably a relatively minor effect
The magma near the vertical contact becomes enriched in water from the wall rocks. Water-enriched boundary layer, although cooler, is less dense than the interior magma, and rises to concentrate near the top of the chamber This is compositional convection
Plagioclase Differentiation Mechanisms
zone d plag
Crystal Settling
Perthitic pyroxene
Gabbro - Plane Polarized Light
Plagioclase zoning
Magmatic Cross-Beds in Skaergaard Layered Intrusion
From: ICEMELT Seismic Experiment - Wolfe et al., 199
Super Plumes?
Volcanic Hot Spots on Earth’s Surface (dots)
Global shear wave velocity anomalies in deep mantle
Assimilation
Gradational border zones between homogeneous igneous rock (light) and country rock (dark). After Compton (1962), Manual of Field Geology. © R. Compton.
2、开放系统的分异作用 (1)围岩混染物的同化作用 (2)两种或多种不同岩浆的混合 (3)AFC (同时发生结晶分异与同化混染)
(一)结晶分异作用
(晶体-熔体之间的分异): 重力分异、流动分异、压滤作用、 熔体对流分异 A. Crystal Settling 重力分异
岩浆中晶体的重力沉降分 异,需要克服岩浆对晶体 的浮力和与岩浆之间的粘 滞摩擦力以及岩浆上升速 度。晶体能否从岩浆中沉 降分异,取决于晶体与岩 浆的密度差(Δρ) 、晶体直 径(B) 和岩浆的粘度(η)。当 岩浆中晶体的含量不高时, 晶体在岩浆中的下沉速度 可用斯托克斯定律来计算 Vs=gΔρB2/18η
Analyses of a global sample of 41,000 igneous rocks of all ages
分异作用的主要类型
1、封闭系统的分异作用 (1)结晶分异作用(晶体-熔体之间的分异): 重力分异、流动分异、压滤作用、熔体对流分异 (2)不混熔熔体的物理分异
(3)熔体-流体分离
Langmuir Model
对流分异
Thermal gradient at wall and cap variation in % crystallized Compositional convection evolved magmas from boundary layer to cap (or mix into interior)
二、岩浆演化(岩浆分异)
(Differentiation of Magmas)
自然界岩浆岩类型多种多样,岩浆岩多样性原因?
①岩浆的不同起源-→原生岩浆的多样性 ②岩浆的复杂演化- →进化岩浆的多样性
岩浆主要通过以下作用而发生成分改变:分异、同 化混染、岩浆混合作用
火成岩成分的多样性
46.7% (1)分散在 宽的范围内 53.3% 的样品聚积在 中心带内(2,3,4)
2、Why :熔融原因?
-Increase T -Decrease P -Add Water
(1)热的作用
温度随深度增加,俯冲板片被加热而发生熔融(火 成岩矿物的熔融温度一般为700o-1100oC) 在伸展背景下地幔对流(软流圈上涌)
玄武岩浆底侵作用
例子:俯冲带
Crustal Geothermal Gradients
From: /~dogsci/kays/313/plutonic.htm
Crystal Fractionation of magmas as they rise
Tholeiite alkaline by FX at med to high P Not at low P Thermal divide Al in pyroxenes at Hi P Low-P FX hi-Al shallow magmas (“hi-Al” basalt)
from: /~vdpluijm/gs205.html
(2)压力的作用
随压力增大,矿物的熔融温度增高; 热的地幔岩石会由于压力降低而发生熔融
例子:热点和洋中脊
(3)挥发份的作用:降低熔融温度
Plagioclase Water-saturated vs. Dry Solidi
4、不同源区的产生的岩浆类型 地 幔:玄武岩浆、碧玄岩浆、霞石岩浆、苦橄岩浆、 科马提岩浆、金伯利岩浆、碳酸岩岩浆; 地 壳:花岗岩类; 俯冲带(地幔、洋壳、陆壳): a.俯冲洋壳:由于脱水,产生含Si高的流体,以 产生“ 安山岩浆 ”, 埃达克岩(adakite) b.地幔楔性区:从靠近大洋的岛弧拉斑玄武岩 (TH),向大陆K增高,变成碱性玄武岩浆 c.陆壳:钙碱性I型花岗岩和酸性火山岩
熔 融 作 用(melting):源岩全部发生熔融形成岩 浆的过程 富硅的矿物先熔融(熔融温度较低),后结晶; 富铁镁的矿物后熔融,早结晶 深熔作用(anatexis):指的是变质岩尤其是混合岩 形成过程中地壳岩石发生分异和部分熔融的过程。
部分熔融(partial melting): 岩石中仅部分矿物 发生熔融 在加热过程中,具有最低熔融温度的矿物首先熔 融; 在冷凝过程中具最低熔融温度的矿物最后结晶; 部分熔融体是富硅(SiO2)的,未熔的残余是富 FeO,MgO的; 大洋(玄武岩)地壳是由贫硅的地幔岩部分熔融 形成的; 部分熔融形成的岩浆会聚积和迁移进入岩浆房 (分凝和上升作用)
3、Where:岩浆产生的构造背景举例
MORB 减压熔融
Mantle Plumes - “Hot” or “Wet” Spots?
Seismic Tomographic Image of Iceland Plume
Contour of -2.5% shear wave velocity anomaly
Crustal Rocks Melt!
models
from: /~crlb/COURSES/270
Global Heat Flow
convection in the mantle observed heat flow warm: near ridges cold: over cratons
二面角( dihedral angle,)与熔体分凝能力
Illustration of the dihedral angle () of melt droplets that typically form at multiple grain junctions. After Hunter (1987) In I. Parsons (ed.), Origins of Igneous Layering. Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 473-504.
岩浆底侵作用
Island Arc Petrogenesis
A proposed model for subduction zone magmatism with particular reference to island arcs. Dehydration of slab crust causes hydration of the mantle (violet), which undergoes partial melting as amphibole (A) and phlogopite (B) dehydrate. From Tatsumi (1989), J. Geophys. Res., 94, 4697-4707 and Tatsumi and Eggins (1995). Subduction Zone Magmatism. Blackwell. Oxford.
(二)同化混染作用
1、玄武岩浆的同化作用
(1)玄武岩浆同化酸性岩(浆岩):可以使岩浆成分变得更酸性, 并能促进玄武岩浆的分离结晶作用(降低了岩浆温度,并 且结晶加速) (2)同化泥质岩(含Al高):以Al2O3和SiO2为主的岩石 透辉石+Al2O3+SiO2==An+Py 这样就可以形成苏长岩,因此有人认为苏长岩是同化混染 作用形成的。
Formation of boundary layers along the walls and top of a magma chamber. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall
Schematic section through a rhyolitic magma chamber undergoing convection-aided in-situ differentiation. After Hildreth (1979). Geol. Soc. Amer. Special Paper, 180, 43-75.
From: /~gung/_Qplume
Volatile Fluxing Mantle Wedge
Volatile Fluxing of Mantle Wedge
Downgoing Slab Crustal Melting
Primitive Mantle Melts vs. Remelting of the Lower Crust
Schematic representation of the fractional crystallization scheme of Green and Ringwood (1967) and Green (1969). After Wyllie (1971). The Dynamic Earth: Textbook in Geosciences. John Wiley & Sons.
2、花岗岩浆同化混染作用
主要是通过与固态高熔点的围岩或捕掳体发生反应,改造 它们,而使得花岗岩浆成分发生改变 如同化混染了含Fe、Mg较高的围岩,可使岩浆基性程度 增高,可以形成闪长岩或花岗闪长岩,同化碳酸盐岩,由于 Ca增Si减,也可形成闪长岩或花岗闪长岩。若花岗岩浆同化 了泥质岩,岩浆中Al增加,可形成一些富Al矿物,如安徽某 花岗岩普遍含红柱石。
B. Flow segregation
The motion of the magma past the stationary walls of the country rock creates shear in the viscous liquid Magma must flow around phenocrysts, thereby exerting pressure on them at constrictions where phenocrysts are near one another or the contact grain dispersive pressure, forcing the grains apart and away from the contact This is probably a relatively minor effect
The magma near the vertical contact becomes enriched in water from the wall rocks. Water-enriched boundary layer, although cooler, is less dense than the interior magma, and rises to concentrate near the top of the chamber This is compositional convection
Plagioclase Differentiation Mechanisms
zone d plag
Crystal Settling
Perthitic pyroxene
Gabbro - Plane Polarized Light
Plagioclase zoning
Magmatic Cross-Beds in Skaergaard Layered Intrusion
From: ICEMELT Seismic Experiment - Wolfe et al., 199
Super Plumes?
Volcanic Hot Spots on Earth’s Surface (dots)
Global shear wave velocity anomalies in deep mantle
Assimilation
Gradational border zones between homogeneous igneous rock (light) and country rock (dark). After Compton (1962), Manual of Field Geology. © R. Compton.
2、开放系统的分异作用 (1)围岩混染物的同化作用 (2)两种或多种不同岩浆的混合 (3)AFC (同时发生结晶分异与同化混染)
(一)结晶分异作用
(晶体-熔体之间的分异): 重力分异、流动分异、压滤作用、 熔体对流分异 A. Crystal Settling 重力分异
岩浆中晶体的重力沉降分 异,需要克服岩浆对晶体 的浮力和与岩浆之间的粘 滞摩擦力以及岩浆上升速 度。晶体能否从岩浆中沉 降分异,取决于晶体与岩 浆的密度差(Δρ) 、晶体直 径(B) 和岩浆的粘度(η)。当 岩浆中晶体的含量不高时, 晶体在岩浆中的下沉速度 可用斯托克斯定律来计算 Vs=gΔρB2/18η
Analyses of a global sample of 41,000 igneous rocks of all ages
分异作用的主要类型
1、封闭系统的分异作用 (1)结晶分异作用(晶体-熔体之间的分异): 重力分异、流动分异、压滤作用、熔体对流分异 (2)不混熔熔体的物理分异
(3)熔体-流体分离
Langmuir Model
对流分异
Thermal gradient at wall and cap variation in % crystallized Compositional convection evolved magmas from boundary layer to cap (or mix into interior)
二、岩浆演化(岩浆分异)
(Differentiation of Magmas)
自然界岩浆岩类型多种多样,岩浆岩多样性原因?
①岩浆的不同起源-→原生岩浆的多样性 ②岩浆的复杂演化- →进化岩浆的多样性
岩浆主要通过以下作用而发生成分改变:分异、同 化混染、岩浆混合作用
火成岩成分的多样性
46.7% (1)分散在 宽的范围内 53.3% 的样品聚积在 中心带内(2,3,4)
2、Why :熔融原因?
-Increase T -Decrease P -Add Water
(1)热的作用
温度随深度增加,俯冲板片被加热而发生熔融(火 成岩矿物的熔融温度一般为700o-1100oC) 在伸展背景下地幔对流(软流圈上涌)
玄武岩浆底侵作用
例子:俯冲带
Crustal Geothermal Gradients
From: /~dogsci/kays/313/plutonic.htm
Crystal Fractionation of magmas as they rise
Tholeiite alkaline by FX at med to high P Not at low P Thermal divide Al in pyroxenes at Hi P Low-P FX hi-Al shallow magmas (“hi-Al” basalt)
from: /~vdpluijm/gs205.html
(2)压力的作用
随压力增大,矿物的熔融温度增高; 热的地幔岩石会由于压力降低而发生熔融
例子:热点和洋中脊
(3)挥发份的作用:降低熔融温度
Plagioclase Water-saturated vs. Dry Solidi
4、不同源区的产生的岩浆类型 地 幔:玄武岩浆、碧玄岩浆、霞石岩浆、苦橄岩浆、 科马提岩浆、金伯利岩浆、碳酸岩岩浆; 地 壳:花岗岩类; 俯冲带(地幔、洋壳、陆壳): a.俯冲洋壳:由于脱水,产生含Si高的流体,以 产生“ 安山岩浆 ”, 埃达克岩(adakite) b.地幔楔性区:从靠近大洋的岛弧拉斑玄武岩 (TH),向大陆K增高,变成碱性玄武岩浆 c.陆壳:钙碱性I型花岗岩和酸性火山岩