China's Legal Reform 中国的法律改革
常见英语法律词汇汇总
常见英语法律词汇汇总英语法律词汇的掌握对于专业律师、法律翻译和涉及法律领域的相关行业从业人员来说是非常重要的。
下面将详细介绍一些常见的英语法律词汇，以便大家更好地理解和运用。
1. Law - 法律Law refers to a system of rules and regulations that are created and enforced by a particular country or community.2. Legal - 法律的Legal pertains to anything related to the law or its requirements.3. Legislation - 立法Legislation refers to the process of creating new laws or modifying existing laws.4. Statute - 法规A statute is a written law that has been formally passed by a legislative body.5. Regulation - 规定A regulation is a rule or directive that is issued by an executive branch of government in order to implement a law.6. Act - 法案An act is a formal written record of a decision made by a legislative body. Acts can be used to create new laws or modify existing ones.7. Legal system - 法律体系A legal system is a framework of rules, institutions, and procedures within which disputes are resolved and laws are made and enforced.8. Court - 法院A court is a governmental body with authority to resolve legal disputes.Courts apply the law to make decisions and judgments.9. Judge - 法官A judge is a public official who presides over court proceedings and makes decisions based on the law.10. Jury - 陪审团A jury is a group of citizens who are chosen to hear evidence and decide the outcome of a trial.11. Defendant - 被告A defendant is a person or entity that is accused of committing a crime or is being sued in a civil case.12. Plaintiff - 原告A plaintiff is a person or entity that brings a lawsuit against another party in a civil case.13. Prosecutor - 检察官A prosecutor is a lawyer who represents the government in criminal cases and is responsible for presenting the case against the defendant.14. Attorney - 律师An attorney is a person who is qualified and licensed to practice law, and is responsible for providing legal advice and representation to clients.15. Evidence - 证据Evidence is any information or material that is presented in court to prove or disprove a fact or issue in a case.16. Testimony - 证词Testimony is the oral or written statement given by a witness under oath in a court proceeding.17. Contract - 合同A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates rights and obligations.18. Tort - 侵权行为A tort is a civil wrong that causes harm or loss to another person, and can result in a legal liability.19. Liability - 责任Liability refers to legal responsibility for one's actions or omissions that cause harm to others.20. Damages - 损害赔偿Damages are monetary compensation awarded by a court to a party who hassuffered harm or loss as a result of another's actions.21. Intellectual property - 知识产权Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind such as inventions, literary and artistic works, symbols, names, and designs that are protected by law.22. Copyright - 版权Copyright is a legal protection that gives the creator of an original work the exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, and display the work.23. Trademark - 商标A trademark is a distinctive sign or symbol that is used to identify and distinguish goods or services of one party from those of others.24. Patent - 专利A patent is a government grant that gives inventors the exclusive right to make, use, and sell their inventions for a limited period of time.25. Constitutional law - 宪法法律Constitutional law refers to the body of law that deals with theinterpretation and application of a country's constitution.26. Civil law - 民法Civil law refers to the body of law that governs private disputes between individuals or organizations.27. Criminal law - 刑法Criminal law refers to the body of law that deals with crimes and the punishment of those who commit them.28. International law - 国际法International law refers to the body of rules and principles that govern the relations between states and international organizations.29. Human rights - 人权Human rights are fundamental rights and freedoms that every individual is entitled to, regardless of their nationality, race, gender, or other characteristics.30. Constitutional rights - 宪法权利Constitutional rights are the rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals by a country's constitution, which serve as the foundation for the legal protection of citizens.31. Due process - 正当程序Due process refers to the fair and impartial treatment of individuals within the legal system, ensuring that their rights are protected and upheld throughout legal proceedings.32. Legal precedent - 法律先例Legal precedent refers to a previously decided case that serves as a guiding principle or authority in subsequent similar cases, providing a basis forlegal interpretation and decision-making.33. Rule of law - 法治The rule of law is the principle that all individuals, including government officials, are subject to and equal before the law, ensuring accountability, fairness, and justice in society.34. Judicial review - 司法审查Judicial review is the power of a court to review and evaluate the constitutionality and legality of laws, regulations, and governmental actions.35. Legal counsel - 法律顾问Legal counsel refers to the advice and representation provided by a lawyer or legal professional to individuals, businesses, or organizations in legal matters.36. Legal ethics - 法律道德Legal ethics are the professional standards and principles that govern the conduct and behavior of lawyers, ensuring integrity, confidentiality, and loyalty to clients.37. Mediation - 调解Mediation is a form of alternative dispute resolution in which a neutral third party facilitates communication and negotiation between conflicting parties to help them reach a mutually acceptable agreement.38. Arbitration - 仲裁Arbitration is a method of resolving disputes outside of court, where aneutral third party, called an arbitrator, reviews the evidence and makes a binding decision.39. Legal research - 法律研究Legal research involves the systematic investigation and analysis of legal principles, statutes, regulations, and cases to support legal arguments and provide accurate legal advice.40. Legal writing - 法律写作Legal writing refers to the clear and concise communication of legal information, including legal opinions, contracts, briefs, and other legal documents, in a manner that is easily understood by the intended audience.41. Legal interpretation - 法律解释Legal interpretation is the process of analyzing and understanding the meaning and intention behind laws, statutes, and legal texts, in order to apply them accurately to specific cases or situations.42. Legal advocacy - 法律倡导Legal advocacy involves representing and defending the interests, rights, and positions of clients in legal proceedings, using persuasive arguments and evidence to support their case.43. Legal education - 法律教育Legal education encompasses the academic study and professional training of individuals aspiring to become lawyers or legal professionals, providing them with the necessary knowledge and skills to practice law.44. Legal system reform - 法律体系改革Legal system reform refers to efforts to improve and update a country's legal system, including its laws, institutions, and procedures, in order to enhance access to justice, efficiency, and fairness.45. Intellectual Property Rights - 知识产权Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) refer to the legal rights granted to individuals or organizations for their creative and innovative works, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, trademarks, and designs. These rights enable creators and innovators to have exclusive control over their creations and prevent others from unauthorized use or exploitation.46. Trade Secret - 商业秘密A trade secret is confidential business information that provides a competitive advantage to its owner. It can include formulas, processes, customer lists, and other valuable information that is not generally known or easily discoverable. Trade secrets are protected by law, and unauthorized acquisition, use, or disclosure of trade secrets can result in legal action.47. Infringement - 侵权Infringement refers to the unauthorized or unlawful use, reproduction, distribution, or display of copyrighted works, trademarks, or otherintellectual property without the permission of the rights holder. Infringement can result in legal consequences, including injunctions, damages, and penalties.48. Fair Use - 合理使用Fair use is a legal doctrine that allows limited use of copyrighted works without the permission of the rights holder, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research. The determination of fair use depends on several factors, including the purpose and character of the use, the nature of the copyrighted work, the amount and substantiality used, and the effect on the potential market for the work.49. Legal Aid - 法律援助Legal aid refers to the provision of free or low-cost legal services to individuals who cannot afford to pay for legal representation. It ensures access to justice for marginalized and disadvantaged individuals and helps balance the scales of justice by providing equal opportunities for legal protection and representation.50. Pro Bono - 免费法律服务Pro bono refers to the provision of legal services voluntarily and without charge by lawyers or law firms to individuals or organizations in need. Pro bono work aims to promote equal access to justice and assist those who cannot afford legal representation.51. Legal Clinic - 法律诊所A legal clinic is a facility or program that provides legal assistance and advice to individuals, usually under the supervision of licensed attorneys or law professors. Legal clinics often serve as training grounds for law students to gain practical experience while offering free or low-cost legal services to underserved communities.52. Confidentiality - 保密Confidentiality is the ethical and legal duty to keep information shared by clients or obtained during the course of legal representation confidential. Lawyers are obligated to protect the privacy and confidentiality of their clients and can face disciplinary action if they disclose privileged or confidential information without authorization.53. Conflict of Interest - 利益冲突A conflict of interest arises when a person, such as a lawyer, has competing personal, professional, or financial interests that could compromise their objectivity, judgment, or loyalty to their client. Lawyers must avoidconflicts of interest and, if they arise, disclose them to the client and take appropriate measures to address them.54. Legal Precedent - 法律先例Legal precedent, also known as case law, refers to the past decisions of higher courts that establish binding legal principles and interpretation of the law. Lower courts are generally bound to follow the precedent set by higher courts unless there are compelling reasons to depart from it.55. Legal System Hierarchy - 法律体系层级Legal systems often have a hierarchical structure, with different levels of courts and judicial authorities. Generally, the hierarchy starts with trial courts or district courts at the lowest level, followed by appellate courts or high courts, and ultimately the highest court, such as a supreme court or constitutional court, which has the final authority to interpret and apply the law.56. Legal Dispute Resolution - 法律纠纷解决Legal dispute resolution refers to the methods and processes used to resolve conflicts and disputes between parties, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and litigation. Different dispute resolution mechanisms offer varying degrees of formality, cost, flexibility, and finality, allowingparties to choose the most suitable approach for their specific circumstances.57. Legal Liability - 法律责任Legal liability is the legal responsibility or obligation to compensate someone for harm or loss resulting from one's actions or omissions. It can arise from various areas of law, such as tort law, contract law, or criminallaw, and may involve civil or criminal liability depending on the nature of the offense.58. Legal Reform - 法律改革Legal reform refers to deliberate and systematic changes made to improve and update the legal system and its processes. Legal reform aims to address shortcomings, enhance access to justice, promote fairness and efficiency, and adapt the law to social, economic, and technological developments in order to better serve the needs of society.59. Legal Compliance - 法律合规Legal compliance refers to the adherence and conformity to applicable laws, regulations, and legal requirements. Individuals, businesses, and organizations must ensure that their activities and operations comply with the law to avoid legal penalties, reputational damage, and other adverse consequences.60. Legal Due Diligence - 法律尽职调查Legal due diligence involves the careful examination, investigation, and assessment of legal risks and obligations associated with a particular transaction, investment, or business activity. Legal due diligence aims to identify and mitigate potential legal issues, liabilities, or regulatory compliance problems that could impact the outcome or viability of the transaction or activity.以上是一些常见的英语法律词汇汇总，这些词汇的掌握对于从事法律领域工作的人员来说非常重要。
新中国成立75年来法治建设发展历程、主要成就与基本经验
新中国成立75年来法治建设发展历程、主要成就与基本经验目录1. 内容概要 (2)1.1 法治建设的重要性 (3)1.2 新中国成立75年概述 (4)2. 新中国成立初期法治建设的探索与实践 (5)2.1 法律体系的初步建立 (7)2.2 法制宣传教育与法律人才培养 (8)2.3 法律制度的重要变革 (10)3. 社会主义法治建设的全面推进 (11)3.1 立法工作的加强和完善 (12)3.2 司法体制改革及法治保障 (14)3.3 法律监督体系的建立与完善 (15)4. 法治与改革开放的深入结合 (16)4.1 法治对改革开放的推动作用 (18)4.2 市场经济法律制度的发展 (19)4.3 国际法治的交流与合作 (20)5. 法治现代化建设的持续深化 (22)5.1 依法治国理念的深入人心 (23)5.2 法治政府建设与法治社会构建 (25)5.3 网络空间与人工智能时代的法治挑战 (26)6. 新时期法治建设的创新发展 (28)6.1 法治中国建设的重要成就 (30)6.2 法治现代化的新要求与新发展 (32)6.3 新时代法治建设面临的挑战与机遇 (33)7. 中国法治建设的主要成就与基本经验 (34)7.1 法律体系的完善与法律的与时俱进 (36)7.2 法律实施的有效性与司法公正的保障 (38)7.3 法治文化的普及与公民法治意识的提升 (39)7.4 法治国际合作与全球治理中的中国贡献 (40)1. 内容概要在中国共产党的坚强领导下，新中国成立75年来，法治建设历经曲折探索与不断前进，逐步形成了具有中国特色的社会主义法治体系。
本报告概述了我国法治建设的发展历程，主要成就以及基本经验。
初创阶段：新中国成立初期，我国开始了法治建设的初步探索，通过制定一系列法律，构建法律框架，确立了社会主义法治的基本方向。
曲折探索：在探索建设社会主义道路的过程中，法治建设经历了许多波折。
党和国家始终坚持依法治国的基本方略，不断推动法治建设的深化。
中国特色社会主义法制建设历程
Thanks
（三）从十六大召开到２０１１年年初 为第三个阶段 在该阶段社会主义法律体系得到了进一 步的完善和发展，我国已经形成了宪法及 其相关法、刑法及其相关法、民法及其相 关法、商法及其相关法、经济法及其相关 法、社会法及其相关法等具有中国特色的 社会主义法律体系
三、中国特色社会主义法律体系建设的 经验启迪 中国共产党领导全国人民不懈奋斗的９０年是 中国共产党领导全国人民走向幸福的９０年，也 是中国法制建设不断取得新成就的９０年，在这 ９０年中中国法制建设积累了宝贵的经验，在新 时代的“依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家”的 伟大实践中我们必须认真总结以往的经验教训， 明确今后中国法制建设的方向和道路，只有这样 才能够真正促进社会主义民主法治国家的建设， 让中华民族成为当今世界民主法治国家的典范。
体系建设经历了三个阶段，一是工农民主政权时期，即通
常所说的苏区时期；二是抗日民主政权时期；三是解放战 争时期。在这三个阶段中国共产党领导的新政权都制定了 一定数量并且具有相当高质量的法律文本。
在工农民主政权时期制订了一些重要的法律文件， 其中《中华苏维埃共和国宪法大纲》占据着重要 的地位，该宪法大纲制度作为新政权的组织形式、提出了彻底的 反帝反封建的革命使命、确立了公民的各项基本 权利。
解放战争时期
• （二）新中国成立之后，中国共产党建设社会主义法律 体系历程 新中国成立之后，在中国共产党的领导下制定了 一些重要的法律文本，其中最为重要的则是《共同纲领》 和新中国的第一部宪法，即１９５４年宪法。这两个宪法 文本在中国社会主义法律体系建设进程中扮演着重要的角 色，直到我国制定１９８２年宪法的时候，这两个宪法文 本依然具有重要的前提性价值。除此之外，“截止到‘文 化大革命’前，中央人民政府、全国人大及其常委会共制 定法律１３０多件，还起草了刑法、刑事诉讼法、民法、 民事诉讼法等一批重要法律草案；国务院制定行政措施、 发布的决议或者命令（相当于国家法规）１ ５００多件 。这些法律法规的制定，为进一步推进社会主义法制建设 奠定了重要基础。”但是，由于众所周知的原因这个时期 的法律体系并不理想，甚至还存在着一些阻碍法律体系建 设的因素。尽管如此我们也必须承认这个时期虽然没有系 统的社会主义法律体系，但我们却有着良好的“政策法” ，在一定意义上它承担着弥补成文法之不足的重要作用。
中国特色社会主义法律体系
中国特色社会主义法律体系文章属性•【公布机关】国务院新闻办公室•【公布日期】2011.10.27•【分类】政府白皮书正文中国特色社会主义法律体系（中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室2011年10月27日）目录前言一、中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成二、中国特色社会主义法律体系的构成三、中国特色社会主义法律体系的特征四、中国特色社会主义法律体系的完善结束语前言依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家，是中国共产党领导人民治理国家的基本方略。
形成中国特色社会主义法律体系，保证国家和社会生活各方面有法可依，是全面落实依法治国基本方略的前提和基础，是中国发展进步的制度保障。
1949年，中华人民共和国成立，实现了中国从几千年封建专制制度向人民民主制度的伟大跨越，彻底结束了旧中国半殖民地半封建社会的历史，人民成为国家、社会和自己命运的主人。
60多年来特别是改革开放30多年来，中国共产党领导中国人民制定宪法和法律，经过各方面坚持不懈的共同努力，到2010年底，一个立足中国国情和实际、适应改革开放和社会主义现代化建设需要、集中体现中国共产党和中国人民意志，以宪法为统帅，以宪法相关法、民法商法等多个法律部门的法律为主干，由法律、行政法规、地方性法规等多个层次法律规范构成的中国特色社会主义法律体系已经形成，国家经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设的各个方面实现有法可依。
中国特色社会主义法律体系，是中国特色社会主义永葆本色的法制根基，是中国特色社会主义创新实践的法制体现，是中国特色社会主义兴旺发达的法制保障。
它的形成，是中国社会主义民主法制建设的一个重要里程碑，体现了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的伟大成果，具有重大的现实意义和深远的历史意义。
一、中国特色社会主义法律体系的形成中国特色社会主义法律体系是在中国共产党领导下，适应中国特色社会主义建设事业的历史进程而逐步形成的。
建国初期，中华人民共和国面临着组建和巩固新生政权、恢复和发展国民经济、实现和保障人民当家作主的艰巨任务。
中国特色社会主义法律体系
6、刑法
刑法是规定犯罪、刑事责任和刑事处 罚的法律规范的总和。
如何区分“违法”和 “犯 罪犯”罪：违反刑法，须要受到刑罚处
罚的行为。
违法：违反法律的行为。
中国特色社会主义法律体系
四个“阶段”
中国特色社会主义法律体系
一个“开端” 四个 “阶段”
《住房公积金管理条例》 行政法规
法律体系“三个层次”
小结
一、中国特色社会主义法律体系提 出及发展历程
二、概念
什么是中国 特色社会主义 法律体系？
为什么要提——
构建“中国特色社会主义法律体系”？
国有企业破产
私营企业
新
农村土地承包
问 题
股票、证券
制定法律，解决 无法可依问题。
出现问题！
中国特色社会主义法律体系，是党在社会 主义初级阶段的基本路线和基本纲领的具 体化、法律化、制度化。
目的：通过建立和完善社会主义
法律体系，保障改革开放以来中国特色 社会主义建设的成果！
二、如何理解中国特色社会主 义法律体系
法律体系“七个部门”
1、宪法及宪法相关法。
中国社会制度、国家制度、公民的基本权利和 义务及国家机关的组织与活动的原则等方面法律规 范的总和。
《中华人民共和国宪法》 《中华人民共和国国籍法》 《中华人民共和国选举法》 《反分裂国家法》 《香港特别行政区基本法》
2、民法商法
民法商法是规范社会民事和商事活动的基础 性法律。
民法是整财产关系和人身关系 。涉及物
权制度、债权制度、知识产权制度、人身权制度、 亲属和继承制度。
《民法通则》《婚姻法 》 《合同法》
★ 1997年，党的十五大确立了宏伟的目标：依法治国， 建设社会主义法治国家，到2010年形成有中国特色社会 主义法律体系。
新中国立法体制的历史发展与中国特色社会主义法律体系.
新中国立法体制的历史发展与中国特色社会主义法律体系因为今天的法律体系包括立法的程序,不是凭空而来的,是1949年中华人民共和国成立以后,然后经过60多年的法制建设,特别是立法的改革实践和发展逐步积累和形成,到了今天才有今天这样的一个成果。
所以要站在60年的一个历史背景下来理解中国特色社会主义法律体系它的成就,它的历史演变的过程,才有一个更好的认识。
一、新中国立法体制的历史演变第一个问题给大家介绍一下,新中国立法体系的历史演变。
大家知道所谓立法体制就是一个国家关于立法权限划分的体系或者构成,简单的讲就在我国哪些层级的国家机关拥有立法权限,比如说讲今天,我国的立法体制是全国人大,全国人大常委会拥有制定基本法律和法律的权利,国务院有制定行政法规的权利,省级人大,省市的人大及其常委会,较大市的人大常委会行使制定地方性法规的这种权利,那再就是五个经济特区,它的人大及其常委会拥有制定经济特区的特区立法权,还有就是我国的民族自治地方的人民代表大会拥有制定民族自主条例和单行条例这样的权利,这是立法的权限主体的构成。
那历史上,新中国成立以来大致上是什么样的一个发展,它是从1949年新中国成立到1954年宪法颁布之前,我国实行的立法体制,我国把它叫做地方分散的立法体制。
就是根据政治协商会议制定的《共同纲领》,以及中央人民政府的组织法,以及一系列的中央制定的法律,中央人民政府委员会拥有一系列的立法职权,政务院拥有一系列的立法职权,政务院各个部会院属拥有相应的立法职权。
特别值得关注的就是当时地方的立法职权,为什么叫地方分散的立法体制?根据1951年1月政务院制定的《省市县人民政府组织通则》,根据这个规定,县人民政府有权拟定与县政有关的单行法规。
所以根据当时的体制,一直到县一级的人民政府都有一定的立法权。
我国今天除了民族自治地方以后,县一级是没有立法权的,很多的地级市都没有立法权的,而当时的规定县级人民政府是有一定的立法权的,所以我国把这种立法体制叫做地方分散的立法体制。
一图了解中国法治建设发展历程
1 9 9 2 年1 0 月
八届全国人大明确了建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制改革目标及法治 建设的新方向。 点评：把以市场为取向的改革完全纳入以宪法为核心的法治体系中。
1 9 9 7 年9 月
党的十五大将“依法治国”确立为党领导人民治国理政的基本方略，并 写进宪法。 点评：开始了从“人治”到“法治”的历史性跨越。
展望：2 0 1 4 年1 0 月
十八届四中全会将研究全面推进依法治国重大问题. 点评：十八届四中全会必将为今后一段时期的法治建设描绘 具体清晰的路线图。
结语
依法治国，无疑是实现国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的必然要求。 虽然法律体系已经建构起来，但“纸面上的法律”变成“行动中的法律”， 依然还有很长的路要走。适逢全面深化改革广泛展开、反腐败纵深推进之 际，法治中国建设迎来全面推进的最佳历史契机。
1 9 7 8 年1 2 月
中央经济工作会议上，邓小平强调指出：“为了保障人民民主，必须 加强法制。 点评：加快法治建设步伐、及时解决无法可依的问题，具有重要的指 导意义。
十一届三中全会
提出必须加强社会主义法制，确立社会主义法治建设十六字方针。 点评：为社会主义法治建设开启了崭新征程，将民主法治建设提到崭 新的高度。
一图了解 中国法制建设发展历程
1 9 4 9 年9 月
中国人民政治协商会议通过《共同纲领》、《中央人民政府组织法》。 点评：为新中国初期的法律制度建设奠定了基础。
1 9 5 4 年9 月
第一届全国人民代表大会颁布第一部社会主义类型宪法《五四宪法》。 点评：为社会主义法制建立和发展提供宪法基础，标志着新中国法制 的建立。
2 0 0 3 年1 0 月
党的十六届三中全会胡锦涛提出“坚持以人为本，树立全面、协调、 可持续的发展观”。 点评：开启了中国特色社会主义法律体系建设的新征程。
中国国家治理中的政法委制度：沿革、论争与走向
中国国家治理中的政法委制度：沿革、论争与走向作者：曾林妙陈科霖来源：《领导科学论坛》2020年第04期摘要：政法委員会作为维护政治安全、社会安定、人民安宁和促进经济社会持续健康发展的重要部门，对于保障国家治理的安全有效具有重要的意义。
中华人民共和国成立七十余年来，政法委制度经历了探索发展、改革调整、快速膨胀以及转型完善等发展阶段，为国家治理现代化提供了重要的保障。
考察已有相关研究成果，采取基于权力分立制衡的宪政主义框架分析当代中国政法委时，往往易得出党政不分、影响司法独立、公信危机、人治主义等结论，从而将政法委制度视为推进全面依法治国的阻力因素；而从政治、历史和现实等层面探讨中国特有的政法文化，将政法委制度运作过程中存在的问题，视为一套政治制度在其建立、运行过程中所需要付出的制度成本，则能够凸显政法委制度存在的合理性。
因此，为了更客观理解政法委制度未来的走向，需要开展更多实证方面的研究，关注其在国家治理体系中的作用发挥。
关键词：政法委制度；历史变迁；研究论争；中国共产党；中国国家治理中图分类号：D90-05文献标识码：A文章编号：2095-5103（2020）07-0005-（12）The CPC’s Political-Legal Committee in Chinese State Governance： Historical Evolution，Research Debates and Future TrendChen Kelin Zeng LinmiaoAbstract： As an important department for maintaining political security， social stability，people’s peace， and promoting sustained and healthy economic and social development，the CPC’s Political-Legal Committee is of great significance for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of state governance. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in the past 70 years， the C PC’s Political-Legal Committee has experienced development stages such as exploration and development， reform and adjustment， rapid expansion， and transformation and improvement，providing an important guarantee for the modernization of state governance. According to the relevant research achievements， on the one hand， it is easy to draw conclusions about the indifference of the party and the government， affecting the independence of the judiciary， the crisis of public trust， and the rule of human governance when you take the perspective of the constitutionalism framework based on the separation of powers and balances analyzes the CPC’s Political-Legal Committee and take it as the resistance factor for promoting the full rule of law； on the other hand，those paper discussed China’s unique political-legal culture from the perspectives of politics， historyand reality，they regards the problems existing in the operation of the CPC’s Political-Legal Committee as a set of institutional costs that the political system needs to pay in the process of its establishment and operation， which can highlight the rationality of the existence of the system. Therefore，we should pay more attention on empirical research in the China’s governance system in order to more objecti vely understand the future direction of the CPC’s PoliticalLegal Committee.Key Words：The CPC’s Political-Legal Committee； Historical Evolution； Research Debates； The Communist Party of China； Chinese State Governance在2019年中央政法工作会议上，习近平总书记强调，要把政法工作摆到更加重要的位置来抓，政法委员会（下文简称“政法委”）要履行好维护国家政治安全、确保社会大局稳定、促进社会公平正义、保障人民安居乐业等方面职责，维护政治安全、社会安定、人民安宁，促进经济社会持续健康发展[1]。
法律英语基础词汇
合同翻译时，尤其是翻译商务合同时，常常由于选词不当而寻致词不达意或者意思模棱两可，有时甚至表达的是完全不同的含义。
因此了解与掌握极易混淆的词语的区别是极为重要的，是提高合同翻译质量的关键因素之一，现把常用且易混淆的七对词语，用典型实例论述如下。
一、abide by 与 comply withabide by 与 comply with 都有“遵守”的意思．但是当主语是“人”时，英译“遵守”须用 abide by。
当主语是非人称时，则用 comply with 英译“遵守”。
例：Both parties Shall abide by the contractual stipulations.双方都应遵守合同规定。
All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定二、shipping advice 与 shipping instructionsshipping advice 是“装运通知”，是由出口商（卖主）发给进口商（买主）的。
然而 shipping instructions 则是“装运须知”，是进口商（买主）发给出口商（卖主）的。
另外要注意区分delivery note (送货回执) 与delivery order （交货单），vendor（卖主）与 vendee（买主），consignor（发货人）与 consignee （收货人）。
上述这四对词语在英译时、极易发生笔误。
三、change A to B 与 change A into B“把 A 改为 B”应该翻译成“change A to B”，而“把 A 折合成/兑换成 B”应该翻译成用“change A into B”，两者不可混淆。
例：交货期改为 5 月并将人民币折合成美元。
Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to June and change Renminbi into US dollar.四、ex/per/by源自拉丁语的介词 ex 与 per 有各自不同的含义。
论中国传统司法制度的现代价值
[摘要] 一百年来，传统司法制度几乎被视为落后和守旧的代名词而被束之高阁，移植西方法律以实现中国法制的现代化成为法学界的主流思想。
反思历史，正视现实，我们会蓦然发现传统司法制度依然具有推动中国法制现代化进程的不可忽视的价值，即文化认同、补充国家制定法与司法改革的借鉴价值。
[关键词] 传统司法制度司法改革法律移植一、问题的提出肇始于20世纪初的清末修律是中国法制现代化的起点，一百年来，我们沉迷于法律移植的喜悦之中，认为移植西方法就可以解决中国的一切问题。
但自从上世纪90年代后期“本土资源”学者大声疾呼之后，学仁开始反思我们移植的西方法律是否契合于中国本土文化？是否会产生水土不服问题？为此中国的传统司法制度对建设法治国家而进行的司法改革到底有无价值？若有，又有哪些价值？回答这些问题可能会对当代中国的法制现代化进程不无裨益。
时下存在一种悖论，即过度强调现存司法制度各种问题形成的历史成因，忽视了现实中各种外在社会制度和观念对司法制度的消极影响，从而把现实中的一切司法问题推卸于古人，而忽略对现有制度和观念的批判和改造；二元对立的理解东西方司法制度和法律文明，凡是西方的司法制度就是先进的、文明的、合理的，只要是传统的司法制度就必然是落后的、黑暗的、不合理的，从而在实践上盲目移植西方司法制度，否定传统司法制度，忽视对传统司法资源的创造性改造和对移植过来的司法制度的本土转化。
基于此，探讨传统司法制度对当代司法改革的价值就有其必要性。
二、当代司法改革需要反思传统司法制度法律就其功能而言是用来解决诸多社会问题和调节各种社会矛盾的，但其自身的变革却往往更依赖于政治、经济，以及其他社会环境的培育和改造。
这一点对于后发国家的法律现代化而言尤为重要。
清末修律、国民政府的法律改革之所以最终失败或流于形式，一个重要原因就在于囿于当时的历史条件的限制，法律改革者们往往倾向于关注法律自身的变革，而忽视了与之相配套的外在社会环境的改造和培育。
新中国的法制现代化的历史考察和思考
⑧硕士学位论文ＩｄＡＳＴＥ，Ｒ＇ＳＴＨＥＳＩＳ摘要本文第一部分阐述了中国法的现代化的产生背景，指明中国法的现代化是在向西方学习的过程中产生的，从清末改法修律，中华法系改良到全盘西化，再到受苏联法制模式的影响之后，中国法制现代化呈现出独特的特征：由被动接受到主动选择；借鉴西方法制现代化的先进经验到建立有中国特色的社会主义法律制度；法的现代化的启动形式是立法主导型；法律制度变革在前，法律观念更新在后，思想领域斗争激烈等等。
第二部分着重介绍了新中国法制建设大致可以分为四个阶段。
从１９４９年ｌＯ月至１９５７年６月，为创立时期。
在此期间，新中国的立法、司法、法学教育与法学研究都有巨大的发展。
但也存在左倾思想及法律虚无主义的因素。
１９５７—１９７８年间，１９５７年“反右”开始至１９６６年“文化大革命”爆发，是曲折发展时期。
法制建设的消极表现是：党的“政策”取代国家法律，法制建设停滞不前，法律理论与现实矛盾；１９６６年至１９７８年，是中国法制遭到全面破坏时期。
１９７８年以后，特别是改革开放以后的２０年，是中国社会主义法治建设的辉煌时期。
在此期间，国家立法工作获得突破性发展，社会主义法学教育和法学研究亦成绩斐然。
第三部分从新中国的法制建设历程可以看出，巾国的法制现代化虽然取得了一些成绩，但是也存在着缺憾。
特别是深受苏联法制模式的不利影响，所以在今后的法制建设过程中，要接受教训、吸取经验，要走有中国特色的法治现代化道路。
综上所述，从清末修律算起，法制现代化在我国已有近百年的历史。
这一进程涉及许多重大的政治事件和诸多的经济、文化、杜会问题，是非常复杂的。
现在，依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家，已成为我国社会主义现代化建设的重要组成部分。
在这一背景下，尤其需要认真结合本国实际，积极探索我国法制现代化过程中的重大问题，从而使法律在我国社会生活巾发挥应有的作用。
关键词：新中国法制建设历程法制现代化⑧硕士学位论文ＭＡＳＴＥＲ＇ＳＴＨＥＳＩＳＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＴｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｃｈａｐｔｅｒｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓｔｈｅｂａｃｋｄｒｏｐｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｌｅｇａｌｍｏｄｅｍｉｚａｔｉｏｎ，ｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｌｅｇａｌｍｏｄｅｒｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｃｏｍｅｉｎｔｏｂｅｉｎｇｉｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ．ＦｒｏｍｌｅｇａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍｒｅｆｏｒｍｉｎｔｈｅｌａｔｅＱｉｎｇＤｙｎａｓｔｙ，Ｃｈｉｎａｌａｗｓｙｓｔｅｍｒｅｆｏｒｉｌｌｔｏｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅ，ａｎｄａｆｔｅｒｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｔｂｙＵＳＳＲ’ｓｌｅｇａｌｍｏｄｅｓ，Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｌｅｇａｌｍｏｄｅｒｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｈａｖｅａｐｐｅａｒｓｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｉｖｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ：ｆｏｒｅｘａｍｐｌｅｆｒｏｍｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｐａｓｓｉｖｅｔｏａｃｔｉｖｅｃｈｏｏｓｅ；ＵＳｅｆｏｒｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｌｅｇａｌｍｏｄｅｒｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ’ａｄｖａｎｃｅｄｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｓｔｏｂｕｉｌｄｓｏｃｉａｌｉｓｍｌａｗｓｙｓｔｅｍｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃ；ｌａｗｍｏｄｅｒｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ’ｓｔａｒｔ－ｕｐｍｏｄｅｉｓｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｍｏｄｅ；Ａｆｏｒｅｌａｗｓｙｓｔｅｍｒｅｆｏｒｍａｎｄｌａｗｉｄｅａｌｕｐｄａｔｅｂｅｈｉｎｄ，ｉｄｅａｌｆｉｅｌｄｓｓｔｒｕｇｇｌｅｓｈａｒｐｌｙｅｔｅ．ＴｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄｃｈａｐｔｅｒｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓｍａｉｎｌｙｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｎｔｈｅｒｕｌｅｂｙｉａｗｉｎｎｅｗＣｈｉｎａｃａｒｌｂｅｒｏｕｇｈｌｙｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｆｏｕｒｓｔａｇｅｓ．ＴｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｓｔａｇｅｉｓｔｈｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＯｃｔｏｂｅｒ１９４９ａｎｄＪｕｎｅ１９５７ｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｒｕｌｅｂｙＩａｗｗａｓｓｅｔｕｐ．Ｔｈｉｓｐｅｒｉｏｄｗｉｔｎｅｓｓｅｄｇｒｅａｔｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｎｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ，Ｊｕｄｉｃａｔｕｒｅ，ａｓｗｅｌｌａｓｉｎｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＳｔｕｄｙｏｆＩａｗ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｗｅｒｅｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓｏｆ“ｌｅｆｔ”ｅｒｒｏｒｓａｎｄｎｉｈｉｌｉｓｔｖｉｅｗｏｆｌａｗ，ｔｈｏｕｇｈ．Ｔｈｅ２ｎｄｓｔａｇｅｉｓｆｒｏｍ１９５７ｔｏｌ９７８．ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅ“ａｎｔｉ—ｒｉｇｈｔｉｓｔ”ｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｉｎ１９５７ｔｏｔｈｅｏｕｔｂｒｅａｋｏｆ“ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｒｅｖｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ”Ｉｎ１９６６，ａｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｈａｒｄｓｈｉｐｉｎｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｌｅｇａｌｉｔｙｗｈｅｎｔｈｅＰａｒｔｙ＇ｓ“ｐｏｌｉｃｙ”ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｅｄａｓｔｈｅｌａｗ．Ｔｈｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ１９６６ｔｏ１９７６ｉｓａｔｉｍｅｏｆｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｄｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｈｉｎａ’ｓｌｅｇａＩｓｙｓｔｅｍ．Ａｔｉｅｒ１９７８，ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅ２０ｙｅａｒｓｏｆｒｅｆｏｒｍａｎｄｏｐｅｎ～ｕｐｔｏｔｈｅｏｕｔｓｉｄｅｗｏｒｌｄ，ｉｓａｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｇｌｏｒｉｏｕｓｖｉｃｔｏｒｙｏｆｔｈｅｌａｗｍａｒｋｅｄｂｙａｇｒｅａｔｌｅａｐｆｏｒｗａｒｄｉｎｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｒｅｍｅｎｄｏｕｓａｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔｓｉｎｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｓｏｃｉａｌｉｓｔｌａｗ．Ｉｎｔｈｅｔｈｉｒｄｃｈａｐｔｅｒ，ｔｈｏｕｇｈｗｅｌｅａｒｎｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｒｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｌａｗｓｙｓｔｅｍａｃｑｕｉｒｅｓｓｏｍｅａｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔ，ｉｔｓｔｉｌＩｈａｖｅ１ｉｍｉｔａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙｓｕｆｆｅｒｕｎｆａｖｏｒａｂｌｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅ。
高级口译第三版Unit12中国改革ChinaandItsReform
Unit Twelve China and Its ReformText Passage One汉译英：女士们、先生们：Ladies and Gentlemen,1、这次到贵国访问，我深感朋友们对中国的改革与发展情况十分关心。
借此机会，我作一个简要的介绍。
During this visit,I have been deeply impressed by the keen interest of our friends in China's reform and development.So let me take this opportunity to give you a briefing on the topic.2、中国的改革开放已经走过了26个年头。
26年来，中国发生了翻来覆去的变化。
Twenty-six years have gone by since China began its reform and opening up.Earthshaking changes have taken place irt China.3、中国经济持续快速增长，国内生产长到1500亿美元增长到1.65万美元。
进出口总额从206亿美元增长到1.15万亿美元。
中国经济在世界经济总量的1%左右提高到4%。
对外贸易在全球贸易中的排名上升到第三位。
Thanks to the sustained,rapid economic growth,China's GDP has gone up from less than $150billion to$1.65trillion,its foreign trade increased from$20.6billion to$1.15trillion,its share of the world economy has risen from some1percent to nearly4percent,and it has climbed to the third place in global trade.4、中国社会面貌焕然一新，人民生活水平不断提高。
中国司法制度中英
2023中国司法制度中英CATALOGUE 目录•中国司法制度概述•中国法院系统•中国检察院系统•中国司法行政机构•中国司法制度特色•中国司法制度改革与发展趋势01中国司法制度概述古代司法制度中国古代的司法制度起源于春秋战国时期，历经秦、汉、唐、宋、元、明、清等朝代的发展，逐渐形成了完整的司法体系。
历史发展近现代司法制度清朝末年，中国开始引进西方的法律制度，逐步实行司法改革。
中华民国时期，中国进一步深化了司法制度的改革，建立了更加完善的法律体系。
当代司法制度新中国成立后，中国在继承和发扬古代和近现代司法制度的基础上，逐步建立了具有中国特色的社会主义司法制度。
组织架构法院系统01中国法院系统分为最高人民法院、高级人民法院、中级人民法院和基层人民法院。
各级法院负责审理各类案件，维护社会公平正义。
检察院系统02中国检察院系统分为最高人民检察院、省级人民检察院、地市级人民检察院和基层人民检察院。
各级检察院负责监督法律的执行，维护国家利益和社会公共利益。
其他司法机构03除了法院和检察院，中国还有公安机关、国家安全机关、司法行政机关等其他司法机构，负责维护社会治安和国家安全。
宪法是中国的基本法律，规定了国家的根本制度和基本原则，具有最高的法律效力。
《中华人民共和国宪法》刑法规定了刑事犯罪的罪名和刑罚，是维护社会秩序和公平正义的重要法律。
《中华人民共和国刑法》民法典规定了民事法律关系的基本原则，如权利、义务、合同、侵权等，是保护公民合法权益的重要法律。
《中华人民共和国民法典》重要法律02中国法院系统最高人民法院是最高审判机关，负责监督地方各级人民法院和专门人民法院的审判工作，对法律有最终解释权。
地位和职责最高人民法院最高人民法院由院长、副院长、审判委员会委员、庭长、副庭长等组成，下设审判庭、审判员等。
组织结构最高人民法院通过发布指导性案例和参考性案例，规范和统一法律适用标准。
案例指导制度地方各级人民法院中级人民法院中级人民法院是设在省辖市或地区、盟一级的人民法院，负责审理法律规定由它管辖的第一审案件。
中国的法律制度演变与司法改革
中国的法律制度演变与司法改革中国作为一个历史悠久的国家，其法律制度经历了漫长的发展和演变过程。
尤其是在改革开放以来，中国的法律制度不断进行改革与完善。
本文将探讨中国的法律制度演变与司法改革的历程，旨在呈现中国司法体系的发展脉络。
一、中国古代法律制度的兴起在中国古代，法律制度的起源可以追溯到商代的甲骨文。
在这个时期，中国的法律主要依据神权、君权和农民自发的惯例。
然而，到了春秋战国时期，逐渐形成了以礼法为基础的法律体系。
尤其是秦始皇统一六国后，颁布了统一的法律制度，加强了法律的普及与执行。
二、近代法律制度的引进与发展近代以来，中国面临了西方列强的侵略与冲击，这促使了中国政府开始引进西方的法律制度。
1840年的《南京条约》开启了中国法律制度现代化的大门，大量西方的法规和法律思想被引入中国。
随着时间的推移，中国的法律制度得到了进一步的完善和发展。
1904年的《大清律例》，为中国奠定了第一部以法典形式成文的国家法。
三、中华人民共和国的法律制度建设1949年，中华人民共和国成立，新中国的法律制度建设进入了一个崭新的阶段。
新中国注重以人民法院为中心，依法行政，努力维护社会稳定与公平正义。
随着国家的不断发展，中国的法律制度也在不断完善，逐渐形成了一系列相关的法律和法规。
其中，1954年颁布的《中华人民共和国宪法》是中国法律制度建设的核心基石。
四、司法改革的推进与成果改革开放以来，中国的司法改革取得了巨大的成就。
以依法治国为基本方针，中国不断完善法治建设，提高司法公正和效率。
例如，2004年开始实施的新司法制度改革，强调审判权的独立和司法人员的专业能力，有效提高了司法公正性。
此外，为了加强监督和纠错机制，中国还设立了监察委员会，推动反腐败斗争向纵深发展。
五、中国法律制度面临的挑战与前景展望尽管中国的法律制度取得了一系列重要的成就，但仍面临着一些挑战和问题。
其中，法律适用的统一性和公正性、司法公信力的提升、人权保障和法治意识的培育等是当前中国法律制度发展的亟待解决的问题。
改革开放40年以来翻译
这些翻译表达涵盖了改革开放40年以来中国在经济、贸易、金融以及社会发展，科技创新、教育文化、农业农村发展，业劳动力、城市发展与建设，交通与基础设施、环境保护与可持续发展、文化与教育，医疗与健康、法律与司法、体育与奥运、军事与国防，外交与国际关系、党风廉政与反腐败，城市化与城市发展等领域的进展和改革。
它们在相关的政策文件、新闻报道和学术文献中被广泛使用。
Reform and Opening Up: 改革开放Economic restructuring: 经济重组Market-oriented reforms: 市场化改革Opening up to the outside world: 对外开放Foreign investment: 外资投资Trade liberalization: 贸易自由化Foreign trade: 外贸Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Export-oriented economy: 出口导向型经济Special Economic Zones (SEZs): 经济特区Opening up of the financial sector: 金融业开放State-owned enterprise (SOE) reform: 国有企业改革Private enterprise development: 民营企业发展Market economy: 市场经济Socialism with Chinese characteristics: 中国特色社会主义Poverty alleviation: 扶贫Rural revitalization: 乡村振兴Belt and Road Initiative: 一带一路倡议Technological innovation: 科技创新Sustainable development: 可持续发展经济与金融：State-owned enterprise (SOE) reform: 国有企业改革Mixed ownership reform: 混合所有制改革Financial liberalization: 金融自由化Stock market: 股票市场Bond market: 债券市场Foreign exchange market: 外汇市场Free trade zone: 自由贸易区Capital market: 资本市场Intellectual property rights protection: 知识产权保护Financial deregulation: 金融放松管制贸易与对外关系：31. Free trade: 自由贸易Trade surplus/deficit: 贸易顺差/逆差Bilateral trade: 双边贸易Multilateral trade: 多边贸易Trade barriers: 贸易壁垒Trade imbalance: 贸易不平衡Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Trade cooperation: 贸易合作Export-oriented industries: 出口导向产业Cross-border e-commerce: 跨境电子商务社会发展与改革：Urbanization: 城市化Poverty alleviation: 扶贫Social welfare: 社会福利Healthcare reform: 医疗改革Education reform: 教育改革Environmental protection: 环境保护Rural revitalization: 农村振兴Housing reform: 住房改革Pension system reform: 养老保险制度改革Social security system: 社会保障体系51. Technological advancement: 科技进步Innovation-driven development: 创新驱动发展Research and development (R&D): 研发High-tech industry: 高科技产业Artificial intelligence (AI): 人工智能Internet of Things (IoT): 物联网Big data: 大数据Cloud computing: 云计算Cybersecurity: 网络安全教育与文化：Cultural exchange: 文化交流Cultural diversity: 文化多样性Intangible cultural heritage: 非物质文化遗产Cultural preservation: 文化保护Art education: 艺术教育Cultural tourism: 文化旅游Education reform: 教育改革Lifelong learning: 终身学习Cultural heritage conservation: 文化遗产保护Quality-oriented education: 素质教育Vocational education: 职业教育Cultural exchange: 文化交流Cultural heritage protection: 文化遗产保护Film and television industry: 影视产业Performing arts: 表演艺术Literary works: 文学作品农业与农村发展：Agricultural modernization: 农业现代化Rural revitalization: 乡村振兴Agricultural subsidies: 农业补贴Crop diversification: 作物多样化Organic farming: 有机农业Rural infrastructure: 农村基础设施Farmer cooperatives: 农民合作社Agricultural technology transfer: 农业技术转让Rural poverty alleviation: 农村扶贫Agricultural reforms: 农业改革Agricultural modernization: 农业现代化Agricultural reform: 农村改革Agricultural technology: 农业技术Agricultural sustainability: 农业可持续发展Rural entrepreneurship: 农村创业Farmer's income: 农民收入Agricultural cooperation: 农业合作就业与劳动力：Employment opportunities: 就业机会Labor market: 劳动力市场Job creation: 就业创造Labor rights: 劳工权益Wage reform: 工资改革Labor mobility: 劳动力流动性Unemployment rate: 失业率Labor union: 工会Labor protection: 劳动保护Work-life balance: 工作与生活平衡城市发展与建设：Urban renewal: 城市更新Urban planning: 城市规划Sustainable urbanization: 可持续城市化Smart cities: 智慧城市Urban infrastructure: 城市基础设施Urban transportation: 城市交通Urban pollution control: 城市污染控制Urbanization rate: 城镇化率Urban-rural integration: 城乡一体化Livable cities: 宜居城市交通与基础设施：High-speed rail: 高速铁路Expressways: 高速公路Airport expansion: 机场扩建Port development: 港口发展Infrastructure investment: 基础设施投资Public transportation: 公共交通Logistics network: 物流网络Rail transit: 轨道交通Bridge construction: 桥梁建设Urban transport planning: 城市交通规划环境保护与可持续发展：Green development: 绿色发展Renewable energy: 可再生能源Carbon emissions reduction: 减排Eco-friendly practices: 环保实践Biodiversity conservation: 生物多样性保护Waste management: 废物管理Clean energy technology: 清洁能源技术Sustainable agriculture: 可持续农业Environmental regulations: 环境法规Climate change mitigation: 气候变化缓解社会治理与法律改革：Rule of law: 法治Judicial reform: 司法改革Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败运动Legal system reform: 法制改革Social stability: 社会稳定Public security: 公共安全Community governance: 社区治理Crime prevention: 犯罪预防Human rights protection: 人权保护Legal education: 法律教育社会福利与保障：Social insurance: 社会保险Healthcare coverage: 医疗保障Pension system: 养老保险制度Poverty alleviation program: 扶贫计划Social assistance: 社会救助Disability support: 残疾人扶助Childcare services: 儿童保育服务Elderly care: 老年人护理Housing subsidies: 住房补贴Family planning policy: 计划生育政策科学与教育：Scientific research: 科学研究Higher education: 高等教育Scientific achievements: 科研成果Science and technology parks: 科技园区STEM education: 科学、技术、工程、数学教育School curriculum: 学校课程Talent cultivation: 人才培养Academic exchange: 学术交流Digital learning: 数字化学习Education equity: 教育公平性文化与娱乐：Cultural industry: 文化产业Artistic expression: 艺术表达Cultural tourism: 文化旅游Film festival: 电影节Music concert: 音乐会Literary award: 文学奖项Cultural heritage sites: 文化遗产地Performing arts center: 表演艺术中心Art exhibition: 艺术展览Online streaming platform: 在线流媒体平台经济与金融：Market-oriented reforms: 市场化改革Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Economic liberalization: 经济自由化Free trade zone: 自由贸易区Financial reform: 金融改革Stock market: 股票市场Monetary policy: 货币政策Economic globalization: 经济全球化Supply-side reforms: 供给侧改革Consumer market: 消费市场国际合作与外交：Belt and Road Initiative: 一带一路倡议Multilateral cooperation: 多边合作Diplomatic relations: 外交关系International trade: 国际贸易Foreign aid: 外援Cultural diplomacy: 文化外交Global governance: 全球治理Regional integration: 区域一体化International organizations: 国际组织Peacekeeping missions: 维和任务社会变革与社会价值观：Gender equality: 性别平等Family values: 家庭价值观Social equality: 社会平等Human dignity: 人的尊严Social justice: 社会公正Civil society: 公民社会Youth empowerment: 青年赋权Volunteerism: 志愿服务Social inclusion: 社会包容Cultural diversity: 文化多样性人民生活与社会福利：Living standards: 生活水平Social security system: 社会保障体系Health insurance: 医疗保险Education system: 教育体系Housing affordability: 住房可负担性Consumer rights: 消费者权益Social welfare: 社会福利Elderly care services: 老年人护理服务Maternity leave: 产假Cultural activities: 文化活动科技与创新：Technological advancements: 科技进步Innovation-driven development: 创新驱动发展Research and development (R&D): 研发Intellectual property rights: 知识产权Science parks: 科技园区Start-up ecosystem: 创业生态系统High-tech industries: 高科技产业Digital transformation: 数字化转型Artificial intelligence (AI): 人工智能Big data analytics: 大数据分析环境保护与可持续发展：Environmental conservation: 环境保护Sustainable development: 可持续发展Clean energy: 清洁能源Carbon emissions: 碳排放Renewable resources: 可再生资源Ecological restoration: 生态恢复Green technology: 绿色技术Waste management: 废物管理Biodiversity conservation: 生物多样性保护Climate change mitigation: 气候变化缓解城市化与城市发展：Urbanization: 城市化Urban planning: 城市规划Smart cities: 智慧城市Urban infrastructure: 城市基础设施Public transportation: 公共交通Urban renewal: 城市更新Urban design: 城市设计Urban governance: 城市治理Urban development: 城市发展Housing construction: 住房建设医疗与健康：Healthcare reform: 医疗改革Universal health coverage: 全民医保Primary healthcare: 基层医疗Medical research: 医学研究Disease prevention and control: 疾病预防和控制Telemedicine: 远程医疗Health promotion: 健康促进Traditional Chinese medicine: 中医药Public health emergency response: 公共卫生应急响应Health education: 健康教育法律与司法：Rule of law: 法治Judicial reform: 司法改革Legal system: 法律体系Legal rights: 法律权益Legal aid: 法律援助Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败运动Judicial independence: 司法独立Criminal justice: 刑事司法Civil litigation: 民事诉讼Legal awareness: 法律意识体育与奥运：Sports development: 体育发展Olympic Games: 奥运会Sportsmanship: 体育精神Athlete training: 运动员培训Sports facilities: 体育设施Sports culture: 体育文化Sports diplomacy: 体育外交Fair play: 公平竞争Paralympic Games: 残奥会Sports nutrition: 运动营养军事与国防：National defense: 国防Military modernization: 军事现代化Defense technology: 防务技术Peacekeeping operations: 维和行动National security: 国家安全Defense budget: 国防预算Military strategy: 军事战略Defense industry: 国防工业Cybersecurity: 网络安全Military cooperation: 军事合作经济与贸易：Economic reform: 经济改革Market-oriented economy: 市场经济Foreign direct investment (FDI): 外商直接投资Free trade: 自由贸易Economic globalization: 经济全球化Export-oriented manufacturing: 出口导向型制造业Financial market: 金融市场E-commerce: 电子商务Economic growth: 经济增长Sustainable development: 可持续发展科学与教育：Scientific research: 科学研究Technological innovation: 技术创新STEM education: 科学、技术、工程和数学教育Knowledge-based economy: 知识经济Research institute: 研究所Academic exchange: 学术交流Science and technology policy: 科技政策Intellectual property protection: 知识产权保护Educational reform: 教育改革Lifelong learning: 终身学习社会与人文：Social harmony: 社会和谐Poverty alleviation: 扶贫Social equality: 社会平等Gender equality: 性别平等Social welfare: 社会福利Volunteer work: 志愿者工作Community development: 社区发展Cultural tolerance: 文化包容Ethical values: 道德价值观Social responsibility: 社会责任农业与农村发展：Agricultural modernization: 农业现代化Rural revitalization: 乡村振兴Agricultural productivity: 农业生产力Agricultural subsidies: 农业补贴Rural infrastructure: 农村基础设施Agricultural technology: 农业技术Rural entrepreneurship: 农村创业Agricultural sustainability: 农业可持续性Farmer's income: 农民收入Crop diversification: 农作物多样化交通与基础设施：Transportation network: 交通网络High-speed rail: 高铁Expressway: 高速公路Urban transportation: 城市交通Airport construction: 机场建设Port development: 港口发展Bridge and tunnel: 桥梁和隧道Public transportation system: 公共交通系统Infrastructure investment: 基础设施投资Smart transportation: 智能交通外交与国际关系：Diplomatic relations: 外交关系Bilateral cooperation: 双边合作Multilateral cooperation: 多边合作International trade: 国际贸易Global governance: 全球治理International cooperation: 国际合作Foreign aid: 外援Peacekeeping mission: 维和任务Non-interference policy: 不干涉政策Soft power: 软实力党风廉政与反腐败：Party discipline: 党纪Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败运动Party building: 党建设Clean governance: 清廉政府Anti-graft measures: 反贪措施Integrity education: 廉政教育Corruption investigation: 腐败调查Asset recovery: 资产追回Whistleblower protection: 举报保护Anti-corruption legislation: 反腐败立法城市化与城市发展：Urbanization: 城市化Urban planning: 城市规划Urban renewal: 城市更新Sustainable urban development: 可持续城市发展Smart city: 智慧城市Urban infrastructure: 城市基础设施Urban transport system: 城市交通系统Urban design: 城市设计Urban environmental protection: 城市环境保护Urban governance: 城市治理环境保护与可持续发展：Environmental protection: 环境保护Pollution control: 污染治理Carbon emissions reduction: 碳排放减少Renewable energy: 可再生能源Ecological conservation: 生态保护Biodiversity preservation: 生物多样性保护Clean energy development: 清洁能源开发Waste management: 废物处理Green technology: 绿色技术Sustainable development goals: 可持续发展目标科技与创新：Technological advancement: 科技进步Innovation-driven development: 创新驱动发展Research and development: 研发Artificial intelligence: 人工智能Big data: 大数据Internet of Things: 物联网Cloud computing: 云计算Robotics: 机器人技术Quantum computing: 量子计算5G technology: 5G技术社会保障与福利：Social security: 社会保障Pension system: 养老金制度Healthcare reform: 医疗改革Social insurance: 社会保险Poverty alleviation program: 扶贫计划Social assistance: 社会救助Disability rights: 残疾人权益Maternity benefits: 生育津贴Unemployment insurance: 失业保险Housing welfare: 住房福利人民生活水平提高：Standard of living: 生活水平Income inequality: 收入不平等Consumerism: 消费主义Quality of life: 生活质量Education equality: 教育平等Affordable housing: 负担得起的住房Employment opportunities: 就业机会Social mobility: 社会流动性Leisure and entertainment: 休闲与娱乐Consumer rights: 消费者权益法律与知识产权保护：Intellectual property rights: 知识产权Patent protection: 专利保护Copyright infringement: 侵权Trademark registration: 商标注册Anti-counterfeiting measures: 打击假冒行动Cybersecurity: 网络安全Data protection: 数据保护Legal enforcement: 法律执法Anti-corruption campaign: 反腐败斗争Anti-money laundering: 反洗钱。
法律专业英语词汇
汉英法律专业词汇（法理、法制史）Jurisprudence, History of Legal Systems按照法律规定：according to law按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt案例教学法：case system案例汇编：case book; case report; law report被视为：be deemed as被宣布为非法：be outlawed; be declared illegal比较法：comparative law比较法学：comparative jurisprudence比较法学派：school of comparative jurisprudence比较法制史： comparative legal history比较分析法：method of comparative analysis比较刑法：comparative penal law比较刑法学：comparative penal jurisprudence必然因果关系：positive causal relationship边缘法学：borderline jurisprudence变通办法：adaptation; accommodation补充规定：supplementary provision补救办法：remedial measures不成文法：unwritten law不动产所在地法律：law of the place where the real property is situated; lex loci rei immobilisci不可分割的权利：impartible right不可抗力：force majuere不可侵犯性：inviolability不可让与性：inalienability不履行法律义务：non-performance of obligation不要式行为：informal act不要因的法律行为：non-causal juristic act不因实效而丧失的权利：imprescriptible right不作为：abstain from an act; act of omission部门法：department law部门规章：regulation参照：consult参照具体情况： in the light of actual conditions参照原文： consult the original亚里士多德： Aristotle柏拉图： Plato德拉古： Draco盖尤斯： Gaius西塞罗：Marcus Tullius Cicero乌尔比安 Ulpianus罗马皇帝优士丁尼一世：Justinian I乌尔比安： Ulpianus西塞罗：Marcus Tullius Cicero优士丁尼皇帝：Justinian《罗马法律汇编》：Roman Digest《民法大全》：Corpus Juris Civilis优士丁尼法典： the Codex Justinianus《优士丁尼民法大全》（《国法大全》）：Corpus Juris Civilis《十二表法》： Twelve Tables拿破仑法典： The Code Napolean《日耳曼法》：Germanic law《教会法大全》Corpus Juris Canonici《汉穆拉比法典》： Code of Hammurabi《保护人权与基本自由公约》(1950) ：Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 （罗）查士丁尼法典：Code Justinian; Codex Justinianus查士丁尼法规汇编： Authenticum《德国民法典》：German Civil code《大宪章》(1215) ：Great Charter, 1215(英)欧洲大陆法： continental law南京条约： (1843) Treaty of Nanking, 1843罗马－日耳曼法系： Roman-Germanic family罗马私法： Jus Privatum罗马法学派： school of Romanists家庭法： family law教会法：canon law罗马法理学： jurisprudential教会法学家 decretalists罗马法：Roman Law; Jus Romanum罗马法系： Roman-Law System（古罗马的）元老院： the Senate超出法律范围的：outside of law超出法律权限的：extralegal超过权限： exceed authority; beyond jurisdiction成文法： written law冲突法： conflict of laws; rules of conflict冲突规则： conflict rule; rule of conflict除（本法）另有规定外： except for otherwise stipulated (by this law) 除外条款： provisory clause除外责任条款： exclusion clause触犯公共利益： encroach on the public interests触犯国际利益：go against the state’s interests触犯人民利益： encroach on the interests of the people; go against thepeople’s interests传统法律观念： traditional ideas of law纯粹法学： pure theory of law次要法规： by law次要规则： secondary rule从宽解释原则： doctrine of liberal construction从权利： accessory right达到法定年龄： come of age大法： the fundamental law大法官：Lord High Chancellor大陪审团 grand jury大法官法院：Court of Chancery大陆法系：Continental Legal System大律师：barrister《大明律》：Criminal Law of the Ming Dynasty （中）《大清律例》：the Criminal Laws of the Qing Dynasty (中) 单行法规：specific regulations单一法律体系：unitary legal system单一制政府：unitary government但书：proviso当代法学动向：current trend of jurisprudence当然解释： natural interpretation党纪国法：party discipline and the law of the country道德规范：norm of morality道德义务： moral obligation第二读：second reading第三读： third reading二元论：the dualistic theory二元君主立宪制： dual constitutional monarchy system二元论： the dualistic theory二元论者：dualist二元制： bicameral system法的本质： the nature of law法的变化：changes of law法的定义：definition of law法的发展：development of law法的分类： divisions of law法律概念： legal concept法的概念： concepts of law法的规范作用：normalized usage of law法的继承：succession of law法律的理想：ideal of law法律的权威： authority of law法律的失效：lapse of law法律的实施：administration of law; law enforcement 法律的适用：application of law法律的统一： unification of law法律的推定： presumption of law法律的推理： analogy of law法律的完整性： integrity of law法律的效力范围：force’s scale of law法律的效力形式：force’s form of law法律的修改：alteration of law法律的演进： evolutin of law法律的原理： principle of law法律地位平等：equal in legal status法律对人的效力：personal act of law编纂法律方法： legal methodology法律分类： classification of law法律赋予权力： authority conferred by law法律改革： law reform法律根据： legal basis法律工作者： legal professional法律关系：legal relation法律关系的运行： process of legal relation法律关系客体： object of legal relation法律关系主体： subject of legal relation法律规定：provisions of law法律规范： norm of law法律规范的逻辑结构： logical structure of legal rule 法律规则体系： system of legal rules法律含义： intendment of law法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law法律现象：legal phenomenon法律研究：legal research法律要件： legal requirement法律依据： legal basis法律意见： legal advice法律意见书：legal opinion法律意识： law-consciousness法律意义： legal sense法律用语： legal language法律与正义先验论： a prior theory of law and justice 法律渊源： source of law法律原本注释： gloss法律原理： legal doctrines法律原则： principle of legality法律援助：legal aid法律约束： legal binding; legal restraint法律责任： legal responsibility法律责任的道义基础： moral basic of legal obligation法律责任的归结： imputaton of legal responsibility法律责任的认定： determination of legal responsibility法律责任的执行： enforcement of legal responsibility法律责任客体： object of legal responsibility法律责任主体： subject of legal responsibility法律哲学：philosophy of law; philosophie du droit （法）；philosophia juris 法律政策： policy of the law法律职业道德： legal ethics法律指导： legal counsel法律制裁： legal sanction法律制度： regime of law; legal system法律秩序： legal order法律主体资格： capacity as a subject of law法律主张： proposition of law法律属地原则： territoriality of laws法律著述： legal literature法律专家： legal expert法律专业： legal profession法律专著和教科书： legal treatise and textbook法律咨询： legal advice法律尊严：legal sanctity法盲： legal illiterates法权： right法社会学： sociology of law法系： legal system法协会： law society法学： jurisprudence法学士： bachelor of law法学博士： doctor of jurisprudence法学导论： leading principles of law法学的范畴体系： the system of categories of jurisprudence法学的范畴意识： the consciousness of category of jurisprudence法学的基石范畴： fundamental categories of jurisprudence法学方法： method of jurisprudence法学方法论： methodology of jurisprudence法学院： faculty of law; law school法学会： law society法学教科书：law textbooks法学理论： theory of law; legal theory法学权威： an academic authority in law法学体系： system of jurisprudence法学通论： first principles of law法医： forensic medicine法医学： forensic medicine法院： court法院调查： judicial investigation法院管辖权： competence of court法院管辖以外的： extrajudicial法院判决： court decision法院系统： court structure法院组织法： judicature act法则： articles法哲学： philosophy of law法制：legal institution法制传统： tradition of law system法制的精神： spirit of legality法制的尊严： dignity of the legal system法制观念： legal concept法制观念淡薄： very weak in the understanding of law法制教育： legal education; education of legal system法制史： legal history; history of legal system法治： rule of law法治的机制： the mechanism of rule of law法治的要素： the element of rule of law非实质的： immaterial非营利的： non-profit非约束性条款： permissive provision废止法律： annulment of law分别管辖权： separate jurisdiction分别财产制： separation of property regime分别规定： separate provision分担责任： share the responsibility分工负责，互相配合，互相制约： divide responsibility for their own work; coordinate their efforts and check each other分工负责制： division of labor responsibility system分级管理： different levels holding different responsibilities分配制度： distribution system分析法理学： analytical jurisprudence否决权： power veto; veto power否认事实： denial of facts服从法律： amenable to law; subject to the law服从判决： accept a judgment符合程序： be in order符合法律： be in conformity with law符合原则： be in conformity with the principle概括裁定： general verdict概括继承： general succession干扰司法公正： interference with course of justice刚性条款： entrenched clause岗位责任制： post responsibility system高度集中： highly centralize高度民主： high level of democracy高度自治权： high degree of autonomy搁置： set aside; abeyance格式条款： clause of style公认的行为准则： established standard of conduct规避法律： in fraud of law规避义务： evade obligations规范的法律规则： normative rule of law规范法学： normative jurisprudence规范性法律文件： normalizative document of law规范性法律文件的规范化： normalization of normative legal document 过错方： tort-feasor; wrongdoer过错推定原则： doctrine of presumption过错责任： liability for wrongs; tort liability合并条款： consolidation of provisions合法的个人财产： legal personal property合法地位： legal status合法权益： the lawful rights and interests合法行为： lawful acts; legality of purpose合宪性： constitutionality衡平法： equity衡平法规则： rule of equity衡平法学： equity jurisprudence衡平法院： Court of Chancery (美)；Court of Equity （英）后法取代前法： A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one. 后法优于前法： lex posterior derogat priori户籍所在地：the place where his residence is registered互为因果： reciprocal causation基本法： fundamental law基本法律规范： basic norm of law基本方针： basic policies基本权利和义务： basic rights and duties基本司法概念和假设： basic legal conception and assumption技术性法规： technical legal rule建立法律关系：create legal relations解释法律的技术规则： technical rule of interpretation解释权： power of interpretation近因： immediate cause禁治产人： imbecile; interdicted person经常居住地：habitual residence经法律确认的： ascertained by law经法律许可： authorized by law经验法学： scholastic theories of law纠问式审判： trial by inspection or examination 具有法律约束力的文件： legally binding instrument 具有同等效力的： with equal authenticity具有约束力的判例： binding precedent绝对衡平法： absolute equity君主立宪制度： constitutional monarchy开罗会议： Cairo Conference凯恩斯主义： keynesianism可撤销的法律行为： revocable juristic act可让与性： alienability可用法律强制执行的： enforceable at law可预见的： foreseeable可直接适用的法律： directly applicable law可追溯的： retrospective客观条件： objective condition客观因素： objective factor客体： object扩充解释： amplified interpretation理论法理学派： theoretical jurisprudence school 理性决定说： theory of rational decision理性认识： conceptual knowledge历史法学： historical jurisprudence历史法学派： historical school of law历史解释： historical interpretation立法机构：legislative body立法权： law-making power; legislative power立法委任权： legislation mandate立法效力： legislative effect立法议案 bills立法者： law-maker; legislator立宪： constitutionalism利益冲突： conflict of interests利害关系人：interested person连带法律关系： joint legal relations连带责任： joint and several obligation论理解释： logical interpretation逻辑解释： logical interpretation马克思主义法律理论： Marxism-leninism马克思主义法学：Marxist jurisprudence马克思主义法学家： Marxist jurist没有事实根据的： unsubstantial美国国际法协会： American Institute of International Law美国海事法庭： Admiralty Courts of the U.S.A.美国联邦地区法院： United States district courts美国联邦法官： federal judge没有法律依据的： lawless没有判决先例的案件： case of first impression民法典： civil code民法法系：Civil-Law System民法通则： General Principles of the Civil Law民法学： science of civil law民事案件中“占有优势证据”的原则：“by a preponderance of evidence” in civil cases民事权利能力：the capacity for civil rights民事权益：civil rights and interests民事诉讼法学： Civil Procedure Law民事制裁： civil punishment; civil sanction民政部门：the civil affairs department明代法规： laws and regulations of Ming Dynasty明示或默示的： express or implied默示表达： communication by implication内部规章： internal regulations纳妾制： concubinage拟制理论： fiction theory拟制买卖： mancipatio偶然权利： contingent right偶然因果关系： fortuitous causal relationship偶然因素： accidentalia偶因： accidental cause排他的权利： right to exclude all others派生的权利： derived right派生取得： derivative acquisition判例法系： Case Law System普通法法系： Common-Law System判例法系： Case Law System判例汇编： reports; reports of judgments普通法： common law普通法法系： Common-Law System普通法上的补偿： common-law remedy普通法上的过失： common-law negligence普通法上的留置权： common-law lien普通法学： general jurisprudence强制办法： coercive method强制规定： mandatory provisions强制性法规： mandatory rule of law强制性条款： mandatory term侵犯财产权： property torts侵权行为法： tort law侵权责任： tortious liability清理法规： check up laws and regulations区域性法律体系： regional system of laws取证： obtain evidence确权之诉： affirmative petitory action; cause for ownership affirmation 确认之诉： action for confirmation; actio confessoria权威解释： authentic interpretation人法： human law, statute personalia人格减等： capitis deminutio人身不可侵犯： inviolability of the person人身非财产关系： personal non-property relations人身关系： personal relation任意解释： arbitrary interpretation柔性宪法： flexible constitution三权分立： separation of powers善意推定： presumption of good faith商法： commercial law商法典： code of commerce社会法学：sociological jurisprudence社会关系： social relations社会规范： social regulation社会连带主义法学： social solidarism jurisprudence社会契约论： theory of social contract社会团体：social organization社会主义法学： socialist jurisprudence社会主义法制： socialist legal system; socialist rule of law神法： divine law神权说： theory of divine right审查制度： censorship; inspection system审计监督： supervise through auditing审计监督权： power to supervise through auditing生效条款： operative clause失效法律： expired laws失效日： expiry date施行细则： implementary provisions实证主义法学派： the positivist school实体法： material law; substantial law实体法上的抗辩： substantial defense实体权利： substantive right实用主义法学： judicial pragmaticism实在法： positive law实在法学： positive jurisprudence实在法学派： positivist实在主义法学： positivist jurisprudence实证法学： positive jurisprudence实质条款： material stipulation实质性的瑕疵： defect of substance实质性解释： material interpretation事实的推定： presumption of fact事业单位：institution适用法律： reference to the law; applicable law适用范围： area of application; sphere of application适用中国法律：be governed by the law of PRC (The law of PRC shall apply to)溯及既往原则： doctrine of retroactivity溯及力： retrospect; retrospective effect损害赔偿： damages梭伦： Solon弹性宪法： elastic constitution特别程序： special procedure特别但书： special proviso特别法： special law特殊主体： special subject提案：motion; overture; proposal提出抗辩： raise a plea; raise a plead条约法： law of treaties同态复仇： retaliation推定合法：presumption of legality停止生效：cease to have effect外国法： foreign law外国法制史： foreign legal history外国人待遇： foreigner treatment完全民事权利能力：full capacity for civil conduct完全丧失行为能力的人： person entirely incapable of legal transaction 完全无行为能力： absolute disability万民法： jus gentium违法构成要件： essential condition of delict违宪： violation of constitution无国籍人：stateless persons无条件解释： unconditional interpretation无效的法律： void law无效法律行为： void act; act without legal effect物权： property习惯法：custom law细则： detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws狭义解释： narrow definition下文另有规定者除外： except as hereinafter provided先决条件：precedent condition; prerequisite现实主义法学： realism jurisprudence现行法律： current law; existing law限制解释： restrictive interpretation无国籍人：stateless persons无条件解释： unconditional interpretation无效的法律： void law无效法律行为：void act; act without legal effect物权： property习惯法：custom law细则： detailed rules and regulations; details by-laws狭义解释： narrow definition下文另有规定者除外： except as hereinafter provided先决条件： precedent condition; prerequisite现实主义法学： realism jurisprudence现行法律： current law; existing law限制解释： restrictive interpretation相对主义法学： relativist jurisprudence新分析法学： new analytical jurisprudence新律： New Law , Novellae行为规范： code of conduct学说编纂：the Pandekta形式主义法学： formalist jurisprudence严格解释： strict interpretation严重不法行为： aggravated misconduct; gross misbehavior严重违法： break the law on a serious scale要件： important condition; essential condition一般客体： general object一般权利能力： general legal capacity一般主体： general subject一事不再理的保证： guarantee against double jeorpardy依法办案： handle cases according to law依法独立行使职权： independent exercise of powers within the framework of the law依照法律的规定： as prescribed by law以法律为准绳： take law as the criterion依法治国： genuine rule of law; running the country according to law义务性规范： obligatory rule义务主体： subject of duty英美法系： Anglo-American Legal System永恒法： eternal law有法必依： ensure that laws are observed有法律约束力： legally binding有条件解释： conditional interpretation有效期间： time of effect; term of validity与法律规定不符： against the forms of the statute与法律相抵触的行为：act going against the law域外效力： extraterritorial effect援引法律条文： invoke a legal provision约束力： binding; binding effect 在法律的范围内： within the law暂行条例：interim regulations; provisional regulation整体法学： integrative jurisprudence正当权益： justified rights; legitimate interests正式解释： official interpretation正式渊源： formal source政法学院： institute of political science and law知法犯法： deliberately break the law执法必严：ensure that law’s enforcement be strict执法人员： law enforcement officials执行权： enforcement power直接故意 actual intent; direct intent直接后果：immediate consequence直接客体： direct object直接主体： direct subject制定法： statute治外法权： extraterritoriality; extraterritorial jurisdiction中端时效： interrupt the running of the statute of limitation中国大陆的法律：law of China’s mainland中国法制： Chinese legal system中国法制史： Chinese legal history中国特色的社会主义法制： socialist legal system with Chinese character 中华法系： Chinese legal system《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》：the Basic law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China主要法律体系：principal legal system自然法： natural law自然法学派： natural law school组成合议庭开庭审理：form a collegial panel to conduct the trial最高国家权力机关： highest organ of state power最高人民法院的解释：interpretation of supreme people’s court遵循先例原则：The Doctrine of Stare作为或不作为： act or omission宪法学行政法学Constitution and Administrative Laws制宪权：constituent power宪法的解释： interpretation of constitution宪法修正案： constitution amendment宪法学： constitutional jurisprudence成文宪法written constitution不成文宪法unwritten constitution符合宪法： constitutionality符合宪法的法律 constitutional law刚性宪法： rigid constitution马伯里诉麦迪逊案： Marbury vs. Madison抽象行政行为： abstract administrative act非法活动： unlawful activities非法利益： unlawful interests非法手段： illegal means非强制性行政行为： non-coercive form of administrative action非正式的：informal; irregular非政府机关： non-governmental organization非主要条件： non-essential stipulation非专业的： non-professional国家赔偿案件： case of state compensation 国家赔偿的归责原则： principle of culpability for state compensation 国家赔偿的双重过错原则： principle of dual faults for state compensation 国家赔偿法： state compensation law国家赔偿主体： subject of state compensation行政法： administrative law; executive law行政法规： administrative laws and regulations行政法学： administrative jurisprudence行政解释： administrative interpretation行政救济： administrative remedy治安管理： security administration治安条例： security regulations高级人民检察院：Higher People’s Procu ratortate国家权力机关： state authority国际审判机关： state judicial organs国家行政机关： state administrative organs国家意志：state’s will国家职能： function of the state国民待遇： national treatment公安部： Ministry of Public Security公安分局： public security sub-bureau公安厅： public security bureau at the levels of provinces, autonomousregions and cities under direct jurisdiction of central government地方各级人民代表大会：local people’s congresses at different levels 地方各级人民法院：local people’s courts at different levels地方各级人民检察院：local people’s procur atorates at different levels 地方各级人民政府：local people’s governments at different levels罚款： impose a fine刑法学Criminal Laws犯罪预防： crime prevention预防犯罪： anti-crime帮助当事人毁灭、伪造证据罪： crime of aiding a client to destroy or forge evidence绑架妇女儿童罪： crime of kidnapping women and children包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织罪： crime of harboring a mafia-style syndicate 包庇毒品犯罪分子罪： crime of harboring drug criminals报复陷害罪：case of retaliation and frame-ups必要共同犯罪： indispensable joint crime并科原则： doctrine of cumulating punishments剥夺权利：deprival of rights不能犯： impossibility; unrealized offense参加恐怖活动组织罪： crime of taking part in an organization engaged in terrorist activities超越管辖权： excess of jurisdiction超越职权范围：overstep one’s authority惩办和宽大相结合：combine punishment with leniency惩办少数、改造多数的原则： principle of punishing the few and reforming the many惩罚措施： punitive measure惩罚性制裁： punitive sanction惩罚与教育相结合： combination of punishment and education处以刑罚： inflict punishment处以有期徒刑： sentence to fixed-term imprisonment触犯法律： break the law; violate the law抽逃出资罪： crime of flight of capital contribution出口骗税犯罪活动： criminal activities of cheating out of tax rebates in export出售伪造发票罪： crime of selling counterfeit currency出于对法律的无知： from ignorance of law出于恶意： from malevolence从轻处罚： gie a lesser punishment从重处罚： give a severer punishment单位受贿罪： crime of bribe taken by a unit单一犯罪构成： single constitution of crime盗伐林木罪： crime of illegally chopping down trees; crime of illegally felling trees盗窃、抢夺枪支、弹药、爆炸物罪： crime of stealing or seizing guns, ammunition or explosives盗窃犯： theft act; larcenist渎职犯罪案件：case of dereliction of duty对象不能犯： object impossibility多次作案： repeatedly commit crimes罚不当罪： punishment does not fit the crime犯意： criminal intent; mens real犯罪低龄化： lowering ages of criminal offenders犯罪动机： criminal motive犯罪构成： constitution of a crime; constitutive elements of a crime 犯罪构成要件： special constitutive elements of crime犯罪故意： criminal intent; guilty intent; meas rea犯罪集团： criminal gang; criminal group犯罪客观要件： objective circumstances of a crime犯罪客体： criminal object; object of a crime犯罪实行终了： completion of a criminal act犯罪学： criminology犯罪中止： discontinuance of crime; desistance of crime犯罪主观方面要素： subjective elements of crime犯罪主体： subject of crime犯罪着手： initiate a crime犯罪组织： criminal organization贩卖毒品罪： drug offense; crime of drug trafficking防卫过当： unjustifiable self-defense防卫挑拨： instigation of defense; provocation of defense防卫限度： limit of defense防止类似事件重演： prevent the recurrence of similar incidents妨碍公务罪： crime of disrupting public service妨害公共安全罪： crime of impairing public security放弃权利： withdraw a claim; waive a right非法持、私藏枪支、弹药罪： crime of illegally holding or hiding a firearm or ammunition非法持有毒品罪： crime of illegally holding drugs非法干涉： illegal intervention非法干预： unlawful interference非法出售增值税专用发票罪： crime of illegal selling invoice for exclusive use of VAT诽谤罪： crime of defamation隔地犯： offense of segregation by location隔时犯： offense of segregation by time工具不能犯： impossibility of instruments故意犯罪： calculated crime; intentional crime故意杀人罪： crime of intentional homicide故意伤害罪： crime of willful and malicious injury管辖：jurisdiction惯犯： habitual criminal惯例： custom and usage过失犯罪： criminal negligence; involuntary crime; negligent crime黑社会性质的犯罪集团： gangland criminal syndicate; mafia-style criminal gang缓期二年执行： with a two-year reprieve缓刑： probate cessat executio集合犯： aggregate offense; collective offense既遂犯： accomplished crime继续犯： continuous crime加重处罚： give an aggravated punishment beyond the maximum prescribed 假冒他人注册商标罪： crime of counterfeiting the registered trademark of another假释： parole假想防卫： imaginative defense假想数罪： imaginatively several crimes简单共同犯罪： simple joint crime间接故意： indirect intent; indirect iintentino教唆未遂： attempt of solicitation劫持船只、汽车罪： crime of hijacking a ship or an automobile劫持航空器罪： crime of skyjacking结果犯： consequential offen结果加重犯： aggregated consequential offense结合犯： combinative crime; integrated offense se拒不执行人民法院判决、裁定罪： crime of refusing o execute judgments or orders of the People’s Court具结悔过： make a statement of repentence具体行政行为： specific administrative act具体罪名：concrete accusation绝对不确定法定刑： absolutely indeterminate statutory punishment军人违反职责罪： crimes of soldiers violating military dutie抗税罪： offense of resisting taxes客体不能犯： object impossibility空白罪状： blank facts about a crime滥伐林木罪： crime of illegal denudation累犯： recidivist; repeat offender; cumulative offense连续犯罪： continuing crime量刑： criterion for sentencing; sentencing criterion量刑不当： criterion for sentence量刑幅度： extent for discretionary action of sentencing虐待罪： cri me of abusing member of one’s family挪用公款案： case of misappropriation of public funds偶犯： casual offender; casual offense情节加重犯： aggravated offense by circumstances情节特别严重： when the circumstances are particularly wicked情节严重、构成犯罪的： when the circumstances are so serious as to constitute a crime取保候审： post a bail and await trial with restricted liberty of moving 扰乱公共场所秩序罪： crime of disturbing order at public places刑法： criminal law刑罚： penalty; punishment刑事责任能力： criminal capacity民商法学与经济法学（Civil Laws, Commercial Laws and Economic Laws）按照出资比例：in proportion to one’s respective contributions to the investment办理注销登记：cancel the registration被代理人：the principal被侵权人 the infringed本人名义：in one’s name标的：subject matter补偿制度：compensation system不动产登记制：Lot and Block System财产法： property law财产的添附： accretion of property; property accession财产抵押权： property mortgage财产继承权：the right of inheritance财产关系和人身关系：property relationships and personal relationships 财产管理人： property administrator; custodian of property财产混同： confusion; hotchpot财产留置权： encumbrance采用书面形式：in writing仓单： warehouse voucher草签合同： initial a contract; sign a referendum contract; ad referendum contract长期合同： long-term contract偿付能力： solvency capability of reimbursement超越代理权：beyond the scope of one’s power of agency撤消合同：cancellation of contract撤销合同： cancel a contract; rescind a contract; avoid a contract撤销权： right of rescission; right of revocation撤销要约： revocation of offer; revoke an offer撤销遗赠： cancellation o will; revocationi of will承运人： actual fault of the carrier承运人的留置权：carrier’s lien诚信原则： principle of good faith诚实信用原则：principle honesty and credibility; principle of honestry and good faith; good faith principle ; bona fide principle船舶承租人： charterer船舶抵押权： right of mortgage with respect to a ship; mortage of the ship; ship mortgage船舶抵押权的设定： establishment of mortgage of the ship船舶抵押的消灭： extinguishments of the mortgage of the ship船舶抵押权登记： registration of ship mortgage船舶留置权： possessory lien; lien of ship村民委员会：the village committee惩罚性的损害赔偿： punitive damages乘人之危：take advantage of one’s unfavorable position处分财产： dispose of properties处分权： act of disposition处分原则： principle of disposition代理民事活动：be represented in civil activities by代理权终止：the expiration of one’s power of agency单独承担的责任： undivided responsibility单方法律行为：unilateral obligation单方行政行为： unilateral administrative act等价有偿：making compensation for equal value对等原则：principle of reciprocity对价：consideration对抗措施：counter measure对人权：right in personam; personal right对世权： real right; right in rem恶意串通：conspire maliciously恶意行为：ill will mala fides法人： judicial person; legal body法人的权利能力： legal capacity of juristic person法人的责任能力： capacity for responsibility of juristic person法人权限： corporate power法人人格： corporate personality法人身份： status of a legal person法人团体： corporation法人资格： corporate capacity法人组织章程：the articles of association of the legal person负共同连带责任： liable jointly and severally负全部责任： bear all responsibilities; in all charge。
法学理论英语词汇
Jurisprudence，History of Legal Systems and Constitution按照法律规定according to law按照确定的份额分享权力：be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit按照确定的份额分担义务：assume obligations in proportion to his proper share of the debt案例教学法case system案例汇编case book；case report；law report柏拉图Plato《保护人权与基本自由公约》（1950）Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms，1950（罗）被视为be deemed as被宣布为非法be outlawed；be declared illegal比较法comparative law比较法学comparative jurisprudence比较法学派school of comparative jurisprudence比较法制史comparative legal history比较分析法method of comparative analysis比较刑法comparative penal law比较刑法学comparative penal jurisprudence必然因果关系positive causal relationship边缘法学borderline jurisprudence变通办法adaptation；accommodation补充规定supplementary provision补救办法remedial measures不成文法unwritten law不成文宪法unwritten constitution不动产所在地法律law of the place where the real property is situated；lex loci rei immobilisci 不可分割的权利impartible right不可抗力force majuere不可侵犯性inviolability不可让与性inalienability不履行法律义务non-performance of obligation不要式行为informal act不要因的法律行为non-causal juristic act不因实效而丧失的权利imprescriptible right不作为abstain from an act；act of omission部门法department law部门规章regulation参照consult参照具体情况in the light of actual conditions参照原文consult the original查士丁尼法典Code Justinian；Codex Justinianus查士丁尼法规汇编Authenticum超出法律范围的outside of law超出法律权限的extralegal超过权限exceed authority；beyond jurisdiction成文法written law成文宪法written constitution冲突法conflict of laws；rules of conflict冲突规则conflict rule；rule of conflict除（本法）另有规定外except for otherwise stipulated （by this law）除外条款provisory clause除外责任条款exclusion clause触犯公共利益encroach on the public interests触犯国际利益go against the state's interests触犯人民利益encroach on the interests of the people；go against the people's interests传统法律观念traditional ideas of law纯粹法学pure theory of law次要法规by law次要规则secondary rule从宽解释原则doctrine of liberal construction从权利accessory right达到法定年龄come of age大法the fundamental law大法官Lord High Chancellor大法官法院Court of Chancery大陆法系Continental Legal System大律师barrister《大明律》Criminal Law of the Ming Dynasty（中）大陪审团grand jury《大清律例》the Criminal Laws of the Qing Dynasty （中）《大宪章》（1215）Great Charter，1215（英）单行法规specific regulations单一法律体系unitary legal system单一制政府unitary government但书proviso当代法学动向current trend of jurisprudence当然解释natural interpretation党纪国法party discipline and the law of the country道德规范norm of morality道德义务moral obligation《德国民法典》German Civil code德拉古Draco地方各级人民代表大会local people's congresses at different levels地方各级人民法院local people's courts at different levels地方各级人民检察院local people's procuratorates at different levels地方各级人民政府local people's governments at different levels第二读second reading第三读third reading二元论the dualistic theory二元君主立宪制dual constitutional monarchy system二元论the dualistic theory二元论者dualist二元制bicameral system法的本质the nature of law法的变化changes of law法的定义definition of law法的发展development of law法的分类divisions of law法的概念concepts of law法的规范作用normalized usage of law法的继承succession of law法的精神spirit of law法的可预测性foreseeability of law法的类型types of law法的历史类型的更替the replacement of one historical mode of law by another 法的历史渊源historical origin of law法的连续性continuity of law法的内容contexts of law法的社会作用social usage of law法的生效operation of law法的实现realization of law法的特征character of law法的现象legal phenomenon法的消亡withering away of law法的形式渊源formal source of law法的要素elements of law法的渊源source of law法的职能function of law法的作用role of law法典code；statute book法典编纂codification of codes法定成年人的年龄age of majority；legal age法定程序legal procedure法定处罚statutory penalty法定代理人：agent ad litem法定解释statutory interpretation法定量刑情节legally prescribed circumstances of sentencing法定年龄legal age；lawful age法定年龄限制a statutory age limit法定期间prescribed time法定期限legal term法定权利legal right；right entitled by law法定权限limits of power prescribed by law法定人数quorum法定日appointed day法定时间appointed time法定时效statutory prescription法定条件legal condition法定限制statutory restrictions法定效力statutory force法定刑legally-prescribed punishment法定形式legal form法定责任statutory duty法定追溯期time of legal memory法定最高刑maximum statutory penalty；maximum statutory sentence 法官judge法官的自由裁量权judge's power of discretion法官权力范围extent of judge's power法官心证judge's mental impression法官中立原则Nemo debt esse judex in propria causa法规编纂condification of laws and regulations法规的解释interpretation of statutes法规汇编corpus of the laws and regulations《法国民法典》Code Civile de Francais （法）法理jurisprudence；principle of law法理学家jurisprudent法律保护legal protection法律编纂codification法律标准legal standards法律补救legal redress法律部门legal department法律草案draft regulations法律措施legal measures法律大全Corpus legum法律的本土化和改写the localization and adaptiion of laws 法律的本质essence of law法律的地位position of law法律的定义definition of law法律的废止abolishment of law法律的公共秩序论public order theory of law法律的规范性normalization of law法律的继承succession of law法律的理想ideal of law法律的权威authority of law法律的失效lapse of law法律的实施administration of law；law enforcement法律的适用application of law法律的统一unification of law法律的推定presumption of law法律的推理analogy of law法律的完整性integrity of law法律的效力范围force's scale of law法律的效力形式force's form of law法律的修改alteration of law法律的演进evolutin of law法律的原理principle of law法律地位平等equal in legal status法律对人的效力personal act of law编纂法律方法legal methodology法律分类classification of law法律赋予权力authority conferred by law法律改革law reform法律概念legal concept法律根据legal basis法律工作者legal professional法律关系legal relation法律关系的运行process of legal relation法律关系客体object of legal relation法律关系主体subject of legal relation法律规定provisions of law法律规范norm of law法律规范的逻辑结构logical structure of legal rule法律规则体系system of legal rules法律含义intendment of law法律另有规定：otherwise stipulated by law法律现象legal phenomenon法律研究legal research法律要件legal requirement法律依据legal basis法律意见legal advice法律意见书legal opinion法律意识law-consciousness法律意义legal sense法律用语legal language法律与正义先验论a prior theory of law and justice法律渊源source of law法律原本注释gloss法律原理legal doctrines法律原则principle of legality法律援助legal aid法律约束legal binding；legal restraint法律责任legal responsibility法律责任的道义基础moral basic of legal obligation法律责任的归结imputaton of legal responsibility法律责任的认定determination of legal responsibility法律责任的执行enforcement of legal responsibility法律责任客体object of legal responsibility法律责任主体subject of legal responsibility法律哲学philosophy of law；philosophie du droit （法）；philosophia juris 法律政策policy of the law法律职业道德legal ethics法律指导legal counsel法律制裁legal sanction法律制度regime of law；legal system法律秩序legal order法律主体资格capacity as a subject of law法律主张proposition of law法律属地原则territoriality of laws法律著述legal literature法律专家legal expert法律专业legal profession法律专著和教科书legal treatise and textbook法律咨询legal advice法律尊严legal sanctity法盲legal illiterates法权right法社会学sociology of law法系legal system法协会law society法学jurisprudence法学博士doctor of jurisprudence法学导论leading principles of law法学的范畴体系the system of categories of jurisprudence法学的范畴意识the consciousness of category of jurisprudence 法学的基石范畴fundamental categories of jurisprudence法学方法method of jurisprudence法学方法论methodology of jurisprudence法学会law society法学教科书law textbooks法学理论theory of law；legal theory法学权威an academic authority in law法学士bachelor of law法学体系system of jurisprudence法学通论first principles of law法学院faculty of law；law school法医forensic medicine法医学forensic medicine法院court法院调查judicial investigation法院管辖权competence of court法院管辖以外的extrajudicial法院判决court decision法院系统court structure法院组织法judicature act法则articles法哲学philosophy of law法制legal institution法制传统tradition of law system法制的精神spirit of legality法制的尊严dignity of the legal system法制观念legal concept法制观念淡薄very weak in the understanding of law法制教育legal education；education of legal system法制史legal history；history of legal system法治rule of law法治的机制the mechanism of rule of law法治的要素the element of rule of law非实质的immaterial非营利的non-profit非约束性条款permissive provision废止法律annulment of law分别管辖权separate jurisdiction分别财产制separation of property regime分别规定separate provision分担责任share the responsibility分工负责，互相配合，互相制约divide responsibility for their own work；coordinate their efforts and check each other分工负责制division of labor responsibility system分级管理different levels holding different responsibilities分配制度distribution system分析法理学analytical jurisprudence否决权power veto；veto power否认事实denial of facts服从法律amenable to law；subject to the law服从判决accept a judgment符合程序be in order符合法律be in conformity with law符合宪法constitutionality符合宪法的法律constitutional law符合原则be in conformity with the principle盖尤斯Gaius概括裁定general verdict概括继承general succession干扰司法公正interference with course of justice刚性条款entrenched clause刚性宪法rigid constitution岗位责任制post responsibility system高等法院high court；high court of justice高度集中highly centralize高度民主high level of democracy高度自治权high degree of autonomy高级法官senior judge高级法院superior court高级人民法院Higher People's Court高级人民检察院Higher People's Procuratortate搁置set aside；abeyance格式条款clause of style公认的行为准则established standard of conduct规避法律in fraud of law规避义务evade obligations规范的法律规则normative rule of law规范法学normative jurisprudence规范性法律文件normalizative document of law规范性法律文件的规范化normalization of normative legal document 国际法international law国际法学international jurisprudence过错方tort-feasor；wrongdoer过错推定原则doctrine of presumption过错责任liability for wrongs；tort liability海事法院court of admiralty《汉穆拉比法典》Code of Hammurabi合并条款consolidation of provisions合法的个人财产legal personal property合法地位legal status合法权益the lawful rights and interests合法行为lawful acts；legality of purpose合宪性constitutionality衡平法equity衡平法规则rule of equity衡平法学equity jurisprudence衡平法院Court of Chancery （美）；Court of Equity （英）后法取代前法A later statute takes away the effect of a prior one.后法优于前法lex posterior derogat priori户籍所在地：the place where his residence is registered互为因果reciprocal causation基本法fundamental law基本法律规范basic norm of law基本方针basic policies基本权利和义务basic rights and duties基本司法概念和假设basic legal conception and assumption技术性法规technical legal rule家庭法family law建立法律关系create legal relations教会法canon law《教会法大全》Corpus Juris Canonici教会法学家decretalists解释法律的技术规则technical rule of interpretation 解释权power of interpretation近因immediate cause禁治产人imbecile；interdicted person经常居住地：habitual residence经法律确认的ascertained by law经法律许可authorized by law经验法学scholastic theories of law纠问式审判trial by inspection or examination具有法律约束力的文件legally binding instrument 具有同等效力的with equal authenticity具有约束力的判例binding precedent绝对衡平法absolute equity君主立宪制度constitutional monarchy开罗会议Cairo Conference凯恩斯主义keynesianism可撤销的法律行为revocable juristic act可让与性alienability可用法律强制执行的enforceable at law可预见的foreseeable可直接适用的法律directly applicable law可追溯的retrospective客观条件objective condition客观因素objective factor客体object扩充解释amplified interpretation理论法理学派theoretical jurisprudence school理性决定说theory of rational decision理性认识conceptual knowledge历史法学historical jurisprudence历史法学派historical school of law历史解释historical interpretation立法机构legislative body立法权law-making power；legislative power立法委任权legislation mandate立法效力legislative effect立法议案bills立法者law-maker；legislator立宪constitutionalism利益冲突conflict of interests利害关系人interested person连带法律关系joint legal relations连带责任joint and several obligation论理解释logical interpretation罗马法Roman Law；Jus Romanum罗马法系Roman-Law System罗马皇帝优士丁尼一世Justinian I罗马法理学jurisprudential《罗马法律汇编》Roman Digest罗马法学派school of Romanists罗马－日耳曼法系Roman-Germanic family罗马私法Jus Privatum逻辑解释logical interpretation马伯里诉麦迪逊案Marbury vs. Madison马克思主义法律理论Marxism-leninism马克思主义法学Marxist jurisprudence马克思主义法学家Marxist jurist没有事实根据的unsubstantial美国国际法协会American Institute of International Law美国海事法庭Admiralty Courts of the U.S.A.美国联邦地区法院United States district courts美国联邦法官federal judge没有法律依据的lawless没有判决先例的案件case of first impression《民法大全》Corpus Juris Civilis民法典civil code民法法系Civil-Law System民法通则：General Principles of the Civil Law民法学science of civil law民事案件中“占有优势证据”的原则“by a preponderance of evidence”in civil cases 民事权利能力：the capacity for civil rights民事权益：civil rights and interests民事诉讼法学Civil Procedure Law民事制裁civil punishment；civil sanction民政部门：the civil affairs department明代法规laws and regulations of Ming Dynasty明示或默示的express or implied默示表达communication by implication拿破仑法典The Code Napolean内部规章internal regulations纳妾制concubinage南京条约（1843）Treaty of Nanking，1843拟制理论fiction theory拟制买卖mancipatio欧洲大陆法continental law偶然权利contingent right偶然因果关系fortuitous causal relationship偶然因素accidentalia偶因accidental cause排他的权利right to exclude all others派生的权利derived right派生取得derivative acquisition判例法系Case Law System普通法法系Common-Law System判例法系Case Law System判例汇编reports；reports of judgments普通法common law普通法法系Common-Law System普通法上的补偿common-law remedy普通法上的过失common-law negligence普通法上的留置权common-law lien普通法学general jurisprudence强制办法coercive method强制规定mandatory provisions强制性法规mandatory rule of law强制性条款mandatory term侵犯财产权property torts侵权行为法tort law侵权责任tortious liability清理法规check up laws and regulations区域性法律体系regional system of laws取证obtain evidence确权之诉affirmative petitory action；cause for ownership affirmation 确认之诉action for confirmation；actio confessoria权威解释authentic interpretation人法human law，statute personalia人格减等capitis deminutio人身不可侵犯inviolability of the person人身非财产关系personal non-property relations人身关系personal relation任意解释arbitrary interpretation《日耳曼法》Germanic law柔性宪法flexible constitution三权分立separation of powers善意推定presumption of good faith商法commercial law商法典code of commerce社会法学sociological jurisprudence社会关系social relations社会规范social regulation社会连带主义法学social solidarism jurisprudence社会契约论theory of social contract社会团体：social organization社会主义法学socialist jurisprudence社会主义法制socialist legal system；socialist rule of law神法divine law神权说theory of divine right审查制度censorship；inspection system审计监督supervise through auditing审计监督权power to supervise through auditing生效条款operative clause失效法律expired laws失效日expiry date施行细则implementary provisions实证主义法学派the positivist school《十二表法》Twelve Tables实体法material law；substantial law实体法上的抗辩substantial defense实体权利substantive right实用主义法学judicial pragmaticism实在法positive law实在法学positive jurisprudence实在法学派positivist实在主义法学positivist jurisprudence实证法学positive jurisprudence实质条款material stipulation实质性的瑕疵defect of substance实质性解释material interpretation事实的推定presumption of fact事业单位：institution适用法律reference to the law；applicable law适用范围area of application；sphere of application适用中国法律：be governed by the law of PRC （The law of PRC shall apply to）溯及既往原则doctrine of retroactivity溯及力retrospect；retrospective effect损害赔偿damages梭伦Solon弹性宪法elastic constitution特别程序special procedure特别但书special proviso特别法special law特殊主体special subject提案motion；overture；proposal提出抗辩raise a plea；raise a plead条约法law of treaties同态复仇retaliation推定合法presumption of legality停止生效cease to have effect外国法foreign law外国法制史foreign legal history外国人待遇foreigner treatment完全民事权利能力：full capacity for civil conduct完全丧失行为能力的人person entirely incapable of legal transaction 完全无行为能力absolute disability万民法jus gentium违法构成要件essential condition of delict违宪violation of constitution乌尔比安Ulpianus无国籍人：stateless persons无条件解释unconditional interpretation无效的法律void law无效法律行为void act；act without legal effect物权property西塞罗Marcus Tullius Cicero习惯法custom law细则detailed rules and regulations；details by-laws狭义解释narrow definition下文另有规定者除外except as hereinafter provided先决条件precedent condition；prerequisite现实主义法学realism jurisprudence现行法律current law；existing law限制解释restrictive interpretation宪法的解释interpretation of constitution宪法修正案constitution amendment宪法学constitutional jurisprudence相对主义法学relativist jurisprudence新分析法学new analytical jurisprudence新律New Law ，Novellae行为规范code of conduct学说编纂the Pandekta形式主义法学formalist jurisprudence亚里士多德Aristotle严格解释strict interpretation严重不法行为aggravated misconduct；gross misbehavior严重违法break the law on a serious scale要件important condition；essential condition一般客体general object一般权利能力general legal capacity一般主体general subject一事不再理的保证guarantee against double jeorpardy依法办案handle cases according to law依法独立行使职权independent exercise of powers within the framework of the law依照法律的规定as prescribed by law以法律为准绳take law as the criterion依法治国genuine rule of law；running the country according to law义务性规范obligatory rule义务主体subject of duty英美法系Anglo-American Legal System永恒法eternal law优士丁尼法典the Codex Justinianus优士丁尼皇帝Justinian《优士丁尼民法大全》（《国法大全》）Corpus Juris Civilis有法必依ensure that laws are observed有法律约束力legally binding有条件解释conditional interpretation有效期间time of effect；term of validity与法律规定不符against the forms of the statute与法律相抵触的行为act going against the law域外效力extraterritorial effect援引法律条文invoke a legal provision（古罗马的）元老院the Senate约束力binding；binding effect在法律的范围内within the law暂行条例interim regulations；provisional regulation整体法学integrative jurisprudence正当权益justified rights；legitimate interests正式解释official interpretation正式渊源formal source政法学院institute of political science and law知法犯法deliberately break the law执法必严ensure that law's enforcement be strict执法人员law enforcement officials执行权enforcement power直接故意actual intent；direct intent直接后果immediate consequence直接客体direct object直接主体direct subject制定法statute制宪权constituent power治外法权extraterritoriality；extraterritorial jurisdiction中端时效interrupt the running of the statute of limitation中国大陆的法律law of China's mainland中国法制Chinese legal system中国法制史Chinese legal history中国特色的社会主义法制socialist legal system with Chinese character中华法系Chinese legal system《中华人民共和国香港特别行政区基本法》the Basic law of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China主要法律体系principal legal system自然法natural law自然法学派natural law school组成合议庭开庭审理：form a collegial panel to conduct the trial最高国家权力机关highest organ of state power最高人民法院的解释interpretation of supreme people's court遵循先例原则The Doctrine of Stare作为或不作为act or omission。
中华法系英文介绍
中华法系英文介绍China's Legal System: A Comprehensive OverviewChina's legal system is a complex and multifaceted entity that has evolved over thousands of years. Rooted in the rich cultural and philosophical traditions of the Middle Kingdom, the Chinese legal framework has undergone a remarkable transformation in recent decades, adapting to the changing needs of a rapidly modernizing society. In this comprehensive introduction, we will delve into the intricate workings of the Chinese legal system, exploring its unique characteristics, core principles, and the ongoing efforts to modernize and align it with international standards.At the heart of the Chinese legal system lies the concept of "Fa," which encompasses a broad range of legal and ethical norms that have shaped the country's sociopolitical landscape for centuries. Influenced by the teachings of Confucianism, Taoism, and other traditional schools of thought, the Chinese legal tradition has historically emphasized the harmonious coexistence of individuals within a hierarchical social structure, prioritizing social stability and the collective good over individual rights.The modern Chinese legal system, however, has undergone a significant evolution, incorporating elements of Western legal traditions while maintaining its distinctive Chinese characteristics. Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the government has embarked on a comprehensive legal reform agenda, aiming to create a comprehensive legal framework that can effectively govern a rapidly transforming nation.One of the cornerstones of the Chinese legal system is the Constitution, which serves as the fundamental law of the land. Adopted in 1982 and amended several times since then, the Constitution outlines the structure and powers of the central government, as well as the basic rights and obligations of Chinese citizens. The National People's Congress (NPC) and its Standing Committee are responsible for interpreting and implementing the constitutional provisions, ensuring their alignment with the evolving needs of the country.Alongside the Constitution, China has developed a robust system of laws and regulations that govern various aspects of society, from economic activities to social welfare and environmental protection. The legislative process in China is primarily driven by the NPC and its Standing Committee, which are responsible for enacting, amending, and repealing laws. The State Council, China's chief administrative authority, also plays a crucial role in the legislative process, issuingadministrative regulations and rules to provide further guidance and implementation mechanisms for the laws.The judicial system in China is composed of the Supreme People's Court, the highest judicial body in the country, as well as a hierarchical network of local people's courts, including basic-level courts, intermediate courts, and higher-level courts. The People's Courts are responsible for adjudicating civil, criminal, and administrative cases, with the Supreme People's Court serving as the final arbiter of legal disputes. The procuratorial system, represented by the Supreme People's Procuratorate and its local counterparts, is responsible for overseeing the legal system and ensuring the proper enforcement of laws.One of the unique features of the Chinese legal system is its emphasis on alternative dispute resolution methods, such as mediation and arbitration. These approaches, rooted in traditional Chinese conflict resolution practices, are often encouraged as a means of promoting social harmony and avoiding lengthy and adversarial court proceedings.In recent years, the Chinese government has made significant strides in aligning its legal system with international standards and best practices. This includes the adoption of laws and regulations that address emerging issues, such as intellectual property protection,environmental sustainability, and data privacy. China has also actively participated in international legal frameworks, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), and has made efforts to harmonize its domestic laws with global norms.Despite these advancements, the Chinese legal system continues to face a range of challenges, including the need to further strengthen the independence of the judiciary, enhance transparency and accountability, and address concerns over human rights and civil liberties. The government has acknowledged these challenges and has initiated a series of reforms aimed at addressing them, while balancing the need to maintain social stability and ensure the continued development of the country.In conclusion, the Chinese legal system is a complex and dynamic entity that has evolved through centuries of cultural and historical influences. As China continues to transform and expand its global footprint, the development of its legal framework will remain a critical component of its overall modernization and integration with the international community. Understanding the unique characteristics and ongoing evolution of the Chinese legal system is essential for anyone seeking to engage with China, whether in the realm of business, diplomacy, or cross-cultural exchange.。
【2016两会中英双语介绍】 中国的立法体制和法律体系(节选)
中国的立法体制和法律体系（节选）China's Legislative System & Legal System来源：中国人大网/pc/12_4/2016-02/01/content_1962140.htm文本并非完全中英对照| 因原网页排版及转载问题，文本内容因供参考CATTI 考试资料与资讯整理（一）中国的立法体制(1) China’s Legislative System中国是统一的多民族的单一制国家，地域辽阔，各地经济、文化、社会发展很不平衡，为保证国家法制的统一，又适应各地区的特点和差异，充分调动中央和地方两个积极性，中国实行统一而又分层次的立法体制。
China is a unified multi-ethnic nation with a unitary political system. To ensure that the legal system remain unified and adapt at the sametime to the uneven economic, political and cultural development of different areas, China practices a unified, multi-level legislative system.●全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使国家立法权。
--The NPC and its Standing Committee exercise the state power to make laws.●国务院根据宪法和法律，制定行政法规，报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。
--The State Council formulates administrative regulations in accordance with the Constitution and other laws and reports them to the NPC for records.●省、自治区、直辖市的人民代表大会及其常务委员会，根据本行政区域的具体情况和实际需要，在不同宪法、法律、行政法规相抵触的前提下，可以制定地方性法规，报全国人民代表大会常务委员会和国务院备案。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
HeinOnline -- 23 Colum. J. Asian L. 17 2009
COLUMBIA JOURNAL OF ASIAN LA W
[23:1
Prepared "The 30-Year Anniversary of Reform and Opening Up ": An for InternationalAcademic Seminar Forumfor Social Development and Social Policy, Dec. 16-17, 2008, Academic Division of Social, Political and Legal Studies, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
Citation: 23 Colum. J. Asian L. 17 2009 Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline () Fri Sep 17 05:11:45 2010 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license agreement available at /HOL/License -- The search text of this PDF is generated from uncorrected OCR text. -- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of your HeinOnline license, please use: https:///ccc/basicSearch.do? &operation=go&searchType=0 &lastSearch=simple&all=on&titleOrStdNo=1094-8449
HeinOnline -- 23 Colum. J. Asian L. 18 2009
2009]
ASSESSING CHINA 'S LEGAL REFORMS
the legal system today may also require greater institutional reform, both inside and outside the legal system.
18 19 23 30
" Professor of Law and Director, Center for Chinese Legal Studies, Columbia Law School. Much of this essay is drawn from three works. See Benjamin L. Liebman, China's Courts: Restricted Reform, 21 COLUM. J. ASIAN L. I (2007); Benjamin L. Liebman, A Populist Threat to China's Courts, in CHINESE JUSTICE: CIVIL DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN POST-REFORM CHINA (Mary Gallagher & Margaret Woo eds., forthcoming 2010); Benjamin L. Liebman, A Return to Populist Legality? HistoricalLegacies and Legal Reform, in MAO'S INVISIBLE HAND (Elizabeth Perry and Sebastian Heilmann eds., fort#39;S LEGAL REFORMS
BENJAMIN L. LIEBMAN*
I. INTRODUCTION ............................................... I1. LEGAL CHANGE IN THE REFORM ERA ............................ III. CHALLENGES TO THE FUTURE OF CHINA'S LEGAL REFORMS ....... IV . CONCLUSION ................................................
I.
INTRODUCTION
Over the past thirty years China has engaged in what is perhaps the most rapid development of any legal system in the history of the world. The Chinese legal system has been fundamentally transformed since 1978. At the beginning of the reform era there were few laws or trained personnel. Today, China has sophisticated legal institutions, thousands of laws and regulations, and the third largest number of lawyers in the world. Law has begun to regulate both state and individual behavior in ways that were inconceivable in 1978. Commitment to the rule of law has become an important part of state ideology and state legitimacy. Popular understanding of law has expanded dramatically and the legal system has become an important route for addressing grievances and resolving disputes. Despite this progress, however, many observers note that legal reforms have often trailed economic reforms, that law still fails to limit state power, that courts and other institutions continue to confront a range of problems, and that popular confidence in the legal system remains low. This essay will begin with a short summary of the dramatic changes in China's legal system during the reform era and will then discuss challenges that the legal system is confronting today. These include the need to balance populism with respect for legal institutions, excessive discretion, rising inequalities and unequal access to justice, lack of transparency, and the need to make courts more autonomous and independent. China is not alone in facing these challenges. Yet the ways that these problems are manifested in China differ significantly from those in other countries, reflecting both China's history and the institutional framework in which the Chinese legal system exists. The central theme that emerges from surveying reforms already undertaken and contemporary challenges is the unique context and content of China's legal reforms. Legal reforms have helped to facilitate economic development and, more recently, to balance development with efforts to address rising inequality. The distinctiveness of China's reform experience, however, has come from the dramatic progress that has been made absent significant institutional change. The adaptability of reforms to existing institutional environments helps to explain their success. Yet addressing many of the major problems facing