2020智慧树知道网课《德语语言学导论》课后章节测试满分答案
德语语言学导论_中国海洋大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
德语语言学导论_中国海洋大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.下列哪些说法是正确的：参考答案:汉语的词类灵活，经常可以充当多种句法功能；_德语中，变位的只有动词；2.德语的框架结构都和动词有关，包括下列哪几种类型：参考答案:动词和可分前缀之间；_助动词和动词之间；_从句连词和从句的动词之间3.名词的语法范畴包括名词的词性、数和格。
参考答案:正确4.下列句子是否正确：Wenn das Wetter schön ist, gehen wir ins Freie?参考答案:错误5.篇章的表层结构为（）层面，深层结构为（）层面。
表层的任务是（），深层的任务是（）。
参考答案:语法，主题，理顺语法结构，构建认知关联性6.下列连词使用不当的是（）。
参考答案:Wenn das kleine arme Mädchen von zu Hause wegging, hatte es nurPantoffeln angehabt.7.将下列句子的两部分颠倒顺序会产生不同含义的是（）。
参考答案:Er hörte den Schritt der Mutter und schaltete den Fernseher aus._DerLehrer stellte eine Frage und die Studenten schwiegen.8.在阅读和写作篇章时还要注意多方面因素，如（）等。
参考答案:知识面_语境_文化交际规范9.阐述概念之间的逻辑关系需要必不可少的衔接手段。
参考答案:错误10.为什么要学习语言学？参考答案:认识科学，培养自身的科研素质和能力；_有助于站在理性高度去认识德语，学到掌握德语的有效方法；_为今后的学业深造奠定基础11.洪堡治学思想的核心是训练学生的科学认识论和思想方法，提高理解力和判断力，“授之以渔”。
参考答案:正确12.科学的构成要素包括：参考答案:研究对象_概念、定义、专业术语_研究方法_实验材料13.归纳是自上而下，从个体到一般的推理过程。
2020知到智慧树德语语言学导论第一单元测试答案第一章节作业结课答案见面课考试满分期末答案.docx
2020知到智慧树德语语言学导论第一单元测试答案第一章节作业结课答案见面课考试满分期末答案问：下面哪一项是埃及新王国时期,第十八王朝时出现的那位叛逆法老信奉的?()答：阿顿神问：沿着量子阶梯向下,探索更深层次的物质时,奇点处在核的上方。
答：错误问：人格包括几个方面答：三个问：生涯基本点就是:答：获得生涯快乐感问：通过TRIZ理论中资源分析的学习，太阳能电池属于（）资源。
答：自然或环境资源时间资源问：飞虫冲入耳道,急救方法不恰当的是()。
答：用筷子深入耳朵,夹出问：搭讪不成功最主要的原因是()。
答：私心导致目的性过强问：在中世纪的黑暗时期,人类的科学活动完全停滞了。
答：错误问：酒会中要积极主动和陌生人交谈。
答：正确问：以下哪些属于省政治权利机构?()答：省委省人民代表大会及其常务委员会政协主席省人民政府问：Scelsi是下面哪一国的作曲家：（）答：意大利问：Schidler:I'ma__________ofslavelabor.Iamacrimial.答：profiteer问：Schidler和Wolf于下面哪一年发明了第一台软性胃镜？（）答：1932年问：Scholasticism的汉语意思是：（）答：经院哲学问：School psychologists ad social workers are o the frot lies of keepigschools safe, but theyre uder-prioritized, ______, ad overworked.答：uderstaffed问：在半径为R的长直金属圆柱体内部挖去一个半径为r的长直圆柱体，两柱体轴线平行，其间距为，如图．今在此导体上通以电流I，电流在截面上均匀分布，则空心部分轴线上点的磁感强度的大小为（）。
答：C问：在半殖民地半封建中国，中国共产党内思想上的主要矛盾是（）。
答：无产阶级思想和非无产阶级思想的矛盾问：在帮别人穿衣服的时候应该先帮助别人穿（）答：左边的袖子问：在包含调控时滞的宏观经济模型中，政府要想改变经济衰退应该在什么时候实行扩张政策？答：在经济衰退未达到最低点之前问：在薄膜干涉中，膜的厚度很大时不会有干涉现象。
东北师范大学智慧树知到“汉语言文学”《语言学概论》网课测试题答案4
东北师范大学智慧树知到“汉语言文学”《语言学概论》网课测试题答案（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.言语(名词解释)2.俄罗斯民族共同语的基础方言是莫斯科方言。
()A.正确B.错误3.格赖斯的合作原则有()。
A.适量准则B.真实准则C.谦虚准则D.关联准则E.方式准则4.美国描写语言学派的核心人物是哈里斯。
()A.正确B.错误5.根据词的来源特点可把词分为古语词、方言词、外来词。
()A.正确B.错误6.藏语所采用的文字系统是()。
A.音素文字B.音节文字C.表意文字D.音位文字7.元音可以从哪些角度分类，分类的结果怎样? 8.美国结构主义语言学派继布龙菲尔德之后主要有()等语言学家。
A.哈里斯B.威尔斯C.韩礼德D.霍凯特E.特雷格9.理发、鞠躬、洗澡……它们各是()。
A.一个语素B.一个句子C.一个离合词D.一个词10.固定词组具有意义的不确定性的特点。
()A.正确B.错误11.已知的自源文字都是()。
A.语素文字B.意音文字C.词语文字D.音位文字E.音素文字12.谈谈组合关系和聚合关系的理论。
13.汉语词的语法分类主要依据是分布。
()A.正确B.错误14.语言作为一种交际工具，体现了语言的()。
A.一般职能B.唯一职能C.重要职能D.基本职能15.语言发展变化的基本条件是()。
A.社会的发展变化B.语言自身的发展C.语言的融合D.语言的混合第2卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.在交际中，语境往往可以补充词义组合所表现出来的意义。
()A.正确B.错误2.下列词中属于简缩构词法的词有()。
A.万宝露B.彩电C.激光D.IPAE.IC3.普通话[y]是低元音。
()A.正确B.错误4.把下列汉语合成词当中所有的语素找出来，分别填入下A、B项中。
飞机、绿油油、苦头、初二 A.自由语素 B.黏着语素5.柏拉图在《克拉底洛篇》中主张名称是由事物决定的。
()A.正确B.错误6.助动词属于下列哪种语法方式()。
在线网课学习智慧知道《英语语言学导论(西安外国语大学)》单元测试考核答案
第一章单元测试第二章单元测试第三章单元测试第四章单元测试第五章单元测试第六章单元测试第七章单元测试第八章单元测试第九章单元测试第十章单元测试第十一章单元测试第十二章单元测试第十三章单元测试第一章单元测试1【单选题】(2分)Which feature incorporates the capacity to talk messages that are unrelated to here and now. （）A.Generosity.B.Discreteness;C.Displacement;D.Arbitrariness;2.【多选题】正确答案：BCDUsually grammar is divided into the components of（）.A.convention and sociology;B.phonetics and phonology;C.morphology and syntax;D.semantics.3【判断题】Although languages are different in many respects, such as sound patterns, vocabulary, word order, there are important grammaticalprinciples and features that hold commonly in all human languages. ( )A.错B.对4【判断题】What enables us to identify well-formed sentences from non-sentences is our good linguistic performance in that language other than linguistic competence. ( )A.对B.错5【判断题】The fact that a parrot can be taught to reproduce some human speech sounds proves that human language is not unique to us. ( )A.对B.错第二章单元测试1【单选题】(2分)How many morphemes are there in the word “frightening”? ( )A.twoB.oneC.fourD.three2【单选题】(2分)Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity? ( )A.doctor/patientB.hot/coldC.husband /wifeD.single/married3【判断题】The word “man” is analyzed as comprising the semantic features of[+human,+adult,+male]. ( )A.错B.对4【单选题】(2分)“-tain” in words like “maintain”, “sustain”, “retain” is a ( ).A.stemB.bound rootC.free morphemeD.suffix5【判断题】Tree diagrams are used to represent the linear structure of words. ( )A.错B.对第三章单元测试1【单选题】(2分)Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________. ( )A.how people produce and recognize possible sentencesB.what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC.how words and phrases form sentences.D.All of the above.2【单选题】(2分)The sentence structure is ________. ( )A.both linear and hierarchicalB.Only hierarchicalC.only linearplex3【单选题】(2分)The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number. ( )A.small。
德语国家社会与文化智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年华东师范大学
第一章测试1.此照片所记录的历史事件反映了德国的何种态度？A:对一战的反思B:对二战中屠杀犹太人的忏悔C:对二战中德国阵亡将领的缅怀D:对二战的反思答案:BD2.此照片所记录的历史事件是1989年柏林墙的倒塌，预示着两德的统一。
A:错B:对答案:B3.此图片中有哪些德国名人？A:舒马赫B:歌德C:爱因斯坦D:默克尔答案:ABCD4.文化定势都是对一个群体或个体负面的评价，比如“德国人都守时”不是文化定势。
A:错B:对答案:A5.文化定势对于人们认识新事物只有害处，应该避免。
A:对B:错答案:B第二章测试1.古希腊建筑是在古罗马建筑的基础上发展起来的。
A:对B:错答案:B2.卫城是城市高处建起的要塞，用于防范外敌入侵。
A:错B:对答案:B3.古希腊建筑的柱式主要分为三种：多立克、爱奥尼和科林斯，亦被成为男性柱、女性柱和少女柱。
A:错B:对答案:B4.古希腊建筑是三角、圆柱与四方体等几何构造的叠加，各种柱式的高度、宽度与厚度有严格的比例要求，体现了古希腊当时在几何、物理等学科上所取得的成就。
A:错B:对答案:B5.古罗马浴场是当时重要的社交场所。
A:错B:对答案:B第三章测试1.德国人日常三餐都是冷食。
A:错B:对答案:A2.德国人一般中午12点钟左右开始午餐。
A:对B:错答案:B3.汽车是德国人的文化自我认知中重要的组成部分。
A:对B:错答案:A4.在德国，人际间的关系多依靠血缘和亲情牵连在一起。
A:对B:错答案:B5.德国周日所有的商店都不开门。
A:对B:错答案:B第四章测试1.《与一个幸存者的对话》是艾里希 ·弗里德的作品。
A:错B:对答案:B2.君特 ·艾希的诗歌《清点》是战后废墟文学的代表作。
A:错B:对答案:B3.恩斯特 ·扬德尔:《标记一个转折时刻》中的“五月”象征胜利。
A:错B:对答案:A4.战败的德国割让了一部分西北部的领土给波兰和苏联。
A:错B:对答案:A5.二战中纳粹德国屠杀了近六百万犹太人。
语言学导论课后答案
语言学导论课后答案【篇一：语言学导论复习题】txt>i. blank-filling1. the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronice ______________ linguistic study; the descriptionof a language as it changes through time is a diachronic _____linguistic study. modern linguists tend to prefer a synchronic approach to a diachronic ______ one.2. speech _____ and writing _____ are the two major media oflinguistic communication. modern linguistics regards the speech language as the primary medium of humanlanguage.3. if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive ; if the linguistic study aims to lay downrules for “ correct and standard ” behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive _____ .4. langue _____ refers to the abstract linguistic systemshared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.5. language is a system of arbitrary _____ vocal symbolsused for human communication _____ .6. competence ____ can be defined as the ideal user?sknowledge of the rules of his language, and performance can be defined as the actual realization ofthis knowledge in linguistic communication.7. language is arbitrary _____ in the sense that there is nointrinsic 本质的connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.8. the fact that children acquire spoken language before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal .9. language is productive ____ or creative in that its userscan produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.10. language can be used to refer to things which are present or absent, real or imagined matters in the past, present, orfuture, or in far-away places. this is what displacement _____means.11. the study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.12. linguistics can be defined as the systematic ____ studyof language _____ .13. duality of structures is also referred to as double _____articulation 结构双重性________ .ii. multiple choice1. the distinction between langue and parole was made by the swiss linguist ___ in the early 20th century.a. noam. chomskyb. f. de saussurec. charles hockettd. j.r. firth2. the distinction between competence and performance was made by the american linguist ___ in the late 1950?s.a. noam. chomskyb. f. de saussurec. charles hockettd. j.r. firth3. a modern linguist would not prefer to be a(n) ___.a. observerb. analyzerc. judged. recorderii. true or false judgement( ) 1. langue is concrete while parole is abstract. langue is relatively stable whileparole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.( ) 2. similar to saussure, chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is theideal speaker?s performance, not his competence.( ) 3. modern linguistics is prescriptive while traditional grammar is descriptive.( ) 4. modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.( ) 5. traditional grammar forced languages into a latin-based framework. ( ) 6. in modern linguistics, a diachronic approach seems to enjoy priority over a synchronic one.( ) 7. “ language is a system ” means that elements of language are combinedaccording to rules.( ) 8. language is culturally as well as genetically transmitted.( ) 9. linguistics studies not any particular language, but languages in general.( ) 10. in a broad sense applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistictheories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.( ) 11.a modern linguist is interested in what is said, not in what he thinks ought to be said.keys:i. blank-filling1. synchronic, diachronic, synchronic, diachronic2. speech, writing, speech3. descriptive, prescriptive4. langue, parole5. arbitrary, communication6. competence, performance7. arbitrary8. vocal9. productive10. displacement11. general12. systematic/scientific, language13. double articulationii. multiple choice1. b2. a3. c iii. true or false judgement1. f2. f3. f4. t5. t6. f7. t8. f9. t 10. f11. t2 phonologyi. blank-filling1. phonetics _____ is defined as the study of the phonicmedium of language.2. the three important branches of phonetics are: (1) 发音学articulatory phonetics, which studies how a speakeruses his speech organs to articulate the sounds;(2) 听觉acoustic _____ phonetics, which studies the physicalproperties of speech sounds and (3) 声学acoustic _______ phonetics, which studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.4. vibration of the vocal ______ cords ____ results in aquality of speech sounds called “ voicing ____________ ”, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in english.5. there are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. the transcription with letter-symbols only and the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics. the former is called broad transcription while the latter is callednarrow ______ transcription.6. the sound [p] is pronounced differently in the two words pit and spit. in the word pit, the sound[p] is pronounced with a strong puff of air, but in spit the puff of air is withheld to some extent. in the case of pit, the [p] sound issaid to be aspirated and in the case of spit, the [p] sound is unaspirated .7. speech sounds in english can be divided into two broad categories: vowels _______________ and consonants _____ .8. when the vocal cords are drawn wide apart, letting air go through without causing vibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless ______________________ .9. in terms of manner of articulation the english consonants can be classified into the following types: stops ____________ ,fricatives ______ , affricates _____ , liquids _____ ,nasals ______ , glides ____ . in terms of place of articulation,the english consonants can be classified into the following types: bilabial , labiodental ______ , dental _________ ,alveolar _____ , palatal _____ , velar _____ , glottal _____ consonants.10. english vowels may be distinguished as front ____ ,central _____ , and back _____ according to which part of thetongue is held highest.11. according to the openness of the mouth, we can classify the vowels into: close ______________ vowels, semi close _____vowels, semi open _____ vowels and open ______ vowels.12. vowels can be classified according to the shape of the lips. in english, all the front vowels are uounded _____________ vowels andmost back vowels are rounded _____ .13. the english vowels can be classified according to the length of the sound. the long vowels are all tense ________________vowels and the lax _____ vowels are lax vowels.14. a phoneme is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or realized by a certain phone __________________ in a certainphonetic context.15. the different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.16. phonetically similar sounds might be related in two ways. if they are two distinctive phonemes they are said to form a phonemic contrast . if they are allophones of thesame phoneme, then they are said to be in complementary distribution .17. when two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal __________ pair19. rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called sequential ________________ rules.21. the parts of speech that are normally stressed in an english sentence are nouns __________________ , main ______ verbs,adjectives ____ , adverbs _____ , numerals _____ anddemonstrative _____ pronouns; the other categories of wordslike articles _____ , person _____ pronouns, auxiliary _____verbs, preposition _____ , and conj unctions _____ are usuallynot stressed.25. in english we can produce a sound by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions, the sound thus produced is calleda diphthong _____________________________ .26. speech _____ sounds are sounds that convey meaning inhuman communication.27. ipa is the short form for international _____phonetic _____ alphabet ____ or i _____ p _____association _____ .28. in english glides are sometimes called semivowels _____ .the english glides are _w ____ and ___j ___.29. a phoneme consists of a set of distinctive 与众不同的_____ features. it is just because of these features that a phoneme is capable of distinguishing meaning. ii. multiple choice1. which of the following is not a suprasegmental feature?a. phonemeb. stressc. toned. intonation2. the english word that contains a voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop is .a. peakb. speakc. tip c. topic3. chinese is a(n) ___ language.a. intonationb. tonec. pitchd. stress4. the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called _______________________ .a. sequential rulesb. combining rulesc. assimilation rulesd. deletion rules5. which of the following is a minimal pair?a. fear, pearb. put, hutc. bit, beatd. beat, beastiii. true or false judgement( ) 2. linguists are interested in all sounds produced by humans.( ) 3. the “ same” sounds we claim to have heard are in most cases only phonetically similar, but rarely phonetically identical.( ) 4. narrow transcription is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.( ) 6. a phoneme is a phonological unit, it is a unit that is of distinctive value.( ) 7. the location of stress in english does not distinguish meaning.( ) 10. conventionally phonemes are placed within square brackets, and phones in slashes.keys: blank-filling 1.phonetics2. rticulatory, acoustic, auditory4.vocal cords, voicing5.broad, narrow6. aspirated, unaspirated7. vowels, consonants8. voiceless9. stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals, glides; bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal10. front, central, back11. close, semi-close, semi-open, open12. uounded, rounded13. tense, lax14. phone15. allophones16. phonemic contrast, complementary distribution17. minimal pair19.sequential21.nouns, main, adjectives, adverbs, numerals, demonstrative; articles, person, auxiliary, prepositions, conjunctions 25.diphthong26.speech27.international phonetic alphabet, international phonetic association28.semivowels, [w], [j]29.distinctive multiple choice 1-5abbac true or false judgement 2.f 3.t 4.f 6.t 7.f 10.f3. morphologyi. blank filling1. in english, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are sometimes called o class words since we can regularlyadd new words to these classes. the other syntactic categories, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, are sometimes called c class words since new words arenot usually added to them.2. m _____ refers to the study of the internal structure ofw _____ , and the rules by which words are formed.3. the most basic element of meaning is traditionally called m .4. some morphemes occurs only before other morphemes. suchmorphemes are called p _________ ; other morphemes occuronly after other morphemes, such morphemes are called s .5. when some morphemes are conjoined to other morphemes a new word is formed, such morphemes are called d _______________ morphemes.6. bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers, signifying such concepts as tense, number, case and so on are referred to as i ____________________________ morphemes.篇二：《语言学概论》练习题答案】＞一、名词解释1 、语言学：语言学是以人类语言作为研究对象的学科，研究人类语言的性质、结构、发展等。
《语言学概论》网络课程习题及参考答案
《语言学概论》网络课程习题与参考答案第一章导论此章内容属于新课切入和引导部分，不安排习题。
第二章语言的社会功能一、填空1.人和动物的区别是人会制造生产工具进行劳动，而且人类有，这是人和动物相区别的重要标志之一。
2.一种语言中的句子数量是无限的，人类之所以能掌握语言，是因为语言中构成句子的语言材料和的数量是十分有限的。
3.语言是人类社会最重要的，而且也是思维的。
4.人的大脑分左右两个半球，大脑的半球控制语言活动，半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。
5.儿童最早的智力活动就是学习。
6.语言是特殊的社会现象的含义是语言具有，没有。
7.语言和言语的关系可以这样理解：语言是，言语是个别的；语言是抽象的，言语是。
8.人和人之间互相传递信息，互相交流思想感情，最主要的方式是进行交际。
9.人和人之间相互交流思想表达感情的过程是非常复杂的，从信息论的角度可以将其理解为和的过程。
10.文字是建立在基础之上的工具，旗语是建立在基础之上的工具。
二、辨析正误（正确的打钩，错误的打叉）1.文字和语言一样，都是人类最重要的交际工具。
（）2.地主阶级和农民阶级之间没有共同语言，这说明语言是有阶级性的。
（）3.语言是思维的工具，没有语言，人类就无法进行有效的思维。
（）4.从语言和言语的关系来说，我们在现实生活中不可能找到一匹马，只能找到一匹具体的具有某种色彩、某种体态等等特征的马。
（）5.绘画和音乐都能表达人的思想感情，都可以算是代表语言的符号。
（）6.现代社会，随着沟通方式的日益增多，语言的重要性也在日渐削弱。
（）7.语言具有自然属性，是一种客观的纯自然现象。
（）8.没有语言，人类照样可以思维，就像聋哑人那样。
（）三、分析题：下列句子中加下划线的词哪些是语言学中所说的“语言”，哪些是语言学中所说的“言语”，哪些是其他说法的代替？1.杨朔散文的语言真美！2.你这个人真不会说话。
3.他会说好几国的话。
4.两个人熟了，自然也就有了共同语言。
福建师范大学智慧树知到“汉语言文学”《语言学概论》网课测试题答案1
福建师范大学智慧树知到“汉语言文学”《语言学概论》网课测试题答案（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.双语现象是一种语言或几种语言统一为一种语言的必经过渡阶段。
()A、错误B、正确2.汉语音节中，以元音为主，没有两个辅音相连的现象，韵腹和声调一定不能缺。
()A.正确B.错误3.语言发展的外部原因是()。
A.社会生产力的发展，生产关系的改变，科学技术的发展B.不同社会的联系、交往、接触C.语言系统内部的各种因素相互关系、影响D.社会发展4.在汉语发展史上，曾运用改变声调的办法来区别同一个词的不同语法意义。
如“妻”，“妇与夫齐者也”，名词，平声。
“以女妻人”，动词，去声。
这属于异化的手段。
()A.正确B.错误5.自愿融合主要决定于各民族的经济政治文化科学技术等方面的发展程度，人口的多少以及各语言本身的丰富和发展程度。
至于在政治上军事上的统治地位，则往往不能起决定性作用。
()A、错误B、正确6.下列对音节的说法不正确的是()。
A、汉语普通话音节结构由声母、韵母、声调三部分组成。
B、韵母又可分韵头、韵腹、韵尾。
C、根据韵母开头的口形，韵母又分开口呼、齐齿呼、撮口呼、合口呼四类。
D、-i(前)-i(后)属合口呼。
ong属合口呼。
iong属撮口呼。
7.下列属于联合国正式工作语言的有：()A.汉语B.西班牙语C.德语D.阿拉伯语8.下列选项中属于偏正式的是：()A、眼花B、脸红C、地震D、雪白9.中国语言学曾经过两次大的外来文化影响：()A.印梵文的影响B.外来文化的影响C.少数民族文化的影响D.后现代的影响10.在汉语发展史上，曾运用改变声调的办法来区别同一个词的不同语法意义。
如“妻”，“妇与夫齐者也”，名词，平声。
“以女妻人”，动词，去声。
这属于异化的手段。
()A.错误B.正确11.词义的特点有：()A、一般性B、模糊性C、全民性D、精确性12.洋泾浜是语言接触中的一种畸形的语言现象。
它的发展前途不外两个：()A、随着社会制度的改变而消失B、发展为混合语C、发展为社会方言D、发展为地域方言13.语言和文化的关系：()A.语言作为民族文化的组成部分，表现文化的一系列民族特征B.语言又作为文化的形式，反映民族文化的内容C.语言和文化没有关系D.语言不是民族文化的内容14.语音是语言物质外壳，是语言存在的物质形式，离开了语音，语言符号就不能存在。
东北师范大学智慧树知到“汉语言文学”《语言学概论》网课测试题答案卷1
东北师范大学智慧树知到“汉语言文学”《语言学概论》网课测试题答案（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.综合考核(共10题)1.藏语所采用的文字系统是()。
A.音素文字B.音节文字C.表意文字D.音位文字2.如何理解音位是某种语言或者方言里能够区别词的语音形式和意义的最小的语音类型单位?3.语言接触的结果一般来说有()。
A.语言成分的借用B.双语现象C.语言的融合D.洋泾浜语E.混合语4.义素是对词的义项进行分析所得到的词的最小的语义特征。
()A.正确B.错误5.多式综合语的特点是()。
A.词根和后缀都有相当大的独立性，构形后缀就像是粘附在词根上似的B.词在句中的语法关系主要是靠词序和虚词来表现的C.把句子成分作为附加成分包括在同一个词里D.词根或词干与构形词缀或词尾结合得很紧密6.已知的自源文字都是()。
A.语素文字B.意音文字C.词语文字D.音位文字E.音素文字7.词类(名词解释)8.下列词中属于简缩构词法的词有()。
A.万宝露B.彩电C.激光D.IPAE.IC9.固定词组包括熟语和专名两类。
()A.正确B.错误10.根据词的来源特点可把词分为古语词、方言词、外来词。
()A.正确B.错误第1卷参考答案一.综合考核1.参考答案：A2.参考答案：1)音位是由好几个发音特点相类似而又不完全相同的音素组成的一个语音类型。
音素和音素之间存在着两种性质不同的差别。
一种差别是能区别词、词素的语音形式和意义，叫对立性差别；另一种差别是不能区别词、词素的语音形式和意义，叫非对立性差别。
音位就是根据这两种差别把繁多的音素归纳成的数目不多的语音类型单位。
2)凡是具有对立性差别的音素都划分为不同的音位，凡是具有非对立性差别的音素都归并为同一个音位。
比如法语和苏州话里的[a]和[ɑ]、普通话里的三对清塞辅音都分别是独立的音位，通常写作/a/、/ɑ/、/p/、/ph/、/t/、/th/、/k/、/kh/，而对普通话里的[a][A][ɑ]和英语里的三组清塞辅音可以分别归并为/a/、/p/、/t/、/k/四个音位。
语言学导论课后习题答案
Chapter 4 MorphologyWhat is morphology?The total number of words stored in the brain is called the lexicon.Words are the smallest free units of language that unite sounds with meaning.Morphology is defined as the study of the internal structur e and the formation of words.Morphemes and allomorphsThe smallest meaningful unit of language is called a morpheme.A morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.“zero” form of a morpheme and suppletivesSome countable n ouns do not change form to express plurality. Similarly, some regular verbs do not change form to indicate past tense. In these two cases, the noun or verb contains two morphemes, among which there is one “zero form” of a morpheme.Some verbs have irreg ular changes when they are in past tense. In this case, the verbs also have two morphemes. Words which are not related in form to indicate grammatical contrast with their roots are called suppletives.Free and bound morphemesSome morphemes constitut e words by themselves. These morphemes are called free morphemes.Other morphemes are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes. The distinct i on between a free morphemes and a bound morpheme is whether it can be used independently in speech or writing.Free morphemes are the roots of words, while bound morphemes are the affixes (prefixes and suffixes).Inflexional and derivational morpheme sInflexional morphemes in modern English indicate case and number of nouns, tense and aspect of verbs, and degree of adjectives and adverbs.Derivational morphemes are bound morphemes added to existing forms to construct new words. English affixes a re divided into prefixes and suffixes.Some languages have infixes, bound morphemes which are inserted into other morphemes.The process of putting affixes to existing forms to create new words is called derivation. Words thus formed are called derivatives.Conclusion: classification of morphemesMorphemesFree morphemesBound morphemesInflexionalDerivational: affixesPrefixes: -s, -’s, -er, -est, -ing, -ed, -sSuffixesFormation of new wordsDerivationDerivation forms a wo rd by adding an affix to a free morpheme.Since derivation can apply more than once, it is possible to create a derived word with a number of affixes. For example, if we add affixes to the word friend, we can form befriend, friendly, unfriendly, friendliness, unfriendliness, etc. This process of adding more than one affix to a free morpheme is termed complex derivation.Derivation does not apply freely to any word of a given category. Generally speaking, affixes cannot be added to morphemes of a different language origin.Derivation is also constrained by phonological factors.Some English suffixes also change the word stress.CompoundingCompounding is another common way to form words. It is the combination of free morphemes. The majority of E nglish compounds are the combination of words from the three classes –nouns, verbs and adjectives – and fall into the three classes.In compounds, the rightmost morpheme determines the part of speech of the word.The meaning of compounds is not always the sum of meaning of the components.ConversionConversion is the process putting an existing word of one class into another class.Conversion is usually found in words containing one morpheme.ClippingClipping is a process that shortens a pol y syllabic word by deleting one or more syllables.Clipped words are initially used in spoken English on informal occasions.Some clipped words have become widely accepted, and are used even in formal styles. For example, the words bus (omnibus), vet (veterinarian), gym (gymnasium), fridge (refrigerator) and fax (facsimile) are rarely used in their complete form.BlendingBlending is a process that creates new words by putting together non-morphemic parts of existing words. For example, smog (smoke + frog), brunch (a meal in the middle of morning, replacing both breakfast and lunch), motel (motor + hotel). There is also an interesting word in the textbook for junior middle school students –“plike” (a kind of machine that is like both a plane and a bike).Back-formationBack-formation is the process that creates a new word by dropping a real or supposed suffix. For example, the word televise is back-formed from television. Originally, the word television is formed by putting the prefix tele- (far) to the root vision (viewing). At the same time, there is a suffix –sion in English indicating nouns. Then people consider the –sion in the word television asthat suffix and drop it to form the verb televise.Acronyms and abbreviationsAcronyms and abbrevia tions are formed by putting together the initial letters of all words in a phrase or title.Acronyms can be read as a word and are usually longer than abbreviations, which are read letter by letter.This type of word formation is common in names of org anizations and scientific terminology.EponymsEponyms are words that originate from proper names of individuals or places. For example, the word sandwich is a common noun originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling.CoinageCoinage is a process of inventing words not based on existing morphemes.This way of word formation is especially common in cases where industry requires a word for a new product. For example, Kodak and Coca-cola.For more detailed explanation to the ways of word formation, see my notes of Practical English Grammar.转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/86983.html Chapter 3 PhonologyWhat is phonology?Phonology is the study of sound systems and patterns.Phonology and phonetics are two studies different in perspectives, which are concerned with the study of speech sounds.Phonology focuses o n three fundamental questions.What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language? What sounds vary in what ways in what context?What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?Pho nemes and allophonesA phoneme is a distinctive, abstract sound unit with a distinctive feature.The variants of a phoneme are termed allophones.We use allophones to realize phonemes.Discovering phonemesContrastive distribution – phonemesIf sounds appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in minimal pairs and minimal sets.A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one sound in the same position.Minimal sets are more than two words that are distinguished by one segment in the same position.The overwhelming majority of the consonants and vowels represented by the English phonetic alphabet are in contrastive distribution.Some sounds can hardly be found in contrastive distribution in English. However, these sounds are distinctive in terms of phonetic features. Therefore, they are separate phonemes.Complementary distribution – allophonesSounds that are not found in the sam e position are said to be in complementary distribution.If segments are in complementary distribution and share a number of features, they are allophones of the same phoneme.Free variationIf segments appear in the same position but the mutual subs titution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.Distinctive and non-distinctive featuresFeatures that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, and features do not, non-distinctive features.Distinc tive features in one language may be non-distinctive in another.Phonological rulesPhonemes are abstract sound units stored in the mind, while allophones are the actual pronunciations in speech.What phoneme is realized by what allophones in what specific context is another major question in phonology.The regularities that what sounds vary in what ways in what context are generalized and stated in phonology as rules.There are many phonological rules in English. Take the following ones as exam ples.[+voiced +consonant] – [-voiced]/[-voiced +consonant]_[-voiced +bilabial +stop] – unaspirated/[-voiced +alveolar +fricative]_Syllable structureA syllable is a phonological unit that is composed of one or more phonemes.Every syllable h as a nucleus, which is usually a vowel.The nucleus may be preceded by one or more consonants called the onset and followed by one or more consonants called the coda.Sequence of phonemesNative speakers of any language intuitively know what sounds can be put together.Some sequences are not possible in English. The impossible sequences are called systematic gaps.Sequences that are possible but do not occur yet are called accidental gaps.When new words are coined, they may fill some accident a l gaps but they will never fillsystematic gaps.Suprasegmental featuresFeatures that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.These features are distinctive features.StressStress is the perceived prominence of one or more syllabic elements over others in a word.Stress is a relative notion. Only words that are composed of two or more syllables have stress. If a word has three or more syllables, there is a primary stress and a sec ondary stress.In some languages word stress is fixed, i.e. on a certain syllable. In English, word stress is unpredictable.IntonationWhen we speak, we change the pitch of our voice to express ideas.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distin guish utterance meaning.The same sentence uttered with different intonation may express different attitude of the speaker.In English, there are three basic intonation patterns: fall, rise, fall-rise.ToneTone is the variation of pitch to disting uish words.The same sequence of segments can be different words if uttered with different tones.Chinese is a typical tone language.-转自[英美者]-英语专业网站：/cn/Html/M/Linguistics/86123.html Chapter 2 PhoneticsWhat is phonetics?Phonetics is termed as the study of speech sounds.Sub-branches of phoneticsArticulatory phonetics – the production of speech soundsAcoustic phonetics – the physical properties of speech soundsAuditory phonetics – the perceptive mechanism of speech soundsThe speech organsWhere does the air stream come from?From the lungWhat is the function of vocal cords?Controlling the air streamWhat are the cavities?O ral cavityPharyngeal cavityNasal cavityTranscription of speech soundsUnits of representationSegments (the individual sounds)Phonetic symbolsThe widely used symbols for phonetic transcription of speech sounds is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.In more detailed transcripti o n (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.Description of speech soundsDescription of English consonantsGeneral feature: obstructionCriteria of conson ant descriptionPlaces of articulationManners of articulationV oicing of articulationPlaces of articulationThis refers to each point at which the air stream can be modified to produce a sound.Bilabial: [p] [b] [m] [w]Labiodental: [f] [v]Interdental: [ ] [ ]Alveolar: [t] [d] [s] [z] [l] [n] [r]Palatal: [ ] [ ] [t ] [d ] [j]Velar: [k] [g] [ ]Glottal: [h]Manners of articulationThis refers to how the air stream is modified, whether it is completely blocked or partially obstructed.Stops: [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]Fricatives: [s] [z] [ ] [ ] [f] [v] [ ] [ ] [h]Affricates: [t ] [d ]Liquids: [l] [r]Glides: [w] [j]Nasals: [m] [n] [ ]V oicing of articulationThis refers to the vibrating of the vocal cords when sounds are produced.V oiced soundsV oiceless soundsDescription of English vowelsGeneral feature: without obstructionCriteria of vowel descriptionPart of the tongue that is raisedFrontCentralBackExtent to which the tongue rises i n the direction of the palateHighMidLowKind of opening made at the lipsPosition of the soft palateSingle vowels (monophthongs) and diphthongsPhonetic features and natural classesClasses of sounds that share a feature or features a re called natural classes.Major class features can specify segments across the consonant-vowel boundary.Classification of segments by features is the basis on which variations of sounds can be analyzed.第三章“词汇”问题和练习1. 解释下列术语语素复合词屈折变化词缀派生词词根语素变体词干粘着语素自由语素词位词汇语法词词汇词封闭类开放类混成法借词混合借词转移借词缩略语脱落逆构词法同化异化俗词源2. 给下列词加上适当的否定前缀a. removable m. syllabicb. formal n. normalc. practicable o. workabled. sensible p. writtene. tangible q. usualf. logical r. thinkableg. regular s. humanh. proportionate t. relevanti. effective u. editablej. elastic v. mobilek. ductive w. legall. rational x. discreet3. 语素被定义为表达和内容关系的最小单位。
智慧树知到答案 语言学导论章节测试答案
第一章单元测试1、单选题：Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused bytime and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation? （）选项：A:TransferabilityB:ArbitrarinessC:DisplacementD:Duality.答案: 【Transferability】2、判断题：Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that Language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】3、单选题：The informative function is predominantly the major role of language, it is also called _________ function in the framework of functional grammar. （）选项：A:textualB:descriptiveC:ideationalD:prescriptive答案: 【ideational】4、单选题：According to F. de Saussure, _____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. （）选项：A:PerformanceB:LangueC:ParoleD:Language答案: 【Langue】5、判断题：Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】6、单选题：_____ is realized by mood and modality.（）选项：A:Informative functionB:Interpersonal functionC:Performative functionD:Recreational function答案: 【Interpersonal function】7、单选题：Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions?（）选项：A:The emotive function is to convey message and informationB:The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meaningsC:The phatic function is to establish communion with othersD:The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake答案: 【The phatic function is to establish communion with others】8、判断题：Onomatopoeic words can show the arbitrary nature of language. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】9、判断题：Competence and performance refer respectively to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules and the actual use of language in concrete situations. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】10、判断题：Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality oflanguage makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is important for us. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】第二章单元测试1、单选题：Of the consonants /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /m/, /z/ and /g/, which has the features of voiceless and velar? （）选项：A:/p/B:/g/C:/k/D:/t/答案: 【/k/】2、单选题：A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of word from another in a given language is a _______. （）选项：A:allophoneB:phoneC:phoneme答案: 【phoneme】3、单选题：Which of the following CANNOT be considered as minimal pair? （）选项：A:/s/-/θ/B:/aɪ/-/ɔɪ/C:/p/-/b/答案: 【/s/-/θ/】4、单选题：_______ is one of the suprasegmental features.（）选项：A:VoicingB:ToneC:DeletionD:Stop答案: 【Tone】5、单选题：Classification of English speech sounds in terms of manner of articulation involves the following EXCEPT_______.（）选项：A:fricativesB:AffricatesC:BilabialD:Lateral答案: 【Bilabial】6、单选题：An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are _______ of the p phoneme.（）选项：A:AllophonesB:tagmemesC:analoguesD:morphemes答案: 【Allophones】7、单选题：Conventionally a_______ is put in slashes. （）选项：A:morphemeB:phonemeC:phoneD:allophone答案: 【phoneme】8、单选题：Which one is different from the others according to manners of articulation?（）选项：A:[f]B:[v]C:[z]D:[w]答案: 【[w]】9、单选题：Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation? （）选项：A:[p]B:[m]C:[b]D:[n]答案: 【[n]】10、单选题：Which of the following is the correct description of [v]? （）选项：A:voiceless labiodental fricativeB:voiceless labiodental stopC:voiced labiodental stopD:voiced labiodental fricative答案: 【voiced labiodental fricative】第三章单元测试1、单选题：In terms of______ , words can be divided into closed-class words and open-class words.（）选项：A:membershipB:qualityC:variabilityD:meaning答案: 【membership】2、单选题：Words like pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles are ______ items. （）选项：A:open-classB:closed-classC:neither open-class nor closed-class答案: 【closed-class】3、单选题：Bound morphemes do not include. （）选项：A:PrefixesB:RootsC:SuffixesD:Words答案: 【Words】______ refers to the way in which a particular verb changes for tense, person, or number. （）选项：A:InflectionB:ConjugationC:DerivationD:Affixation答案: 【Inflection】5、单选题：Which two terms can best describe the following pairs of words: table—tables, day ＋break—daybreak. （）选项：A:inflection and compoundB:compound and derivationC:inflection and derivation答案: 【inflection and compound】6、单选题：Which of the following words are formed by blending? （）选项：A:BunchB:TelevisionC:GirlfriendD:Smog答案: 【Smog】7、单选题：A prefix is an affix which appears ______.（）选项：A:below the stemB:in the middle of the stemC:before the stemD:after the stem答案: 【before the stem】8、判断题：Nouns, verbs, adjectives and many adverbs are content words. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions and articles are all open class items. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】10、判断题：Free morpheme may constitute words by themselves.（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】第四章单元测试1、单选题：_______ refer to the relationship that linguistic units have with other units because they may occur together in a sentence. （）选项：A:Hypotactic relationsB:Paratactic relationsC:Syntagmatic relationsD:Paradigmatic relations答案: 【Syntagmatic relations】2、单选题：The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to _______ construction.（）选项：A:CoordinateB:endocentricC:SubordinateD:exocentric答案: 【exocentric】3、单选题：______refers to construction where one clause is coordinated or conjoined with another. （）选项：A:EmbeddingB:ConjoiningC:ConcordD:Government答案: 【Conjoining】IC analysis can be used to analyze all kinds of ambiguous structures.（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】5、单选题：__________ is concerned with the internal organization of words.（）选项：A:SemanticsB:SyntaxC:MorphologyD:Pragmatics答案: 【Syntax】6、单选题：Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by_______in 1957.（）选项：A:N·ChomskyB:L·BloomfieldC:F·SaussureD:M·A·K·Halliday答案: 【N·Chomsky】7、单选题：Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. （）选项：A:phonemeB:wordC:sentenceD:phrase答案: 【sentence】8、单选题：A sentence is considered_______ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers. （）选项：A:grammaticalB:ungrammaticalC:rightD:wrong答案: 【wrong】Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand_______. （）选项：A:what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsB:all of the other answersC:how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD:how words and phrases form sentences答案: 【all of the other answers】10、单选题：Phrase structure rules have properties. （）选项：A:grammaticalB:RecursiveC:socialD:functional答案: 【Recursive】第五章单元测试1、单选题：“ We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents___.（）选项：A:contexutalismB:behaviorismC:the conceptualist viewD:the naming theory答案: 【contexutalism】2、单选题：_______is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.（）选项：A:Grammatical analysisB:Predication analysisC:Componential analysisD:Phonemic analysis答案: 【Componential analysis】3、单选题：The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by_______.（）选项：A:selectional restrictionsB:semantic featuresC:semantic rulesD:grammatical rules答案: 【grammatical rules】4、判断题：Words which have different meanings but are written differently and sound alike are called hyponyms.（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】5、判断题：In a sentense relation of hyponymy, a superordinate entails all hyponyms. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】6、单选题：In componential analysis, _______be analyzed into HUMAN, ADULT and MALE. （）选项：A:womanB:girlC:manD:boy答案: 【man】7、单选题：Componential analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning. （）选项：A:sentenceB:wordC:phraseD:phoneme答案: 【word】8、单选题：The relationship between “flower” and“rose” is _______. （）选项：A:superordinateB:homonymyC:relational oppositesD:hyponymy答案: 【hyponymy】9、判断题：Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】10、判断题：Converse opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reveral of a relationship between the two items. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】第六章单元测试1、单选题：Promising, undertaking, vowing are the most typical of the_______. （）选项：A:expressivesB:commissivesC:directivesD:declarations答案: 【commissives】2、单选题：What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considereD.（）选项：A:referenceB:speech actC:contextD:practical usage答案: 【context】3、单选题：A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation. （）选项：A:pragmaticB:conceptualC:mentalD:grammatical答案: 【grammatical】4、单选题：Which of the following is true?（）选项：A:Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.B:No utterances can take the form of sentences.C:All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.D:Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.答案: 【Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.】5、单选题：According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.（）选项：A:to commit the speaker to something’s being the caseB:to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairsC:to commit the speaker to some future course of actionD:to get the hearer to do something答案: 【to commit the speaker to something’s being the case】6、单选题：All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ _________. （）选项：A:in their effect brought aboutB:in their illocutionary actsC:Ibn their intentions expressedD:in their strength or force答案: 【in their strength or force】7、单选题：_________ is advanced by Paul Grice. （）选项：A:Politeness PrincipleB:Adjacency PrincipleC:The General Principle of Universal GrammarD:Cooperative Principle答案: 【Cooperative Principle】8、判断题：Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】9、判断题：It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】10、判断题：What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.（）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】第七章单元测试1、单选题：is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system. （）选项：A:A raceB:A societyC:A countryD:A speech community答案: 【A speech community】2、单选题：_______is a casual use of language that consists of expressive but nonstandard vocabulary, typically of aibitrary, flashy and often ephemeral coinages and figures of speech. （）选项：A:Address termsB:SlangC:Language tabooD:Register variety答案: 【Slang】3、单选题：In a speech community people have something in common_______--a language or aparticular variety of language and rules for using it. （）选项：A:culturallyB:linguisticallyC:pragmaticallyD:socially答案: 【linguistically】4、单选题：_______refers to the use of a word which is thought to be less offensive or unpleasant than another worD.（）选项：A:DialectB:DiglossiaC:TabooD:Euphemism答案: 【Euphemism】5、单选题：The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its_________.（）选项：A:morphemesB:accentC:use of structuresD:use of word答案: 【accent】6、单选题：_______are the major source of regional variation of language. （）选项：A:Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeB:Geographical barriersC:Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechD:Social barriers.答案: 【Geographical barriers】7、单选题：Linguist______published his paper “The social stratification of English in New York City”in 1966. （）选项：A:LabowB:WhorfC:SapirD:Nida答案: 【Labow】8、判断题：A regional variety of a language is intrinsically inferior to the standard variety of that language.（）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】9、判断题：The standardization of a particular dialect in relation to one or more vernaculars is the result of a deliberate governmental policy. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】10、判断题：A pidgin is not a native language of a particular region.（）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】。
智慧树语言学概论答案
智慧树语言学概论答案1、问题:A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】2、问题:Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive,but sometimes descriptive. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】3、问题:Modern linguistics is different fromtraditional grammar. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】4、问题:Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken language. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】5、问题:Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】6、问题:In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】7、问题:If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _. （）选项：A:descriptiveB:analyticC:linguisticD:prescriptive答案: 【descriptive】8、问题:Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? （ )选项：A:DisplacementB:MeaningfulnessC:ArbitrarinessD:Duality 答案: 【Meaningfulness】9、问题:A historical study of language is a _study of language. ( )选项：A:ComparativeB:prescriptiveC:diachronicD:synchronic答案: 【diachronic】10、问题:The details of any language system are passed on from one generation to the next through _, rather than by instinct. ( )选项：A:learningB:teachingC:booksD:both A and B答案: 【both A and B】第二章单元测试1、问题:According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】2、问题:Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】3、问题:Not all the back vowels are rounded vowels. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】4、问题:The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】5、问题:When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】6、问题:Of all the speech organs, the _is/are the most flexible. （）选项：A:lipsB:mouthC:vocal cordsD:tongue答案: 【tongue】7、问题:The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. ( )选项：A:voicelessB:voicedC:consonantalD:vowel答案: 【voiceless】8、问题:__ is a voiced alveolar stop. ( )选项：A:/b/B:/z/C:/d/D:/k/答案: 【/d/】9、问题:Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _____. ( )选项：A:in phonemic contrastB:in plementary distributionC:the allophonesD:minimal pair答案: 【in phonemic contrast】10、问题:A(n) _____ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. ( )选项：A:allophoneB:phoneC:phonemeD:sound答案: 【phoneme】第三章单元测试1、问题:Words are the smallest meaningful units of language. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】2、问题:Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】3、问题:There are three morphemes in the word “reactivate”. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】4、问题:Few words can be added to closed class words. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】5、问题:Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】6、问题:The word ______ is not a pound. ( )选项：A:moonwalkB:raincoatC:sunflowerD:friendship答案: 【friendship】7、问题:___ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. ( )选项：A:PhonemesB:SentencesC:MorphemesD:Words答案: 【Morphemes】8、问题:___ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. ( )选项：A:GrammarB:SyntaxC:MorphemeD:Morphology答案: 【Morphology】9、问题:“-s” in the word “books” is_. ( )选项：A:a derivative affixB:a rootC:an inflectional affixD:a stem答案: 【an inflectional affix】10、问题:_are those that can be used independently and they are words by themselves. ( )选项：A:Bound morphemesB:Bound wordsC:WordsD:Free morphemes答案: 【Free morphemes】第四章单元测试1、问题:A verb phrase must contain a verb, but other elements are optional. （）选项：A:错B:对答案:【对】2、问题:Wh- movement regulates the movement of a wh- phrase to C under CP. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】3、问题:Modifiers always follow the head. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】4、问题:Three criteria are usually employed to determine a word’s categor y. They are meaning, derivation and distribution.（）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】5、问题:Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】6、问题:The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number. ( )选项：A:finiteB:infiniteC:smallD:large答案: 【finite】7、问题:Which of the following lexical categories does not belong to the major lexical categories? ( )选项：A:NounB:AdjectiveC:PrepositionD:Adverb答案: 【Adverb】8、问题:Which of the following properties does not belong to coordination? ( )选项：A:A category at any level can be coordinated.B:There is no limit on the number of coordinate categories that can appear prior tothe conjunction.C:Coordinated categories must be of the same type.D:The category type of the coordinate phrase is determined by the head.答案: 【The category type of the coordinate phrase is determined by the head.】9、问题:The head of the phrase “very strict with students” is__. ( )选项：A:veryB:withC:strictD:students答案: 【strict】10、问题:The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.”is a__sentence. ( )选项：A:coordinateB:plexC:poundD:simple答案: 【simple】第五章单元测试1、问题:Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】2、问题:Contextualism is based on the presumptionthat one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【对】3、问题:“It is raining.” is a one-place predication because it contains one argument. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【错】4、问题:Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. （）选项：A:错B:对答案: 【对】5、问题:The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its ponents. （）选项：A:对B:错答案: 【错】6、问题:The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _. ( )选项：A:grammatical rulesB:semanticrulesC:selectional restrictionsD:semantic features答案: 【grammatical rules】7、问题:7 Words that are opposite in meaning are called __. ( )选项：A:hyponymsB:polysemyC:homonymsD:antonyms答案: 【antonyms】8、问题:“I lost my wallet”_“I have a wallet.” ( )选项：A:is synonymous withB:is inconsistentwithC:presupposesD:entails答案: 【presupposes】9、问题:Which of the following is not true? ( )选项：A:Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.B:Sense is not the meaning plied in dictionary.C:Sense is abstract anddecontextualized.D:Sense is concerned with theinherent meaning of the linguistic form.答案: 【Sense is not the meaning plied in dictionary.】10、问题:“Alive” and “dead” are__. ( )选项：A:plementary antonymsB:gradable antonymsC:relational oppositesD:None of the above答案: 【plementary antonyms】下方是付费阅读内容：本平台商品均为虚拟商品，无法用作二次销售，不支持退换货，请在购买前确认您需要购买的资料准确无误后再购买，望知悉！完整答案需点击上方按钮支付5元购买,所有答案均为章节测试答案，无期末答案。
德汉翻译入门智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下中国海洋大学
德汉翻译入门智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下中国海洋大学中国海洋大学第一章测试1.翻译是实践性工作，理论对它并不重要。
（）答案:错2.翻译课不同于外语课，它以培养翻译能力为主，涉及到多方面的技能，因此不能把获取外语知识作为唯一的学习内容。
（）答案:对3.上翻译课是否有收获取决于（）答案:学生参与了多少;做了多少练习4.“我们翻译的不是语言，而是言语。
”的意思是，译者( )答案:要把说话人的主要信息和态度表达出来5.我们翻译时重要的是获得标准答案，因为它是老师提供的，值得信赖和学习。
( )答案:错6.翻译实践中之所以有多种翻译方法，是因为（）答案:译文的受众与源文受众的需求可能不同;翻译目的与源文作者的目的可能不同7.由于德汉语言差异和文化习俗不同，译者即使他没有理解源文，也要把它的语言结构表达出来，只有这样才能忠实于源文。
（）答案:错8.“语言的含义不仅存在于语言中，而且还存在于它所在的环境中。
”的意思是（）答案:译者要依靠语境去确定语言含义和表达方法9.德汉语言中没有完全对等的词语，这是因为（）答案:德汉语言的语义结构不一致;德汉语言群体的语言规范不一致10.外语是译者需要首先掌握的，知识面并不重要。
（）答案:错第二章测试1.翻译是交际行为，因为（）答案:译者为双方沟通语言，帮助他们达到交际目的2.制约交际效果的不仅有谈话双方，所处的环境以及文化习俗都起作用。
（）答案:对3.译者应努力追求功能对等，就是说，（）答案:译文要能够满足委托人期望的功能4.“功能对等 + 忠诚”理论的提出者是（）答案:Christiane Nord5.“等效”和“等值”的根本区别在于( )答案:“等值”是就文本而言，“等效”是就受众而言6.一篇译文是否等效，取决于它是否涵盖了源文的所有信息。
（）答案:错7.“目的决定翻译”对译者的指导意义是（）答案:译者根据翻译目的选择源文信息;译者根据翻译目的决定如何去组织译文;译者根据翻译目的决定译文的文本类型8.源文对译者来说是“信息源”，意思是说（）答案:源文不再是衡量译文质量的标尺，决定译文质量的是翻译目的;译者不可能把源文的所有信息都翻译出来，因为翻译目的决定了源文中哪些是信息9.工具型翻译就是意译。
2021德语语言学导论（中国海洋大学）最新满分章节测试答案
2021德语语言学导论（中国海洋大学）最新满分章节测试答案文章目录[点我隐藏目录]•第一章绪论第一章单元测验•第二章语言的本质及功能第二章单元测试•第三章语音学和音位学第三章单元测试•第四章符号和语言符号第四章单元测试•第五章语义学第五章单元测试•第六章语用学第六章单元测试•第七章词法学第七章单元测验•第八章句法学第八章单元测试•第九章篇章语言学第九章单元测试第一章绪论第一章单元测验1、问题:下列说法错误的是：选项：A:历史比较语言学开始于18世纪。
B:英国学者琼斯推测梵文与欧洲许多语言有共同的渊源。
C:格里姆印证了日耳曼语族与印欧语言确有亲属关系。
D:按照洪堡的分类方法，汉语属于屈折语，德语属于孤立语。
答案: 【按照洪堡的分类方法，汉语属于屈折语，德语属于孤立语。
】2、问题:为什么要学习语言学？选项：A:认识科学，培养自身的科研素质和能力；B:有助于站在理性高度去认识德语，学到掌握德语的有效方法；C:因为它是必修课；D:为今后的学业深造奠定基础答案: 【认识科学，培养自身的科研素质和能力；;有助于站在理性高度去认识德语，学到掌握德语的有效方法；;为今后的学业深造奠定基础】3、问题:科学的构成要素包括：选项：A:研究对象B:概念、定义、专业术语C:研究方法D:实验材料答案: 【研究对象;概念、定义、专业术语;研究方法;实验材料】4、问题:下列说法正确的有：选项：A:心理语言学研究语言与意识之间的关系，心理活动与语言行为的关系。
B:计算机语言学研究数学语言及编程。
C:社会语言学研究社会与语言之间的关系，重点是社会对语言的影响。
D:人类语言学以民族与语言的关系为研究对象。
答案: 【心理语言学研究语言与意识之间的关系，心理活动与语言行为的关系。
;社会语言学研究社会与语言之间的关系，重点是社会对语言的影响。
;人类语言学以民族与语言的关系为研究对象。
】5、问题:洪堡治学思想的核心是训练学生的科学认识论和思想方法，提高理解力和判断力，“授之以渔”。
东北师范大学智慧树知到“汉语言文学”《语言学概论》网课测试题答案2
东北师范大学智慧树知到“汉语言文学”《语言学概论》网课测试题答案（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.人们长期以来习用的、形式简洁而意思精辟的、定型的词组或句子叫()。
A.成语B.惯用语C.专名D.熟语2.下列元音属于高元音的有()。
A.[i]B.[u]C.[o]D.[a]E.[y]3.下列文字类型表示书写符号和语言音义间的关系的是()。
A.词语文字B.音节文字C.语素文字D.表意文字E.表音文字4.莫里斯1938年首先使用了“语用学”这一术语。
()A.正确B.错误5.在连续的语流中，一个音可能由于邻近音的影响，或自身所处地位的不同，或说话的快慢、高低、强弱的不同而在发音上产生一些变化，这种现象叫语流音变。
()A.正确B.错误6.由同一个词根词素构成的一群词叫同根词。
()A.正确B.错误7.下列词中属于简缩构词法的词有()。
A.万宝露B.彩电C.激光D.IPAE.IC8.文字的最基本单位是笔画。
()A.正确B.错误9.谈一谈词义的扩大、缩小和转移。
10.今天看到的甲骨文和金文出现的年代是()。
A.商代B.夏代C.周代D.唐代11.格赖斯的合作原则有()。
A.适量准则B.真实准则C.谦虚准则D.关联准则E.方式准则12.语言接触的结果一般来说有()。
A.语言成分的借用B.双语现象C.语言的融合D.洋泾浜语E.混合语13.固定词组包括熟语和专名两类。
()A.正确B.错误14.常见的语流音变现象有()。
A.同化B.异化C.弱化D.脱落E.增音15.汉语词的语法分类主要依据是分布。
()A.正确B.错误第2卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.下列述宾结构，语义关系属于动作+施事的有()。
A.来客人B.睡人C.晒太阳D.走人E.下雨2.理发、鞠躬、洗澡……它们各是()。
A.一个语素B.一个句子C.一个离合词D.一个词3.在共同语形成后的书面语是标准语的书面形式。
()A.正确B.错误4.衔接：衔接是形式方面的问题，是篇章的有形网络。
语言学概论智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下广西师范大学
语言学概论智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下广西师范大学广西师范大学绪论单元测试1.语言学作为一门独立学科诞生的标志是（）。
A:乔姆斯基转换生成语法的产生B:结构主义语言学的产生C:历史比较语言学的产生D:《普通语言学教程》的出版答案:历史比较语言学的产生2.被称为“现代语言学之父”的语言学家是（）。
A:索绪尔B:乔姆斯基C:王力D:赵元任答案:索绪尔3.汉语国际教育属于教育学学科（）。
A:错 B:对答案:错4.语言是语言学的研究对象，语言学是对语言规律、特点的概括、解释（）。
A:错 B:对答案:对5.语言学概论课程的目标是（）。
A:掌握语言辩论技巧B:具有感悟、辨析、鉴赏、探究语言现象的能力C:培养对语言学的兴趣，为语言学储备人才D:掌握语言学的基本知识、基本理论和基本技能答案:具有感悟、辨析、鉴赏、探究语言现象的能力;培养对语言学的兴趣，为语言学储备人才;掌握语言学的基本知识、基本理论和基本技能第一章测试1.人类最重要的交际工具是（）。
A:旗语B:手语C:文字D:有声语言答案:有声语言2.语言的文化“雕塑”功能是指（）。
A:语言对雕塑文化的影响B:蕴含在语言中的文化对思维方式、行为习惯等的影响C:语言对模具铸造的作用D:语言对所记录的文化的影响答案:蕴含在语言中的文化对思维方式、行为习惯等的影响3.人类语言功能区主要在左脑和右脑（）。
A:错 B:对答案:错4.语言思维是指以语言为工具所进行的思维（）。
A:错 B:对答案:对5.思维所凭借的工具主要有（）。
A:有声语言B:心理表象C:想象D:内部语言答案:有声语言;心理表象;内部语言6.语言最本质的功能是（）。
A:思维功能 B:寒暄功能 C:交际功能 D:文化功能答案:交际功能7.下面各选项中，属于语言社会功能的是（）。
A:信息传递功能 B:思维功能 C:人际互动功能 D:文化雕塑功能答案:信息传递功能 ;人际互动功能;文化雕塑功能8.位于人类大脑左半球的布洛卡区专门负责（）。
2020智慧树知道网课《德语语言学导论》课后章节测试满分答案
第一章测试1【判断题】(2分)归纳是自上而下，从个体到一般的推理过程。
A.对B.错2【判断题】(2分)演绎是从个别现象出发推导出关于总体规律的论证过程。
A.错B.对3【多选题】(3分)对洪堡提出的治学理念，下列哪些表述是正确的：A.教学与科研一体化，倡导学术自由；B.训练学生的科学认识论和思想方法；C.强调方法和过程重于结果；D.培养学生的个性化发展。
4【判断题】(2分)洪堡（WilhelmvonHumboldt）根据词的结构把语言划分为孤立语、屈折语、黏着语。
A.错B.对5【多选题】(3分)索绪尔的学说开辟了语言学的新纪元，下列哪些说法正确：A.语言学发展划分为三个阶段。
B.区分了语言和言语二个不同的研究领域；C.语言有其结构体系，是一个有序的整体；D.语言是一个符号系统；6【判断题】(2分)乔姆斯基的理论使语言学从研究语言结构转向了语言的功能。
A.对B.错7【判断题】(2分)Linguistik也称为Strukturalismus，即结构主义语言学。
A.对B.错第二章测试1【判断题】(2分)动物的语言是先天的。
而人的言语能力是后天获得的。
A.错B.对2【多选题】(3分)与动物语言相比，人类语言具有以下特征：A.时代性B.强制性C.共同性D.民族性3【单选题】(3分)下列表述的是：A.语言交际的前提是双方使用共同的编码。
B.不同语言间的信息交流必须进行编码转换。
C.交际成功与否主要取决于对共同语言的熟悉程度。
D.同一语言群体内的信息交流不按照约定俗成的语言规则，也能交际成功。
4【判断题】(2分)语言交际中的附带信息，如发音、语调、音量等也会传达信息。
A.错B.对5【判断题】(2分)社会关系制约着人们的言语方式，决定交际是否成功。
A.错B.对6【判断题】(2分)中国人说“我不喜欢那件大衣。
”，德国人却说…DerMantelgefälltmirnicht.“这种文化差异属于语用层面的差异。
语言学智慧树知到答案章节测试2023年山东农业工程学院
第一章测试1.Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to thefunctions of language? —A nice day, isn’t it? — Right! I really enjoy thesunlight. ( )A:EmotiveB:PerformativeC:InterpersonalD:Phatic答案:D2.Which of the following property of language enables language users toovercome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature oflanguage, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in anysituation?（）A:ArbitrarinessB:DualityC:DisplacementD:Transferability答案:C3.__________ refers to a language user’s underlying knowledge about the systemof rules. ( )A:PerformanceB:CompetenceC:ParoleD:Langue答案:B4.If a linguistic study prescribes how things should be, it is said to beprescriptive. ( )A:对B:错答案:A5.De Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in theearly 20th century, was a French linguist. ( )A:对B:错答案:B第二章测试1.An aspirated [ph], an unaspirated [p] and an unreleased [p-] are __________ ofthe /p/ phoneme. ( )A:tagmemesB:analoguesC:morphemesD:allophones答案:D2.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation? ( )A:[p]B:[n]C:[m]D:[ b ]答案:B3.When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides takeplace. ( )A:错B:对答案:B4.[l] is a lateral alveolar. ( )A:错B:对答案:B5.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds. ( )A:对B:错答案:B第三章测试1. A lexeme can be understood as a family of words that differ only in theirgrammatical endings, for example the endings for number, case, tense,participle form, etc.（）A:错B:对答案:B2.In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixeschange the word-class of the base. （）。
德语语言学导论练习题
《德语语言学导论》练习题第一章：哪些是语言学的研究对象？1.通过语言区分人类与动物。
2.德语是一门难学的语言。
3.这些数字明确地表明了结果。
4.汉斯由于中风而失语。
5.不能用这种语言和父母说话！6.他告别时的表情是只有他的母亲才能读懂的语言。
7.我们计算中心现在使用的是另一种语言。
第二章：请翻译：1.学生：李老师，我想汇报论文情况。
2.老师：我想提醒你注意论文的主旨。
3.市长：请各位对我们多提宝贵意见。
4.代表：我们建议政府关心教育问题。
5.总理：感谢专家们对国企改革提出的建议。
第三章：请为下列各词配音位对应的词：1.Wahl-2.Wagen -3.Hebel -4.Ring -5.Bier -6.Krug -7.Kasten -8.Waage -9.Stirn -10.dein -11.Meile -12.Dach-请用适当的语调读出下面的句子，然后翻译它!1.Paula will Paul nicht.2.Paula will Paul nicht?3.Paula will, Paul nicht.4.Paula will, Paul nicht?5.Paula will? Paul nicht.6.Paula, will Paul nicht?17.Paula will Paul, nicht?第五章：下列词的反义词是什么?1.Ankunftsplan,2.einpacken,3.optimistisch,4.Einnahme,5.monoton,6.Gewinn,7.das entwickelte Land,8.Steuer zahlen,9.einschalten10.akute Krankheit,11.Raucher,12.Einwanderer区分同义词的种类:1.wundern/bewundern,2.kündigen/feuern,3.unterbrechen/abbrechen,4.lügen/betrügen,5.Br?tchen/Semmel,6.stattfinden/abhalten,7.Zimmer/Raum,8.betrachten/beobachten请找出上义词!1.waschen, spülen, reinigen.2.Gehalt, Lohn, Sold, Verdienst, Honorar.3.Ochse, Kuh, Rind, Kalb, Stier, Bulle.4.Henne, Hahn, Huhn, Küken.den, Gesch?ft, Kaufhaus, Supermarkt.6.Fachhochschule, Institut, Universit?t, Hochschule给出下列词的上义词!1.Bus, U-Bahn, Stra?enbahn, S-Bahn.2.Lohn, Kindergeld, Zinsen, Pr?mie3.Leser, Zuschauer, H?rer.4.Mais, Weizen, Reis, Roggen问题八：指出下列词的文体层次！1.schlafen/pennen2.Fernseher/Glotze23.Neger/Schwarzer4.sterben/einschlafen5.gucken/schauen6.Streit/Krach7.sich unterhalten/plaudern8.in die Welt kommen/geboren第六章：请翻译：1.Herr Schmidt ist optimistisch und geht davon aus, dass alle ihn unterstützen werden.2. Wer kennt Goethe？Auf jeden Fall Germanisten3. Die Schadstoff produzierenden Betriebe müssen schlie?en.第七章：回答问题？1.Was für eine Birne ist nicht essbar?2.Was für ein Bett kann man nicht schlafen?3.Was für ein Hahn kann nicht kr?hen?4.Was für eine Hose kann man nicht anziehen?5.Mit was für einem Pinsel kann man nicht malen?6.Auf was für einem Sattel kann man nicht reiten?7.Auf was für einen Stuhl kann man sich nicht setzen?第八章：请修改下列句子。
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第一章测试1【判断题】(2分)归纳是自上而下，从个体到一般的推理过程。
A.对B.错2【判断题】(2分)演绎是从个别现象出发推导出关于总体规律的论证过程。
A.错B.对3【多选题】(3分)对洪堡提出的治学理念，下列哪些表述是正确的：A.教学与科研一体化，倡导学术自由；B.训练学生的科学认识论和思想方法；C.强调方法和过程重于结果；D.培养学生的个性化发展。
4【判断题】(2分)洪堡（WilhelmvonHumboldt）根据词的结构把语言划分为孤立语、屈折语、黏着语。
A.错B.对5【多选题】(3分)索绪尔的学说开辟了语言学的新纪元，下列哪些说法正确：A.语言学发展划分为三个阶段。
B.区分了语言和言语二个不同的研究领域；C.语言有其结构体系，是一个有序的整体；D.语言是一个符号系统；6【判断题】(2分)乔姆斯基的理论使语言学从研究语言结构转向了语言的功能。
A.对B.错7【判断题】(2分)Linguistik也称为Strukturalismus，即结构主义语言学。
A.对B.错第二章测试1【判断题】(2分)动物的语言是先天的。
而人的言语能力是后天获得的。
A.错B.对2【多选题】(3分)与动物语言相比，人类语言具有以下特征：A.时代性B.强制性C.共同性D.民族性3【单选题】(3分)下列表述的是：A.语言交际的前提是双方使用共同的编码。
B.不同语言间的信息交流必须进行编码转换。
C.交际成功与否主要取决于对共同语言的熟悉程度。
D.同一语言群体内的信息交流不按照约定俗成的语言规则，也能交际成功。
4【判断题】(2分)语言交际中的附带信息，如发音、语调、音量等也会传达信息。
A.错B.对5【判断题】(2分)社会关系制约着人们的言语方式，决定交际是否成功。
A.错B.对6【判断题】(2分)中国人说“我不喜欢那件大衣。
”，德国人却说…DerMantelgefälltmirnicht.“这种文化差异属于语用层面的差异。
A.对B.错7【多选题】(3分)从母语习得过程中我们可以得到许多学习外语的启示，例如：A.外语学习是知识型学习。
B.外语学习重在多练；C.学习外语应该遵循天然的语言习得顺序，即听-说-读-写；D.学习外语是为了与母语者交流；第三章测试1【单选题】(3分)下列几对单词中，（）不构成最小音位对立体。
A.laufen–saufenB.laufen–liefenC.Kasse–KäseD.Kasse–Tasse2【判断题】(2分)某个音素在一种语言中是音位，在另一种语言中却不一定是。
A.对B.错3【多选题】(3分)下列哪些词既可以是可分动词，又可以是不可分动词（）。
A.wiederholenB.übersetzenC.beitragenD.umfahren4【多选题】(3分)德语发音的特点有（）。
A.元音有单元音和双元音之分。
B.辅音有清浊之分，常常有几个辅音连在一起读的情况。
C.元音有长短之分。
D.口型动作大，要求口型到位。
5【多选题】(3分)下列使用替换法判断某一音素是不是音位的有（）。
A.Gras–GlasB.奶（nai）-霾（mai）C.dich-dichtD.Hand–Land第四章测试1【多选题】(3分)符号必须具备的两个基本条件是（）。
A.具有指代功能B.可被看见C.本身有意义D.可被感知2【多选题】(3分)现代符号学创始人美国学者Peirce划分了三种符号类型，它们是（）。
A.象征性符号B.天然符号C.图像符号D.语言符号3【多选题】(3分)象征性符号的特点有（）。
A.任意性B.稳定性C.多样性D.约定俗成性4【多选题】(3分)以下属于非语言符号的是（）。
A.服饰B.体态C.动作D.口音5【多选题】(3分)下面属于语言附属符号的是（）。
A.音色B.语调C.表情D.手势第五章测试1【单选题】(3分)DiebeidenJungenzanktensichumdenFußball.“zanken”这个词带有（）。
A.形象附属义B.语境附属义C.语体附属义D.情感附属义2【多选题】(3分)下列哪几组词汇属于反义关系：A.Großeltern–EnkelB.Lebensmittel–BrotC.schwer–leichtD.aufmachen–zumachen3【多选题】(3分)下列哪几组词汇属于同义关系：A.benutzen–verwenden–anwendenB.Land–Dorf–ErdeC.annehmen–akzeptieren–übernehmenD.Land–Staat–Nation4【判断题】(2分)一个词的词义受制于它的语义场，只有熟悉整个语义场，才能准确理解语义场内的每个词义。
A.对B.错5【多选题】(3分)下列表述正确的是：A.组合关系涉及的是词之间的搭配关系。
B.主谓组合关系涉及用正确的动词修饰主语，如DasSeminarvonHerrnMeierfälltheuteaus.C.动宾组合关系指句子的谓语动词要与句子的宾语搭配，如WirlehnenseineEinladungab.D.偏正组合关系指修饰名词的形容词要相互搭配，如WarumistdeineHautsoschwarz?WarstduimUrlaub?第六章测试1【判断题】(2分)语义学研究的是索绪尔的言语领域（parole），语用学研究的是语言领域（langue）。
A.对B.错2【单选题】(3分)下面哪句话中的“endlich”传递了言者的情绪？A.Ja,duhastesgeschafft,endlich!B.GottseiDank,wirsindendlichda!C.Wannstehstduendlichauf?D.EndlichhaterdasWortverstanden.3【判断题】(2分)中国人称呼“李老师、李主任、李大夫、李总……”，在德国通常只用“Frau/HerrLi”称呼即可。
A.错B.对4【多选题】(3分)格赖斯的四项合作原则，下列说法正确的是：A.质：说话要有根据，不说自知是虚假的话，说真话；B.量：为达到交谈的目的，可以多提供一些信息量；C.方式：避免含混不清，避免歧义，避免冗长，避免混乱。
D.关系：所说的话是相关的，无关的内容不要提；5【判断题】(2分)人际交往中，语用一般不会影响理解，只有语法才是造成交际失败的原因。
A.错B.对6【多选题】(3分)奥斯汀创立的言语行为理论将言语行为分为：A.以言成事B.以言行事C.以言指事D.以言取效第七章测试1【判断题】(2分)语素是指最小的具有意义的单位，所以德语中多数独立语素都能构成一个词。
A.对B.错2【多选题】(3分)下列词中包含非独立语素的有（）。
A.feindlichB.auchC.TanzabendD.besuchen3【多选题】(3分)对句子“ErstudiertInformatik.”中各个成分所包含的语素分析正确的有（）。
A.studier-是非独立语素，同时也是语义语素。
B.Er是独立语素，同时也是语义语素。
C.Informatik是独立语素，同时也是语义语素。
D.-t是非独立语素，同时也是语法语素。
4【单选题】(3分)下列复合词中没有构词语素的是（）。
A.KindergartenB.KrankenhausC.StaatsregierungD.Hochhaus5【单选题】(3分)下列复合词中不具有偏正关系的是（）。
A.AutofensterB.BohrmaschineC.NordostD.Trinkwasser6【多选题】(3分)下列词类转换形式正确的有（）。
A.Stand-standlichB.Stempel–stempelnC.klar-erklärenD.Aufenthalt-aufenthalten第八章测试1【多选题】(3分)下列哪些说法是正确的：A.变格的词类有名词、代词、形容词、冠词和序数词；B.根据有无词形变化，德语词类可分为两大类；C.德语中，变位的只有动词；D.德语词一旦确定了词类，就不可改变。
2【判断题】(2分)德语句法以动词为中心，先分析句法关系而获得其义，汉语正相反。
A.对B.错3【判断题】(2分)“他总是在课堂上玩手机。
”这句话德语可以翻译为：ErspieltimUnterrichtimmerdasHand y.A.错B.对4【多选题】(3分)下列句子哪些是正确的：A.MachdirkeineSorge,duschaffstes.B.Keinersagteinem,wasmanmachensoll.C.IstdasWetterschön,gehenwiramWochenendeinsFreie.D.IndenWinterferien,sieistnachShanghaigereist.5【多选题】(3分)德语的框架结构都和动词有关，包括下列哪几种类型：A.可分动词+前缀B.从句连词+从句的谓语动词C.助动词+完全动词D.从句连词+主句的谓语动词6【判断题】(2分)德语句子中往往缺少连接词，只有理解了意思才知道句义关系和省略的连词。
A.错B.对7【多选题】(3分)针对掌握德语语法的策略，下列表述正确的有哪些？A.掌握语法规则的同时，更应了解德国人的思维方式和文化习俗。
B.牢记名词的词性和复数形式；C.多在动词上下功夫，熟练掌握动词变位；D.以句子为单位学习动词；第九章测试1【单选题】(3分)篇章的表层结构为（）层面，深层结构为（）层面。
表层的任务是（），深层的任务是（）。
A.主题，语法，理顺语法结构，构建认知关联性B.语法，主题，构建认知关联性，理顺语法结构C.语法，主题，理顺语法结构，构建认知关联性D.主题，语法，构建认知关联性，理顺语法结构2【单选题】(3分)下列连词使用不当的是（）。
A.WenndaskleinearmeMädchenvonzuHausewegging,hatteesnurPantoffelnangehabt.B.ErwarzumerstenMalinBerlin.Berlinwarsoschön,wieergedachtehatte.C.Weilesheutestarkgeregnethat,sindwirdenganzenTagzuHausegeblieben.D.DasGerätwurdeschnellzumMarktführer,obwohlesteureralsKonkurrenzangebotewar.3【判断题】(2分)阐述概念之间的逻辑关系需要必不可少的衔接手段。
A.错B.对4【多选题】(3分)将下列句子的两部分颠倒顺序会产生不同含义的是（）。