语言学 期末复习资料 整理版

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《语言学概论》复习知识点——汇总

《语言学概论》复习知识点——汇总

《语言学概论》复习知识点——汇总一、语言学的定义与研究对象1.语言学的定义及与其他学科的关系2.语言的定义与特点3.语言学的研究对象:语言符号、语音、词汇、语法、语义、语用等二、语音学1.音素与音素的分类2.语音的基本概念:发音器官、发音过程、音素与音位等3.语音的分类与描述方式:音库、国际音标等4.语音变体:音位变体、变体规律等三、词汇学1.词的定义及词的层次结构:词汇、形态、语素等2.词的分类:实词与虚词、实词的分类等3.词的构成过程:派生、复合、转化等4.词义与词义关系:同义、反义、上下位、隐喻、类比等5.词的语法功能:词类、语法关系等四、语法学1.句子的定义与分类:从句、疑问句、陈述句等2.句法的基本概念:短语、成分、汉语的基本句型等3.句法关系与句法结构:并列、从属、修饰等4.句法规则与句法分析:形式语法、语义角度的句法分析等5.语法现象的分析与解释:形式语法与功能语法的对比、语法规则、语法的普遍性、语法的可及性等五、语义学1.语义的定义与特点2.词义的构成与分类:词汇意义、语法意义、逻辑意义、上下文意义等3.语义关系与语义角色:同义、反义、上下位、隐喻、类比、关联等4.语义现象的分析与解释:语义成分的划分与关系、语义的可及性、语义的派生与转化等六、语用学1.语用学的定义与研究领域2.语言交际与语言交际行为:意图、目的、合作原则等3.言外之意与言外之行:言外之意的表示方式、言外之行的示例等4.语用现象的分析与解释:语言行为、语用规则、语用的多样性等七、语言学研究方法与分支学科1.语言学研究的方法论:描述性研究、实证研究等2.语言学的分支学科:应用语言学、对比语言学、历史语言学、社会语言学等3.参考书目和领域动态:《现代语言学导论》、《实用语义学》、《语法学》等这些都是《语言学概论》中的重要知识点,希望以上内容对您的复习有所帮助。

语言学概论知识梳理(期末重点)

语言学概论知识梳理(期末重点)

语言学概论知识梳理一、导言1、中国、印度、希腊-罗马在传统语文学的研究上都取得了辉煌的成就,是语言学的三大发源地。

2、20世纪初,瑞士语言学家索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中提出,存在于语言社团中每个人头脑中的共同的语言形式结构是语言学研究的真正对象。

3、运用语言进行交际的过程大体可以分为“编码—发送—传递—接收—解码”五个阶段。

三、第二章语言是符号系统1、语言是符号系统。

2、符号是具体事物的标记或代号,是由一定的形式构成的表示一定意义的记号或标记,其作用是指称现实现象二、第一章语言的功能1、语言的功能:社会功能(信息传递、人际互动)、思维功能。

2、所谓“社会”,指生活在一个共同的地域中、说同一种语言、有共同的风俗习惯和文化传统的人类共同体。

3、语言社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。

这一功能体现在语言上就是内容的表达。

4、语言是人类社会信息传递第一性的、最基本的手段。

5、语言的社会功能的另一个重要的方面是建立或保持某种社会关联,这可以称为语言的人际互动功能。

6、大脑的左半球管右半身的动作,还控制着语言功能以及相关的计数、分类、推理等功能,掌管抽象的、概括的思维。

7、大脑的右半球管左半身的动作,还在音乐等艺术感知、人的面貌识别、立体图形的识别、整体把握能力、内在想象力等方面起着主要作用,掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。

8、儿童语言的学习与心智的发展是同步的,并且有所谓的“临界期”:人出生之后过了一定的期限,如果没有后天的正常的社会环境,其语言习得与心智发展的潜能就失去了。

9、聋哑人也是能思维的。

①和常人一样,生活在人类社会中,有健全的大脑和发音器官。

只是因听不见别人说话而学不会语言。

②聋哑人不能运用听觉符号传递信息表达思想,但可以通过别的感觉器官得到补偿(视觉符号,手语,动觉,触觉)。

10、思维能力的普遍性和思维方式的特殊性与语言的性质密切相关。

语言的普遍性质是语言的最根本的性质。

3、符号包括形式和意义两方面,二者不可分离,相结合才构成符号,没有无意义的符号形式。

语言学纲要期末复习参考资料

语言学纲要期末复习参考资料

导言一、填空题1.语言学是研究语言的学科,语言是语言学的研究对象。

语言学的基本任务是研究人类语言的规律,使人们懂得关于语言的理性知识。

2.中国、印度、希腊—罗马是语言学的三大发源地。

3.我国传统语言学包括文字学、音韵学、训诂学等三门分支学科,合称“小学”。

二、判断题1.综合各种语言的基本研究的成果,归纳成语言的一般规律,这是具体语言学的任务。

(错)2.世界上有几千种语言,有些语言的研究已经比较深入,大部分语言的研究还很不够,甚至还没有人去研究。

(对)三、名词解释1.普通语言学以人类一般语言为研究对象,探究人类语言的起源、发展、本质。

探究人类语言内部结构的共性及普遍规律的语言学门类。

2.应用语言学狭义的应用语言学指语言教学、文字的创制和改革、正音正字、词典编纂等,广义的应用语言学还包括与计算机有关的及其翻译、情报检索、语音识别、自然语言处理等。

3.小学在中国古代,小学先从教授字的形、音、义开始,就把研究文字、训诂、音韵方面的学问统称为小学。

小学一直是经学的一部分,包括音韵学、训诂学、文字学三个分支学科。

第一章一、填空题1.从语言的社会功能上看,语言是人类独有的最重要的交际和思维的工具;从语言的内部结构上看,语言是一套音义结合的符号。

2.文字是建立在语言基础之上的最重要的辅助交际工具,旗语之类是建立在语言和文字基础上的特殊领域的辅助交际工具。

二、判断1.从理论上来说,句子的长度是可以无限的。

(对)2.语言是文字基础上产生的人类最重要的交际工具。

(错)3.文字始终是从属于语言的。

(错)4.思维离不开语言,语言也离不开思维。

(对)5.语言和思维互相依存共同发展。

(对)6.在现代社会,文字比语言更加重要。

(错)7.文字也是人类最重要的交际工具。

(错)8.语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素。

(对)9.会不会说话是人类和动物的根本区别之一。

(对)10.思维能力是全人类共同的,语言是各民族不同的。

(对)11.思维离不开语言,聋哑人不能掌握语言,所以聋哑人不能进行思维。

语言学复习资料-精整版

语言学复习资料-精整版

语言学复习资料-精整版1、历史比较语言学:是运用历史和比较两种方法,发现几种语言在历史演变中的对应规律从而确定语言的亲属关系,构拟产生这些亲属语言的原始母语。

2、组合关系:语言符号与符号之间组成的言语链条关系叫组合关系。

组合关系是一种现实的、有顺序的、可数的横向关系。

3、聚合关系:在链条某一环节上能够互相替换的,具有相同作用的符号聚积成类的关系叫聚合关系。

聚合关系是一种联想的、无顺序、不易精确数出来的纵向关系。

4、语言的融合:一种语言战胜另一种语言或一种语言被另一种语言吞噬的现象,叫做语言的融合。

5、语言的层级性:语言系统是一套层级装置,底层是一套音位装置,上层分为语素、词、句子三层。

6、音素:音素是人类语言在一次发音中从音质角度切分出来的最小的语音单位。

7、音位:音位是具体语言在一类发音中从能否区别词或语素的角度划分或归并出来的最小的语音形式。

8、国际音标:国际音标是国际语音协会于1888年公布的一套记音符号。

大部分符号采用拉丁字母,少数用希腊字母,还有的采用大小写、正反写、合体写或添加符号与改变符号等方法。

国际音标可分为宽式音标和严式音标两种。

它的优点是形体简便,记音准确、灵活、完备。

9、音位变体:可归并为同一个音位的各个音素,我们称之为音位变体。

10、非音质音位:利用音高、音长、音强这些非音质要素形成的音位叫非音质音位。

11、语义:指语音形式表现出来的语言和言语的全部内容,它包括语言意义和言语意义两大类。

12、义素:义素是对某个义位的语义特征进行分析后得到的最小的语义单位。

13、语义场:语义场就是归属于一个总称之下的在意义上紧密联系的一组词的义位的聚合体。

14、语境:语言环境简称语境,指人们用语言进行交际时的具体环境。

15、词:词是语言中可以独立运用的最小音义结合单位。

16、语素:语素是语言中不能独立运用的最小的音义结合单位。

17、词缀:词缀指附着在词根之上的语素,它对词义的构成起附加作用。

语言学基础期末复习提纲(整理版)

语言学基础期末复习提纲(整理版)

题型:填空题10,20%;选择题10,20%;判断4,20%(3句话解释原因);简答3,18%(四句话作答);论述1,22%(1/4页纸作答)。

导论1、中国、印度和希腊-罗马在传统语言文学的研究上都取得了辉煌的成就,是语言学的三大发源地。

2、中国传统语言研究主要抓住汉字,分析它的形体,探求它的古代读音和意义,形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵和训诂之学,也就是中国传统的语文学。

3、历史比较语言学标志着语言学不再是其他学科的附庸,已经发展成为一门独立的学科。

4、20世纪初,瑞士语言学家索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中提出观点,语言学从此成为一门现代学科。

5、理论语言学,也称普通语言学,是关于语言的一般规律的理论研究。

第一章语言的功能1、语言是一种社会现象,和人类社会有着紧密联系。

2、语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。

3、如果一个病人大脑左半球发生损伤,他尽管说不出医院的名称、病房、床号,却能找得到。

相反,如果大脑右半球受损,尽管能找到医院的名称、病房、床号,却找不到,能说出家的位置却找不到,这说明语言功能存在大脑左边。

4、儿童学习语言的过程是考察语言与思维关系的一条很好途径。

5、儿童语言的习得一定具有先天生理基础,也离不开外界的社会条件。

6、儿童语言能力的开发还有时间的限制,最迟到十二三岁,如果在此之前没有机会学习语言,那么之后其语言习得和心智发展的潜能就失去了。

十二三岁是语言习得的关键时期,之一临界期的分工时间也是一致的。

第二章语言是符号系统1、符号包含形式和意义两个方面。

(能指形式,形指意义,符号构成的两个方面,语言学上通常用形式和意义来表述。

形式也叫能指,是符号的外壳,是可以被人的感觉器官感知的,因而形式具有物质性。

意义也叫所指,是符号形式所代表的内容,也就是现实现象事物。

)2、符号的形式和意义之间是没有本质上、自然属性上的必要联系,在这一点上符号和隐含某种信息的自然的征候不同。

3、语言符号的任意性和线条性,是20世纪初瑞士的语言学家家得·索绪尔作为语言符号的基本性质提出来的。

语言学期末复习

语言学期末复习

格,时,体,态,人称等。 25.词的概念意义:也叫理性意义,词汇意义的主体部分,是指说一种语言的人在对现实世 界的认知中形成的共同的主观映像,是认知的成果。 26.词的色彩意义:指词汇主体意义之外,还包涵感情色彩,语体色彩,象征功能等其他与 概念义相关的意义。 27.隐喻:引申的两种形式之一,建立在两个意义所反映的现实现象的某种相似的基础上。 其相似可以是外形的相似,某种性质的相似等等,认知语言学的莱可夫和约翰逊把隐喻分为 实体,结构和空间三种。 28.派生意义:词义中由本义衍生出来的意义。 29.词的中心意义:多义词在语言的发展过程中,某一个意义可能会占据中心地位,语言学 中把这种意义叫做中心意义,是就多义词在某个时代的各个意义的关系说的。 30.转喻:引申的两种形式之一,其基础不是现实现象的相似,而是两类现实现象之间存在 着某种联系,这种联系在人们的心目中经常出现而固定化,因而可以用指称甲类现象的词来 指称乙类现象。 31.词的语义特征:某一小类词中所特有的能对其所在格式起制约作用的并足以区别于其他 小类词的语义要素。 32.语义场:具有相同的语义特征的词义所构成的集合叫做语义场,同一义场内的词义相互 有一定的制约关系,体现了词义的结构系统性。 33.构词法:同一个词在造句时因其句法位置的差异而发生的不同变化,语言学家把专门研 究词形变化现象和规则的学问称为词形学通常简称为构词法。 34.语义角色:句中名词和动词有不同的语义关系,语义学中称之为“语义角色”,是可以涵 盖许多句子动-名关系的抽象角色,如施事,受事,工具等。 35.蕴涵:通俗地说,句子真值的蕴涵关系就是,从一个句子的句义一定可以推导出另一个 句子的句义,反向推导却不成立。 36.预设:通俗地说,如果一个句子的肯定和否定两种形式都以另一句子的肯定式为前提, 则另一句子是该句的预设。 37.语境:语言出现的环境,包括三个方面:话语的物理语境,又叫做“言谈现场”;话语语 境;说话人和受话者的背景知识。 38.话题:一个句子中句义信息所关涉的那个实体是句子的“话题”。 39.说明:针对话题展开的句子其它部分是“说明”。 40.焦点:从信息的角度看,句子中的新信息是说话者所传递信息的重点所在,是说话者认 为受话者不知道因此希望受话者特别关注的部分。 41.会话合作原则:它是指交际双方为使会话合作顺利进行,以达到共同的沟通目的而必须 相互配合,共同遵循的某些准则。它具体包括:量的准则(指所提供的信息的量),质的准 则(所说的话力求真实),关系准则(所说的话是相关的),方式准则(清楚明白说出要说的 话)。 42.言语行为:人们说出的话是一种社会行为,本身也构成新的人类经验,与现实世界中的 其他人,物,现象,事件有着“行为-效力”的关联。这些是语言在另一层次上的意义。语 言行为可以分为三个环节,分别是言内行为,言外行为和言后行为。言语行为可以分为不同 的类型,如阐释,命令,请求,询问等等。 43.社会方言:根据社会因素而区分的社团与语言特点相关,因此这些社会社团又被称为不 同的“言语社团”。各个言语社团的语言是在全民语言基础上产生的各有自己特点的语言分 支或语言变体,这就是所谓社会方言。 44.地域方言:从同一语言分化出来的地域分支,如果处于不完全分化的社会条件和同一语

语言学概论期末复习资料整理

语言学概论期末复习资料整理

语言学概论复习资料一、名词解释1.语言的主观性:说话者在话语中表达自己的情感、态度、意图。

(互动的另一方面包括受话人受到影响,做出相应的语言或行动上的反馈。

)3.心理现实:贮存在人脑的人对客观现实认知的成果,是关于客观现实的各种知识信息。

其来源:①感官对客观现实的直接感知,经脑神经综合处理转化为记忆信息;②对语言文字的接收处理。

4.颤音:舌尖或小舌连续颤动而发出的音。

(是舌尖、小舌这两个柔软的尖状物处在十分放松并有气流的冲击的状态下连续颤动而发出的音。

)例如:俄语中的Р(如РУка,手)是舌尖颤音[r]。

5.闪音:舌头颤动一次发出的音。

例如:英语very中的处于弱读音节的r[?]。

6.区别特征:具体语言中有区别音位作用的发音特征。

每一个音位都可以分解为几个不同的区别特征。

例如汉语普通话/ɑ/音位有不圆唇和舌位低两个发音特征;某个音位利用哪些特征和其他音位对立,这由该特征在音位系统中所处的地位而定。

例如:英语音位用清/p/浊/b/对立而不同于汉语普通话的用是否送气来区别。

8.成句范畴:语气(陈述、疑问、祈使、感叹)、情态、时、语态等句子功能意义类别。

成句范畴有一定的表达形式,例如疑问句语气可以用语调或虚词表达。

9.黏着语:只以黏着语素替换作为表示语法关系的主要手段的语言。

例如土耳其语、维吾尔语、芬兰语等。

11.中心意义:离开上下文后人们最熟悉的意义,它大多同本义一致,有时同本义不一致。

中心意义是从多义词在某个时代各义项之间的关系的角度分析出的。

例如,单独取出“兵”这个词,一般人首先想到的是“兵士”的意义。

二、相近概念的辨析1.语言和言语答:(1)语言是人类最重要的交际工具,是人们进行沟通交流的各种表达符号。

言语是说出来的话;说出来的一个词。

(2)语言与言语的区别:①语言是交际工具,非自由的,组词成句的规则有限;②言语即说话,运用交际工具,是自由的,创造新句无限。

(3)语言与言语的关系:①言语是对特定语言的具体运用;例如:他不言语。

简明语言学期末整理资料

简明语言学期末整理资料

简明语言学期末整理资料Chapter 1.1.1 What is linguistics?Linguistics is the scientific科学的、系统的study of language.Linguistics studies not any particular language, but it studies languages in general.Why is linguistics a scientific study?Systematic Investigation of linguistic data, conducted with some general linguistic theories.1.3 Important distinctions in linguistics判断1.3.1 Prescriptive vs. descriptive规范性和描述性Descriptive---- describe / analyze the language people actually use.Prescriptive----lay down rule s for “corr ect and standard” behaviour in using language. Descriptive vs. Prescriptive•Don’t say X.•People don’t say X.The distinction: Describing how things arePrescribing how things ought to beModern linguistics vs. grammarModern linguistics is mostly descriptive.Grammar: to set models for language users to follow.Modern linguistics is supposed to be scientific and objective and its task is to describe the language people actually use, be it "correct" or not.Modern linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.1.3.2 Synchronic vs. diachronic同步性和历时性会定义Synchronic study---description of a language at some point of time (modern linguistics) Diachronic study---description of a language through time (historical development of language over a period of time)Synchronic approach enjoys priority over a diachronic one.Synchronic or Diachronic?1.The change of vocabulary since China’s reform and ope ning up.2.The study of Internet language in 21st century.3.Pejorative Sense Development in English.4.The Categories and Types of Present-day English Word-Formation.1.3.4. Langue and parole语言和言语会概念(F. de Saussure:1857--1913 )Langue---- the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech communityParole ---- the realization of langue in actual use.Langue is abstract. Parole is concrete.Langue is stable. Parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.What linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole.1.3.5 Competence and performance 会定义(Chomsky)Competence-----the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language Performance---- the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Similarity and difference between Saussure‟s distinction and that of ChomskySimilarity: both make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language.Difference: Chomsky’s competence-performance is from psychological point of view. Saussure’s langue-parole is from sociological point of view.1.3.6 Traditional grammar and modern linguistics 要懂!判断就是下面四个Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways.Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.1.2.2 design features of language 必须要会!Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g.“pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.Arbitrariness任意性Productivity/Creativity多产性Duality双重性Displacement位移性Cultural transmission 文化传播Arbitrariness----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings.Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, …. Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang…)Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy…Productivity/creativity----Peculiar to human languages,users of language can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before, e.g. we can understand sentence like “ A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed”, though it does not describe a common happening in the world.A gibbon call system is not productive for gibbon draw all their calls from a fixedrepertoire which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible.The bee dance does have a limited productivity, as it is used to communicate about food sources in any direction. But food sources are the only kind of messages that can be sent through the bee dance; bees do not “talk”about themselves, the hives, or wind, let alone about people, animals, hopes or desiresDuality (double articulation)Lower level----sounds (meaningless)Higher level----meaning (larger units of meaning)A communication system with duality is considered more flexible than one without it, fora far greater number of messages can be sent. A small number of sounds can be groupedand regrouped into a large number of units of meaning (words), and the units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (we make dictionary of a language, but we cannot make a dictionary of sentences of that language.Cultural transmission----Language is culturally transmitted (through teaching and learning; rather than by instinct).Animal call systems are genetically transmitted. All cats, gibbons and bees have systems which are almost identical to those of all other cats, gibbons and bees.A Chinese speaker and an English speaker are not mutually intelligible. This shows thatlanguage is culturally transmitted. That is, it is pass on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.The story of a wolf child, a pig child shows that a human being brought up in isolation simply does not acquire human language.Chapter 2 phonology2.2 Phonetics2.2.1 What is phonetics?必须要会三个分支也要会Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language in isolation.It is concerned with production, transcription音译and classification of speech sounds.The production and perception of speech soundsSpeakerProduction Sound Waves Hearer Perception Articulatory Phonetics Acoustic Phonetics Auditory Phonetics发音语音学声学语音学听觉语音学(语音学的三个分支)2.2.3Orthographic正字法,拼字正确的representation of speech sounds - broad and narrow transcriptions 大致意思要懂Towards the end of 19th century, when articulatory phonetics had developed to such an extent in the West that scholars began to feel the need for a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription. Thus the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) came into being.Exercise: Transcription of speech wordsTask: Write the phonetic symbol for the first sound in each word according to your pronunciation.Example: zoo /z/ psycho /s/a. Judge / /b. Thomas / /c. Phone / /d. Easy / /e. Usual / /The two sounds /t/ in “Student ”are really the same?The first “t” is unaspirated (不送气)The second “t” is aspirated (送气的)./ s t j u: d ən th /The four sounds /l/ are the same?Leaf /li:f/; feel /fi:l/; build /bild/; health /helθ/Clear [l] dark [ l ] dental [l]The aspirated /h/, the dark / / are both calledDiacritics (变音符号)Two Transcriptions 严式标音记到什么程度,宽式记音记到什么程度要懂Broad transcription: The letter-symbols only.宽式标音/ /Narrow transcription: The letter-symbols+diacritics严式标音[]2.4 Classification of English Speech sounds 音素的分类要知道Vowels [元音]Consonants [辅音] 元音和辅音放一起叫做音段音位,语调,音调和重音叫做超音段音位The difference between consonants and vowelsV owels: with no obstruction through the speech organsConsonants: with obstruction through the speech organs2.2.4.1 Classification of English consonants 要知道辅音的发音分类有哪几种English consonants can be classified in two ways:1. manner of articulation根据发音方式来分类2. place of articulation. 根据发音部位来分类2.3 PhonologyThe difference between phonetics & phonology 明白各自是干嘛的Phonetics: Study sounds in isolation; one by one,phonetic features; language universalPhonology: Study sounds patterns to convey meaning; language specific2.3.2Phone, Phoneme and allophone 理解含义判断题Phone音系: 1) a phonetic unit 是语音学的一个片段2) not necessarily distinctive of meaning 不需要区分意思3) physical as perceived 物理上能感知4) marked with [ ]Phoneme音位: 1) a phonological unit 是音系学的一个片段2) distinctive of meaning 要区分意思3) abstract, not physical 抽象,不能物理上区分4) marked with / /Allophone音位变体Allophones ---- the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.在不同的语音学环境中代表着一个音素StudentPhones: [t] [th]Phoneme: /t/Allophone: [t] [th]Exercise(How many phones, phonemes and allophones?)Pit Spit TipLeaf, Feel, HealthBut May Rest2.3.3 phonetic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair 要知道什么叫互补分布Complementary distributionComplementary distribution----allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution. They do not distinguish meaning. They occur in different phonetic contexts,e.g.dark [l] & clear [l], aspirated [p] & unaspirated [p]. [t] [th] Two allophones2.3.4 some rules in phonology 3条规则要明白是什么意思判断题2.3.4.1 sequential rules 序列规则There are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. These rules are called Sequential rules (序列规则)1.What are possible sequences if 3 consonants cluster together at the beginning of a word?2.3.4.2 assimilation rule 同化规则The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. (同化规则)3. Give examples to show how the assimilation rule works in English.2.3.4.3 deletion rules 省略规则Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented. Deletion /g/ occurs before a final nasal consonant. Sign design…比如l r 后面只允许出现元音这是什么规则在约束它是同化规则在约束它错@!应该是序列规则在约束它要知道序列规则该怎么写2.3.5 suprasegmental features ----stress tone声调intonation语调只需知道超音段音位包括哪些就可以了英语中tone算不算超音段音位?不算所谓是音位,需要能够区分意义5. List different types of stress patterns that can distinguish meaning. (Task)1)To distinguish some nouns from their related verbs.` import (n.) —im` port (v.)`record (n.) —re`cord (v.)2) To distinguish compounds from noun phrases.`hotdog (n.) — hot `dog (phrase)3)To distinguish the compound combinations of -ing modifiers and nouns and the phrasalcombinations of-ing forms for the action and nouns for the doer.`sleeping car (compound) —ֽsleeping `boy (phrase)4)To distinguish content words from function words in sentences.He is `driving my `car.5)To emphasize to a certain part of a sentence.I prefer `small apples, those are far too large.7. What is the difference between tone and intonation?1)Tone refers to pitch movement in spoken utterances that is related to differences in wordmeaning.2)Intonation refers to pitch movement in spoken utterances that is not related todifferences in word meaning.Chapter 3 morphology 形态学morphology 的概念要会3.1 Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules bywhich words are formed. 词的内部结构的学习和词形成的规则3.2 open class and closed class 开放词类和封闭词类需要注意既不是开放的也不是封闭的词Open class words----content words of a language to which we can regularly add new words, such as nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, e.g. beatnik(a member of the Beat Generation), hacker, email, internet, “做秀,时装秀…” in Chinese.Closed class words----grammatical or functional words, such as conjunction, articles, preposition and pronouns.封闭词类和开放词类就语法功能来说,词可分为:封闭词类(Closed Class)和开放词类(Open Class)。

语言学整理资料

语言学整理资料

第一章:语言与语言学A语言的特性:一、任意性与规约性1. 任意性:语言符号的形式与所表示的意义没有天然的联系。

2. 规约性:语言的形式和意义是约定俗称的关系。

二、二层性:指拥有两层结构这种特性,上层结构的单位由底层结构的元素构成,每层都有自身的组合规则。

(有限手段无限使用,人类交际最显著特征)三、创造性:指语言的能产性,这来源于语言的二层性和递归性。

四、移位性:指人类语言可以让使用者在交际时用语言符号代表时间上和空间上并不可及的物体、时间和观点(好处:使得我们有可能用抽象的概念来交流或思考)B与动物语言区别:由于喉部结构的差异,不适合吐字发音。

但可使用手势语言C语言的功能:信息功能人际功能施为功能感情功能寒暄交谈娱乐功能元语言功能D语言学的发展脉络:一、传统语言学:1.从哲学角度思考(名实之争):区分主语、谓、宾等逻辑成分概念、对语言起源问题的讨论2. 语文学习角度研究(梵文):为阅读理解古代经典文献服务的3. 历史比较角度(主要比较印欧语系):试图通过语言亲属关系的比较研究语言的发展规律,拟测它们共同母语(提供了科学的方法)二、现代语言学(20c,结构语言学)语言是一个符号系统,提出语言的线条性、任意性、“能指”(符号可感知)与“所指”(符号所代表的内容)、“组合关系”(两个同一性质的结构单位按照线性顺序组合的关系)与“聚合关系”(某一位置能够互相替代)(区分历时)更强调共时研究,重视排除历史干扰而对语言现状进行现实的描写区分“内部语言学”和“外部语言学”,认为语言学首先要进行语言系统和系统内部各个要素的研究。

E当代语言学三个主要流派的基本思想:生成语言学派:语言是人类内在化的能力,人类语言虽然差别很大但遵循的原则相同。

强调语法的天赋性、自主性,着重探索人类语言的机制、共性,同时探究各个语言的参数差异,即在探索人类语言共性的基础上探究各个语言的特点。

天赋假设:语言是天赋,儿童生下了就有普遍语法,婴儿言语获得过程是先天的“语言习得机制”。

语言学期末整理

语言学期末整理

语言学期末整理导言1.语言学的三大发源地以及各自研究的重点P2中国、印度、希腊—罗马:语言学的三大发源地印度:梵语研究,语音和语法研究很有成就。

西欧:印欧语言的研究,早期有希腊语,后来是拉丁语。

主要研究语法。

中国:小学(文字、音韵、训诂)2.什么叫传统语言学研究,特点P23.索绪尔:现代语言学之父奠基人《普通语言学教程》P34.语言进行交际的过程:编码—发送—传递—接收—解码P4对应哪些不同研究领域不同学科都从自己的角度研究语言或其交际过程的某一环节,在发展了这些学科的同时,也加深了对语言的了解:生理学、物理学、心理学、神经学、病理学、情报学和信息科学研究、数学语言学和人文社会科学及自然科学都有密切的联系。

第一章1. 语言的信息传递功能7.8语言是组成社会的一个不可缺少的因素。

人与人之间的联系得靠语言来维持。

语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。

语言的信息传递功能非常卓越,可以跨越时空。

旗语、电报代码、数学符号等是建立在语言文字基础之上的辅助性交际工具。

身势等伴随动作是非语言的交际工具。

别对我撒谎表情帝文字是建立在语言基础之上的一种最重要的辅助交际工具。

语言是人类最重要的交际工具。

2.语言和思维的关系关于思维的定义10语言和思维是两种独立的现象。

思维是人脑的一种特殊机能,是认识客观事物时动脑的过程,也指动脑进行比较、分析、综合的能力。

思维的时候需要用语言。

哲学把思维看作是人类对客观事物间接的、概括的反映。

思维是理性的认识,以感觉和知觉为基础,同时借助一定的知识和经验,可以概括事物的本质和内在联系。

语言是思维活动的动因和载体,是思维成果的贮存所。

认识事物所形成的概念要用固定的语言形式确定下来,使今后的思维认识过程得以简化。

3.大脑左右半球分工12大脑左半球管右半身,右半球管左半身。

控制语言活动的左半球掌管抽象的、概括的思维;右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维(这就说明思维不一定要靠语言)。

大脑两半球的分工是人类特有的。

语言学复习资料附答案(完整)

语言学复习资料附答案(完整)

语言学复习资料附答案(完整)语法范畴:词形变化表现的语法意义的聚合叫做“语法范畴”。

语法范畴就是词形变化所表达的语法意义的类。

常见的语法范畴主要性、数、格、体、时、态、级等,俄语、德语、法语中的某些词有性的区分。

文字:是指语言的视觉符号性质,是为了记录语言而发明的一种书写符号系统,是在语言的基础上产生的。

文字有音,形,义三部分。

音位变体:处在互补关系中的相似的音素彼此不对立,即不起区别词的语音形式的作用,我们可以把它们归并为一个音位。

如果他们被归为一个音位,则处于互补关系中的各个音素就被看作同一个音位在不同的位置上的代表,是同一个音位的不同的变异形式,所以我么把它们叫做音位变体。

音位变体可以分为“自由变体”和“条件变体”组合关系:符号和符合组合起来,形成高一级的结构,处于高一级结构中的各个符号,称为结构的成份,结构中的各个成分的关系称为组合关系。

聚合关系:如果一些语言符号或更大的单位在结合的某一环节上能够互相替换并且替换后结构关系不会改变,那么这些符号在结构中就具有某种相同的作用,它们自然地聚集成群,它们彼此的关系叫做聚合关系。

直接组成成分:句子是按照一定的规则一层一层组合起来的。

每一层中直接组合起来构成一个更大的语法单位的两个组成成分叫做直接组成部分。

洋泾浜:是当地人在和外来的商人,水手,传教士等打交道的过程中学来的一种变了形的外语。

是当地人没有学好的外语,是外语在当地语言的影响下出现的变种。

“洋泾浜”的共同特点是:语音经过当地语言音系的适当改造,语法规则减少到最低限度,词汇的项目比较少,往往要借助于迂回曲折的总说法指称事物。

“洋泾浜”是一定社会条件下的产物,只有口头形式,用于和外国人交往的特殊场合,没有人把它看作母语作为第一语言。

语言和言语语言的交际功能就是通过言语形式来实现的。

语言学中把对语言的运用及其成果成为言语,通俗点讲言语就是说话(或写作)和所说(所写)的话语言是从言语中概括出来的的为社会所公认的词语和规则的总和。

语言学-期末考试-复习材料

语言学-期末考试-复习材料

语言学-期末考试-复习材料一、选择(20个)二、判断(10~20个)三、填空(5分)四、词语解释(3个,各5分)五、简答(2个,各10分;其中一个是语用学)六、句子分析(4个)IC analysis 是倒着的树形图Chomsky 是有S, NP,VP…与其中的树形图。

1. Phonetics & Language Introduction:1. There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. This is __B____one of the design features of language.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement2. Language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is __B__ . It makes people possible to talk everything within his knowledge.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement3. __C___ refers to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one?s native language, including those that he has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement4. ___D__ refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. The dog couldn?t be bow-wowing sorrowfully for some lost love or a bone to be lost.A. dualityB. arbitrarinessC. productivityD. displacement5. ___D___ means language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the linguistic system must be learnt anew by each speaker.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission6. ___C___ means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.A. dualityB. ArbitrarinessC. interchangeabilityD. cultural transmission7. To say “How are you. ”“Hi”to your friends is the ___C____of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic function (adj. 交流感情/交际应酬的)D. interrogative function8. “Tell me the result when you finish.”If you want to get your hearer to do something, you should use the ___B__ function of language.A. directive functionB. informative functionC. phatic functionD. interrogative function9. A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as _____.A. unnaturalB. something to be fearedC. natural C. abnormal10. A linguist is interested in _______.A. speech sounds onlyB. all soundsC. vowels only C. consonants only11. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [t]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate?A. [y]B. [t∫]C. [z]D. [dЗ]13. Which of the following sounds is a central vowel?A. [ ? ]B. [ i ]D. [a: ]14. In the following sounds , ______ is a palatal fricative ?A. [ s ]B. [∫]C. [ l ]D. [θ]15. In the following sounds , ______ is a voiceless affricative ?A. [dЗ]B. [ v ]C. [t∫]D. [θ]16. In English if a word begins with a [ l ] or [ r ],then the next sound must be a ____.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel17. Of the “words”listed below, _____ is not an English word ?A. [r∧b ]B. [ l? b ]C. [m?sta:∫]D. [lm?p]18. _____ are produced when the obstruction created by the speech organs is total and audibly released.A. Back vowelsB. StopsC. Fricatives C. Glides19. The International Phonetic Association devised the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET in ______.B. 1957C. 1888D. 178820. ____ is a phonological unit , and it is a unit that is of distinctive value.A. PhoneB. PhonemeC. AllophoneD. SoundII. Tell which statements are true or false.1. [ f ] is a dental consonant.2. Phonology studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methodsfor their description, classification and transcription.3. Phoneme is a phonological unit.4. Phone is a phonetic unit.5. When we study the different [ p ]’s in “[ pit ], [tip ], [spit ]”, they are similarphones which belong to phonetics.6. But the three [ p ] belong to the different phoneme / p /.7. The three / p / are allophones.8. ‘peak’is aspirated , phonetically transcribed as [ph]; ‘speak’isunaspirated (不送气的)phonetically[ p=].9. [ph ], [p=] do not belong to the same phoneme / p /.10. [p h] and [ p=] are two different phones, and are variants of the phoneme / p /,which is called ALLOPHONES of the same phoneme.key: BACDD CCACA DDABC DDBCB FFTTT FTTFTI. Choose the best choice(语音)1. Which is a voiced bilabial stop?A. [m]B. [v]C. [p]D. [b]2. Which is a voiceless affricate?A. [w]B. [f]C. [t∫]D. [n]3. Which is monophothong?A. [i]B. [au]C. [ai]D. [ei]4. Which is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]5. Which is a voiced affricate?A. [j]B. [z]C. [t∫]D. [dЗ]6. Which is a central vowel ?A. [i]B. [?:]C. [ou]D. [a:]7. In English if a word begins with [l] or [r] , then the next sound must be a ____.A. fricativeB. nasal soundC. semi-vowelD. vowel8. Which is a palatal fricative?A. [s]B. [k]C. [∫]D. [l]9. Which is not a English word?A. [r ?b]B. [l?b]C. [sta:∫]D. [ lm?p]10. Which is a unaspirate?A. skyB. killC. likeD. kite2. Semantics 练习1._______ is not included in Leech?s associative meaning.A. Connotative meaningB. Social meaningC. Collocative meaningD. Thematic meaning2. Among Leech?s seven types of meaning is concerned with the relationship betweena word and the thing it refers to _______.A. conceptualB. affectiveC. reflectedD. thematic3. According to the referential theory, a word is not directly related to the thing it refers to. They are connected by ______.A. meaningB. referenceC. conceptD. sense4.”Big” and “Small” are a pair of ______ opposites.A. complementaryB. gradableC. completeD. Converse5. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are ______.A. gradable opposites B, converse opposites C. co-hyponymsD. synonyms6. A word with several meaning is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC. an abnormalD. a multiple7. The semantic compone nts of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as ___.A. +animate, +male, +human, -adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultA. +animate, -male, +human, -adult D. + animate, -male, +human, +adult8. _____ is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of themeaning of each constituent word.A. CollocationB. IdiomC. Semantic componentD. Synonym9. In the triangle advanced by Ogden and Richards, “thought or reference” is____A. word, sentenceB. the objectC. conceptD. symbol10. A linguistic is interested in _____.A. What is said.B. What is right both in syntax and in semantics.C. What is grammaticalD. What ought to be said.11. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are _____.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms12. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as _____.A. Lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words13. What is t he meaning relationship between the two words “flower/tulip” ?A. PolysemyB. HomonymyC. HyponymyD. Antonymy14. The words “railway” and “railroad” are _____.A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. dialectal synonymsC. collocationally-restricted synonymsD. synomyms differing in styles15. The pair of words “wide/narrow” are called____.A. gradable oppositesB. complementary antonymsC. co-hyponymsD. relational opposites16. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementaries?A. single/marriesB. lend/borrowC. hot/coldD. old/youngDACBB _BBBB BACBA AII. Answer the questions with “Yes”or “No” .1.Is reference tied to a particular time and place? Y2.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. ?N3.Can different expressions have the same referent? Y4.Can reference be applied to words such as “and” ,”very” in English? NIII.State the following sentences “True” or “False”.1. Sense is regarded as a kind of intra-linguistic relationship. T2. In most cases, “sense” and “meaning” are different terms for the same thing. T3. Every word has its own sense. F4. A word may have several different senses and several words may have the samesense. T5. Extension, like denotation, is a kind of relation between elements and theobjective world. T6. Extension can only be applied to the things at present. F7. The relation between extension and intension is the same as that betweendenotation and sense. T8. People of different cultures may choose different prototype for the same predicate,e.g. …bus?. T9. All the words in a language can be used to refer , but only some have sense. F10. Two synonymous words must be identical in sense in every dimension. F11. There are very few perfect synonyms in a language. T12. Entailment is more inclusive than paraphrase. T13. Almost every word in a dictionary is polysemic. T14. Dry and wet are a pair of gradable antonyms. T15. Innocent and guilt are a pair of relative antonyms. F Complementary16. The relationship between the Argument and Predicate is Subject to predicate.F17. The meaning of each expression can be defined in terms of its semanticcomponents so as to contrast with the meaning of all the expressions in the same language. T18. The proposition of a sentence may be more simply stated as a verb and a selection of case ---categories. T19. According to case grammar, the part of proposition in a sentence is a tensed set of relationships between a verb and a noun phrase ( or noun phrases).4. Exercises to Chapter 4 SyntaxI. General view of syntax1. Syntax: studies the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences.2. gender: as masculine, feminine, neuter, or animate, and inanimate.3. case: the syntaxtic relationship between words. Teacher?s , kiss him宾格,主格,与格,芬兰语有15种格4.Concord: agreement: a syntactic relationship agree with each other.5. Government : A word determines the form of others.支配关系6. langue and paroleLangue: abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speechcommunity. StabilityParole: actual speech7. signified (concept) and signifier (sound image)1. 所指 2 能指之间的关系是任意的8. syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationsSyntagmatic: what precedes or follows9. synchronic and diachronic linguistics10. “Rheme” “Theme”负载交际能力最小的是主位。

语言学复习资料

语言学复习资料

1、第一章2、语言学,是研究语言的科学。

语言是语言学的研究对象。

3、语言是人类最重要的交际工具。

语言学的基本任务是研究语言的规律,使人们懂得关于语言的理性知识。

4、中国、印度、希腊-罗马具有悠久的历史文化传统,是语言学的三大发源地。

5、语言研究的任务也只是给古代流传下来的政治、哲学、宗教、历史、文学等方面的经典作注解,而不是探索语言的规律。

6、人们抓住汉字、分析它的形体,讲求它的古代读音和意义,形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵、训诂的我国传统语文学。

7、从研究古代经典中的书面语的语文学发展到全面研究语言的语言学,是语言研究的深刻转折。

8、语言本身的构造很复杂,可以分为语音、词汇和语义、语法三个部分。

9、综合各种语言的基本研究的成果,归纳成语言的一般规律,这是理论语言学的任务。

10、语言活动深入人类社会生活的一切领域,只要有人活动的地方就需要语言。

语言不仅与社会科学,而且还和很多的自然科学发生了密切的关系。

11、语言进行交际的过程可以分为:编码—发送—传递—接收—解码,五个阶段。

12、语言学既是一门古老的科学,又是一门年轻的科学,既与社会科学有密切的关系,也与自然科学有密切的关系。

它的研究成果越来越为其他学科所关心、所运用。

它在整个科学体系中占有重要的地位。

13、话的长短差别很大。

短可以只有一个词,长可以长到无止境。

例如,在一定的环境中,“看”就可以是一句话,表达一个完整的意思。

但这种现象不典型。

说话通常是把几个词按照一定的顺序组合起来,造出一句话。

如看。

看书。

看一本书。

看一本有趣的书......不论多长的句子,我们都可以加上一些成分,使它更长。

当然实际说话的时候,句子是不会太长了。

因为说话的人说到后来会忘记前面说过的内容。

14、句子的数目无限,每句话又可以拉得很长。

事实告诉我们:无限的句子中包含着有限的词和为数不多的规则,学话就是掌握这套材料和规则。

15、每个人说话是自由,想什么时候说就什么时候说,想说什么就说什么,但说话时选择什么材料,遵循什么规则是不自由的,必须服从社会的习惯。

语言学-期末复习资料-整理版

语言学-期末复习资料-整理版

语言学-期末复习资料-整理版Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言language$Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性¥Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophisticationand it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send."⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal u ser’s knowledge of the rules of his langu age.。

语言学复习资料

语言学复习资料

语言学纲要名词解释复习Ø 导言1. 语言学:以语言作为研究对象的一门独立科学。

2. 专语语言学:以某一种具体的语言为研究对象的语言学。

它包括共时语言学和历时语言学两种。

总之,专语语言学只研究某一种语言。

3. 共时语言学:语言研究的一种方法,从一个横断面描写研究语言在某个历史时期的状态和发展。

4. 历时语言学:语言研究的一种方法,集中研究语言在较长历史时期中所经历的变化。

5. 普通语言学:以人类一般语言为研究对象,研究人类语言的性质、结构特征、发展规律,是综合众多语言的研究成果而建立起来的语言学,是语言学的重要理论部分。

6. 语文学:是为给古代文化遗产——政治历史文学等方面的经典书面著作作注释,目的是使人们可以读懂古书的一门尚未独立的学科。

7. “小学”:中国传统的语文学,围绕阐释和解读先秦典籍来展开研究,从而诞生了分析字形的文字学、研究字音的音韵学、解释字义的训诂学,因此又被人们称为经学的附庸。

8. 应用语言学:研究语言学的应用的学科,实际上是一种交叉学科,是相关学科的学者将语言学的基本原理同有关学科结合起来研究问题而产生的新的学科。

9. 历史比较语言学:语言学中一个重要的部门,它以历史比较法为基础,研究语言的亲属关系。

它为现代语言学的建立奠定了坚实的基础,是语言学走上独立发展道路的标志。

第一章语言的社会功能1. 语言:是一种特殊的社会现象,是人类作为必不可少的思维工具和最重要的交际工具来使用的一种音义结合的符号系统。

2. 说话:运用语言跟人们交流思想的行为,本身不等于语言。

3. 言语:是对语言的运用,它有两个意思:一是指人的说和写的过程,是人的一种行为,叫言语活动,也叫言语行为;一是指人说出来的话,写出来的东西,也叫言语作品。

4. 交际工具:人类交际活动所使用的工具。

语言是人类最重要的交际工具。

此外,身势等伴随动作是非语言的交际工具;旗语之类是建立在语言、文字基础上的辅助性交际工具;文字是建立在语言基础之上的一种最重要的辅助交际工具;5. 思维:是认识现实世界时的一种动脑筋的过程,也指动脑筋时进行比较、分析、综合以认识现实的能力。

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Chapter one Introduction一、定义1.语言学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通语言学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.语言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。

4.识别特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。

Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多产性Duality双重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化传递⑴arbitrarinessThere is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions⑵ProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.⑶DualityLanguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.⑷DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.⑸Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.语言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language.6.语言运用performancePerformance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。

7.历时语言学Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time.8.共时语言学Synchronical linguisticsThe study of a given language at a given time.9.语言langueThe abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.10.言语paroleThe realization of langue in actual use.11.规定性PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say.12.描述性DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use.二、知识点nguage is not an isolated phenomenon, it’s a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings.语言不是一种孤立的现象,而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。

2.几种观点和现象的提出者:⑴瑞士语言学家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure:Langue和parole的区别⑵U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美国语言学家N.Chomskyin1950针对Saussure’s langue&parole提出Competence和performance⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家Sapir---language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.Hall----language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.Chomsky---from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.⑷U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美国语言学家Charles Hockett提出了语言的识别特征design features3.the word ’language’ preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language.Language一词前不加冠词说明语言学家不只研究一种特定的语言。

4.in order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,what the linguists has to do first if to study language facts.nguage is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so it's hardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判断题6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。

三、问答题1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study?Phonetics----it’s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it’s concer ned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.Phonology---the study of sounds systems—the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.Morphology---It’s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Syntax-------it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.Semantics---It’s simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.Pragmatics---the study of meaning in context of words.Sociolinguistics—the study of language with reference to society.Psycholinguistics---the study of language with reference to the working of the mind.Applied linguistics---the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning.2.why do we say language is arbitrary?Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, it’s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.A typic al example to illustrate the ‘arbitrariness’ of language is ‘a rose by any other name would smell as sweet’.3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的,其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。

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