交通运输专业校园网的规划与构建大学毕业论文英文文献翻译及原文
交通运输安全中英文对照外文翻译文献
交通运输安全中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译：提高车辆的安全以及技术是怎么样让我们更有可能的活下来摘要：成功部署新技术在公路车辆取决于驾驶员的能力，安全地使用系统。
本章呼吁社会工程，充分考虑可用性问题与车载系统设计进行交流与司机。
这种相互作用可能包含的信息的车辆，其他车辆，道路，路线，或天气，也可能是个人的娱乐兴趣。
有相当多的证据表明，司机在视觉超载，并提供额外的信息通过听觉显示是必要的，但有认知工作量与驾驶活动无论知觉的参与渠道。
分心的成本自然语音交互可能少于为视觉仪表显示的信息，但也有许多人的因素问题的解决，确保改善驾驶性能和安全性。
关键词：公路安全车载信息系统驱动程序的行为人类因素知觉分心注意避免事故技术手持无线装置听觉显示美国1.1简介美国国家运输安全委员会（美国）公路事故调查，提出建议，改善公路安全。
它是从这个角度来看，本章认为，数字信号处理（数字信号处理器）为手机和车载系统。
公路安全计划寻求改善安全通过防止崩溃或增加坠毁生存。
美国公共政策已经达到了一些实际的限制在乘员保护和缓解；因此，新的程序，如智能交通系统（其），重点放在避免碰撞来提高安全性。
例外，如稳定控制系统，技术避免事故涉及的驱动程序作为一个关键的控制因素，在系统的性能。
本章文着眼于人的因素影响车载系统设计1.2公路安全美国国家运输安全委员会调查交通事故在所有形式的旅游高速公路，航空，船舶，铁路，和管道。
重要的是要认识到，安全委员会是独立的监管机构在美国交通部（usdot）。
这样的安排是精心构造确保美国调查和安全通告是公正的。
许多政府在世界各地都有类似的组织。
虽然有许多方式来衡量安全，但没有人可以说，底线是死亡。
在美国除了旅游公路，大部分交通事故中每年有700至800人死亡。
死亡的人数在海洋模式每年大约有800人，绝大多数的那些隐没在描述休闲划船事故。
有相同数目的死亡发生在铁路事故，每年大多数是违反规则的人和铁路工人，而不是乘客。
交通工程专业英语作文
交通工程专业英语作文Traffic engineering, a discipline that focuses on the planning, design, operation, and management of transportation systems, has undergone significant transformations in recent decades. As urbanization and industrialization have accelerated, so has the complexity and diversity of transportation networks. This evolution has presented both opportunities and challenges for traffic engineers worldwide.One of the most noteworthy developments in traffic engineering is the integration of technology. The advent of smart cities and intelligent transportation systems (ITS) has allowed for more efficient and sustainable transportation management. For instance, the use of data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) in traffic management has led to real-time monitoring and optimization of traffic flow, reducing congestion and improving safety. However, this technological revolution has also introduced new challenges. With the proliferation of connected devices and sensors, the security and privacy of personal data have become paramount concerns. Trafficengineers must ensure that their systems are secure from cyber-attacks and that personal information is protected. Another challenge facing traffic engineers is the increasing demand for sustainable transportation solutions. As environmental concerns grow, there is a pressing need to develop low-carbon and green transportation options. This requires innovative thinking and a commitment to research and development, as traffic engineers strive to balance the needs of the present with those of future generations.Globalization has also played a significant role in shaping the field of traffic engineering. The increasing interconnectedness of the world's transportation networks has necessitated a more collaborative and cross-cultural approach to traffic engineering. Engineers must now consider the unique challenges and needs of diverse regions and cultures, ensuring that their solutions are not only technically feasible but also culturally sensitive.Despite these challenges, the future of traffic engineering looks bright. The convergence of technology, sustainability, and globalization offers unprecedented opportunities for innovation and growth. By harnessing thepower of data analytics, AI, and other emerging technologies, traffic engineers can create more efficient, safe, and sustainable transportation systems that meet the needs of a rapidly changing world.**交通工程的发展与挑战：全球视角**交通工程，这一专注于交通运输系统规划、设计、运营和管理的学科，在过去的几十年里经历了显著的变革。
西南交通大学毕业设计英语文献翻译年
西南交通大学毕业设计英语文献翻译年级： 2003级学号： 2003XXXX姓名： XX XX专业： XXXX运输指导老师： XX XX2007年XX月XX日Britain railway(英文)Railway safety（小四times new roman，1.5倍行距）Already rail is one of the safest forms of travel and the long term improvement in rail safety is continuing. But the Chief Inspector of Railways has warned that some operators have tried to avoid taking measures to improve rail safety standards, or worse still, to reduce them. It is vital to ensure that there is no erosion of safety standards in the privatised railway. Existing standards of health and safety must be maintained and, where necessary, improved. Operators must not put commercial considerations ahead of safety.The Health and Safety Commission, together with its operational arm the Health and Safety Executive, which includes the Railway Inspectorate, is the independent regulatory body responsible for railway safety. The Railway Inspectorate has comprehensive powers to enforce the wide-ranging duties of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and associated Regulations.A new safety regime for the privatised railway was put in place in 1994. It reflects Railtrack's and train operating companies' obligations under the HSWA to operate safely.Railtrack has responsibilities for both setting and enforcing safety standards. The single most important element in the regime is a requirement for each operator to prepare, and obtain acceptance of, a 'safety case'- a detailed document describing the operator's risk assessments and safety management systems. The regime also gave Railtrack wideranging responsibilities for both setting and enforcing safety standards.We are determined to ensure, as part of improving the railways in the interests of passengers, that safety is not compromised. The Health and Safety Commission fully shares this resolve. It has recently gone out to formal consultation on draft regulations to oblige the privatised industry to replace or modify Mark 1 (ie slam-door) rolling stock by 2003 and to install train protection (which would apply the brake automatically in danger situations) on all trains and at all key signals by 2004. Mark 1 rolling stock has been criticised because of how it performs in certain types of accidents. The Commission has recommended that all Mark 1 rolling stock be英国铁路（中文翻译，居中）正文，小四宋体，1.5倍行距，如有多级标题，标题写法参照毕业设计正文格式铁路可以说是最安全的出行方式之一，并且铁路安全性的长期改善是持续的。
Transportation 英语论文中英文翻译
TransportationTransportation (Sum up)There are two types of transportation: public transportation and private transportation. Examples of public transportation are: buses, trains, tramways, subways, cable cars, ships etc. Examples of private transportation include: private cars, bicycles, motorbikes, as well as walking on foot. Many people prefer means of private transportation to the public transportation, because it is a lot more comfortable, even though it’s pricier: you don’t have to get crammed in a crowded in a crowded wagon if you are driving your own vehicle. Also, riding a bike or a motorbike permits to avoid the traffic on the streets, since in the big cities there are special biking lanes which don’t allow buses or cars. On the other hand, using means of public transportation also has its advantages; first of all, it’s really cheap, nowadays you can purchase a special IP card, and then swipe it every time you get on and get off the bus and save up additional money on cost of transportation. Second, subways are built underground so if you use it, you don’t have to experience the congested streets on the ground. They are fast, and there are many different lines so if you transfer you can get almost anywhere you need. Third, using cable cars or special buses that don’t emit carbon dioxide into the air helps protecting the environment and the ozone layer above.Traffic jams (traffic congestion) is a big problem in big and developed cities all over the world. The situation could be improved if the public transportation system is radically changed; if the subway and train system gets more developed it will be more attractive to the citizens, than purchasing private cars that pollute the air and are responsible of the growing traffic jam problem. In consequence, the streets wouldn’t be jammed with private cars going in all the possible directions.To improve the situation on the streets of the big cities, the government should take various measures; for example, try to relocate some of the companies into the suburbs in order to make the centre of the city less crowded. This reorganization of a densely populated area could be one of the crucial solutions to the traffic congestion problem. The officials should also think of creating new projects to make new subway lines, bus routes and biking lanes so that the means of public transportation are more appealing to the citizens. Also, creating green tax (the kind of tax that the citizens pay the government for them to take measures to protect the environment) is one of the possibilities to help the traffic congestion and resulting from it, air pollution (smog). Unfortunately, these projects cost a lot of money, and take a lot of time and effort, so the situation on the streets can only improve gradually and in a very slow pace.Should Government Spend Money On PublicTransportations Or Roads?Polluted air, sun heated temperature, and poor quality of public transportations are Jakarta’s traffic condition. It’s worsen by the road traffics cause by the increasing amount in the usages of personal cars, that always take part in the crowds. Although there are many options of transportations and the access of highways and roads to shortened the amount of time consuming, Jakarta inhabitants are still dealing with the same problem continually.Well-improved public transportations will decrease the amount of personal cars usages. The public transportation companies have very poor services for jakarta’s citizens which served as their loyal customers. If the facility has been reconditioned, it will attract more attentions from the new and potential customers who never use it before. As a result from the growth of public transportations usages, the rush-hour traffic will be lessened. As an instance, Jakarta has many options for public transportations. Although reconsidered as a metropolitan city, the condition of the public transportation facilitiy is a tragic. Corroded iron bench, non air conditioner applied, unclean passengers area, and high lists of criminalities “performed” in the facilities show the credibility of Jakarta’s publ ic transportation image. But, the government surprised the citizens by launching the new alternative transportation that offers safety, comfort, and hygiene for their customers. The most wanted facility to enjoy is the Busway. When Busway was first introduced to Jakarta inhabitants, the public joyfully welcome the new alternative transportation and hoped that it will be the solution for road traffics which are their main problem.Improving roads and highways cost more funds and time. To recondition and to build roads and highways will pressure the government to strategically planned the budget. Highway constuctions budget usually does not refund until long period of time usages. If the funds are not available to support the roads and highways constructions, the result will not be as what the citizens expect of. Building roads and highways are a time consuming project that includes a lot of proffesional architects and workers, the project will provoked the comfort of roads and highways users and causing more road traffics problem. The example is the project to broaden the highway to Soekarno-hatta international airport. The project cause more road traffic for the customers who want to arrive as fast as they can in the airport to avoid lateness. Huge construction machines, constructionworkers, and the restricted area for the customers that reserved as the construction workers workstation are the main cause that annoyed the customers.Highways and roads are not accessible for all vehicles and all communities. Highways and roads access are not approachable to those who only have two-wheel drive. They will not receive the same conveniences that the government supplied for those who have more than two-wheel drive. Furthermore, the toll for using highways and roads are costly for middle to low class society. As an illustration, from the first time three years ago, Busway has influenced the highest admiration from the Jakarta citizens because Busway offers comfort, safety, and the efficiency of time to reach vary destinations in Jakarta with affordable prices that fits into all communities.Improving roads and highways can induce the society to use personal transportations. When the constructions of the highways are increasing, the citizens are captive in a situation with no options. The citizens are forced to use the highways to reach their destinations. Despite of the unflexible rule that restrict two-wheel drive vehicles and high priced tickets, highways are constructed to link the route from one place to another. In the end, the society will be addicted in using expressway and the construction of highways will happen in cycles and wasting a lot of funds. For example, the first highway constructed in Jakarta is the Jagorawi highway which links the route from Jakarta to Bogor and in the opposite way. The Jagorawi highway has reached the success in facilitating the citizens especially commuters to move from one city to another in a short amount of time. When the government realized how much the benefits and popularity gained from the Jagorawi highway, they immediately formed PT. Jasamarga as the management of Indonesia’s highways and planned for the forthcoming highway projects.In conclusion, public transportations have a very remarkable reputation amongst the society. Therefore, government should pay more attention on improving and creating public transportation facilities that offer safety, comfort, hygienic space, affordable prices, and accessible for all communities.Transportation SafteyTransportation SafetyFor my third and final paper regarding the transportation bill that President Barack Obama has brought to the table. According to , there are nearly 1,800 interest groups both public and private that are lobbying on transportation infrastructure. From these groups there are primarily cities, counties, transit agencies or construction interests that are searching for government funding from congress to create new highways and more efficient transitsystems. There are two major umbrella groups who have enacted a campaign to persuade voters to get their representatives to finish thebill to help their local transportation roadways. These two groups are called Americans for Transportation Mobility and the Transportation Construction Coalition. These two groups also account for members that are included in the Associated General Contractors as well as the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.This major campaign is a nationwide effort to enlighten voters about how the passing of this transportation bill will, among many issues, help road conditions throughout the country and the safety of people using the roadways. This nationwide effort with many different sectors involved includes but not limited to business, labor and transportation organizations throughout the United States. The mission statement of the Americans for Transportation Mobility states that the decline in the transportation infrastructure of our nation is dangerous to our safety, jeopardizes our quality of life, undermines the economy and finally, harms the environment substantially. According to their website, a recent study estimated that $225 billion is needed annually to maintain our surface transportation system and currently there is a $60 billion gap in that much needed investment. In 2006, there was a death on our nation’s roads every five hours and one-third of these fatalities are due to under maintained roads. This major inter est group is heavily interested in fixing America’s roads also because the cost of the millions of traffic crashes accounted for over $162 billion a year.Within the Americans for Transportation Mobility there is a management committee comprised of many different associations, each that have their own president. Three of the major management committees are the American Public Transportation Association headed by William Millar, American Road Transportation Builders Association headed by Pete Ruane, and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce run by Thomas J. Donohue. Each of these associations has major interest in different sectors, and all of which want to have their own input on this dominant bill.The American Public Transportation Association is an international organization that has been representing the transit industry since 1882. Their mission is to strengthen and improve public transport and has a very diverse membership that is trying to make public transportation available and accessible for all Americans across the country. This interest group is very open to ideas and suggestions on the improvement of America’s public transportation and over ninety percent of passengers using transit in both the United States and Canada are sustained by the American Public Transportation Association. According to their membership handbook, the APTA is your voice in Washington and they represent your issues and interests while providing members consistent updates on those interests as well as legislative issues. The APTA has many business opportunities to obtain contacts, exposure and focuspotential customers on your particular products and services you provide. The APTA has many conferences across the country in which you are able to obtain information and training so that you are able to further your career as well as business opportunities. As a member you are also entitled to unlimited use of their resources and information as well as participate in their many committees and audit programs to benefit you and your career. To join this interest group there are dues based upon their criteria and which category you will join. The annual minimum fee is $1,250 and from there, there are additional charges based upon criteria such as how many buses your company runs as well as the amount of operating expenses you incur.The American Road Transportation Builders Association is a major player in the U.S. transportation and design sector of transportation infrastructure which goes before congress, the White House and the Executive Brand and federal agencies. The primary reason for joining this group is the impressive track record of growing the federal transportation construction and is involved in every major piece of federal transportation legislation. In order to become a member and to view the membership benefits, you must contact their National Field Director Kenyon Gleason. Their dues also fluctuate into which category you and your company falls in such as the amount of annual volume to dues for a single executive from a government agency.The U.S. Chamber of Commerce website states that they believe that without proper investment and attention to the infrastructure systems, the economic stability of our nation, the potential for job growth and America’s competitiveness globally are in jeopardy. The Chamber’s plans are to motivate private spending, invest in the declining transportation infrastructure and modernize and protect the energy infrastructure. They believe that by removing legal and regulatory barriers, this will help protect public health as well as public safety and improving the environment. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce is fighting for the improvement of allowing industries to make investments with confidence and by making efficiently timed decisions on energy projects to avoid pricey delays. To become a member you need to identify what type of organization you are whether it is business, chambers or associations. In order to obtain information regarding fees, you must provide name, e-mail and which membership type you want to join. There are many membership benefits such as discounts on services like car renta ls and memberships to Sam’s club.Overall these are just a few of the hundreds of transportation infrastructure interest groups available to the public to become a member. All of these interest groups have major influence on Congress and to become a member there are many stipulations and fees involved. By having to pay these fees, I believe that the peopleinvolved with these groups have much more involvement with the transportation issues this country needs to address and fix. Our transportation is sub-par especially locally in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Many of the roads are extremely rugged and take a serious toll on cars, buses and trucks. Another major local issue is the public bus system. The availability of buses at night are non-existent so if someone were to take a bus to a movie at night, they would not be able to get back home by bus.。
交通运输与物流专业中英文对照外文翻译文献
(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)中英文翻译税收和运输外部性摘要综述的运输外部控制税收的作用（资料评论到税收的作用在于控制交通运输的运营状况）。
它认为，运输税的设计应预先考虑到现有的税收扭曲经济的影响（设计运输税时应该考虑到现有税收对经济的负面影响），在决策者的处置运输手段的限制。
运输定价的公平考虑的相关性探讨。
引言对欧盟数据显示乘客驾驶汽车行驶的公里数，1999是1970的两点五倍,汽车驾驶占有的份额达到79%( 1970年74%)。
在美国汽车运输中，汽车运输比例甚至在总额行驶千米数占更高比例， (1998年是84%)。
在1999年，欧盟的75%货物运输(包括短程海运和航运) 是通过公路运输的。
而美国的30%是公路运输(欧洲委员会,2001)。
汽车和卡车的模式在各自的运输市场占据着大份额，这反应出出它们的特性，比如灵活性和舒适性。
然而，当家庭和企业决定是否需要进行一个旅行，什么时候进行，采取什么旅行模式和途径，他们只会把自己的成本和收益考虑进去。
与社会最优化相比，由此产生的交通需求太高。
它在集中在特殊时刻的日子，分享不同的模式时是次优的。
这是因为，总体上，每个额外的运输用户还会增加其他运输用户和社会成本。
在人们决策过程中，这些没有考虑进去的成本是外部成本。
这些交通运输主要的边际外部成本包括交通堵塞，交通意外，环境成本和路面损坏 (针对重型车辆)。
大多数这些外部性具有一个反馈效应的特性:外部本身的水平也会影响经济主体的行为。
最明显的例子是交通堵塞和交通事故。
时间的成本影响着客运和货运交通的需求。
同样的道理,事故的风险影响着运输需求,模式的选择、路线的选择和驾驶行为等等。
反馈效应影响也包括空气污染和噪音,因为这些将导致厌恶或减轻此行为。
政府可以利用一些工具来应对这些外因素。
总体来说,一个人可以区分定价、监管和基础设施政策。
最后一类非常广泛。
例如, 它不仅包括实体基础设施或虚拟基础设施膨胀的能力,但也包括空间规划。
公共交通运输系统外文文献翻译英文参考
公共交通运输系统外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Marinov Kim. The fractal structure of Seoul’s public transportation system[J]. Cities, 2013, 20(1):31-39.英文原文Public transportation systemMarinov KimAbstractTransportation systems provide significantly different services than urban suburbs, which often leads to different assumptions about the user's choice of transportation method. The simulation model mentioned in this paper proposes a policy for evaluating the impact of transport services. The mode of transportation is considered to be public transport, including light rail transit (light rail) and buses, plus private cars. In the three-step traveler behavior simulation model, the concept of generalized transportation cost is used. It proposes various types of transportation, as well as advice on residents’ travel options and the quantification of suburban residential community forms, and uses data derived from a typical corridor in Beijing, China. The simulation results show that lowering fares, increasing the comprehensive capacity of public transport, and penalties for private cars are necessary to improve the efficiency of the system and the attractiveness of the suburbs, especially for those withlow income; without roads Pricing will encourage middle-income residents to shift to private cars. At the same time, high-income earners may leave the suburbs due to road congestion; however, improvements in public transportation can attract more short- and medium-distance travelers, but passengers are not sensitive to travel distance.Key words: generalized cost, public transportation, congestion pricing, transportation service, BeijingSince the 1990s, large and medium-sized cities in China have experienced suburbanization, and the spatial structure of these cities has been gradually formed, relying heavily on the advancement of transportation. Due to population explosions and the transformation of the central cities, many suburban towns have developed into residential areas, and most of these newly developed towns and cities are employed by central cities or nearby industrial areas. For example, more than 80% of the residents of the Longkou suburban community work in Beijing or in central cities in developed regions. Almost half of the Beijing community residents are employed in the CBD of Chaoyang District. These areas pose new challenges to traffic policy makers and urban planners in the planning of transportation systems and the provision of operational efficiency.In many cases, border towns connect central cities or industrial parks via highways and city tracks. Compared with traditional cities, suburbanexhibitions exhibit more stable modes of transport use, rely more on public transportation, private cars, and less use of motorized modes (bicycles, walking). Working distance has a greater impact on people's mode of transportation than any single factor. This feature can profoundly affect the suburbanization of the population and restrict some people from immigrating to the suburbs.This article uses Beijing in the northwestern region as a test case to analyze the policies for transport services, mainly the costs and service quality, and will affect the overall transport system and urban spatial structure. The organization of this article is as follows: Section 2 briefly reviews some of the recent literature on the choice of transport mode and compares it with the Haicheng Corridor case in Haicheng City, especially China. The third section discusses the concept of transport costs in general and establishes new concepts, including the use of generalized costs and the obstacles to shifting the cost budget. In the fourth quarter, the passenger transport mode selection behavior simulation model was introduced between public transport and driving, and then it turned to the China experience transport service policy and the selection of Haicheng Haicheng travel mode. In the fifth section, the special mention was made of the rapid suburbanization of the northwestern region using Beijing's light rail and highway. In section VI, the main findings and policy implications are drawn. A large number of research institutions arestudying the choice of transportation mode and individual travel mode. In general, there are three common ways to determine this problem. The first part focuses on the characteristics of each model that influences choice decisions, and the empirical research used to change the results, study people and tourism purposes. For example, the travel-to-work behavior in Accra (Ghana) is primarily determined by the perceived quality of service, commercial commuter cars, and the personal circumstances of the employees, rather than by waiting for the time or the car. In the United Kingdom, to determine the itinerary for visiting relatives and friends, economic factors explain the choice of mode to a large extent, and the reasons for qualitative use of private transport are often secondary (Cohen, Harris, 1998). Examples of images used by Johansson and other Swedish workers indicate that the two sensations of flexibility and comfort affect the individual's choice pattern. According to the experimental field research and statistical analysis in Frankfurt, Germany, there are four types of people. One group seldom pays attention to money and time. The second group attaches great importance to money but does not attach much importance to time. The third group attaches great importance to it. The fourth group seldom pays attention to money but attaches great importance to time. Lin Tancu et al. selected data from 1998 that the Dutch national tourism survey team confirmed spatial allocation, land use and transport infrastructure, and had a major impact on long-distancetravel patterns such as commuting, business and leisure travel.The concept of generalized transportation costs is often used to evaluate and explain tourism behavior. Generalized travel costs include travel time, overtime, money costs, parking fees, and some negligible tips. However, this concept is different in different literature because of different research purposes. For example, generalized cycling costs are as follows: travel time, physical needs, comfort, traffic safety, the risk of bicycle theft, the cost of parked bicycles, maintenance costs, and personal safety. The generalized concept of monetization is usually the conversion of travel time into monetary expenses, increased fees, and fees collected. In this study, the commuter travel behavior was simulated. The three transports are all related to the concept cost. The first one can be defined as budgetary obstacles, including operating expenses, road maintenance fees, and parking fees. The second is the generalized cost and time cost of monetization, including operating expenses, as well as parking fees. Users are presumed to minimize the monetization costs of individuals and differentiate their traveler from travel time and cost. The generalized monetization cost of public transportation is to calculate the time of access to the train station, waiting time, which is calculated based on the progress, waiting time, and fare. Monetization costs include travel time, fees, car operating costs, and parking fees at work locations. The third concept is to determine the cost of the mode transfer cost, that is,congestion caused by discomfort. It is speculated that if the passengers in the vehicle have far exceeded capacity, new passengers will be transferred to other affordable transport methods.Roads that run through cities and villages are usually not only private cars but also public cars. From previous experience, road pricing can greatly increase the user's remaining area, and the cost of public transportation can greatly reduce the congestion caused by long-term travel, especially if the user largely loves public transportation. Option 2 shows that high-income travelers have to abandon plans for regular migration to the suburbs, mainly due to the serious congestion caused by free use. The other group is passengers who have deeply affected middle-income people. They switched from public transport to private car driving.The reduction in bus fares and the increase in bus lines have led many middle-income residents to move to the bus, while car users have shifted to the light rail, especially those short-distance travel. In addition, the study found that a comprehensive policy to improve public transport services and some private car punitive measures will help improve system efficiency and the attractiveness of suburban communities.This integrated system includes the reduction of light rail and bus fares, the improvement of service quality, and the collection of highway tolls. It should be pointed out that the light rail has been designed toincrease the use of public handrails to make public transport more attractive to users, and thus reduce road congestion. According to the simulation results, the reduction in LRT and bus fares and the increase in passenger capacity make this model more attractive to those low- and middle-income travelers. The end result is that more and more people migrate to the suburbs, from low-income to high-income classes. Of course, improvement of public transport services requires government subsidies. This is also a worldwide phenomenon. The economic travel distance of each model is hardly affected by the policies of different transport services. Public buses are used for short-distance travel, while middle- and long-distance people prefer light rail. On the other hand, car users do not matter. The results show that these low-income citizens have moved to suburban economic housing due to existing transport service policies, including relatively high fees for public transportation and roads, and limited light rail and bus lines. Of course, all modes of transport have a certain degree of influence on people working from home.Urban transport is a major area of government policy throughout the world. Transport policy will also affect the urban form, especially suburbanization. In Beijing, many economic apartments are designed for the construction of low-income residents. There are two main issues before the decision on major issues. First, from past experience, a large number of permanent residents in suburban communities are middle- orhigher-income people. And many owners still live in the city center, and suburban houses are only used for vacations. In addition, residents are constantly complaining about traffic congestion and relatively high toll roads, especially during peak hours. The simulation results of this study explain these phenomena and try to give corresponding policy implications.中文译文公共交通运输系统Marinov Kim摘要运输系统提供了与城市郊区显着不同的服务,这通常会导致有关用户选择交通方式的不同假设。
交通毕业设计外文及翻译（最终五篇）
交通毕业设计外文及翻译（最终五篇）第一篇：交通毕业设计外文及翻译Synchro在交通控制与设计中的应用在城市的较小的区域内，可以对区域内的所有交叉口进行控制;在城市较大的区域，可以对区域进行分区分级控制。
分区的结果往往使面控制成为一个由几条线控制组成的分级集中控制系统，这时，可认为各线控制是面控制中的一个单元；有时分区的结果是成为一个点，线，面控制的综合性分级控制系统。
现在对城市道路进行区域协调控制就是将其划分为多级多个信号控制子区，对信号子区进行协调控制，优化管理控制信号子区，然后对整个道路进行区域协调控制，达到整个城市道路优化的目的。
把城市道路划分为多个信号控制子区，也就是进行城市道路干线交叉口交通信号协调控制，把城市划分为多个主路控制，再把主路上各个交叉口进行联动控制，同时，对单个交叉口信号控制优化的同时需要考虑主路上下游各个交叉口的联动控制。
主路上的各个交叉口按照设计的信号配时方案进行运行，使车辆进入城市主干道交叉口时，不至经常遇到红灯，称为城市主干道交叉口信号协调控制，称为“绿波”信号控制。
城市单点交叉口作为城市交通网络中的重要组成部分，作为城市道路交通问题的关键点。
对城市单点交叉口，评价标准的参考指标：交叉口的通行能力、进口道的饱和度、道路交叉口进口道停车延误、交叉口进口道停车次数、进口道排队长度和汽车的油耗等。
交叉口定时信号控制配时方法在不断的改进之中，国内外大部分学者认为从不同的评价指标出发，可以采用不同的种优化算法寻求其它更合理的配时方法。
平面交叉口按交通管制方式可以分为全无控制交叉口、主路优先控制交叉口、信号灯控制交叉口、环形交叉口等几种类型。
主路优先控制交叉口，是在次路上设停车让行或减速让行标志，指令次路车辆必须停车或减速让主路车辆优先通行的一种交通管制方式。
交叉口是道路网中通行能力的“瓶颈”和交通事故的“黑点”。
国内外城市中的交通堵塞主要发上在交叉口，造成车辆中断，事故增多，延误严重。
交通运输与物流专业英语(unite1)中英文
Unite One Transportation SystemText A The role of transportationTransportation is foundational to the development and operation of a modern society. It permits the specialization of work effort necessary to achieve efficiency and productivity. Geographically distant resources become accessible with transportation. The economic growth of any society is directly related to the availability of transportation.交通运输作为现代社会发展和运行的基础实现了分工的专业化，从而提高了工作效率和生产率。
通过交通运输，在地理位置上显得遥不可及的地理资源也变得唾手可得。
在任何社会，其经济的增长与交通便利性密不可分。
There are many different definitions of transportation in various books and dictionaries. However, the common element among these definitions is movement-the change of the physical location of goods or passengers. Therefore, transportation can be defined as the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another in this context. Products must be moved from the location where they were produced to the location where they are consumed. People must move from the location where they live to the location where they want to take part in a certain activity. We need transportation in order to survive and improve our standard of living. Transportation affects our economic, social, and political development.在不同的书籍和字典中对于交通运输有不同的定义。
交通工程专业外文翻译外文文献英文文献
土木工程学院交通工程专业中英文翻译Road Design专业：交通工程英文原文The Basics of a Good RoadWe have known how to build good roads for a long time. Archaeologists have found ancient Egyptian roadsthat carried blocks to the pyramids in 4600 BCE. Later,the Romans built an extensive road system, using the same principles we use today. Some of these roads are still in service.If you follow the basic concepts of road building, you will create a road that will last. The ten commandments of a good road are:（1）Get water away from the road（2）Build on a firm foundation（3）Use the best materials（4）Compact all layers properly（5）Design for traffic loads and volumes（6）Design for maintenance（7）Pave only when ready（8）Build from the bottom up（9）Protect your investment（10）Keep good records1．Get water away from the roadWe can’t overemphasize the importance of good drainage.Engineers estimate that at least 90% of a road’s problems can be related to excess water or to poor waterdrainage. Too much water in any layer of a road’sstructure can weaken that la yer, leading to failure.In the surface layer, water can cause cracks and potholes. In lower layers it undermines support, causing cracks and potholes. A common sign of water in an asphalt road surface is alligator cracking — an interconnected pattern of cracks forming small irregular shaped pieces that look like alligator skin. Edge cracking, frost heaves, and spring breakup of pavements also point to moistureproblems.To prevent these problems remember that water:• flows downhill• needs to flow somepla ce• is a problem if it is not flowingEffective drainage systems divert, drain and dispose of water. To do this they use interceptor ditches and slopes,road crowns, and ditch and culvert systems.Divert —Interceptor ditches, located between the road and higher ground along the road, keep the water from reaching the roadway. These ditches must slope so they carry water away from the road.Drain —Creating a crown in the road so it is higher along the centerline than at the edges encourages water to flow off the road. Typically a paved crown should be 1⁄4" higher than the shoulder for each foot of width from the centerline to the edge. For gravel surfaces the crown should be 1⁄2" higher per foot of width. For this flow path to work, the road surface must be relatively water tight. Road shoulders also must be sloped away from the road to continue carrying the flow away. Superelevations (banking) at the outside of curves will also help drainthe road surface.Dispose —A ditch and culvert system carries water away from the road structure. Ditches should be at least one foot lower than the bottom of the gravel road layer that drains the roadway. They must be kept clean and must be sloped to move water into natural drainage. If water stays in the ditches it can seep back into the road structure and undermine its strength. Ditches should also be protected from erosion by planting grass, or installing rock and other erosion control measures. Erosion can damage shoulders and ditches, clog culverts, undermine roadbeds, and contaminate nearby streams and lakes. Evaluate your ditch and culvert system twice a year to ensure that it works. In the fall, clean out leaves and branches that can block flow. In spring, check for and remove silts from plowing and any dead plant material left from the fall.2．Build on a firm foundationA road is only as good as its foundation. A highway wears out from the top down but falls apart from the bottom. The road base must carry the entire structure and the traffic that uses it.To make a firm foundation you may need to stabilize the roadbed with chemical stabilizers, large stone called breaker run, or geotextile fabric. When you run into conditions where you suspect that the native soil is unstable, work with an engineer to investigate the situation and design an appropriate solution.3．Use the best materialsWith all road materials you “pay now or pay later.” Inferior materials may require extensive maintenance throughout the road’s life. They may also force you to replace the road prematurely.Crushed aggregate is the best material for the base course. The sharp angles of thecrushed material interlock when they are compacted. This supports the pavement and traffic by transmitting the load from particle to particle. By contrast, rounded particles act like ballbearings, moving under loads.Angular particles are more stable than rounded particles.Asphalt and concrete pavement materials must be of the highest quality, designed for the conditions, obtained from established firms, and tested to ensure it meets specifications.4．Compact all layersIn general, the more densely a material is compacted, the stronger it is. Compaction also shrinks or eliminates open spaces (voids) between particles. This means that less water can enter the structure. Water in soil can weaken the structure or lead to frost heaves. This is especially important for unsurfaced (gravel) roads. Use gravel which has a mix of sizes (well-graded aggregate) so smaller particles can fill the voids between larger ones. Goodcompaction of asphalt pavement lengthens its life.5．Design for traffic loads and volumesDesign for the highest anticipated load the road will carry. A road that has been designed only for cars will not stand up to trucks. One truck with 9 tons on a single rear axle does as much damage to a road as nearly 10,000 cars.Rural roads may carry log trucks, milk trucks, fire department pumper trucks, or construction equipment. If you don’t know what specific loads the road will carry, a good rule of thumb is to design for the largest piece of highway maintenance equipment that will be used on the road.A well-constructed and maintained asphalt road should last 20 years without major repairs or reconstruction. In designing a road, use traffic counts that project numbers and sizes of vehicles 20 years into the future. These are only projections, at best, but they will allow you to plan for traffic loadings through a road’s life.6．Design for maintenanceWithout maintenance a road will rapidly deteriorate and fail. Design your roads so they can be easily maintained. This means:• adequate ditches that can be cleaned regularly• culverts that are marked for easy locating in the spring• enough space for snow after it is plowed off the road• proper cross slopes for safet y, maintenance and to avoid snow drifts• roadsides that are planted or treated to prevent erosion• roadsides that can be mowed safelyA rule of thumb for adequate road width is to make it wide enough for a snowplow to pass another vehicle without leaving the travelled way.Mark culverts with a post so they can be located easily.7．Pave only when readyIt is not necessary to pave all your roads immediately. There is nothing wrong with a well-built and wellmaintained gravel road if traffic loads and volume do not require a paved surface. Three hundred vehicles per day is the recommended minimum to justify paving.Don’t assume that laying down asphalt will fix a gravel road that is failing. Before you pave, make sure you have an adequate crushed stone base that drains well and is properly compacted. The recommended minimum depth of crushed stone base is 10" depending on subgrade soils. A road paved only when it is ready will far outperform one that is constructed too quickly.8．Ê Build from the bottom upThis commandment may seem obvious, but it means that you shouldn’t top dress or resurface a road if the problem is in an underlying layer. Before you do any road improvement, locate the cause of any surface problems. Choose an improvement technique that will address the problem. This may mean recycling or removing all road materials down to the native soil and rebuilding everything. Doing any work that doesn’t solve the problem is a waste of money and effort.9．Ê Protect your investmentThe road system can be your municipality’s biggest investment. Just as a home needs painting or a new roof, a road must be maintained. Wisconsin’s severe climate requires more road maintenance than in milder places. Do these important maintenance activities: Surface —grade, shape, patch, seal cracks, control dust, remove snow and iceDrainage —clean and repair ditches and culverts; remove all excess materialRoadside —cut brush, trim trees and roadside plantings, control erosionTraffic service —clean and repair or replace signsDesign roads with adequate ditches so they can be maintained with a motor grader. Clean and grade ditches to maintain proper pitch and peak efficiency. After grading, remove all excess material from the shoulder.10．Keep good recordsYour maintenance will be more efficient with good records. Knowing the road’s construction, life, and repair history makes it much easier to plan and budget its future repairs. Records can also help you evaluate the effectiveness of the repair methods and materials you used.Good record keeping starts with an inventory of the system. It should include the history and surface condition of the roadway, identify and evaluate culverts and bridges, note ditch conditions, shoulders, signs, and such structures as retaining walls and guardrails.Update your inventory each year or when you repair or change a road section. A formal pavement management system can help use these records and plan and budget road improvements.ResourcesThe Basics of a Good Road#17649, UW-Madison, 15 min. videotape. Presents the Ten Commandments of a Good Road. Videotapes are loaned free through County Extension offices.Asphalt PASER Manual(39 pp), Concrete PASER Manual (48 pp), Gravel PASER Manual (32 pp). These booklets contain extensive photos and descriptions of road surfacesto help you understand types of distress conditions and their causes. A simple procedure for rating the condition helps you manage your pavements and plan repairs.Roadware, a computer program which stores and reports pavement condition information. Developed by the Transportation Information Center and enhanced by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation, it uses the PASER rating system to provide five-year cost budgets and roadway repair/reconstruction priority lists.Wisconsin Transportation Bulletin factsheets, available from the Transportation Information Center (T.I.C.).Road Drainage, No. 4. Describes drainage for roadways, shoulders, ditches, and culverts.Gravel Roads, No. 5. Discusses the characteristics of a gravel road and how to maintain one.Using Salt and Sand for Winter Road Maintenance,No. 6. Basic information and practical tips on how to use de-icing chemicals and sand.Culverts—Proper Use and Installation, No. 15. Selecting and sizing culverts, designing, installing and maintaining them.Geotextiles in Road Construction/Maintenance andErosion Control, No. 16. Definitions and common applications of geotextiles on roadways and for erosion control.T.I.C. workshops are offered at locations around the state.Crossroads,an 8-page quarterly newsletter published by the T.I.C. carries helpful articles, workshop information, and resource lists. For more information on any of these materials, contact the T.I.C. at 800/442-4615.中文译文一个良好的公路的基础长久以来我们已经掌握了如何铺设好一条道路的方法，考古学家发现在4600年古埃及使用建造金字塔的石块铺设道路，后来，罗马人使用同样的方法建立了一个庞大的道路系统，这种方法一直沿用到今天。
交通运输与物流专业英语(Unite 3)中英文
Unit Three Transportation PlanningText A Definition of transportation planningThere are many kinds of planning such as urban planning, economic planning, financial planning, industrial planning, and environmental planning. In the field of transportation, planning can be further divided into highway planning, urban transportation planning, airport planning and so on. It is obvious that planning plays an important role in modern society and that it is concentrated in particular areas, subjects, or systems no matter what this function is.（社会中）存在各种各样的规划，如城市规划、经济计划、金融计划、工业规划以及环境规划。
而在交通运输领域，交通规划又可以进一步细分为公路规划，城市交通规划以及机场规划等等。
明显地在现代社会中（各种）规划扮演者重要角色，不管最终（这些规划）的作用是什么，它都被用于某些特殊领域、学科和系统中。
We defined planning as the activity or process that examines the potential of future actions guide a system toward desired direction, for example, toward the attainment of positive goals, the avoidance of problems, or both. Being he conceptual, premeditative process, planning is a fundamental characteristic of all human beings.我们将规划定义为：规划是检验评估未来某项行动对于引导整个系统朝着预期方向（例如，实现积极的目标，避免出现问题等）发展可能性的一个过程。
交通运输与物流专业英语中英文
Text A The role of transportationTransportation is foundational to the development and operation of a modern society. It permits the specialization of work effort necessary to achieve efficiency and productivity. Geographically distant resources become accessible with transportation. The economic growth of any society is directly related to the availability of transportation.交通运输作为现代社会发展和运行的基础实现了分工的专业化，从而提高了工作效率和生产率。
通过交通运输，在地理位置上显得遥不可及的地理资源也变得唾手可得。
在任何社会，其经济的增长与交通便利性密不可分。
There are many different definitions of transportation in various books and dictionaries. However, the common element among these definitions is movement-the change of the physical location of goods or passengers. Therefore, transportation can be defined as the movement of freight and passengers from one location to another in this context. Products must be moved from the location where they were produced to the location where they are consumed. People must move from the location where they live to the location where they want to take part in a certain activity. We need transportation in order to survive and improve our standard of living. Transportation affects our economic, social, and political development.在不同的书籍和字典中对于交通运输有不同的定义。
交通运输交通系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：交通系统交通运输一直是土木工程最重要的一个方面。
古罗马工程师的巨大成就之一就是公路系统，它使罗马与帝国的各个省之间的快速交通成为可能。
在工程方面的第一所培训学校就是桥梁和公路学校，它于1747年创建于法国。
而在英国，一位道路建筑家，托马斯·泰尔福特于1820年担任了土木工程学会的第一任主席。
现代公路仍然根据18世纪及19世纪初法国人皮埃尔·特埃萨凯，英国人泰尔福特，以及苏格兰人约翰·L·马克当所制定的原则进行建造。
这些人设计出了最初的现代道路，这种道路具有坚实的垫层，基础就建在垫层的上面。
他们设计的道路还具有排水良好而且不渗水的磨耗层，即直接承受车辆交通磨耗的表层。
特埃萨凯和泰尔福特均采用较厚的石头基础，在其上面铺筑由较小碎石组成的基层和由更小的石头组成的磨耗层。
他们的道路还微微隆起成曲线，形成路拱和反拱以便使雨水流走。
马克当认识到当土壤被夯实或压紧之后，只要保证干燥，其本身就可承受道路的重量，因而他能够通过在压实的垫层上铺碎石基层来省掉建造石头基础所需要的昂贵费用。
当时车辆的铁质车轮把表层石头碾压成连续的，较为平整的，更加不透水的表面。
早19世纪，货车和客车都采用铁或钢制车轮，这种道路是适用的。
当汽车在20世纪初出现之后，其橡胶轮胎毁坏了这种平整的路面。
因此，就采用焦油或沥青掺拌碎石，使路面表层更坚固的黏合一起。
现在，遍布全世界的数百万公里的道路采用这种路面。
在20世纪，道路建设基本上仅在两方面进行了改进。
第一种改进是采用混凝土作为磨耗层。
另一种改进则是交通工程，即设计高速的大交通量的、造价经济并且对于车辆和旅客都安全的公路。
交通工程已建成了现代高速公路，这种公路具有限定的入口和最安全的管理。
老式道路常用的拐角形交叉已不使用，而采用互通式立体交叉或其他更为复杂的设计。
现代高速公路通常设有专门的车道，在那里当车辆要驶出公路时可减速驶入时可加速。
毕业设计论文外文翻译(中英文).doc
译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要：城市化和机动化的快速增长，通常有助于城市交通系统的发展，是经济性，环境性和社会可持续性的体现，但其结果是交通量无情增加，导致交通拥挤。
道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次，作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤，但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用，因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。
本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念，它应该满足集体经济发展，环境保护和社会正义的目标。
然后，根据可持续交通系统的特点，使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义。
研究结果表明，交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式，可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。
一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。
随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展，交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题，造成较大的时间延迟，增加能源消耗和空气污染，减少了道路网络的可靠性。
在许多城市，交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍。
我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞，包括新的基础设施建设，改善基础设施的维护和操作，并利用现有的基础设施，通过需求管理策略，包括定价机制，更有效地减少运输密度。
交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出，作为一种有效的措施，来缓解的交通挤塞情况。
交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费，以纾缓拥堵情况。
转移非高峰期一些出行路线，远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆，或完全阻止一些出行，交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上，改善空气中的质量，减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。
此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。
继在20世纪70年代初和80年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环，在2003年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费;直至现在，它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。
然而，交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。
道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚，和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性，需要进一步研究。
道路交通工程专业外文翻译外文文献英文文献
土木工程学院交通工程专业中英文翻译Road Design专业：交通工程英文原文The Basics of a Good RoadWe have known how to build good roads for a long time. Archaeologists have found ancient Egyptian roadsthat carried blocks to the pyramids in 4600 BCE. Later,the Romans built an extensive road system, using the same principles we use today. Some of these roads arestill in service.If you follow the basic concepts of road building, you will create a road that will last. The ten commandments of a good road are:（1）Get water away from the road（2）Build on a firm foundation（3）Use the best materials（4）Compact all layers properly（5）Design for traffic loads and volumes（6）Design for maintenance（7）Pave only when ready（8）Build from the bottom up（9）Protect your investment（10）Keep good records1．Get water away from the roadWe can’t overemphasize the importance of good drainage.Engineers estimate that at least 90% of a road’s problems can be related to excess water or to poor waterdrainage. Too much water in any laye r of a road’sstructure can weaken that layer, leading to failure.In the surface layer, water can cause cracks and potholes. In lower layers it undermines support, causing cracks and potholes. A common sign of water in an asphalt road surface is alligator cracking — an interconnected pattern of cracks forming small irregular shaped pieces that look like alligator skin. Edge cracking, frost heaves, and spring breakup of pavements also point to moisture problems.To prevent these problems remember that water:• flows downhill• needs to flow someplace• is a problem if it is not flowingEffective drainage systems divert, drain and dispose of water. To do this they use interceptor ditches and slopes,road crowns, and ditch and culvert systems.Divert —Interceptor ditches, located between the road and higher ground along the road, keep the water from reaching the roadway. These ditches must slope so they carry water away from the road.Drain —Creating a crown in the road so it is higher along the centerline than at the edges encourages water to flow off the road. Typically a paved crown should be 1⁄4" higher than the shoulder for each foot of width from the centerline to the edge. For gravel surfaces the crownshould be 1⁄2" higher per foot of width. For this flow path to work, the road surface must be relatively water tight. Road shoulders also must be sloped away from the road to continue carrying the flow away. Superelevations (banking) at the outside of curves will also help drainthe road surface.Dispose —A ditch and culvert system carries water away from the road structure. Ditches should be at least one foot lower than the bottom of the gravel road layer that drains the roadway. They must be kept clean and must be sloped to move water into natural drainage. If water stays in the ditches it can seep back into the road structure and undermine its strength. Ditches should also be protected from erosion by planting grass, or installing rock and other erosion control measures. Erosion can damage shoulders and ditches, clog culverts, undermine roadbeds, and contaminate nearby streams and lakes. Evaluate your ditch and culvert system twice a year to ensure that it works. In the fall, clean out leaves and branches that can block flow. In spring, check for and remove silts from plowing and any dead plant material left from the fall.2．Build on a firm foundationA road is only as good as its foundation. A highway wears out from the top down but falls apart from the bottom. The road base must carry the entire structure and the traffic that uses it.To make a firm foundation you may need to stabilize the roadbed with chemical stabilizers, large stone called breaker run, or geotextile fabric. When you run into conditions where you suspect that the native soil is unstable, work with an engineer to investigate the situation and design an appropriate solution.3．Use the best materialsWith all road materials you “pay now or pay later.” Inferior materials may require extensive maintenance throughout the road’s life. They may also force you to replace the road prematurely.Crushed aggregate is the best material for the base course. The sharp angles of thecrushed material interlock when they are compacted. This supports the pavement and traffic by transmitting the load from particle to particle. By contrast, rounded particles act like ballbearings, moving under loads.Angular particles are more stable than rounded particles.Asphalt and concrete pavement materials must be of the highest quality, designed forthe conditions, obtained from established firms, and tested to ensure it meets specifications.4．Compact all layersIn general, the more densely a material is compacted, the stronger it is. Compaction also shrinks or eliminates open spaces (voids) between particles. This means that less water can enter the structure. Water in soil can weaken the structure or lead to frost heaves. This is especially important for unsurfaced (gravel) roads. Use gravel which has a mix of sizes (well-graded aggregate) so smaller particles can fill the voids between larger ones. Goodcompaction of asphalt pavement lengthens its life.5．Design for traffic loads and volumesDesign for the highest anticipated load the road will carry. A road that has been designed only for cars will not stand up to trucks. One truck with 9 tons on a single rear axle does as much damage to a road as nearly 10,000 cars.Rural roads may carry log trucks, milk trucks, fire department pumper trucks, or construction equipment. If you don’t know what specific loads the road w ill carry, a good rule of thumb is to design for the largest piece of highway maintenance equipment that will be used on the road.A well-constructed and maintained asphalt road should last 20 years without major repairs or reconstruction. In designing a road, use traffic counts that project numbers and sizes of vehicles 20 years into the future. These are only projections, at best, but they will allow you to plan for traffic loadings through a road’s life.6．Design for maintenanceWithout maintenance a road will rapidly deteriorate and fail. Design your roads so they can be easily maintained. This means:• adequate ditches that can be cleaned regularly• culverts that are marked for easy locating in the spring• enough space for snow after it is plowed off the road• proper cross slopes for safety, maintenance and to avoid snow drifts• roadsi des that are planted or treated to prevent erosion• roadsides that can be mowed safelyA rule of thumb for adequate road width is to make it wide enough for a snowplow to pass another vehicle without leaving the travelled way.Mark culverts with a post so they can be located easily.7．Pave only when readyIt is not necessary to pave all your roads immediately. There is nothing wrong with a well-built and wellmaintained gravel road if traffic loads and volume do not require a paved surface. Three hundred vehicles per day is the recommended minimum to justify paving.Don’t assume that laying down asphalt will fix a gravel road that is failing. Before youpave, make sure you have an adequate crushed stone base that drains well and is properly compacted. The recommended minimum depth of crushed stone base is 10" depending on subgrade soils. A road paved only when it is ready will far outperform one that is constructed too quickly.8．Ê Build from the bottom upThis commandment may seem obvious, but it means that you shouldn’t top dress or resurface a road if the problem is in an underlying layer. Before you do any road improvement, locate the cause of any surface problems. Choose an improvement technique that will address the problem. This may mean recycling or removing all road materials down to the native soil and rebuilding everything. Doing any work that doesn’t solve the problem is a waste of money and effort.9．Ê Protec t your investmentThe road system can be your municipality’s biggest investment. Just as a home needs painting or a new roof, a road must be maintained. Wisconsin’s severe climate requires more road maintenance than in milder places. Do these important maintenance activities: Surface —grade, shape, patch, seal cracks, control dust, remove snow and iceDrainage —clean and repair ditches and culverts; remove all excess materialRoadside —cut brush, trim trees and roadside plantings, control erosionTraffic service —clean and repair or replace signsDesign roads with adequate ditches so they can be maintained with a motor grader. Clean and grade ditches to maintain proper pitch and peak efficiency. After grading, remove all excess material from the shoulder.10．Keep good recordsYour maintenance will be more efficient with good records. Knowing the road’s construction, life, and repair history makes it much easier to plan and budget its future repairs. Records can also help you evaluate the effectiveness of the repair methods and materials you used.Good record keeping starts with an inventory of the system. It should include the history and surface condition of the roadway, identify and evaluate culverts and bridges, note ditch conditions, shoulders, signs, and such structures as retaining walls and guardrails.Update your inventory each year or when you repair or change a road section. A formal pavement management system can help use these records and plan and budget road improvements.ResourcesThe Basics of a Good Road#17649, UW-Madison, 15 min. videotape. Presentsthe Ten Commandments of a Good Road. Videotapes are loaned free through County Extension offices.Asphalt PASER Manual(39 pp), Concrete PASER Manual (48 pp), Gravel PASERManual (32 pp). These booklets contain extensive photos and descriptions of road surfaces to help you understand types of distress conditions and their causes. A simple procedure for rating the condition helps you manage your pavements and plan repairs.Roadware, a computer program which stores and reports pavement conditioninformation. Developed by the Transportation Information Center and enhanced by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation, it uses the PASER rating system to providefive-year cost budgets and roadway repair/reconstruction priority lists.Wisconsin Transportation Bulletin factsheets, available from the Transportation Information Center (T.I.C.).Road Drainage, No. 4. Describes drainage for roadways, shoulders, ditches, and culverts.Gravel Roads, No. 5. Discusses the characteristics of a gravel road and how to maintain one.Using Salt and Sand for Winter Road Maintenance,No. 6. Basic information and practical tips on how to use de-icing chemicals and sand.Culverts—Proper Use and Installation, No. 15. Selecting and sizing culverts, designing, installing and maintaining them.Geotextiles in Road Construction/Maintenance andErosion Control, No. 16. Definitions and common applications of geotextiles onroadways and for erosion control.T.I.C. workshops are offered at locations around the state.Crossroads,an 8-page quarterly newsletter published by the T.I.C. carries helpfularticles, workshop information, and resource lists. For more information on any of these materials, contact the T.I.C. at 800/442-4615.中文译文一个良好的公路的基础长久以来我们已经掌握了如何铺设好一条道路的方法，考古学家发现在4600年古埃及使用建造金字塔的石块铺设道路，后来，罗马人使用同样的方法建立了一个庞大的道路系统，这种方法一直沿用到今天。
运输管理外文文献翻译
外文翻译—原文部分Transportation managementTransport cost is influenced by seven factors. The specific factors are distance, volume, density, stow-ability, handling, liability, and market. In general, the above sequence reflects the relative importance of each factor.Distance is a major influence on transportation cost since it directly contributes to variable cost, such as labor, fuel and maintenance.The second factor is load volume. Like many other logistics activities, transportation scale economics exist for most movements. Transportation cost per unit of weight decreases as load volume increases.The third economic factor is product density, which incorporates weight and space considerations. These are important since transportation cost is usually quoted in terms of dollars per unit of weight, such as amount per ton. In terms of weight and space, an individual vehicle is constrained more by space than by weight. Once a vehicle is full in terms of space, it is not possible to increase the amount carried even if the product is light. Since actual vehicle labor and fuel expenses are not dramatically influenced by weight, higher density products allow relatively fixed transport costs to be spread across additional weight. As a result, these products are assessed lower transport costs per unit of weight.The stowability factor refers to product dimensions and how they affect vehicle space ultilization. Odd sizes and spaces, as well as excessive weight or length, do not show well and typically waste space. Items with standard rectangular shapes are much easier to show than odd-shaped items.Special handling equipment may be required for loading or unloading trucks, railcars, or ships. Furthermore, the manner in which products are physically grouped together (e.g., taped, boxed, or palletized) for transport and storage also affects handling cost.Finally, market factors, such as lane volume and balance, influence transportation cost. A transport lane refers to movements between origin and destination points. Since transportation vehicles and drivers must return to their origin, either they must find a load to bring back (“back-haul”) , or when deadhead movements occur, labor, fuel, and maintenance costs must be charged against the original “front-haul” move. Thus, the ideal situation is for “balanced” moves where volume is equal in both directions. However, this is rarely the case because of demand imbalances in manufacturing and consumption locations.Transport documentationSeveral documents are required to perform each transport movement. The three primary types are bills of lading, freight bills, and shipping manifests.The bill of lading is the basic document ultilized in purchasing transport service. It serves as a receipt and documents commodities and quantities shipped. For this reason, accurate description and count are essential. In case of loss, damage, or delay, the bill of lading is the basis for damage claims. The designated individual or buyer on a bill of lading is the only bona fide recipient of goods. A carrier is responsible for delivery according to instructions contained in the document. In effect, title is transferred with completion of delivery.The bill of lading specifies terms and conditions of carrier liability and documents responsibility for all possible causes of loss or damage except those defined as acts of God. It is important that terms and conditions be clearly understood so that appropriate actions can be taken in the event of substandard performance.In addition to the uniform bill of lading, another commonly used type is order-notified. It is important to select the correct bill of lading for a specific shipment.An order notified or negotiable bill of lading is a credit instrument. In provides that delivery not be made unless the original bill of lading is surrendered to the carrier. The usual procedure is for the seller to send the order notified bill of lading to a third party, usually a bank or credit institution. Upon customer payment for the product, thecredit institution releases the goods. This facilitates international transport where payment for goods is major consideration.The freight bill presents a carrier’s method of charging for transportation services. It is developed using information contained in the bill of lading. The freight bill may be either prepaid or collect. A prepaid bill means that transport cost must be paid prior to performance, whereas a collect shipment shifts payment responsibility to the consignee. Considerable administration is involved in preparing bills of lading and freight bills.The shipping manifest lists individual stops or consignees when multiple shipments are placed on a single vehicle. Each shipment requires a bill of lading. The manifest list the stop, bill of lading, weight, and case count for each shipment. The objective of the manifest is to provide a single document that defines the contents of total load without requiring a review of individual bills of lading. For single-stop shipments, the manifest is the same as the bill of lading.Antilock Braking System for Commercial Vehicles The ABS prevents the wheels from locking when the vehicle is overbraked. The vehicle therefore retains its directional stability and steerability even under emergency braking on a slippery road surface. The stopping distance is often shorter as opposed to braking with locked wheels.In contrast to passenger cars, commercial vehicles have pneumatic braking systems. Nevertheless, the functional description of the ABS control circuits for passengers cars applies also to commercial vehicles.The antilock braking system as used in commercial vehicles consist of wheel-speed sensors, an electronic controller and pressure-modulation valves. The ABS regulates the brake pressure in each brake cylinder by increasing the pressure, holding it constant or by reducing it by exhausting to atmosphere. The brake pressurecan be controlled individually for each wheel. Under split conditions (different friction coefficients between right-hand and left-hand wheels, e.g. black ice at edge of road surface, good grip at center of road surface) braking produces a high yawing moment about the vertical axis of the vehicle: this is coupled with a high steering moment as a result of the positive steering roll radii in commercial vehicles. Vehicles with a short wheelbase are thus difficult to control. Therefore, in the case of unequal friction coefficients on right and left, the yawing and steering moments are limited by a modified control at the steering axle. The difference in brake pressure between the right-hand and left-hand braking cylinders does not exceed an allowable value.Depending on the number of controlled axles, there are 2-wheel and 6-wheel ABS systems available in order to be able to optimize the equipping of the various models of commercial vehicle in terms of performance and cost. 2-wheel systems are used predominantly for semitrailers with 2-wheel, 4-wheel or 6-wheel units. The wheels on each axle are individually controlled. Further axles receive the same braking pressure as the controlled axle. 4-wheel systems are used in 4-wheel buses, trucks and trailers as well as in 6-wheel vehicles with 4-wheel unit, the axles of which can be served with one control circuit. 6-wheel systems are intended mainly for vehicles with a long wheelbase, e.g. articulated buses. All systems can be equipped with single-channel or two-channel pressure-modulation valves.With the engine brake or retarder on, the ABS monitors brake slip and regulate it within the allowable range by switching the retarder on and off.In the commercial vehicles with pneumatic/hydraulic converters, e.g. for disk brakes, the ABS allowable the pneumatic brake circuit.In vehicle combinations, full equipping with ABS is the optimum, but even partial equipping with ABS (ABS in towing vehicle or trailer). Makes the vehicle combination easier to control.1. Wheel Speed SensorA wheel-speed sensor consists of a toothed pulse ring and an inductive wheel-speed pickup. The pulse ring is mounted on the hub and, as the wheel rotates, produces in the wheel-speed pickup an A.C. voltage, the frequency of which isproportional to the wheel speed.The wheel-speed pickup is held in a mounting hole by a spring sleeve. When being installed in vehicle, it is pressed in until it comes up against the pulse ring. As a result of the wheel-bearing play and the elastic deformations of axle, it is pushed out by the pulse ring during driving, thus being automatically adjusted to the necessary gap.2. Electronic ControllerThe electronic controller is basically of digital design and contains redundant microcomputers.From the signals from the wheel-speed pickups, these microcomputers calculate the wheel speeds as well as the wheel decelerations and accelerations. A vehicle reference speed is formed from the wheel speeds of two diagonally opposite wheels. With this reference speed and the individual wheel speeds it is possible to calculate the brake slip for each wheel. If a wheel has a tendency to lock, this is determined from the wheel-acceleration and slip signals. In such a case, the microcomputer energize the magnets of the pressure-modulation valves which control the brake pressure in the individual brake cylinders.The electronic controller contains a comprehensive program for the diction of faults throughout the entire antilock system (wheel-speed sensors, controller, pressure-modulation valves, wiring harness).If a fault is detected, the controller switches off the defective part of the ABS. This is indicated by a warning lamp. The service braking system remains fully operational.To speed up trouble-shooting in the workshop, it is possible to switch on the controller self-diagnosis feature by pressing a button. A flashing diagnosis lamp then indicates the defective circuit.3. Pressure Modulation ValveThe pressure-modulation valve consist of the electromagnetic 3/2 pilot valve and the pneumatic 2/2 diaphragm valves, the latter being provided with sufficiently large cross sections. When the pilot valves are energized in suitable combination by theelectronics, the “pressure-holding/pressure-reduction”functions are obtained. No energization means “pressure buildup”.During braking without the ABS coming into operation (wheels showing no signs of locking), the air flows unhindered in both directions through the valves during air admission to and exhausting of the brake cylinders.To minimize the costs of equipping the various types of vehicle with ABS, there are one-channel and two-channel versions of the pressure-modulation valve. The one-channel version is used predominantly in cases where the pressure-modulation valve has to be installed to the side of engine and transmission near the wheel. Thanks to its compact construction, the two-channel version permits centralized installation of the valve on an axle. This advantage can be usually used in omnibuses and trailers.附录B外文翻译—译文部分运输管理运输成本受七个因素影响。
交通运输专业英文
交通运输专业英文【篇一：交通运输工程培养计划(英文版)】educational plan for professional master degree program in transportation engineering major(code: 085222conferengineering master degree)ieducational targetsa) be equipped with strong engineering background; to grasp the basic research methods andskills; to have a certain capability to solve practical problems.b) to be proficient in a foreign language.c) to have practical, realistic, and scientific learning attitude and work style. d) to have capability to do the related work in the field.iiresearch orientationsa) b) c) d) e) f)road engineeringtraffic control theory and applicationtransportation planning theory and applicationdesign, organization and monitoring of the regional transport system design and operation management of the public transport system transport economics and policiesiiieducational mode and durationthe number of school years for a master student to get degree is 2.training method istotally off-job, combined by course study, specialized internship and thesis.ivcredit requirement and allocationa master student must take 32 credits of coursesat least, including 18 credits of degree courses atvcurriculum and credit allocation【篇二：交通运输专业英语英语翻译】choice of modethe choice of mode for long distance travel is heavily dependent on the sensitivity of the traveler with respect to time and cost.by and large,business travel is timesensitive,vacation travel is price sensitive,and travel for personal reasons may be either time sensitive or cost sensitive,or both. 长距离旅行方式的选择在很大程度上取决于旅行者对时间和价格反应的灵敏程度。
Campus-Network-planning-and-Construction校园网的规划与构建毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：校园网的规划与构建文献、资料英文题目：Campus Network planning and Construction 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14原文题目：Campus Network planning and ConstructionAt present, China's rapid development of the cause of the campus network, to early 2003, almost all colleges have set up their own campus network, and carry out a variety of its services and applications. Campus Network build a rich learning resources to enhance the efficiency of education. But as the number of users increased dramatically increased and the pattern of opera-tions, campus network security is increasingly conspicuous, and the ever threat to the healthy development of the campus network, as an education development of the information industry should not be neglected problem. This paper focuses on the campus network design and the process of building the campus network established the goal of building, campus network technology programme design, information resources construction, application software development, network management and security, the five key issues." The safe management of the campus net and the maintenance summary:The campus network is the infrastructure of importance of school, taking the school teaching, research, managing and outward communicate many roles of etc..The safe condition of the campus net affects the teaching activity of the school directly.Set up in the network of initial stage, the safe problem may still be not outstanding, but along with applied thorough, various data of the cam-pus net would nasty play increment, the safe problem beginning of various each kind perplexs us.The Internet flies to develop soon, to the campus net-work the teachers and the students' life and studies have already produced the profound influence, the network have already not have no place in our life at. But at enjoy the convenience that high technology bring at the same time, we need to be awake of know, the safe problem of network also become the network application more and more increasingly and seriously huge bar, the situation that the campus network safety hazes already arrived and must unify the management and resolve thoroughly, only good resolve the safe problem of network, the application of the campus network then can be healthy, high speed of development. We should consider the comprehensive usage fire wall and encrypt several measures, such as technique and the anti-virus soft-ware...etc. completely, work in coordination, strengthening the management, looking for the balance point of insure the network safety and the network effi-ciency from it, the safety of the comprehensive exaltation campus network, thus build up rise a set of real in keeping with safe system of the calculator network of the school.Keyword:The fire wall, IDS, loophole scan, VLAN( VPN), interview row form, area etc.."The time today's knowledge-based economy and information technology have the development and popularization of Internet in the world have decided the time the network will become the main tool for information. With the de-velopment of computer network technology, network has become an important platform for the exchange of information.21st century the size of the campus network and application level are re-flected in schools and science teaching and learning environment an important component of the force, so we should make use of existing campus conditions, design a secure, unified campus network.Internet-based e-learning with time-sensitive, shared, interactive and many of the characteristics of the individual, so it has a traditional teaching model of unmatched advantages. It created a new teaching model, breaking the tradi-tional teaching model at the time and space limitations, the use of advanced teaching methods and teaching methods, greatly improve the teaching effi-ciency and teaching effectiveness, teaching and learning activities to enable a new level . Do a good job in the design of the campus network, are among the schools, both internal and external communication between the key and con-venient.This thesis focuses on the campus network design and construction pro-cess to establish the goal of building the campus network, campus network, network design principles and requirements of network technology selection, selection of network equipment, as well as the formation of the campus net-work for the most important integrated wiring and other key issues, to network security issues are discussed, and give a specific network topology diagram.Large Campus Network DesignBusinesses operating large campus networks are increasingly looking for in-frastructure upgrades to:(1) Handle high bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast Improve backbone capacity for shared Ethernet or FDDI campus backbones(2) Support applications based on Novell IPX, DECnet, AppleTalk, and SNA(3) Offer high availability, performance, & manageability for your company's intranetDesign suggestionsUse Layer 2, Layer 3, or ATM backbone solutions to expand your large cam-pus network. In typical designs, the buildings or different parts of the campus connect together across a high performance, switched backbone. Network redundancy and high availability is provided at each layer. A high capacity, centralized server farm provides resources to the campus, and when com-bined with Cisco IOS, network management strategies support QoS, security, troubleshooting, and other common management features from end to end.Medium Campus Network DesignA medium campus consists of one large building or several buildings. Net-working for a medium campus is designed for high availability, performance, and manageability. This is also called a 'collapsed backbone' design for me-dium campus networks. Additional requirements of these designs typically in-clude:(1) High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2) Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capac-ity(3) Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECnet, AppleTalk, and SNA Based on the Cisco AVVID architecture, these intelligent network plat-forms and products provide the basis for a complete network solution.Small campus networks DesignIn most cases, network redundancy is not the top priority, but cost effective-ness is. Additional requirements of these designs typically include:(1) High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2) Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capac-ity(3) Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECnet, AppleTalk, and SNAA campus network is a building or group of buildings all connected into one enterprise network that consists of many local-area networks (LANs). A cam-pus is generally a portion of a company (or the whole company) that is con-strained to a fixed geographic area.The distinct characteristic of a campus environment is that the company that owns the campus network usually owns the physical wires deployed in the campus. The campus network topology is primarily LAN technology connect-ing all the end systems within the building. Campus networks generally use LAN technologies, such as Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data In-terface (FDDI), Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). The Enterprise Composite Network Model. As shown in the fol-low figure.译文题目：校园网的规划与构建目前，我国校园网事业飞速发展，至2003年初，几乎所有的大中专院校都建立了自己的校园网，并在其上开展了多种服务和应用。
交通建设项目工程专业外文翻译外文文献英文文献.doc
土木工程学院交通工程专业中英文翻译Road Design专业：交通工程英文原文The Basics of a Good RoadWe have known how to build good roads for a long time. Archaeologists have found ancient Egyptian roadsthat carried blocks to the pyramids in 4600 BCE. Later,the Romans built an extensive road system, using the same principles we use today. Some of these roads are still in service.If you follow the basic concepts of road building, you will create a road that will last. The ten commandments of a good road are:（1）Get water away from the road（2）Build on a firm foundation（3）Use the best materials（4）Compact all layers properly（5）Design for traffic loads and volumes（6）Design for maintenance（7）Pave only when ready（8）Build from the bottom up（9）Protect your investment（10）Keep good records1．Get water away from the roadWe can’t overemphasize the importance of good drainage.Engineers estimate that at least 90% of a road’s problems can be related to excess water or to poor waterdrainage. Too much water in any laye r of a road’sstructure can weaken that layer, leading to failure.In the surface layer, water can cause cracks and potholes. In lower layers it undermines support, causing cracks and potholes. A common sign of water in an asphalt road surface is alligator cracking — an interconnected pattern of cracks forming small irregular shaped pieces that look like alligator skin. Edge cracking, frost heaves, and spring breakup of pavements also point to moisture problems.To prevent these problems remember that water:• flows downhill• needs to flow someplace• is a problem if it is not flowingEffective drainage systems divert, drain and dispose of water. To do this they use interceptor ditches and slopes,road crowns, and ditch and culvert systems.Divert —Interceptor ditches, located between the road and higher ground along the road, keep the water from reaching the roadway. These ditches must slope so they carry water away from the road.Drain —Creating a crown in the road so it is higher along the centerline than at the edges encourages water to flow off the road. Typically a paved crown should be 1⁄4" higher than the shoulder for each foot of width from the centerline to the edge. For gravel surfaces the crown should be 1⁄2" higher per foot of width. For this flow path to work, the road surface must be relativelywater tight. Road shoulders also must be sloped away from the road to continue carrying the flow away. Superelevations (banking) at the outside of curves will also help drainthe road surface.Dispose —A ditch and culvert system carries water away from the road structure. Ditches should be at least one foot lower than the bottom of the gravel road layer that drains the roadway. They must be kept clean and must be sloped to move water into natural drainage. If water stays in the ditches it can seep back into the road structure and undermine its strength. Ditches should also be protected from erosion by planting grass, or installing rock and other erosion control measures. Erosion can damage shoulders and ditches, clog culverts, undermine roadbeds, and contaminate nearby streams and lakes. Evaluate your ditch and culvert system twice a year to ensure that it works. In the fall, clean out leaves and branches that can block flow. In spring, check for and remove silts from plowing and any dead plant material left from the fall.2．Build on a firm foundationA road is only as good as its foundation. A highway wears out from the top down but falls apart from the bottom. The road base must carry the entire structure and the traffic that uses it.To make a firm foundation you may need to stabilize the roadbed with chemical stabilizers, large stone called breaker run, or geotextile fabric. When you run into conditions where you suspect that the native soil is unstable, work with an engineer to investigate the situation and design an appropriate solution.3．Use the best materialsWith all road materials you “pay now or pay later.” Inferior materials may require extensive maintenance throughout the road’s life. They may also force you to replace the road prematurely.Crushed aggregate is the best material for the base course. The sharp angles of thecrushed material interlock when they are compacted. This supports the pavement and traffic by transmitting the load from particle to particle. By contrast, rounded particles act like ballbearings, moving under loads.Angular particles are more stable than rounded particles.Asphalt and concrete pavement materials must be of the highest quality, designed for the conditions, obtained from established firms, and tested to ensure it meets specifications. 4．Compact all layersIn general, the more densely a material is compacted, the stronger it is. Compaction also shrinks or eliminates open spaces (voids) between particles. This means that less water can enter the structure. Water in soil can weaken the structure or lead to frost heaves. This is especially important for unsurfaced (gravel) roads. Use gravel which has a mix of sizes (well-graded aggregate) so smaller particles can fill the voids between larger ones. Goodcompaction of asphalt pavement lengthens its life.5．Design for traffic loads and volumesDesign for the highest anticipated load the road will carry. A road that has been designed only for cars will not stand up to trucks. One truck with 9 tons on a single rear axle does as much damage to a road as nearly 10,000 cars.Rural roads may carry log trucks, milk trucks, fire department pumper trucks, or construction equipment. If you don’t know what specific loads the road will carry, a good rule of thumb is to design for the largest piece of highway maintenance equipment that will be used on the road.A well-constructed and maintained asphalt road should last 20 years without major repairs orreconstruction. In designing a road, use traffic counts that project numbers and sizes of vehicles 20 years into the future. These are only projections, at best, but they will allow you to plan for traffic loadings through a road’s life.6．Design for maintenanceWithout maintenance a road will rapidly deteriorate and fail. Design your roads so they can be easily maintained. This means:• adequate ditches that can be cleaned regularly• culverts that are marked for easy locating in the spring• enough space for snow after it is plowed off the road• proper cross slopes for safety, maintenance and to avoid snow drifts• roadsi des that are planted or treated to prevent erosion• roadsides that can be mowed safelyA rule of thumb for adequate road width is to make it wide enough for a snowplow to pass another vehicle without leaving the travelled way.Mark culverts with a post so they can be located easily.7．Pave only when readyIt is not necessary to pave all your roads immediately. There is nothing wrong with a well-built and wellmaintained gravel road if traffic loads and volume do not require a paved surface. Three hundred vehicles per day is the recommended minimum to justify paving.Don’t assume that laying down asphalt will fix a gravel road that is failing. Before you pave, make sure you have an adequate crushed stone base that drains well and is properly compacted. The recommended minimum depth of crushed stone base is 10" depending on subgrade soils. A road paved only when it is ready will far outperform one that is constructed too quickly.8．Ê Build from the bottom upThis commandment may seem obvious, but it means that you shouldn’t top dress or resurface a road if the problem is in an underlying layer. Before you do any road improvement, locate the cause of any surface problems. Choose an improvement technique that will address the problem. This may mean recycling or removing all road materials down to the native soil and rebuilding everything. Doing any work that doesn’t solve the problem is a waste of money and effort.9．Ê Protect your investmentThe road system can be your municipality’s biggest investment. Just as a home needs painting or a new roof, a road must be maintained. Wisconsin’s severe climate requires more road maintenance than in milder places. Do these important maintenance activities: Surface —grade, shape, patch, seal cracks, control dust, remove snow and iceDrainage —clean and repair ditches and culverts; remove all excess materialRoadside —cut brush, trim trees and roadside plantings, control erosionTraffic service —clean and repair or replace signsDesign roads with adequate ditches so they can be maintained with a motor grader. Clean and grade ditches to maintain proper pitch and peak efficiency. After grading, remove all excess material from the shoulder.10．Keep good recordsYour maintenance will be more efficient with good records. Knowing the road’s construction, life, and repair history makes it much easier to plan and budget its future repairs. Records can also help you evaluate the effectiveness of the repair methods and materials you used.Good record keeping starts with an inventory of the system. It should include the history and surface condition of the roadway, identify and evaluate culverts and bridges, note ditch conditions, shoulders, signs, and such structures as retaining walls and guardrails.Update your inventory each year or when you repair or change a road section. A formal pavement management system can help use these records and plan and budget road improvements.ResourcesThe Basics of a Good Road#17649, UW-Madison, 15 min. videotape. Presents the Ten Commandments of a Good Road. Videotapes are loaned free through County Extension offices.Asphalt PASER Manual(39 pp), Concrete PASER Manual (48 pp), Gravel PASER Manual (32 pp). These booklets contain extensive photos and descriptions of road surfacesto help you understand types of distress conditions and their causes. A simple procedure for rating the condition helps you manage your pavements and plan repairs.Roadware, a computer program which stores and reports pavement condition information. Developed by the Transportation Information Center and enhanced by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation, it uses the PASER rating system to provide five-year cost budgets and roadway repair/reconstruction priority lists.Wisconsin Transportation Bulletin factsheets, available from the Transportation Information Center (T.I.C.).Road Drainage, No. 4. Describes drainage for roadways, shoulders, ditches, and culverts.Gravel Roads, No. 5. Discusses the characteristics of a gravel road and how to maintain one.Using Salt and Sand for Winter Road Maintenance,No. 6. Basic information and practical tips on how to use de-icing chemicals and sand.Culverts—Proper Use and Installation, No. 15. Selecting and sizing culverts, designing, installing and maintaining them.Geotextiles in Road Construction/Maintenance andErosion Control, No. 16. Definitions and common applications of geotextiles on roadways and for erosion control.T.I.C. workshops are offered at locations around the state.Crossroads,an 8-page quarterly newsletter published by the T.I.C. carries helpful articles, workshop information, and resource lists. For more information on any of these materials, contact the T.I.C. at 800/442-4615.中文译文一个良好的公路的基础长久以来我们已经掌握了如何铺设好一条道路的方法，考古学家发现在4600年古埃及使用建造金字塔的石块铺设道路，后来，罗马人使用同样的方法建立了一个庞大的道路系统，这种方法一直沿用到今天。
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毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：校园网的规划与构建文献、资料英文题目：Campus Network planning and Construction 文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：交通运输班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14毕业设计外文文献翻译Campus Network planning and Construction At present, China's rapid development of the cause of the campus network, to early 2003, almost all colleges have set up their own campus network, and carry out a variety of its services and applications. Campus Network build a rich learning resources to enhance the efficiency of education. But as the number of users increased dramatically increased and the pattern of operations, campus network security is increasingly conspicuous, and the ever threat to the healthy development of the campus network, as an education development of the information industry should not be neglected problem. This paper focuses on the campus network design and the process of building the campus network established the goal of building, campus network technology programme design, information resources construction, application software development, network management and security, the five key issues. The campus network is the infrastructure of importance of school, taking the school teaching, research, managing and outward communicate many roles of etc..The safe condition of the campus net affects the teaching activity of the school directly.Set up in the network of initial stage, the safe problem may still be not outstanding, but along with applied thorough, various data of the campus net would nasty play increment, the safe problem beginning of various each kind perplexes us.The Internet flies to develop soon, to the campus network the teachers and thestudents' life and studies have already produced the profound influence, the network have already not have no place in our life at. But at enjoy the convenience that high technology bring at the same time, we need to be awake of know, the safe problem of network also become the network application more and more increasingly and seriously huge bar, the situation that the campus network safety hazes already arrived and must unify the management and resolve thoroughly, only good resolve the safe problem of network, the application of the campus network then can be healthy, high speed of development. We should consider the comprehensive usage fire wall and encrypt several measures, such as technique and the anti-virus software...etc. completely, work in coordination, strengthening the management, looking for the balance point of insure the network safety and the network efficiency from it, the safety of the comprehensive exaltation campus network, thus build up rise a set of real in keeping with safe system of the calculator network of the school.The time today's knowledge-based economy and information technology have the development and popularization of Internet in the world have decided the time the network will become the main tool for information. With the development of computer network technology, network has become an important platform for the exchange of information. Internet-based e-learning with time-sensitive, shared, interactive and many of the characteristics of the individual, so it has a traditional teaching model of unmatched advantages. It created a new teaching model, breaking the traditional teaching model at the time and space limitations, the use of advanced teaching methods and teaching methods, greatly improve the teaching efficiency and teaching effectiveness, teaching and learning activities to enable a new level. Do a good job in the design of the campus network, are among the schools, both internal and external communication between the key and convenient.21st century the size of the campus network and application level are reflected in schools and science teaching and learning environment an important component of the force, so we should make use of existing campus conditions, design a secure, unified campus network.Large Campus Network DesignBusinesses operating large campus networks are increasingly looking for infrastructure upgrades to:(1) Handle high bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast Improve backbone capacity for shared Ethernet or FDDI campus backbones(2) Support applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA(3) Offer high availability, performance, & manageability for your company's intranet.Use Layer 2, Layer 3, or ATM backbone solutions to expand your large campus network. In typical designs, the buildings or different parts of the campus connect together across a high performance, switched backbone. Network redundancy and high availability is provided at each layer. A high capacity, centralized server farm provides resources to the campus, and when combined with Cisco IOS, network management strategies support QoS, security, troubleshooting, and other common management features from end to end.Medium Campus Network Design A medium campus consists of one large building or several buildings. Networking for a medium campus is designed for high availability, performance, and manageability. This is also called a 'collapsed backbone' design for medium campus networks. Additional requirements of these designs typically include:(1) High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2) Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capacity(3)Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA Based on the Cisco A VVID architecture, these intelligent network platforms and products provide the basis for a complete network solution.Small campus networks DesignIn most cases, network redundancy is not the top priority, but cost effectiveness is. Additional requirements of these designs typically include:(1) High performance and availability for bandwidth applications such as voice, video, and IP multicast(2) Shared Ethernet or FDDI building backbone which is running out of capacity(3) Support for applications based on Novell IPX, DECNET, AppleTalk, and SNA校园网的规划与构建目前，我国校园网事业飞速发展，至2003年初，几乎所有的大中专院校都建立了自己的校园网，并在其上开展了多种服务和应用。