语言学导论PPT课件

↓
a. Actual spoken b. Specific (concrete) c. situational d. the use of the rules or
conventions
※ Parole is the realization of the langue
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6. Language competence ＆ language performance
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5. Langue ＆ Parole
langue 语言 ———————————————— parole 言语
↓
a. a set of rules or conventions b. an abstract linguistic system c. in every speaker’s mind d. not actually spoken e. relatively stable
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※ linguistic study: primary synchronic study
※ 研究语言难在： ① language is always changing ② people in the same speech community do not say the same language ③ features of a language, can’t be replaced quickly and completely.
say.
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Chapter Two Language
1. Definition of language
A well-organized system : a set of rules (eg. Syntactic rules…)
of
arbitrary vocal
: there is no logical and intrinsic connection between objects and symbols.
新编语言学教程
刘润清 文旭Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
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Chapter One Linguistics
1. Definition
2.Linguistics differs from other sciences in that it both uses languages as the tool and takes languages as its object to study.
isn’t innate
As.
Material →
→ product
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※ competence ① (Grammar) is equal to everybody ② ideal knowledge of language user
performance ① isn’t equal to everybody ② influenced by psychological and social factors.
※ Performance is the realization of the knowledge ※ Knowledge is the essence of the competence
Behavior is the essence of the performance ※ Communicative Competence-------Hymes
Descriptivism: a) Language is live, changing. If one of
language is expressive, logical, then it is a
good language.
b) observer/ recorder/ of language
how things actually be/ what people actually
LAD → innate (capacity/intuitive to acquire language)
experience→ →Grammar (for a particular language)
↓
‖
working like a machine
competence → performance ↓
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7. prescriptivism & descriptivism
Prescriptivism: a) Set down a kind of form, admit one dialect or variety is more superior than another. b) Form grammar, pronunciation, lexicon. Regulate people how to actually use language. How things should be. c) Language police
In the mid of 19th
3.Philology
→
Linguistics
F.De Saussure (the founder of general linguistics）
(语文学） （语言学）
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4. Linguistic study (1) diachronic study 历时性学习 Study the development of language in the course of time. 研究语言在不同时期的特点。 (2) synchronic study 共时性学习 Study linguistics at a particular point of time (given linguistic status or stage of a particular language) 研究语言在同一时期的不同阶段。
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Scope of linguistics:
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Microlinguistics Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
Sociolinguistics
Macrolinguistics Psycholinguistics
Stylistics