模拟电路教程_ADC
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• • Goal-Lossless archival and transmission of audio signals Circuit functions:
– Preprocessing
• Amplification • Anti-alias filtering Analog Input Analog Preprocessing A/D Conversion DSP D/A Conversion Analog Postprocessing Analog Output
*Ref: International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors,
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction
http://public.itrs.net
© 2005 H.K. Page 7
Example: Digital Audio
àCost/function 30X in 10 years*
• Analog circuitry: Not fully benefited from CMOS scaling – Device scaling mandates drop in supply voltagesà threaten analog feasibility
• • • • •
Sensitive to “analog” noise Not amenable to automated design Extra precision comes at a high price Availability of inexpensive digital capabilities on-chip enables automatic adjustments to compensate for analog circuit impairments Rapid progress in DSP has imposed higher demands on analog/digital interface circuitry à Plenty of room for innovations!
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction © 2005 H.K. Page 6
Cost/Function Comparison DSP & Analog
• Digital circuitry: Fully benefited from CMOS device scaling – Cost/function decreases by ~29% each year
•
EECS 240
– Transistor level, building blocks such as opamps, buffers, comparator…. – Device and circuit fundamentals – CAD Tools à SPICE
•
EECS 242
– – – – RF amplification, mixing Oscillators Exotic technology devices Nonlinear circuits
à Reduced voltage swings
– Reduced voltage swings requires lowering of the circuit noise to keep a constant dynamic range
à Higher power dissipation and chip area
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction © 2005 H.K. Page 2
Analog-Digital Interface CircuitsΒιβλιοθήκη Baidu
Analog Output Analog World Analog Input
Analog/Digital Interface
001 110 010
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction © 2005 H.K. Page 1
Administrative
• Course web page: http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~EE247 – All handouts are available on the web • Office hours for Haideh Khorramabadi – Tues./Thurs. 3-4pm @ 485 Cory Hall – Email: haidehk@eecs.berkeley.edu • Homework is posted on the course website and is due on Thursdays • Midterm exam: 10/20/05
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction © 2005 H.K. Page 3
MOSFET Maximum ft versus Time ft
100GHz 0.1u 0.18u 0.13u 0.35u 0.25u 0.6u 0.8u 1u 1.5u 1GHz 3u 6u 2u
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction
© 2005 H.K. Page 5
Analog Signal Processing Characteristics
• Has not fully benefited from the down scaling of VLSI technology – Supply voltages scale down accordingly
10GHz
Year
80 85 90 95 ’00 ‘05 For MOS (VGS - Vth = 0.5V )
75
*Ref: Paul R. Gray UCB EE290 course ‘95 International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors,
Consumer Electronics
– Audio (CD, DAT) – Automotive control, appliances, toys
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction © 2005 H.K. Page 10
UCB Analog Courses EECS 247 - 240 - 242
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction
http://public.itrs.net
© 2005 H.K. Page 4
Digital Signal Processing Characteristics
• Direct benefit from the down scaling of VLSI technology • Not sensitive to “analog” noise • Enhanced functionality & flexibility • Amenable to automated design & test • “Arbitrary” precision • Provides inexpensive storage capability
• • •
Computing & Control
– Storage media (disk drives, digital tape) – Imagers & displays
Instrumentation
– Test equipment – Physical sensors & actuators
© 2005 H.K. Page 8
– A/D Conversion
• Resolutionà16Bits • Sig. bandwidthà41kHz
– DSP
• Storage • Processing (e.g. recognition)
– D/A Conversion – Postprocessing
EECS 247 Analog-Digital Interface Integrated Circuits © 2005
Instructor: Haideh Khorramabadi UCB Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Dual Standard, I/Q
Audio, Tx/Rx power control, Battery charge control, display, ...
Total: Filters à 8 ADCs à 7 DACs à 12
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction © 2005 H.K. Page 9
© 2005 H.K. Page 11
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction
Material Covered in EE247
• Filters – Continuous-time filters
àCost/function for analog ckt almost constant or increase
• Rapid shift of functions from analog to digital signal processing & hence need for A/D & D/A interface circuitry
• EECS 247
– Filters, ADCs, DACs, some system level – Signal processing fundamentals – Macro-models, large systems, some transistor level, constraints such as finite gain, supply voltage, noise, dynamic range considered – CAD Tools à Matlab, SPICE
• Smoothing filter • Variable gain amplification
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction
Example: Typical Dual Mode Cell Phone
Contains in integrated form:
• • • • • • 4 Rx filters 4 Tx filters 4 Rx ADCs 4 Tx DACs 3 Auxiliary ADCs 8 Auxiliary DACs
Digital Processor
1001 1010 0010
Digital/Analog Interface
•Naturally occurring signals are analog à Need Analog/Digital & Digital/Analog interface circuits Question: Why not process the signal with analog circuits only & thus eliminate need for A/D & D/A?
Areas Utilizing Analog/Digital Interface Circuitry
• Communications
– Wireline communications • Telephone related (DSL, ISDN, CODEC) • Television circuitry (Cable modems, TV tuners…) • Ethernet (Gigabit, 10/100BaseT…) – Wireless • Cellular telephone (CDMA, Analog, GSM….) • Wireless LAN (Blue tooth, 802.11a/b/g…..) • Radio (analog & digital), Television
– Preprocessing
• Amplification • Anti-alias filtering Analog Input Analog Preprocessing A/D Conversion DSP D/A Conversion Analog Postprocessing Analog Output
*Ref: International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors,
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction
http://public.itrs.net
© 2005 H.K. Page 7
Example: Digital Audio
àCost/function 30X in 10 years*
• Analog circuitry: Not fully benefited from CMOS scaling – Device scaling mandates drop in supply voltagesà threaten analog feasibility
• • • • •
Sensitive to “analog” noise Not amenable to automated design Extra precision comes at a high price Availability of inexpensive digital capabilities on-chip enables automatic adjustments to compensate for analog circuit impairments Rapid progress in DSP has imposed higher demands on analog/digital interface circuitry à Plenty of room for innovations!
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction © 2005 H.K. Page 6
Cost/Function Comparison DSP & Analog
• Digital circuitry: Fully benefited from CMOS device scaling – Cost/function decreases by ~29% each year
•
EECS 240
– Transistor level, building blocks such as opamps, buffers, comparator…. – Device and circuit fundamentals – CAD Tools à SPICE
•
EECS 242
– – – – RF amplification, mixing Oscillators Exotic technology devices Nonlinear circuits
à Reduced voltage swings
– Reduced voltage swings requires lowering of the circuit noise to keep a constant dynamic range
à Higher power dissipation and chip area
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction © 2005 H.K. Page 2
Analog-Digital Interface CircuitsΒιβλιοθήκη Baidu
Analog Output Analog World Analog Input
Analog/Digital Interface
001 110 010
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction © 2005 H.K. Page 1
Administrative
• Course web page: http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~EE247 – All handouts are available on the web • Office hours for Haideh Khorramabadi – Tues./Thurs. 3-4pm @ 485 Cory Hall – Email: haidehk@eecs.berkeley.edu • Homework is posted on the course website and is due on Thursdays • Midterm exam: 10/20/05
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction © 2005 H.K. Page 3
MOSFET Maximum ft versus Time ft
100GHz 0.1u 0.18u 0.13u 0.35u 0.25u 0.6u 0.8u 1u 1.5u 1GHz 3u 6u 2u
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction
© 2005 H.K. Page 5
Analog Signal Processing Characteristics
• Has not fully benefited from the down scaling of VLSI technology – Supply voltages scale down accordingly
10GHz
Year
80 85 90 95 ’00 ‘05 For MOS (VGS - Vth = 0.5V )
75
*Ref: Paul R. Gray UCB EE290 course ‘95 International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors,
Consumer Electronics
– Audio (CD, DAT) – Automotive control, appliances, toys
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction © 2005 H.K. Page 10
UCB Analog Courses EECS 247 - 240 - 242
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction
http://public.itrs.net
© 2005 H.K. Page 4
Digital Signal Processing Characteristics
• Direct benefit from the down scaling of VLSI technology • Not sensitive to “analog” noise • Enhanced functionality & flexibility • Amenable to automated design & test • “Arbitrary” precision • Provides inexpensive storage capability
• • •
Computing & Control
– Storage media (disk drives, digital tape) – Imagers & displays
Instrumentation
– Test equipment – Physical sensors & actuators
© 2005 H.K. Page 8
– A/D Conversion
• Resolutionà16Bits • Sig. bandwidthà41kHz
– DSP
• Storage • Processing (e.g. recognition)
– D/A Conversion – Postprocessing
EECS 247 Analog-Digital Interface Integrated Circuits © 2005
Instructor: Haideh Khorramabadi UCB Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences
Dual Standard, I/Q
Audio, Tx/Rx power control, Battery charge control, display, ...
Total: Filters à 8 ADCs à 7 DACs à 12
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction © 2005 H.K. Page 9
© 2005 H.K. Page 11
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction
Material Covered in EE247
• Filters – Continuous-time filters
àCost/function for analog ckt almost constant or increase
• Rapid shift of functions from analog to digital signal processing & hence need for A/D & D/A interface circuitry
• EECS 247
– Filters, ADCs, DACs, some system level – Signal processing fundamentals – Macro-models, large systems, some transistor level, constraints such as finite gain, supply voltage, noise, dynamic range considered – CAD Tools à Matlab, SPICE
• Smoothing filter • Variable gain amplification
EECS 247 Lecture 1: Introduction
Example: Typical Dual Mode Cell Phone
Contains in integrated form:
• • • • • • 4 Rx filters 4 Tx filters 4 Rx ADCs 4 Tx DACs 3 Auxiliary ADCs 8 Auxiliary DACs
Digital Processor
1001 1010 0010
Digital/Analog Interface
•Naturally occurring signals are analog à Need Analog/Digital & Digital/Analog interface circuits Question: Why not process the signal with analog circuits only & thus eliminate need for A/D & D/A?
Areas Utilizing Analog/Digital Interface Circuitry
• Communications
– Wireline communications • Telephone related (DSL, ISDN, CODEC) • Television circuitry (Cable modems, TV tuners…) • Ethernet (Gigabit, 10/100BaseT…) – Wireless • Cellular telephone (CDMA, Analog, GSM….) • Wireless LAN (Blue tooth, 802.11a/b/g…..) • Radio (analog & digital), Television