结核病的有效诊断,治疗和控制-英文
结核病培训试题
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结核病防治习题一、单选题1、肺结核属于()类传染病。
BA.甲类B.乙类C.丙类D.未分类2、肺结核病是由哪种途径传播的?()BA.消化道传播B.呼吸道传播C.虫媒传播D.血液传播3、1993年4月23日,在伦敦召开的第46届世界卫生大会上,世界卫生组织史无前例地宣布了什么? AA.全球结核病处于紧急状态B.遏制结核病行动刻不容缓C.信守承诺控制结核病D.建立遏制结核病伙伴关系4、DOTS是什么的英文缩写? AA.直接面视下的短程督导化疗B.全程管理C.自服药D.强化期督导管理5、“世界防治结核病日”是哪一天? CA.4月7日B.4月25日C.3月24日D.12月1日6、结核菌繁殖一代的时间为? DA.10-20分钟B.1-3小时C.1—3天D.18-24小时7、结核分枝杆菌常用的物理消毒方法有哪些? DA.煮沸消毒B.高压蒸气灭菌C.紫外线消毒D.以上都是8、萋尼氏染色法痰菌镜检结果分级报告标准中,抗酸杆菌阳性(1+):条/100视野,连续观察300个视野。
BA.1~8B.3~9C.1~9D.3~89、萋尼氏染色法痰菌镜检结果分级报告标准中,报告1+时至少观察()个视野,报告2+至少观察( )个视野,3+、4+时至少观察( )个视野。
A A.300 100 50B.300 200 100C.200 100 50D.200 50 1010、对当日不能进行涂片检查的痰标本,须置于( )冰箱保存,注意防止痰液干涸或污染。
BA.0℃B.4℃C.10℃D.20℃11、连续阅读10~12张涂片后,应休息()分钟左右。
CA.10B.15C.20D.3012、根据室内质量控制标准,采用自查和互查方式,至少抽查复检当日()涂片。
AA.10%B.15%C.20%D.30%13、实验室对新收到的培养基要进行检测,一般是抽取多少比例?AA.5%B.10%C.15%D.20%14、LAMP技术针对靶基因的6个区域而设计4种特异引物,利用链置换DNA聚合酶在等温条件下几十分钟就可扩增出109靶序列拷贝。
结核病的有效诊断,治疗和控制-英文
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If 2/3 positive: Anti-TB Rx
Broad-spectrum antibiotic 10-14 days
If symptoms persist, repeat AFB smears, X-ray
If consistent with TB
Anti-TB Treatment
12
Microscopy is more objective and reliable than X-ray
EUR AMR EMR 6% 5% 8%
AFR 18%
SEAR 38%
WPR 25%
2
TB is the leading single infectious
cause of death in South-East Asia
800
Number of deaths (1000s)
700
600
Deaths from infectious
Proportion of patients with pulmonary TB who have positive AFB smears
AFB positivity in
70
HIV
Negative
TB patients
60
Early HIV
50
40
Late HIV
30
20
10
0
17
X-ray findings in TB patients with HIV infection
21
Severe and less severe forms of extra-pulmonary TB
Severe
Less Severe
转院证明英语作文肺结核
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转院证明英语作文肺结核英文回答:Medical Certificate of Transfer for Pulmonary Tuberculosis.Patient Information.Name: [Patient's Name]Date of Birth: [Patient's Date of Birth]Gender: [Patient's Gender]Address: [Patient's Address]Contact Number: [Patient's Contact Number]Medical History.Diagnosis: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB)。
Date of Diagnosis: [Date of Diagnosis]Sputum Smear: [Sputum Smear Result]Chest X-ray: [Chest X-ray Result]Other Relevant Medical Information: [Additional Medical Information]Treatment Plan.Anti-tuberculosis Drugs: [List of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs]Dosage and Frequency: [Dosage and Frequency of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs]Duration of Treatment: [Duration of Anti-tuberculosis Treatment]Other Medications: [List of Other Medications]Reason for Transfer.[Reason for Transfer]Destination Hospital.Name: [Destination Hospital Name]Address: [Destination Hospital Address]Contact Number: [Destination Hospital Contact Number] Attending Physician's Signature.Name: [Attending Physician's Name]Designation: [Attending Physician's Designation]Hospital: [Attending Physician's Hospital]Signature: [Attending Physician's Signature]Date: [Date of Signature]Notes:This medical certificate is valid for [Number] days from the date of issue.The patient should report to the destination hospital within [Number] days of receiving this certificate.The patient should continue to take their anti-tuberculosis drugs as prescribed until the completion of treatment.中文回答:转院证明(肺结核)。
【疾病名】肠结核【英文名】TUBERCULOSISOFINT
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【疾病名】肠结核【英文名】tuberculosis of intestines【缩写】【别名】enterophthisis;intestinal tuberculosis【ICD号】A18.3【概述】肠结核为消化系统结核中最常见者。
绝大多数继发于肠外结核病,特别是空洞型肺结核。
据统计,25%~50%的肺结核病人可并发肠结核。
肠结核的来源主要是食入性的,由于咽下含结核杆菌的痰液而引起,偶尔可以来自被结核杆菌污染的食物,亦可来源于血源性或腹腔、盆腔其他脏器结核的直接蔓延。
【流行病学】1.传染源 开放性肺结核,特别是空洞性结核患者,痰中带菌是结核病的重要传染源。
2.传播途径 主要是呼吸道。
痰液干燥后,结核菌可随灰尘漂浮空气中。
患者咳嗽或打喷嚏带菌飞沫污染环境,皆可引起感染。
结核菌经胃肠道传播较少见,一般由于与病人共食,或饮用带菌未经消毒牛乳而引起。
结核菌不能通过健康皮肤,但经皮肤黏膜伤口可侵入人体。
3.人群易感性 本病多见于40岁以下,男女之比约1∶1.85。
卡介苗接种有相对免疫效果。
4.流行特征 十九世纪结核病在全球流行猖獗,被称为“白色瘟疫”。
自1945年以后,多种抗结核药物相继问世,使全球结核病疫情逐渐下降,人类感到控制结核病有望。
但是,80年代末至90年代初,全球结核病迅速回升,世界卫生组织指出,目前全球有17亿人受到结核菌感染,占世界人口1/3,现有结核病人2000万,每年约有900万新发病例,有300万人死于结核病,已超过艾滋病、疟疾、腹泻、热带病死亡的总和,成为传染病中第一号杀手和最大的死亡疾病。
面对如此严峻的形势,1993年第46届世界卫生大会发表了《全球结核病紧急状态宣言》,呼吁采取迅速行动与结核病危机进行斗争。
目前我国结核病的流行情况也相当严峻,1990年全国抽样调查,肺结核患病率为523/10万,估计全国有传染性肺结核病人约150万。
每年因结核病死亡接近23万人。
全国受结核菌感染人数约3.3亿人。
关于诊治和救治的英语词组
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关于诊治和救治的英语词组English:Diagnosing and treating various illnesses and injuries requires a team of skilled healthcare professionals working together. The process of diagnosis involves gathering medical history, performing physical examinations, and ordering diagnostic tests such as blood tests, X-rays, and MRIs. Once a diagnosis is made, the treatment plan may include medication, surgery, physical therapy, or other interventions aimed at alleviating the symptoms and addressing the underlying cause of the condition. In emergency situations, swift and effective medical care is crucial for saving lives. This can involve administering life-saving measures such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), managing traumatic injuries, and stabilizing patients until they can undergo more extensive treatment. Whether in a clinic setting or an emergency room, a prompt and accurate diagnosis followed by appropriate treatment is essential in providing quality healthcare to patients.中文翻译:诊断和治疗各种疾病和伤害需要一组高技能的医护人员共同合作。
原发性肺结核 病情说明指导书
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原发性肺结核病情说明指导书一、原发性肺结核概述原发性肺结核(primary pulmonary tuberculosis)是指结核分枝杆菌经呼吸道或其他途径首次侵入人体达到肺部而发生的原发感染性病变,以儿童和青少年多见。
可有低热、食欲缺乏、疲乏、盗汗、干咳等症状。
本病通常采用抗结核药物治疗,经积极正规治疗,预后较好。
英文名称:primary pulmonary tuberculosis。
其它名称:无。
相关中医疾病:暂无资料。
ICD疾病编码:暂无编码。
疾病分类:暂无资料。
是否纳入医保:部分药物、耗材、诊治项目在医保报销范围,具体报销比例请咨询当地医院医保中心。
遗传性:无遗传性。
发病部位:肺脏。
常见症状:低热、食欲缺乏、疲乏、盗汗、干咳。
主要病因:由结核杆菌感染肺部所致。
检查项目:体格检查、血液检查、痰结核分枝杆菌检查、血清学检测、免疫学检测、分子生物学检测、X线检查、CT检查、纤维支气管镜检查。
重要提醒:本病具有传染性,患者应做好隔离,以免传染给他人。
临床分类:暂无资料。
二、原发性肺结核的发病特点三、原发性肺结核的病因病因总述:本病是由结核杆菌感染肺部所致,首次吸入含结核分枝杆菌的气溶胶后,结核分枝杆菌的类脂质等成分能抵抗溶酶体酶类的破坏作用。
如果结核分枝杆菌能够存活下来,并在肺泡巨噬细胞内外生长繁殖,即出现炎症病变。
基本病因:暂无资料。
危险因素:1、年龄婴幼儿、老年人,免疫功能较弱,易感染结核杆菌。
2、居住环境拥挤的住房不利于阳光的照射及空气的流通,容易造成结核杆菌感染发病。
3、工作环境长期吸入大量的粉尘,从而造成肺上皮结胞的损伤,局部抵力降低,易于感染结核病菌。
4、抗病能力减弱营养不良、过度劳累、慢性疾病、器官移植等因素会导致抵抗力下降,本病发病风险增加。
5、使用免疫抑制剂使用免疫抑制剂,导致免疫功能下降,本病发病风险增加。
6、吸烟健康人在吸入结核菌后,肺泡中的巨噬细胞可立即将其吞噬清除,避免肺结核的发生。
肺结核的传播途径及防治
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肺结核的传播途径及防治结核(英文:Tuberculosis,简称TB)是常见并可致命的一种传染病,肺结核是由结核分枝杆菌引发的肺部感染性疾病,是严重威胁人类健康的疾病。
世界卫生组织(WHO)统计表明,全世界每年发生结核病800~1000万,每年约有300万人死于结核病,是造成死亡人数最多的单一传染病。
1993年WHO宣布”全球结核病紧急状态”,认为结核病已成为全世界重要的公共卫生问题。
我国是世界上结核疫情最严重的国家之一。
传染病是由各种病原体引起的能在人与人、动物与动物或人与动物之间相互传播的一类疾病,由于传播隐蔽且较迅速,许多人对其认识不专业,以至于引发错误认知,不能辩证地看待传染病以及传染病患者。
此论文将详细介绍肺结核的病因,临床表现,传播过程,易感人群等,引导民众以正确看待肺结核,与肺结核患者友好相处。
标签:肺结核;病因;临床表现;传播过程;易感人群1背景结核(英文:Tuberculosis,简称TB)是常见并可致命的一种传染病,由分枝杆菌(主要是结核分枝杆菌,又称”结核杆菌”导致。
结核通常感染并破坏肺(称”肺结核”,又称”肺痨”或称作”咯血病”)以及淋巴系统(称”结核性淋巴病变”,又称”淋巴结核”),但其它器官如脑、中枢神经系统、循环系统、泌尿系统、骨骼、关节、甚至皮肤亦可受感染(如感染脑部可引致”结核性脑膜炎”)。
其他的分枝杆菌,如牛分枝杆菌、非洲分枝杆菌、卡氏分枝杆菌、田鼠分枝杆菌亦可引起结核,但通常不感染健康成人。
肺结核是由结核分枝杆菌引发的肺部感染性疾病,是严重威胁人类健康的疾病[1]。
全球约有6亿人,感染有结核杆菌。
大多数的受感染者没有病症,称为潜伏结核感染(latent TB infection),但其中约5%~10%的潜伏感染者会发展至活动性结核;若无适当治疗,一个活动病例平均每年可使10~15例新受感染,病例本人的死亡率则>50%。
若潜伏感染者同时罹患免疫抑制,如爱滋病,每年就有10%的病发机率。
结核病防治制度
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结核病防治制度
结核病是一种由结核分枝杆菌引起的传染病,主要侵犯肺部,但也可在其他部位引起感染。
为了预防和控制结核病的传播,许多国家都制定了结核病防治制度。
以下是一些常见的结核病防治制度:
1. 结核病筛查:许多国家要求公共卫生部门对患有结核病的患者进行筛查,以便及早诊断和治疗,同时减少结核病的传播。
2. 结核病登记制度:许多国家要求所有的结核病患者进行登记,以便掌握病情和病例分布情况,并进行追踪管理,从而有效地控制结核病的传播。
3. 定期检查和随访:结核病患者通常需要进行定期的检查和随访,以确保他们在治疗过程中的依从性和病情的掌握。
4. 结核病疫苗接种:BCG疫苗是一种常用的结核病疫苗,许多国家要求公民在儿童时期接种BCG疫苗,以提高抵抗结核病的能力。
5. 潜在感染者管理:对于与活动性结核病患者有密切接触的人员,如家庭成员和医疗工作人员,通常需要进行结核病潜在感染者管理,包括结核菌素试验和恶性结核病预防药物治疗。
6. 健康教育:尽管结核病是一种传染病,但通过健康教育可以提高公众对结核病的认识和了解,从而减少结核病的传播。
7. 医疗机构感染控制措施:医疗机构通常需要采取一系列感染控制措施,如隔离病例、消毒措施和医护人员的个人防护等,以避免结核病在医疗环境中传播。
这些结核病防治制度的实施可以有效地控制结核病的传播,减少疫情的发生和危害,最终实现结核病的消除目标。
然而,结核病的防治也需要社会的全面参与和各个层面的合作。
结核病常用英文词汇及术语
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抗酸杆菌Acid-Fast Bacilli(AFB)获得性耐药Acquired Resistance副作用Adverse Reaction双目显微镜Binocular Microscope病人管理Case Management化疗方案Chemotherapy Regimen队列分析Cohort Analysis顺应性Compliance继续期Continuation Phase直接涂片Direct Smear耐药率Drug Resistance Rate流行Epidemic综合医院General Hospital健康教育Health Education发病率Incidence传染源Infectious Source初治Initial Treatment粟粒结核Miliary Tuberculosis死亡率Mortality主动发现Active Case Finding年感染率Annual Infection Rate杀菌的Bactericidal病人发现Case Finding化学预防Chemoprophylaxis因症就诊Clinical Consulation控制策略Control Strategy县County治愈率Cure Rate乙胺丁醇Ethambutol胸透Fluoroscope政府承诺Government Commitment 咯血Hemoptysis感染率Infection Rate初始耐药Initial Resistance强化期Intensive Phase异烟肼Isoniazid监察Monitoring地(市)Prefecture(City)初级卫生保健Primary Health Care(PHC) 原发耐药Primary Resistance肺结核Pulmonary Tuberculosis质量控制Quality Control 递降率Reduction Rate复治Re-treatment利福平Rifarmpicin即时痰Spot Sputum标准方案Standard Regimens消毒Sterilizing督导Supervision转入(出)Transfer in(out)结核菌素试验Tuberculin Test结核病防治所Tuberculosis Dispensary结核病脑膜炎Tuberculous Menigitis可持续发展Sustainable Dispensary世界结核病日World Tuberculosis Day被动发现Passive Case Finding患病率Prevalence省Province吡嗪酰胺Pyrazinamide季报表Quarterly Report复发率Relapse Rate利福喷丁Rifapentine继发性肺结核Secondary Tuberculosis涂阳Smear Positive染色Staining灭菌Sterilization符合率Accordance Rate链霉素Streptomycin可疑者检查Suspect Examination完成治疗Treatment Completed结核病控制Tuberculosis Control结核病监测Tuberculosis Surveillance世界卫生组织World Health Organization省卫生厅Provincial Health Bureau卫X项目Health-X Project; Project of Health X 归口管理Convergence Case-management治疗覆盖率Coverage Rate of Treatment固定剂量复合剂Fixed Dose CombinationHIV Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus完成治疗率Completion Rate of Treatment培养污染率Contamination Rate of Culture药物敏感性试验Drug Susceptibility Test肺外结核Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis菌型鉴定Identification of Mycobacterium多耐药结核病Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis结核分支杆菌Mycobacterium Tuberculosis国家结核病规划National Tuberculosis Programme新生儿卡介苗接种率Newborn BCG Vaccination Rate菌阳(失败)Bacteriological Positive(Failure)短程化疗Short Course Chemotherapy(SCC)治疗中断Treatment Interrupted(default)病人发现与治疗(化疗)Case Finding and Treatment/Chemotherapy2个月痰检转阴率The Sputum Conversion Rate at the two months国家结核病控制中心National Tuberculosis Control Center(NTCC)涂阳新登记率New Case Registration Rate of Smear Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis 结核菌素阳转率Tuberculin Positive Conversion Rate原发肺结核Primary Pulmonary Tuberculosis自服药Self Administrative Treatment初治涂阳肺结核Initial Smear-positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis国际防痨和肺病联合会International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease(IUATLD) 卡介苗Bacillus or Calmette and Guerin(BCG)Vaccination免疫扩大计划Expended Programme on Immunization(EPI)直接面试下短程化疗Directly Observed Treatment, Short-Course(DOTS)艾滋病Acquired Immuno-Deficinecy syndrome(AIDS)。
肺结核防控工作专题报告范文
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肺结核防控工作专题报告范文英文回答:Tuberculosis Control Work Special Report.I. Introduction.Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious and highly contagious bacterial infection that primarily affects the lungs and can potentially spread to other organs. It poses a significant global public health challenge, particularly in lowand middle-income countries. This report aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of TB control efforts and outline key recommendations to enhance prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.II. Burden of Tuberculosis.Globally, TB is the leading infectious disease cause of death, with an estimated 10 million new cases and 1.5million deaths reported annually. The majority of these cases occur in South-East Asia, Africa, and the Western Pacific regions. In the United States, TB remains a persistent problem, with approximately 8,000 new cases reported each year. Disparities in TB incidence and outcomes exist, affecting certain populations more disproportionately, including individuals living in poverty, the homeless, and those with compromised immune systems.III. Transmission and Pathogenesis.TB is transmitted through the inhalation of airborne droplets containing the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Once inhaled, the bacteria can establish an infection in the lungs, leading to a cascade of immune responses that can cause tissue damage and cavitation. In most cases, the infection remains latent, with individuals carrying the bacteria without exhibiting symptoms or transmitting the disease. However, in a subset of individuals, the infection can reactivate, leading toactive TB disease.IV. Diagnosis and Treatment.Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for TB control. Diagnostic tools include clinical examination, chest X-rays, sputum microscopy, and molecular tests. Treatment regimens for TB typically involve multi-drug therapy for a duration of 6 to 9 months. Adherence to treatment is essential to prevent the development of drug resistance, which can significantly complicate management.V. Prevention and Control Strategies.Effective TB control requires a multi-faceted approach that encompasses:Enhanced case detection and treatment: Identifying and treating individuals with active TB is vital to reduce the number of infectious individuals and prevent the spread of the disease.Contact tracing and preventive therapy: Contacts of individuals with active TB should be screened and offeredpreventive therapy to reduce the risk of developing the disease.Vaccination: The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides partial protection against TB and is widely used in high-burden countries.Infection control measures: Measures to prevent the transmission of TB in healthcare settings and the community are essential, including proper ventilation, personal protective equipment, and respiratory hygiene.Social determinants of health: Addressing the underlying social determinants of health, such as poverty, malnutrition, and overcrowding, is crucial to reducing the risk of TB transmission and improving overall outcomes.VI. Challenges and Future Directions.Despite progress in TB control, several challenges remain:Drug resistance: The emergence of drug-resistant TB poses a significant threat to global TB control efforts.Co-infection with HIV: Co-infection with HIV and TB is a major public health concern, complicating diagnosis and management.Resource constraints: Limited resources, particularly in lowand middle-income countries, hinder the implementation of comprehensive TB control programs.Future directions for TB control should focus on:Strengthening surveillance and monitoring systems.Expanding access to rapid diagnostics and treatment.Developing new and improved vaccines and drugs.Addressing the social determinants of health.Fostering international collaboration and funding.VII. Conclusion.TB remains a major global health challenge,particularly in lowand middle-income countries. EffectiveTB control requires a comprehensive approach that includes case detection, treatment, prevention, and addressing the social determinants of health. By addressing these challenges and embracing innovative strategies, we can work toward a future where TB is no longer a significant public health concern.中文回答:肺结核防治工作专题报告。
肺结核的诊断与治疗
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肺结核的诊断与治疗肺结核是由结核杆菌引起的一种传染病,严重影响了全球人民的健康。
由于肺结核的症状不明显,并且与其他疾病表现相似,因此准确的诊断和及时的治疗对于控制和预防该病的传播至关重要。
一、肺结核的诊断1. 临床症状分析肺结核常表现为咳嗽、疲劳、发热、食欲不振和体重下降等症状。
在病程较长的患者中,胸痛和咳嗽带有痰血也是常见的症状。
这些症状虽然与其他肺部疾病相似,但如果持续存在较长时间,且伴有其他因素(例如糖尿病、艾滋病等)的存在,应该高度怀疑肺结核的可能性。
2. 体格检查体格检查在肺结核的诊断中也起着关键作用。
医生会用听诊器仔细检查患者的肺部,并观察有无胸腔积液、浸润、肺部纤维化等体征。
此外,肺部X光检查和胸部CT扫描也是常用的辅助诊断手段,可以更清楚地观察肺部病变。
3. 实验室检查肺结核的诊断主要依靠实验室检查。
标本收集方法通常包括痰液、气管刷片和活体组织检查。
痰液检查是最常用的方法,可通过草华酸染色和抗酸染色来检测结核杆菌的存在。
此外,还可以进行结核杆菌培养和抗菌药物敏感性试验,以确定适合的治疗方案。
二、肺结核的治疗肺结核的治疗主要包括药物治疗和辅助治疗两个方面。
1. 药物治疗目前,药物治疗仍然是肺结核治疗的主要方法。
标准的药物治疗方案通常由含有四种抗结核药物(异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺和乙胺丁醇)的联合用药组成。
这一方案被称为“直接观察治疗疗程”(DOTS),通常需要持续6-9个月。
2. 辅助治疗辅助治疗包括休息、营养补充和呼吸理疗等方式,旨在提高患者的免疫力和生活质量。
休息对于肺结核患者非常重要,可以减轻肺部负担,促进康复。
此外,饮食均衡、富含维生素和蛋白质的营养摄入也对患者康复至关重要。
呼吸理疗可以通过增强肺功能和改善氧合水平来促进康复。
三、肺结核的预防与控制肺结核的预防和控制是降低患者感染率和疾病传播的关键。
以下是几点有效的预防和控制措施:1. 疫苗接种结核病菌素皮内试验和卡介苗疫苗接种是目前常用的将结核病菌与结核病接种病菌的方法,可以有效预防肺结核的发生。
西医感染科术语英文翻译
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西医感染科术语英文翻译以下是常见的西医感染科术语英文翻译:1. 病毒感染:Viral Infection2. 细菌感染:Bacterial Infection3. 真菌感染:Fungal Infection4. 寄生虫感染:Parasitic Infection5. 支原体感染:Mycoplasma Infection6. 立克次体感染:Rickettsial Infection7. 衣原体感染:Chlamydial Infection8. 性传播感染:Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)9. 医院获得性感染:Hospital-Acquired Infections (HAIs)10. 社区获得性感染:Community-Acquired Infections (CAIs)11. 抗药性感染:Antibiotic-Resistant Infections12. 病毒性肝炎:Viral Hepatitis13. 细菌性痢疾:Bacterial Dysentery14. 结核病:Tuberculosis (TB)15. 破伤风:Tetanus16. 梅毒:Syphilis17. 性病性淋巴肉芽肿:Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)18. 人乳头瘤病毒感染:Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection19. 钩端螺旋体病:Leptospirosis20. 疟疾:Malaria21. 阿米巴病:Amoebiasis22. 弓形虫病:Toxoplasmosis23. 细菌性食物中毒:Bacterial Food Poisoning24. 病毒性心肌炎:Viral Myocarditis25. 流行性感冒:Influenza (Flu)26. 登革热:Dengue Fever27. 黄热病:Yellow Fever28. 脑膜炎:Meningitis29. 败血症:Septicemia30. 脓毒症:Sepsis31. 脓肿:Abscess32. 发热待查:Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)33. 抗生素治疗:Antibiotic Therapy34. 对症治疗:Symptomatic Treatment35. 免疫疗法:Immunotherapy36. 支持性护理:Supportive Care37. 隔离措施:Isolation Measures38. 预防接种:Vaccination39. 手卫生:Hand Hygiene40. 环境清洁消毒:Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection41. 传染病监测与控制:Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control42. 人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染:Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection43. 人乳头瘤病毒疫苗(HPV疫苗):Human Papillomavirus Vaccine (HPV vaccine)44. 克林霉素抗药性检测:Clindamycin Resistance Testing45. 卡介苗接种(BCG接种):Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Vaccination46. 内毒素检测(Endotoxin Detection):Endotoxin Testing (LPS Testing)47. 白喉抗毒素治疗(Diphtheria Antitoxin):Diphtheria Antitoxin Therapy (DAT)48. 结核病预防性治疗(TB Preventive Therapy):TB Preventive Therapy (TPT)49. 人畜共患病(Zoonoses):Zoonoses (Animal-borne Diseases)50. 人畜共患病预防和控制(Zoonosis Prevention and Control):Zoonosis Prevention and Control。
肺结核会诊意见书写范文
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肺结核会诊意见书写范文英文回答:As a medical professional, I have reviewed the case and would like to provide my expert opinion on the diagnosis and management of the patient with suspected tuberculosis.Based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, and diagnostic test results, it is highly likely that the patient is suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. The classic symptoms of cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss, along with the presence of acid-fast bacilli in the sputum smear, strongly support this diagnosis.In terms of management, it is crucial to start the patient on a multidrug regimen for tuberculosis as soon as possible. The standard treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis includes a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. This four-drug regimen is recommended to ensure effective treatment and prevent thedevelopment of drug resistance. Additionally, the patient should be advised to adhere strictly to the medication schedule and complete the full course of treatment, which typically lasts for six to nine months.Furthermore, it is important to educate the patient about the contagious nature of tuberculosis and the necessary precautions to prevent transmission to others. This includes practicing good respiratory hygiene, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and maintaining good ventilation in living spaces.Regular follow-up visits should be scheduled to monitor the patient's response to treatment and assess for any potential side effects of the medications. It is also essential to conduct regular sputum cultures to evaluatethe patient's microbiological response to treatment and ensure the effectiveness of the chosen drug regimen.In conclusion, the patient's presentation anddiagnostic findings strongly suggest pulmonary tuberculosis. Prompt initiation of a multidrug regimen, patient education,and regular monitoring are vital for successful treatment and prevention of transmission.中文回答:作为一名医疗专业人士,我已经审查了该病例,并希望就疑似肺结核患者的诊断和治疗提供我的专业意见。
肺结核治疗方案缩写
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肺结核治疗方案缩写肺结核(Tuberculosis,简称TB)是一种由结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)感染引起的慢性呼吸系统疾病。
肺结核是一种严重的全球性公共卫生问题,每年有数百万人受到感染,造成数百万人死亡。
为了更好地管理和治疗肺结核,医疗界开发了一系列的治疗方案。
1. 简介肺结核治疗方案缩写(Abbreviated Therapy Regimens for Tuberculosis,简称ATR-TB)是根据疾病的严重程度和患者的特定情况,制定的一套有效的肺结核治疗方案。
ATR-TB的目标是减少治疗时间和提高治愈率,同时减少治疗过程中的不良反应。
2. ATR-TB 方案ATR-TB方案在治疗过程中使用了多种抗结核药物,包括伊索韦胺(Isoniazid)、利福平(Levofloxacin)、吡嗪酰胺(Pyrazinamide)以及乙胺丁醇(Ethambutol)。
根据患者的病情和分组,ATR-TB方案分为以下几个阶段:2.1 初始治疗阶段•初始治疗阶段的主要目标是消除活动的结核菌感染。
这个阶段通常持续6个月。
•初始治疗阶段的药物组合包括伊索韦胺、利福平、吡嗪酰胺和乙胺丁醇。
•每天口服药物,按照医生的指示进行正规用药。
•在此阶段,患者要定期进行药物代谢监测和治疗反应监测。
2.2 缩短治疗阶段•缩短治疗阶段的主要目标是在初始治疗阶段之后进一步清除残留的结核菌。
•此阶段通常持续4个月。
•缩短治疗阶段的药物组合包括伊索韦胺、利福平和吡嗪酰胺。
•在此阶段,患者仍然需要定期进行药物代谢监测和治疗反应监测。
2.3 个体化治疗阶段•个体化治疗阶段是根据患者的具体情况和耐药情况进行的。
•在此阶段,医生会根据患者的病情选择适当的抗结核药物进行治疗。
•个体化治疗阶段的治疗时间和药物组合会因人而异。
3. 注意事项在进行ATR-TB治疗的过程中,患者需要注意以下事项:•患者需要按照医生的建议规律服药,并按时复诊。
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Diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Three specimens optimal
Spot specimen on first visit; sputum container given to patient Early morning collection by patient on next day
Actual cases
15
Role of Chest X-ray
No chest X-ray pattern is absolutely typical of TB 10-15% of culture-positive TB patients not diagnosed by X-ray 40% of patients diagnosed as having TB on the basis of x-ray alone do not have active TB
X-ray is unreliable for diagnosing and monitoring treatment of tuberculosis
结核病的有效诊断,治疗和控制-英文
South-East Asia accounts for nearly 40% of all tuberculosis cases
EUR AMR EMR 6% 5% 8%
AFR 18%
SEAR 38%
WPR 25%
2
Tuberculosis
A Global Emergency
1+
1-10 per oil immersion field
2+
> 10 per oil immersion field
3+
11
Diagnosis of Pulmonary TB
Cough 3 weeks
If 1 positive, X-ray and evaluation
AFB XDiagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis
Patients with TB feel ill and seek care promptly Active case finding is unnecessary and unproductive Microscopy is appropriate technology, indicating infectiousness, risk of death, and priority for treatment X-ray is non-specific for TB diagnosis Serological and amplification technologies (PCR, etc.) currently of no proven value in TB control
TB kills 5,000 people a day – 2-3 million each year One third of the world’s population is infected with TB TB kills more young women than any other disease More than 100,000 children will die needlessly from TB this year Hundreds of thousands of children will become TB orphans this year
98% 100
80 60 40 20
0
AFB Microscopy
Inter-observer agreement
70%
X-ray
13
Microscopy is a more specific test than X-ray for TB diagnosis
100
98%
80
Specificity
60
If 2/3 positive: Anti-TB Rx
Broad-spectrum antibiotic 10-14 days
If symptoms persist, repeat AFB smears, X-ray
If consistent with TB
Anti-TB Treatment
12
Microscopy is more objective and reliable than X-ray
50%
40
20
0
AFB Microscopy
X-ray
14
X-ray-based evaluation causes over-diagnosis of TB
100 80 60 40 20 0
Diagnosed by Xray alone
NTI, Ind J Tuberc, 1974
Overdiagnosis
Spot specimen during second visit
9
Three sputum smears
are optimal
100%
81%
93%
100%
50%
Cumulative Positivity
0%
First
Second
Third
10
Reporting on AFB Microscopy
Number of bacilli seen None per 100 oil immersion fields
Result reported Negative
1-9 per 100 oil immersion fields 10-99 per 100 oil immersion fields
Scanty, report exact number
5
TB and AIDS
Lifetime Risk
70%
of TB
60%
50%
40%
30%
20% 10%
10%
0%
PPD+/HIV-negative
60%
PPD+/HIV+
6
TB Control: The 5 components of DOTS
Political commitment Diagnosis by microscopy Adequate supply of SCC drugs Directly observed treatment Accountability