英语专业英美文学文学汇总

Literature terms
1Epic : a long narrative poem telling about the deeds
of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.（史诗）2Romance:It was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.（传奇文学）3Heroic Couplet: the rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. (英雄双韵体)
4Iambic Pentameter: is the most common English
meter, in which each foot contains an unaccented
syllable and an accented syllable. (五音步抑扬格)
meter 格律foot音步
5ballad: is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.（歌谣）
6Sonnet: It is a lyric poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.（十四行诗）
7Blank verse: is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme.（无韵诗）
8Soliloquy: an utterance or discourse by a person who is talking to himself/ herself or is disregardful of or oblivious to any hearers present (often used as a device in a drama to disclose a character’s innermost
thoughts); 2. the act of talking while or as if alone(独白)
9Classicism: Aesthetic attitudes and principles manifested in the art, architecture, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome and characterized by emphasis on form, simplicity, proportion, and restraint. Classicism was popular in Europe in the 18th century.（古典主义）
10Neo-classicism: neo-classicism imitated the characteristics of Roman writers, including Horace, Virgil, Cicero, etc., in the days of Augustus. They tried to make English literature conform to rules and principles established by the great Roman and Greek classical writers. In writing plays, they used rhyme and couplet instead of blank verse, observed the trinity --- the unity of time, place and action.（新古典主义）
11An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents. The usual form is letters, although diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are sometimes used.（书信体小说）
12Sentimentalism is one of the important trends in English literature of the middle and later decades of the 18th century. It justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois
revolutions. It embraces a pessimistic outlook and blames reason and the Industrial Revolution, marked by a sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken ,expropriated peasants.(感伤主义)
Romanticism: Romanticism is a literary trend. It prevails in England
during the period 1798-1832. romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with and opposed to the development of capitalism. They split into two groups because of the different attitudes toward the capitalist society.（浪漫主义）
Ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing, a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. The form dates back to classical times and is originally intended to be sung at festivals or in plays.
Brief Outline of British Literature：works
1. Early and Medieval English Literature
1) The Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066)
National epic: The Song of Beowulf
2) The Anglo-Norman Period (1066-1350)
Arthurian Romance: Sir Gawain and
Green Knight
3) Geoffrey Chaucer1340-1400：Messenger of Humanism
The first important realistic writer
“Father” of English poetry
The Canterbury Tales the wife of Bath（巴斯夫人）,
the Knight（骑士）,
the Pardoner（卖赎罪卷者）,
the Nun’s Priest（尼姑的教士）,
the Prologue（序诗）.
The Romaunt of the Rose 《玫瑰传奇》
The Book of the Duchess 《悼公爵夫人》
Troilus and Criseyde《特罗伊洛斯和克瑞西德》
Thomas Malory
Morte d’Arthur (Death of Arthur)《亚瑟之死》
William Langland
Piers the Plowman
[Boccaccio薄伽丘：Decameron《十日谈》
Ovid奥维德:《爱的艺术》《变形记》]
2. The English Renaissance (16 century)
Thomas More
Utopia
Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛
First person used blank verse
Death of Arthur 《亚瑟之死》
Tamburlaine the Great «帖木儿大帝»
The Jew of Malta «马尔他岛的犹太人»
The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus«浮士德博士的悲剧»Hero and Leander《海洛和利安得》
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love《牧羊人的恋歌》
William Shakespeare
one of the founders of realism in world literature as well as in English literature
Venus and Adonis《维纳斯与安东尼斯》
The Rape of Lucrece《鲁克里斯受辱记》
Four tragedies：Hamlet《哈姆雷特》Othello 《奥塞罗》
King Lear 《李尔王》Macbeth《麦克白》
Four comedies：A Midsummer Night’s Dream 《仲夏夜之梦》The Merchant of Venice《威尼斯商人》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》
Ben Jonson本·琼森
first poet- laureate
after Shakespeare the most eminent writer for the Elizabethan stage the greatest dramatist after Shakespeare
the founder of the so-called “Comedy of Humors”,
Every Man in His Humor《人人高兴》
Every Man Out of His Humor《人人扫兴》
Volpone 《福尔蓬奈》the Fox《狐狸》
The Alchemist《炼金术士》
Sir Thomas Wyatt托马斯·怀亚特
Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey 亨利·霍华德·萨里伯爵
Sir Philip Sidney 西德尼
Astrophel and Stella《爱星者和星星》Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》The Defence of Poetry《诗辩》
Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞
the Poet’s poet , a model of poetical art
greatest non-dramatic poet of his time
first master of English verse
The Shepherd’s Calendar《牧人月历》Amoretti 《爱情小诗》
The Fairy Queen《仙后》
Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯·培根
The father of experimental philosophy
The most important prose writer of the Elizabethan Age
the first English essayist
the founder of English materialist philosophy.
The Advancement of Learning《学术的进展》The Novum Organum (The New Instrument)《新工具》The New Atlantis《新大西岛》The Essays 《散文集》(Of Studies)
3. The Period of The English Bourgeois Revolution (17 century)
John Milton约翰·弥尔顿
the smartest man in Europe
a master of the blank verse
Paradise Lost《失乐园》Paradise Regained《复乐园》
Samson Agonistes《力士参孙》Lycidas 《利西达斯》
Comus《科玛斯》a masque《假面剧》
John Bunyan约翰·班扬
Pilgrim’s Progress 《天路历程》Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner 《功德无量》The Life and Death of Mr. Badman《恶人先生的生平和死亡》《贝德曼先生的一生》The Holy War《神圣战争》
John Donne约翰·邓恩
Founder of Metaphysical poetry选学派诗人
Songs and Sonnets《歌与短歌》Holy sonnet《圣十四行诗》Divine poem 《神圣诗歌》Elegies and Satire《挽歌与讽刺诗》Meditations《冥想》/《沉思》
4. The Age of Enlightenment (18 century)
Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏
Essay on Criticism《论批评》
The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》
Joseph Addison约瑟夫·艾狄生andRichard Steel理查德·斯蒂尔
The Tatler and The Spectator
Daniel Defoe丹尼尔·笛福
18世纪启蒙时期现实主义小说的奠基人
Robinson Crusoe
Captain Singleton《辛格顿船长》
Colonel Jacque《杰克上校》
Moll Flanders《茉尔·弗兰德丝》
A Journal of the Plague Year《瘟疫记事》
Jonathan Swift乔纳森·斯威夫特
One of the greatest masters of English prose
a master satirist
Gulliver’s Travels
A Tale of a Tub 《一个木桶的故事》The Battle of Books《书的战争》The Drapier’s Letters《一个麻布商的书信》
A Modest Proposal《一个小小的建议》
Samuel Richardson 塞谬尔·理查逊
Pamela 《帕美勒》
Clarissa: Or the History of a Young Lady《克拉丽莎》
The History of Sir Charles Grandison 《查尔斯·葛兰底森爵士传》Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁
最早的现实主义小说理论家
现实主义小说奠基人
Tom Jones《汤姆˙琼斯》
Don Quixote in England《唐吉诃德在英国》
Pasqin《巴斯昆》
The Historical Register for the Year 1736
《一七三六年历史记事》
The Tragedy of Tragedies or The Life and Death of Tom Thumb the
Great
《悲剧的悲剧：或伟人汤姆传》
Joseph Andrews《约瑟夫˙安德鲁斯的经历》
Jonathan Wild the Great《大伟人乔纳森˙魏尔德》
Amelia《阿米丽亚》
Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊
As Lexicographer or The Dictionary of the English Language英语词典Oliver Goldsmith戈德史密斯
Ano velist and poet belongs to the school of Sentimentalism
She Stoops to Conquer《屈伸求爱》
The Vicar of Wakefield 《威克菲尔德牧师传》
The Traveler and The Deserted Village
The Citizen of the World《世界公民》
Richard Brinsley Sheridan 谢里丹
The School for Scandal 《造谣学校》Comedy of Manners风尚喜剧Thomas Gray 格雷-------- sentimentalism
On the Death of a Favorite Cat 《爱猫之死》
Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 《墓园挽歌》
The Progress of Poetry 《诗的发展》
The Correspondence of Thomas Gray《格雷书信集》
William Blake威廉布莱克
Tiger 《老虎》
Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》
Songs of Experience《经验之歌》
The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的婚姻》Robert Burns-罗伯特彭斯--- pre-romanticism
the most famous poets of the peasants in the world
A red red rose《我的爱人像朵红红的玫瑰》
5. Romanticism in England (19 century)
Poetry
William Wordsworth华兹华斯
The prelude《序曲》
Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud《我好似一朵流云独自漫步》
To the 《咏水仙》
S. T. Coleridge柯林律治
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》《古水手谣》
Kubla khan 《忽必烈汗》
George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦
One of the most excellent representatives of English Romanticism
one of the most influential poets of the time
Hours of Idleness《闲暇时刻》
Child Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》.
Don Juan《唐璜》
She Walks in Beauty
Percy Bysshe Shelley雪莱
Prometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》
Queen Mab 《仙后麦布》
Address to the Irish People《告爱尔兰人书》
The Revolt of Islam 《伊斯兰的反叛》
The Masque of Anarchy《暴政的行列》
The Cenci《钦契一家》
A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》
The Necessity of Atheism《无神论的必要性》
Ode to the West Wind10. To a Skylark《致云雀》
John Keats济慈
Lamia《莱米亚》
Endymion《恩底弥翁》
On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer《初读查普曼译荷马史诗》Isaabella 《伊莎贝拉》
The Eve of St. Agnes《圣·爱格尼斯节前夕》
Hyperion《赫坡里昂》
On a Grecian Urn 《希腊古瓮颂》To Autumn《秋颂》
On Melancholy《忧郁颂》To a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》
Prose fiction
Walter Scott司各特
the first novelist to recreate the past
Waverley
Old Morality
Rob Roy
The Heart of Midlothian
Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》
Rob Roy
Novel
Jane Austen 简·奥斯丁
Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》
Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》
Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》
Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德花园》
Emma《爱玛》Persuasion 《劝告》
Romantic essay
Charles Lamb查尔斯·兰姆
Tales from Shakespeare《莎士比亚戏剧故事集》Album Verses
Essays of Elia《伊利亚随笔》
William Hazlitt威廉·赫列特
Thomas De Quincey托马斯·德·昆西
6. The Victorian Age --- Critical Realism in England (19 century)
Novel
Charles Dickens查尔斯·狄更斯
Oliver Twist《雾都孤儿》
The Old Curiocity Shop《老古玩店》
The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克外传》
fill in the Blanks
Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their primitive Northern Europe.
Beowulf was passed down from mouth to mouth.
Beowulf was written down in the 10th century.
Humanism refers to the literary culture in the Renaissance. Humanism became the central theme of English Renaissance. Thomas More and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists
Humanism is the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfill.
The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek
culture, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion.
Early Plays in Middle Ages include The Miracle Play奇迹剧
The Morality Play道德剧The Interlud幕间休息剧The Classical Drama 古典剧
The immediate predecessors of Shakespeare were a group of men from the two universities of Oxford and Cambridge, who were generally known as the University Wits
The key-note of Hamlet’s character is melancholy，and there can be no Hamlet without melancholy
Hamlet is a hero of the Renaissance
Hamlet’s learning , wisdom, noble nature, limitation and tragedy are all representative of the humanists at the turn of the 17th and the 16th centuries.
Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic blank verse;
He was a great master of English language;
He was the summit of the English Renaissance and one of the great writers all over the world.
Adam and Eve embody Milton’s belief in the powers of man
, craving (longing) for knowledge.
Satan is a rebel against tyranny and Satan and his followers resemble a
republican Parliament
English enlighteners believed in the power of reason.That is why the 18th century has often been called “the age of reason” or “the kingdom of reason”.
Most of the enlighteners believed that social problems could be solved by human intelligence.
this period was characterized by the so-called neo-classicism of which the leading figure was Alexander Pope.
The representative of Periodical Literature in Early 18th Century England: Addison and Steele
The best part of Robinson Crusoe is the realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island.
A social fable consists of four books. The hero of the novel is Lemuel Gulliver, a doctor. telling about his fantastic visits to some unbelievable places, in which the inhabitants are Lilliputians,the giants Brobdingnagians, Yahoos, and Houyhnhnms.
The features of the Romantic writings a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.
Romantic writings are filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic pictures
The romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man
Personified nature plays an important role in the pages of Romantic writings
The publication of the “Lyrical Ballads”marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century
i wandered lonely contains four six-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter.The poem is about The beauty of nature
Question
1What is Literature？
Literature refers to the practice and profession of writing. It comes from human interest in telling a story, in arranging words in artistic forms, in describing in words some aspects of human experiences.
2What is Renaissance?
1. Definition
The Renaissance (14th – mid-17th century), which means rebirth and revival. The renaissance, therefore, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church(罗马天主教堂).
It is characterized with the growth of a more scientific outlook, major development in art and literature, new invention and overseas discoveries and a general assertion of human value and emancipation(解放) of the human intellect and power.
3Summarize the periods of Shakespeare’s literary career and achievements？
Shakespeare’s Literary Career
⏹Four successive periods with increasing maturity
◆1588-1593, the Period of Experiment and Preparation
●Richard III, a melodramatic chronicle-history play, largely imitative of Marlowe and yet showing striking power
●At the end of this period Shakespeare issued two rather long narrative poems on classical subjects, Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece
◆1594-1601, the second period Shakespeare’s work, filled with chronicle-history plays and comedies
●Richard II, Henry IV, Henry V, etc.
●Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado about Nothing, As You Like It
●Romeo and Juliet
◆1601-1609, the third period of Shakespeare’s literary career, in which appeared Shakespeare’s great tragedies and certain cynical plays ●In these plays, Shakespeare sets himself to grapple with the deepest and darkest problems of human characters and life
●Shakespeare’s four great tragedies
⏹Hamlet: the struggle of a perplexed and divided soul/self
⏹Othello: the ruin of a noble life/ man by an evil one through the terrible power of jealousy
⏹King Lear: unnatural ingratitude working its hateful will and yet thwarted at the end by its own excess and by faithful love
⏹Macbeth: the destruction of a large nature by material ambition
◆After 1609, the fourth period of Shakespeare’s literary career, a period of romance-comedies
●Shakespeare did not solve the insoluble problems of life, but having presented them as powerfully, perhaps, as is possible for human intelligence, he turned in his last period to the expression of the serene philosophy of life
●Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest
(1) Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature. He maintains that the purpose of dramatic performance is "to hold, as it were, the mirror up to nature". In his works,
he paints the decline of the old feudal nobility and the vice of the new Tudor monarch. Besides,
his plays have good plots and life-like characters too. His drama is an expression, a monument of the English Renaissance since he wrote about his own people for his own time.
(2)Shakespeare is amazingly prolific Within 22 years, he produced 37 plays, 154 sonnets,
and 2 long poems. No two of his play invoke the same feeling or image among the audience. He is a master-hand for every form of drama-comedy, tragedy, and historical plays. He gives us a world
of full-blooded people who live and struggle, suffer and rejoice-representing all the complexities
and implications of real life.
(3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the sonnet, the couplet, and
the dramatic blank verse. And he is a great master of the English language. He used a vocabulary larger than any other English writersMany of his new coin age and turns of expressions have
become every-day usage in English life. Shakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English
Bible are the two great treasures of the English language.
(4)Hence,Shakespeare has been universally
acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest writers the world over.
3Chaucer’s Contribution？
1. He introduced from Italy and France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (heroic couplet) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.
2. He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English), thus establishing English as the literary language.
3. He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language
4What is the Enlightenment Movement?
The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.
What is romanticism? What about its feature?
1. The general feature is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society.
2. Their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes or even titanic images, formidable events and tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions and exotic pictures.
3. The romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man.
Personified nature plays an important role in the pages of their works. 文学赏析
Beowulf:---national epic
(1) Goodness conquers evil. (Beowulf stands for all that is good, brave and proper, while the monsters stand for evil.)
(2) Men against nature (The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.)
(3) Judge the greatness of a human being by the greatness of his deeds and his noble ancestry.
(4) Help thy neighbor. (Beowulf risks his life to help a neighbor, King Hrothgar, in trouble.)
(5) Forces of darkness—irrational, menacing—are always at work in society.
The writing features of Beowulf
1). The most important is in alliterative(头韵的) verse and in artistic form.
2). Another is the frequent use of metaphors and understatements(暗含的意义) for ironical humor.
The Faerie(Fairy) Queene and Comments
a long poem
1 The dominating thoughts of it: nationalism, humanism and Puritanism
2 The Spenserian stanza: a verse form consisting of 8 iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of 6 iambic feet with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc.
3 The Faerie Queene is the first national epic of England in the age of the Renaissance. It expresses the poet’s patriotic feelings of national greatness, and voices the moral ideals of the English aristocracy as embodied in the noble, virtuous and brave knight.
The Image of Hamlet
1. He is a humanist free from medieval prejudice and superstition. He has love for the world rather than heaven, he cherishes a firm belief in
man’s power and destiny.
2. He loves good and hates evil. He adore his father, loves Ophelia and greets his school-fellows with hearty welcome, while he is disgusted with his uncle’s drunkenness and shocked by his mother’s shallowness
3. His intellectual genius is outstanding. He is a close observer. He can easily see through people. His quick perception drives him to penetrate below the surface of things and question what others take for granted. He is scholar, soldier and statesman. His image reflects the versatility of the men of the Renaissance.
The Merchant of Venice
The traditional theme
To praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.
The modern interpretation
To regard the play as a satire of the Christians’hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews, here represented by Shylock
Paradise lost
1. The theme of the poem is a revolt against God’s authority.
2. God: selfish despot暴君,cruel, unjust
3. Adam and Eve embody Milton’s belief in the powers of man, craving (longing) for knowledge
4. God’s angels are foolish, resembling the court of an absolute monarch.
5. Satan is a rebel against tyranny(专制，暴行) and Satan and his followers resemble a republican Parliament
The Image of Satan
1. Satan is the real hero of the poem.
2. He is firmer than the rest of the angels.
3. He has an invincible(战无不胜的) heart.
4. Satan remains superior in nobility and welcomes his defeat and his torments as a glory, a liberty and a joy;
5. Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.
6. Milton makes Satan as his own mouthpiece(代言人).
The Pilgrim’s Progress
Bunyan’s language
1.Bunyan’s language is chiefly plain and colloquial and quite modern in comparison with that of the writers of the Renaissance.
2. His language is clear, vivid, natural, homely (朴实的), fluent, musical and powerful.
3. He paved the way not only in language style but also in writing technique of novels, for the novelists of the 18th century as Swift and
Defoe.
The image of Robinson Crusoe
1.One of the representative of the rising bourgeoisie
2. An enterprising Englishman
3. A laborer, a hard-working industrious and intelligent man.
4. A typical colonizer, explorer, and a foreign trader.
5.He is alert, vigorous and resourceful
Blake’s poems such as tiger 《老虎》and comments on Blank
(1) Blake’s poems seem easy but difficult to understand for his m mysterious images and symbols, unless versed in ( skilled at )religious knowledge.
(2) Blake’s poems are full of emotion and apparent presentation of his progressive democratic idea in symbolism
Comments
1) Blake was opposed to the classicism of the 18th century.
2) His poems were full of romantic spirit, imagery symbolism and revolutionary spirit.
3) He was a Pre-Romanticist or forerunner of the romantic poetry of the 19th century.
Comments on Burns & His Poems
1. Burns was one of the most famous poets
of the peasants in the world.
2. He obtained the characteristic of all old Scottish songs: simplicity, vividness, humor, directness and optimism, with a
new spirit of romanticism.
Explanation William Wordsworth poem i wandered lonely
【赏析】：
这首诗写于诗人从法国回来不久。

诗人带着对自由的向往去了法国，参加一些革命活动。

但法国革命没有带来预期的结果，随之而来的是混乱。

诗人的失望和受的打击是可想而知的，后来在他的朋友和妹妹的帮助下，情绪才得以艰难地恢复。

这首诗就写于诗人的心情平静之后不久。

在诗的开头，诗人将自己比喻为一朵孤独的流云，孤单地在高高的天空飘荡。

孤傲的诗人发现一大片金色的水仙，它们欢快地遍地开放。

在诗人的心中，水仙已经不是一种植物了，而是一种象征，代表了一种灵魂，代表了一种精神。

水仙很多，如天上的星星，都在闪烁。

水仙似乎是动的，沿着弯屈的海岸线向前方伸展。

诗人为有这样的旅伴而欢欣鼓舞、欢呼跳跃。

在诗人的心中，水仙代表了自然的精华，是自然心灵的美妙表现。

但是，欢快的水仙并不能时时伴在诗人的身边，诗人离开了水仙，心中不时冒出忧郁孤寂的情绪。

这时诗人写出了一种对社会、世界的感受：那高傲、纯洁的灵魂在现实的世界只能郁郁寡欢。

当然，诗人的脑海深处会不时浮现水仙那美妙的景象，这时的诗人又情绪振奋，欢欣鼓舞。

诗歌的基调是浪漫的，同时带着浓烈的象征主义色彩。

可以说，诗人的一生只在自然中找到了寄托。

In the poem, writer not only sang the natural wonderful things, but also expressed the perpetual pleasure from momentary beauty Wordsworth’s Contribution
Wordsworth’s contribution to the historical development of English poetry lies also in his reaction against the stale poetic diction of neo-classicism of the 18th century and in the starting of the new tradition of romanticism by glorifying the world of nature and by the use of simple language of the common people
Comments on Don Juan
1.The story of the poem takes place in the later part of the 18th century.
2. Don Juan is a Spanish youth of aristocratic birth.
3. This long poem describes Don Juan’s vicissitudes(变迁) of life and adventures in many countries.
4.The hero is made to participate in different historical events.
Thus we can get a broad panorama（全景）of the social life of the time.
5. The poem gives a satirical description of English ruling classes and social conditions.
6. The hero shows his disgust at the vanity（虚荣）and hypocrisy（虚伪）of English high society.
7. Byron did not finish the poem.
He meant to make the hero take part in the French Revolution and
die a heroic death.
8. Don Juan is the great poem of the age.
Comments on Byron
1. Byron is one of the most excellent representatives of English Romanticism and one of the most influential poets of the time.
2. His literary career was closely linked with the struggle and progressive movements of his age.
3. He opposed oppression and slavery, and has an ardent (passionate) love for liberty.
4 He praised the people’s revolutionary struggles in his works.
His poems are favorites of the British workers and the laboring people of other countries.
Byron’s poems show energy and vigor, romantic daring (bold, brave) and powerful passion.
7 He stands with Shakespeare and Scott among the British writers who exert the greatest influence over the mainland Europe.
8 But some critics think many of his lines are harsh (unkind), rugged (rough) and not rhythmical.
Some poems show his individual heroism and pessimism.
Comments on Shelley
1. Shelley is one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language.
2. Shelley loved the people and hated their oppressors and exploiters.
3. He called on the people to overthrow the rule of tyranny and injustice and prophesied（预言）a happy and free life for mankind
4. He stood for this social and political ideal all his life.
5. He and Byron are justifiably (justly, rightly) regarded as the two great poets of the revolutionary romanticism in England.
Comments on John Keats’ poetry
1. Keats’poetry, characterized by exact and closely-knit construction, emotional descriptions, and by force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world.
2. His artistic aim is to create a beautiful world of imagination as opposed to the sordid (miserable) reality of his day. He sought to express beauty in all his poems. His leading principle is “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”.
3．Critics agree that Keats is, with Shakespeare, Milton and Wordsworth, one of the indisputably (undeniably) great English poets.
And his mighty poems will no doubt have a lasting place in the history English literature.。