英国文学史课件8-Joseph-Addison
Chapters 7-8 英国文学简史ppt(English Literature)
Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
Gulliver’s Travels ➢ This is a savage satire in the form of a fabulous
travelogue ➢ The book consists of four parts, each recording one
And fare thee well, my only Luve And fare thee well, a while! And I will come again, my Luve, Tho’ it were ten thousand mile.
Key Points in Chapter 8
18th Century Fiction Jonathan Swift
Robert Burns (1759-1796)
Works ➢ “A Red Red Rose” ➢ “Tam O’Shanter”
➢ “For A’ That an’ A’ That”
A Red Red Rose
O my Luve's like a red, red rose That’s newly sprung in June; O my Luve's like the melodie That’s sweetly play'd in tune.
Luggnagg, and Japan” ➢ Part IV: “A Voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhunms”
Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)
Introduction
➢ His views on the novel focus on two things of significance to the emerging genre (novel): its realism and its moral aesthetic.
英国文学史及选读之文学史作品及作者
作家及作品1.the first epic in the English history：the song of Beowulf2.Romance传奇：Arthur and his Knights of the Round TableKing Arthur and his Knights of the Round TableSir Gawain and the Green Knight3. Popular Ballads民谣：The Robin Hood Ballad4. Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里·乔索：The Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰传奇The Book of the Duchess悼公爵夫人Troilus and Criseyde特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德The Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集5.Thomas More托马斯莫尔：Utopia乌托邦book onebook two6.William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚：the great comedies：A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人As You Like It皆大欢喜Twelfth Night第十二夜The great tragedies：Hamlet哈姆雷特Othello奥塞罗King Lear 李尔王Macbeth 麦克白Henry VI; Part II; III; I 亨利六世上、中、下Richard III 里查德三世The Comedy of Errors 错误的喜剧错中错Titus Andronicus 克斯泰特斯·安庄尼The Taming of the Shrew 驯悍妇The Two Gentlemen of Verona 维洛那二绅士Love’s Labor’s Lost 爱的徒劳空爱一场Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Richard II 里查德二世King John 约翰王Much Ado about Nothing无事生非Henry IV; Part I; Henry IV; Part II 亨利四世Henry V 亨利五世The Merry Wives of Windsor 温莎的风流女人Julius Caesar凯撒大帝As You Like It如愿皆大欢喜Twelfth Night 第十二夜Troilus and Cressida 特洛埃勒斯与克莱西达All’s Well That Ends Well 终成眷属Measure for Measure 恶有恶报一报还一报Antony and Cleopatra 安东尼与克莉奥佩特拉Coriolanus 科利奥兰纳斯Timon of Athens 雅典的泰蒙Pericles波里克利斯Cymbeline辛柏林The Winter’s Tales冬天的故事The Tempest暴风雨Henry VIII亨利八世7.Francis Bacon：the first English essayistOf truth 论真理Of studies 论学习Love;truth ;friendship ;parents ;children ;beauty ;studies ;riches ;youth ;age ;garden ;death and others8.John Donne：the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetryFlea 跳骚Others：George HerbertAndrew MarvellHenry Vaughan9.John Milton：Paradise Lost 失乐园Paradise Regained 复乐园Samson AgonistesLycidas10.John Bunyan约翰·班扬：Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner罪人受恩记功德无量Pilgrim’s Pr ogress 天路历程The Life and Death of Mr. Badman 恶人先生的生平和死亡贝德曼先生的一生The Holy War 神圣战争11.Daniel Defoe：father of English novelRobinson CrusoeThe shortest way with the dissentersCaptain SingletonColonel JacqueMoll Flanders12.Jonathan Swift： A Tale of a Tub 一个木桶的故事乔纳森·斯威夫特Battle of Books 书的战争书战Predictions for the Year 1708 对1708的预言Vindication of Isaac Bickerstaff 比克斯塔夫先生第一个预言的应验Gulliver’s Travels格林佛游记The Drapier’s Letters 一个麻布商的书信A Modest Proposal 一个小小的建议13.Joseph Addison：writer and a great stylist.约瑟夫·艾迪生 A Letter from Italy 意大利来鸿“The Campaign”“出征”; best-known poem in heroic coupletRosamond 罗沙蒙The Spectator 旁观者; a daily paperCato 卡托 a tragedyAddison and Steele : epistolary novel书信体小说14. Henry Fielding ：Joseph Andrews约瑟夫˙安德鲁斯的经历comic epic poem in prose散文体滑稽史诗亨利·菲尔丁Jonathan Wild the Great 大伟人乔纳森˙魏尔德Tom Jones 汤姆˙琼斯Amelia 阿米丽亚Plays ：The Welsh Opera 威尔斯歌剧Don Quixote in England 唐·吉诃德在英国Pasqin 巴斯昆The Historical Register for the Year 1736 一七三六年历史记事15. Alexander Pope: classical poet in the period of English Enlightenment亚历山大·薄伯Pastorals 田园组诗Essay on Criticism 论批评a didactic poem in heroic coupletsThe Rape of the Lock 夺发记masterpieceTranslations; in heroic couplet：The Iliad of Homer荷马的伊里亚特The Odyssey of Homer 河马的奥德赛The Works of Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集The Dunciad “愚人志” a satirical poem.Moral Essays “道德论” a philosophic poem.An Essay on Men “人论” a philosophic poem16. Samuel Johnson：London伦敦塞缪尔·约翰逊The Vanity of Human Wishes 人类欲望之虚幻Life of Richard Savage 理查德·沙维之传Rasselas 阿比西尼王子·拉赛拉斯Two periodicals: The Rambler 漫游者The Idler闲散者The two most important literary works：The Preface of Shakespeare莎士比亚戏剧集序言Lives of Poets 诗人传A Dictionary of English Language 英语辞典17.James Boswell：Life of Johnson a classic of English biography18.Thomas Grey：model of sentimentalistElegy Written in a Country Churchyard 墓园挽歌Others：Thomas Parnell ：Night-Piece on Death 夜吟死亡Robert Blair : The Grave 坟墓Edward Yong ：Night Thoughts 夜思19. Oliver Goldsmith：Periodical: The Bee哥尔德·斯密斯Poems: The Traveler 旅游人The Deserted Village 荒村Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield 威克菲尔德的牧师Comedies: The Good-Natured Man 好心人She Stoops to Conquer 屈身求爱Collection of essays: The Citizen of the World 世界公民20. William Blake : Songs of Innocence 天真之歌威廉·布莱克Songs of Experience 经验之歌The Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天堂与地狱的婚姻The Tiger21. Robert Burn s: A Red; Red; RedAuld Lang Syne 往昔的时光To a Mouse22. Richard Brinsley Sheridan：The Rivals 情敌The School for Scandal 造谣学校23. William Wordsworth：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner “古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”华兹华斯The Prelude 序曲Lyrical BalladsLines Written in Early SpringTo the CucooI Wandered Lonely as a CloudMy Heart Leaps UpIntimations of ImmortalityLines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey 丁登寺The solitary reaperComposed Upon Westminster Bridge24.Samuel Taylor Coleridge：The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 古舟子咏; 老水手之行Kubla Khan 忽必烈汗Christabel 克里斯特贝尔Biographia Literaria 文学传记 a literary criticismChristabel25. Robert Southey：Joan of Arc 1793 圣女贞德Wat Tyler 1794瓦特·泰勒The Inchcape Rock因尺角之石The Battle of Blenheim 布莱尼姆之战My Days among the Dead are Passed我与死者作伴的日子已结束Life of Nelson纳尔逊传Thalaba the Destroyer 撒拉巴1801Madoc 麦道克1805The Curse of Kehama 克哈马的诅咒1810Roderick; the Last of the Goths 罗德里最后的高斯人181426.George Gordon Byron：She Walks in BeautyWhen We Two PartedDon JuanThe Vision of JudgmentChild Har old’ Pilgrimage27.Percy Bysshe Shelley: Ode to the West Wind 西风颂Queen MabThe Revolt of IslamPrometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗旺斯The Masque of Anarchy 暴政的假面舞会A Defence of PoetryOzymandias奥西曼提斯T a Skylark 致云雀Adonais 阿多尼斯28.John Keats：Long poems: Endymion 恩底弥翁his first long poemIsabella 伊莎贝拉The Eve of St. Agnes 圣·爱格尼斯节前夕Lamia 莱米亚Hyperion 赫坡里昂Short poems : On a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂Ode to Autumn 秋颂Ode on Melancholy 忧郁颂Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂the best knownOde on Indolence 懒惰颂Ode on a Grecian UrnOn the Grasshopper and the Cricket 蛐蛐与蟋蟀Bright Star 闪亮的星星When I have Fear 当我害怕的时候29．Walter Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel 最末一个行吟诗人Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border 苏格兰边区歌谣集Marmion 玛密恩The Lady of the Lake 湖上夫人Scott’s Historical Novels: Waverley 威弗利first historical novel.Guy Mannering 盖曼纳合not very goodOld Morality 清教徒Rob Roy 罗布·罗伊the best of the groupThe Heart of Midlothian 弥德洛西恩的心English History: Ivanhoe 艾凡赫Norman Conquest the best of the groupKenilworth 肯纳尔沃思堡during the Tudor dynastyThe Fortunes of Nigel 尼格尔的家产Stuart ruleWoodstock 皇家猎宫The English RevolutionPeveril of the Peak 贝弗利尔·皮克the Restoration European Countries: Quentin Durward 昆丁·达沃德best-known novel on Frenchhistory.Talisman 惊军英雄记Count Robert of Paris 巴黎的罗伯特伯爵St. Ronan’s Wells 圣·罗南之泉the only one; dealingwith his contemporary life 当代生活小说.30. Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见Northanger AbbeyMansfield ParkEmmaPersuasionSense and Sensibility31. Charles Dicken s: Sketches by Boz 特写集the first bookThe Pickwick Papers 匹克威克外传Oliver Twist 奥克佛·特维斯特雾都孤儿Nichols Nickleby 尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝The Old Curiosity Shop 老古玩店Barnaby Rudge 巴纳比·拉奇The first novel of social historyAmerican Notes 美国札记Martin Chuzzlewit 马丁·朱述尔维特The Chimes 教堂钟声A Christmas Carol 圣诞颂歌以圣诞为题材具有浓郁宗教色彩The Cricket on the Hearth 灶上蟋蟀Dombey and Son 董贝父子David Copperfield 大卫·科波菲尔his best bookBleak House 荒凉山庄Hard Times 艰难时世Little Dorrit 小杜丽A Tale of Two Cities 双城记Great Expectations 远大前程Our Mutual Friend 我们的共同朋友the worse book;Edwin Drood unfinished 艾德温·德鲁德之迷32. William Makepeace Thackeray: Vanity Fai 名利场rThe Newcomes 纽克姆一家The History of Pendennis 彭登尼斯The Book of Snobs 势力人集The History of Henry Esmond 亨利·埃斯蒙德的历史The Virginians 弗吉尼亚人33. George Eliot：Novels: Adam Bede 亚当·比德The Mill on the Floss 弗洛斯河上的磨房Silas Marner 织工马南Middlemarch 米德尔马契Description of rural life; moral problems; psychological studies of charactersFelix Holt the Radical 费立可斯·霍尔特Daniel Deronda 丹尼尔·德龙达Romola 罗慕拉Scenes of Clerical Life 教区生活场景Translation: The Essence of Christianity 基督教的本质Editor : The Westminster Review威斯敏斯特评论34. Charlotte Bronte: The Professor 教授Jane Eyre 简爱Shirley 舍丽Villette 维莱特35．Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄36. Anne Bronte: Agnes Grey 安格斯格雷The Tenant of the Wildfell Hall37.Alfred Tennyson：Poems by Two Brothers 两兄弟诗集Poems; Chiefly Lyrical 抒情诗集Poems two volumes 诗集The Princess 公主Maud 毛黛The Idylls of the King 国王叙事集In Memoriam 悼念Short Poems：Break; Break; Break 拍吧;拍吧;拍吧”Crossing the Bar 穿过沙洲38. Robert Browning: The Ring and the Book 指环和书dramatic monologuesDramatic Lyrics 戏剧抒情诗Dramatic Romances and Lyrics 戏剧故事及抒情诗Men and Women 男男女女Dramatic Personae 登场人物Poems: Pippa Passes 皮帕走过了Bells and Pomegranates 铃铛和石榴树Home-Thoughts; from Abroad 异域乡思Meeting at Night 深夜幽会Parting at Morning 清晨离别The Pied Piper of Hamelin39. Elizabeth Barrett: The Battle of Marathon 马拉顿之战The Cry of the Children 孩子们的哭声Sonnets from the Portuguese 葡萄牙十四行诗Poems before Congress 在大会之前写成的诗Casa Guidi Windows 圭迪的窗子Aurora Leigh 奥罗拉·利40. Thomas Hard y: Novel: Far From the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣The Woodlanders 林地居民The Return of the Native 还乡The Mayor of Casterbridge 卡斯特桥市长Tess of the D‘Urbervilles 德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure无名的裘德Under the Greenwood Tree 绿荫下Poem:The Dynasts; written between 列王41. David Herbert Lawrence: Rainbow 虹Lady Chatterley Lover 查泰莱夫人的情人The White Peacock 白孔雀Women in Love 恋爱中的女人Sons and Lovers 儿子和情人Oedipus Complex 恋母情结The STREAM CONSCIOUSNESS42. Virginia Woolf: Jacob′Room 雅各布的房间Mrs. Dalloway 达洛威夫人To the Lighthouse 到灯塔去Orlando 奥兰多The Waves 海浪43.James Joyce: Dubliners 都柏林人first workA Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 年轻艺术家的肖像first novelUlysses 尤莉西斯Finnegans Wake 芬尼根的守灵夜43. William Butler Yeats: Sailing to Byzantium 驶向拜占庭When You are Old 当你老了44. George Bernard Shaw: Widower Houses 鳏夫的房子Mrs. Warren′s Profession 华伦夫人的职业The Devil′s Disciple 魔鬼的门徒Man and Superman 人和超人Major Barbara 芭芭拉上校Heartbreak House 伤心之家Saint Joan 少女贞德The Apple Cart 苹果车45. Oscar Wilde: Salome 莎美乐tragedyThe Importance of Being Earnest 认真的重要性A Woman of No Importance 无足轻重的女人An Ideal Husband 理想丈夫Lady Windermere′s Fan 温德美尔的扇子The Picture of Dorian Gray 道林格雷的肖像。
英国文学史 十八世纪 古典主义,感伤主义
A. Social background
5. With the advent of the 18th century, there sprang into life a public movement known as the enlightenment.
Abroad
A vast expansion of British colonies in
ended in a compromise between the
aristocracy and bourgeoisie. England became
a constitutional monarchy and power passed
from the King to the Parliament and the
• Puritanism is religious doctrine of the
revolutionary bourgeoisie during the
revolution. The puritans believed in thrift,
hard work and so on, and condemned worldly
A. Social background
3. The press became a mighty power, and any
writer with a talent for argument or satire was almost certain to be hired by party leaders. 4. The social life developed rapidly. in earlier ages: individualism in the 1st half of this century: sociability
英美文学史之约瑟夫艾迪生Joseph Addison 完美版
The Tatler 《闲谈者》
The Tatler was a periodical launched in London by the essayist Richard Steele in April 1709, appearing three times weekly until January 1711.
When he was back, he was given a government position. Not long afterwards he became a member of Parliament and later was sent to Ireland as Secrettary of State.
Do you know
Байду номын сангаасAI迪生?
You may think about him...
你们会也许会想到他...
While,I would think about another one...
而，我却会想到他...
Actually,they aren't the roles today,but he is....
The Spectator
《旁观者》
The Spectator was a daily publication of 1711-12, founded by Joseph Addison and Richard Steele in England .
*Its functions was to provide readers with educated, topical(时 事问题的,反映现实的 )talking points, and advice in how to carry on conversations and social interactions in a polite manner. *The authors of The Spectator promoted family, marriage, and courtesy.
英国文学简史PPT课件
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
6.The 18TH Century The Age Of Enlightenment ⅰ Enlightenment Movement ⅱ Neo-classicism ⅲ Realism ⅳ Sentimentalism
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
Q3: The genres of Literature?
fiction & non-fiction Fiction: Novels, Short stories, Plays and Poems.
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
Non-fiction : Essay (4 categories -- description, narration, exposition and argumentation.)
7. The Romantic Period (1798-1832): a. desire for the good old times b. Looking into the future Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats Walter Scott Jane Austen
(3) Factors related to religious background: the spread
and establishment of Christianity
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR
2. General colors of English Literature (1) Factors affecting the colors of English literature: A. Its environment.
外研社英国文学史及选读(第二版)第一册教学课件Chapter 24 Joseph Addison a
Chapter 24 Joseph Addison and Richard Steele
Life and Works
The two boys became bosom friends. Addison was a few months younger but was the leader between the two. Addison had a stronger character, learned better, and was more quiet and resourceful. Steele worshipped Addison and Addison loved Steele for his warm Irish heart.
Chapter 24 Joseph Addison and Richard Steele
英美文学史之约瑟夫艾迪生Joseph Addison 完美版
Thank you!
谢谢！
When he was back, he was given a government position. Not long afterwards he became a member of Parliament and later was sent to Ireland as Secrettary of State.
*Addison’s prose, clear, plain, fluent and elegant, became a model for the writers of * His style, rich in the time. humour, common sense and balance, was widely imitated and exerted a great influence also abroad.
------- a new code of social moralie o f T h e ir Essays
-------social life of England in the 18th century. ------- the English essay established itself as a literary genre [‘ʒɑnrə] 类型，流派
Do you know
AI迪生?
You may think about him...
你们会也许会想到他...
While,I would think about another one...
而，我却会想到他...
Actually,they aren't the roles today,but he is....
刘炳善《英国文学简史》完整版笔记(免费)
英国文学简史完全版A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI. Introduction1. The historical background（1）Before the Germanic invasion（2）During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.；d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）–thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）;e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture（1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.（2）Literature: a. Poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II. Beowulf.；1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.（1）the use of alliteration（2）the use of metaphors and understatements （3）the mixture of pagan and Christian elements III. The Old English Prose1. What is prose（1）The Venerable Bede'（2）Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages 1. The Historical Background.（1）The year 1066: Norman Conquest.（2）The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.（3）The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;;（4）The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church （Henry II and Thomas）;（5）The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta （1215）;C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages （the end）（6）The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;!b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliffe.（7）The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt （1453）|b. The War of Roses between Lancaster and Yorks.c. the printing-press—William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy（1485）2. The Overview of Literature.（1）the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages.（2）Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur.（3）Wace—Le Roman de Brut.（4）The romance.（5）the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer. II. Sir Gawin and Green Knight.`1. A general introduction.2. The plot.III. William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the PlowmanIV. Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods（1）French period（2）Italian period》（3）master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.（1）He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.（2）He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language.（3）The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.$VI. Thomas Malory and English ProseVII. The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance Historical BackgroundII. The Overview of the Literature （1485-1660）￥Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, andsensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Drama#a. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare –Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II. English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard （courtly makers）（1）Wyatt: introducing sonnets.（2）Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.：2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer（1）Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personality;c. courtier.（2）worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella （108）: sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.,3. Edmund Spenser（1）life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” – Ireland - Westminster Abbey.（2）worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queen:l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory （symbolic meaning）l Many allusions to classical writers.,L Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.（3）Spenserian Stanza.III. English Prose1. Thomas More（1）Life: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.（2）Utopia: the first English science fiction.$Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner （Raphael Hythloday）tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism.f. the Utopia（3）the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.<b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman（1）life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris –knighted - Lord Chancellor –bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.（2）philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people: servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.（3）“Essays”: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. （arguments）IV. English Drama1. A general survey.（1）Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.~（2）two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.（3）the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.（1）Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.（2）Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.)（3）The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life（1）1564, Stratford-on-Avon;（2）Grammar School;（3）Queen visit to Castle;（4）marriage to Anne Hathaway;（5）London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;（6）the 1st Folio, Quarto;（7）Retired, son—Hamlet; H. 1616.—2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.（1）Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate（2）The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.（3）Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.（4）Julius Caesar|Republicanism vs. dictatorship.（5）HamletRevengeGood/evil.（6）OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.（7）King LearFilial ingratitude$（8）MacbethAmbition vs. fate.（9）Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason（10）The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry（1）Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.（2）Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.<b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI. Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” （Sons of Ben）:（1）the idea of “humor”.（2）an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays（1）Everyone in His Humor—“humor”; three unities.；（2）Volpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century Historical Background II. The Overview of the Literature （1640-1688）1. The revolution period（1）The metaphysical poets;（2）The Cavalier poets.（3）Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.（1）The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. （school of Ben Jonson）（2）The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge （1662）were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.！（3）The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.（4）The restoration drama.（5）The Age of Dryden.III. John Milton1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.（1）The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso （1632）are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoralelegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.（2）The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.（3）The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works；（1）Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.（2）Paradise Regained.（3）Samson Agonistes.4. Features of Milton's works.（1）Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.（2）Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.（3）Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.;（4）Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.Bunyan1. Life:（1）puritan age;（2）poor family;（3）parliamentary army;（4）Baptist society, preacher;（5）prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress（1）The allegory in dream form.|（2）the plot.（3）the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI. John Dryden.1. Life:（1）the representative of classicism in the Restoration.·（2）poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.（3）changeable in attitude.（4）Literary career—four decades.（5）Poet Laureate2. His influences.（1）He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.（2）He developed a direct and concise prose style.（3）He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th CenturyI. Introduction~1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.（1）The Enlightenment.（2）The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As theMiddle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favor.（3）Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.（4）Satiric literature.（5）SentimentalismII. Neo-classicism. （a general description）1. Alexander Pope￥（1）Life:a. Catholic family;b. ill health;c. taught himself by reading and translating;d. friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.（2）three groups of poems:e. An Essay on Criticism （manifesto of neo-classicism）;f. The Rape of Lock;g. Translation of two epics.（3）His contribution:|h. the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i. satire.（4）weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele（1）Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper.（2）Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” （with Steele, 1711）（3）Spectator Club.（4）The significance of their essays.a. Their writings in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.《c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.（1）Life:a. studies at Oxford;b. made a living by writing and translating;c. the great cham of literature.（2）works: poem （The Vanity of Human Wishes, London）; criticism （The Lives of great Poets）; preface.（3）The champion of neoclassical ideas.III. Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1. Life:·（1）born in Ireland;（2）studies at Trinity College;（3）worked as a secretary;（4）the chief editor of The Examiner;（5）the Dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin.2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.（Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV. English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.（1）Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances –fabliaux – novella - imaginative nature of their material. （imaginative narrative）（2）The rise of the novela. picaresque novel in Spain and England （16th century）: Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b. Sidney: Arcadia.c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.（plot and characterization and realism）（3）novel and drama （17the century）~2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.）（1）Life:a. business career;b. writing career;c. interested in politics.（2）Robinson Crusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language."3. Henry Fielding—novelist.（1）Life:a. unsuccessful dramatic career;b. legal career; writing career.（2）works.（3）Tom Jones.a. the plot;b. characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c. significance.（4）the theory of realism.\（5）the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.）（1）Life:a. printer book seller;b. letter writer.（2）Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a. the storyb. the significance、Pamela was a new thing in these ways:a）It discarded the “improbable and marvelous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.b）Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.c）It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a. born in Ireland;b. a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c. bookseller;d. the Literary Club;、e. a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of Wakefield.a. story;b. the signicance.VI. English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.&C. significance of his plays.a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues andneat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays. Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic AgeI. Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:;（1）The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings（2）The creation of a world of imagination（3）The return to nature for material（4）Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace （5）Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius（6）The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models （7）The interest in old stories and medieval romances（8） A sense of melancholy and loneliness（9）The rebellious spiritII. Pre-Romantics@1. Robert Burns（1）Life: French Revolution（2）Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love for freedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.（3）Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humor, pathos, the response to nature –all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake；（1）life: French Revolution（2）works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience（3）featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes（4）his influence)Blake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th.III. Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry（1）Life:a. love nature;b. Cambridge;c. tour to France;d. French revolution;e. Dorathy;]f. The Lake District;g. friend of Coleridge;h. conservative after revolution.（2）works:a. the Lyrical Ballads （preface）: significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems（3）Features of his poems.a. ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.$b. characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic（1）Life:a. Cambridge;b. friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c. taking opium.（2）works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Mariner·l Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria（3）Biographia Literaria.（4）His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language.In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV. Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron（1）Life:a. Cambridge, published poems and reviews;，b. a tour of Europe and the East;c. left England;d. friend with Shelley;e. worked in Greece: national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.（2）Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty（3）Byronic Hero.^Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic Hero” of “satanic spirit”. People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.（4）Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic（1）Life:a. aristocratic family;b. rebellious heart;c. Oxford;d. Irish national liberation Movement;e. disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;,g. left England and wandered in EUrope, died in Italy;h. radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron（2）works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer （3）Characteristics of poems.a. pursuit of a better society;b. radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.（4）Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.{（1）Life:a. from a poor family;。
外教社2024新世纪新编英国文学史教程 Unit 8 PPT课件
Questions for Critical Thinking
1. Why is Gulliver’s Travel identified as a satire? 2. How is social reality of Swift’s time represented and reflected in Gulliver’s Travel, a novel characteristic of bizarre imagination?
Samuel Richardson, Clarissa Lawrence Sterne, A Sentimental Journal through France and Italy
Questions for Critical Thinking
1. How did the emergence of individualism influence characterization in novels of the 18th century? 2. How is the theme of colonialism embodied and developed in Defoe’s
Overview
2. The political stance of English writers in the 18th century a) The conservative camp:
* Emphasis on moral conduct a) The radical camp:
* The criticism of social vices through the art of satire
Key Words
Colonialism Definition: Dominion by force over a foreign territory and its people. The practice of colonialism : By force By civilizing the local Colonialism vs. Imperialism
英国文学史
8．English Ballads literature of English people (peasants), not written but oral. a story told in song, usu. In 4-line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed. Subjects: young lovers’ struggle against feudalminded families; conflict between love and wealth; cruelty of jealousy; criticism of the civil war (1337~1377 between England and France.); matters of class struggle. Eg. Robin Hood Ballads: most important.
700 – 750 AD, sung by minstrels to the chiefs and warriors in feasting hall
plot: nephew of King of Geats in Denmark hearing King of Danes in great trouble Grendel, a monster carries away King of Danes’ warriors from a hall Beowulf sails for Denmark with 14 companions after a feasting welcome, Beowulf and 14 men lie down in the hall waiting for the monster Beowulf grapples the monster single-handed, hand to hand combat, the monster retreats mortally wounded the monster’s mother the she-monster comes to avenge the death, Beowulf following the bloody trail to a lake Beowulf plunges into water, finds her, follows her into a hall under the waves by chance finding a big sword left by giants of old time Beowulf cuts off her head and the monster’s too. After a celebration, Beowulf sails home to Geats land and becomes king and reigns over his people for 50 years. A fire dragon comes out of its den and belches forth its fire to burn the people old Beowulf bids farewell and goes to seak the dragon with 11 companions. single-handed fighting, the sword failing to bite, Beowulf is enveloped in flames. at last the dragon is killed. But the hero is hopelessly wounded. the poem ends with the funeral of the hero.
英国文学课件
beauty, studies, riches…
His style: clearness, brevity, force of expression
☆his essays is an important landmark in the development of English prose
English people → Alliteration( 头韵） • 2.Middle English Literature and the Canterbury Tales • ①The Romance( describing the life and adventures of a
noble hero) • ②Geoffrey Chaucer • → the “father of English poetry”, • →“The Canterbury Tales” is Chaucer’s masterpiece
• <Hamlet> hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action
• To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action
• Selected readings In English And American Litercatures
• Tracy_0823
Part one Old and Medieval English
Literature
• 1. Old English Poetry and “Beowulf”(贝尔武夫) • “Beowulf ” → the national epic of the Anglo-Saxon and
英国文学Joseph Addison教案
• Following the English victory at the Battle of Blenheim in 1704,Addison was commissioned to write a commemorative poem and the result was The Campaign written in heroic couplets. The poem was well received and he was subsequently appointed to the position of Commissioner of Appeals．In 1705 he was promoted to Under－Secretary of State and then in 1708 became MP for Malmesbury. Shortly afterwards he was appointed Chief Secretary to Ireland .while there he met Jonathan Swift．
主啊！你的仆人何等有福， 主啊！你的仆人何等有福，
在异地，或远处， 在异地，或远处， 有你爱的扶持， 有你爱的扶持， 他们经过灼热之地 并呼吸致病的空气，亦毫无伤。 并呼吸致病的空气，亦毫无伤。
When by the dreadful tempest borne High on the broken wave, They know Thou art not slow to her, Nor impotent to save. The storm is laid, the winds retire, Obedient to Thy will, The sea, that roars at Thy command, At Thy command is still. From all our griefs and fears, O Lord, Thy mercy sets us free; While in the confidence of prayer Our hearts take hold on Thee.
英国文学Chapter 8 ppt
Villette (1853)
It is marked by its confined scene and the intense inner conflict of the heroine, Lucy Snowe. The source of the novel is also Bronte's experiences in Brussels. It is an open profession of a woman's delicate and genuine feelings towards love. Lucy is a teacher in Madame Beck's girls' school and secretly falls in love with Paul Emanuel. Lucy's passion is hidden beneath a cool exterior. Her emotions constantly on the verge of eruption, but she takes pains to preserve it.
Her works: Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus (1818) Mathilda (1819) Valperga; or, The Life and Adventures of Castruccio, Prince of Lucca (1823) The Last Man (1826) The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck (1830) Lodore (1835) Falkner (1837)
Pride and Prejudice (1813)
英国文学史PPT课件
Robinson Crusoe, Gulliver’s Travels
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1
The Enlightenment Period
Historical and cultural background:
1 After the tempestuous events of the 17th century, England entered a period of comparatively peaceful development.
permanently flawed.
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12
The Enlightenment Period
Major Writers of the period
Jonathan Swift (1667 -1745) Major works
A Tale of a Tub (1704) a religious satire, the adventures of three brothers: Peter --- Roman Catholicism, Martin --- church of England, Jack --- the Dissenters. a satire on all branches of Christianity.
society that forces Moll to repeated sins and crimes
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8
The Enlightenment Period
Major Writers of the period
Daniel Defoe (1660 -1731) Major works
Robinson Crusoe (1791) celebrating the 18th-century Western
英国文学简史-18th-century(1)PPT课件
2021/3/12
4
Enlightenment Movement
The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality， equality and science. They called for a reference to order, reason, rules and advocated universal education.
2021/3/12
8
The Classicists invented new rules in writing (p128)
1. In drama, they adhered to the three unities of time, place and action, regularity in construction, rhymed couplet instead of blank verse and the presentation of types rather than individuals.
吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解-约瑟夫
吴伟仁《英国⽂学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解-约瑟夫第12章约瑟夫?艾迪12.1复习笔记I.Joseph Addison(1672-1719)(约瑟夫·艾迪⽣)1.Life(⽣平)Joseph Addison,the son of a scholarly clergyman,was educated at Charterhouse School and then at Oxford University,both with Steele,his fast friend.Addison was the stronger character, the better student,the more quiet and resourceful.At Oxford,Addison soon became known as a writer of verses.His great interest in and talent for political writing won him patronage from several statesmen to travel on the Continent while studying French and politics of European states.Four years later,he returned and rose to fame by writing a poem celebrating the English Duke of Marlborough.Soon he became a member of Parliament and later was sent to Ireland as Secretary of State.When he died,all England mourned for him and a great funeral was held by night in Westminster Abbey.约瑟夫·艾迪⽣出⾝于⼀个牧师家庭，⽗亲博学多识。
18世纪英国文学史
English Literature in the 18th Century (the Age of Enlightenment or the Age ofReason)BackgroundSome Important TermsThree Stages in the EnlightenmentPolitically➢Glorious Revolution in 1688 ended the monarchy, replacing it with a constitutional monarchy.➢The power passed from the king gradually to the parliament.➢the Tory and the Whig dominated the parliament by turnsSocially⏹the rapid growth of middle class⏹The Puritan spirit of wisdom, diligence, honesty, and thriftiness, self-discipline ⏹better education was available⏹more schools and social clubs were establishedEconomically◆Industrial Revolution, the 1st powerful industrial country◆continued to expand its coloniesIdeologicallyUnder the influence of scientific discoveries( Galileo,Newton) and flourishing of philosophies, French enlightenment started.Some Important Terms Enlightment:an intellectual movement beginning in France and then spread throughout Europe.•a continuation of Renaissance in belief in the possibility of human perfection through education•the guiding principle or slogan isRation/Reason, natural right and equality •Ration became standard for measurement of everything.Some Important Terms Neoclassicism: Appeared in last decades of the 17th to the early of the18th•Modelled Greek and Latin authors •Stress on order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste major exponents of the neoclassical school: John Dryden and Alexander Pope.Sentimentalism:One of the important trends in English literature of the middle and later decades of the 18th century.•A new vision of love, a new view of human nature : prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason, personal instincts of "pity, tenderness, and benevolence" over social duties. •Representives:Edward Young and Thomas Gray (poetry) Laurence Sterne and Oliver Goldsmith (prose fiction )Gothic Novel•against the rationalism and commercialism •emphasis on the irrational and dark side of human nature; the imaginative, the supernatural, the discarded Medieval castle •Representative:Horace Walpole--The Castle of OtrantoSome Important TermsPre-Romanticism:•It was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion & emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature.•Rrpresentatives:William Blake & Robert Burns(poetry)The First Stage•Lasted from the “Glorious Revolution”to the end of the 1730’s.•Characterized by the so-called neoclassicism in poetry(the representative poet:Alexander Pope)•A new prose literature appeared in the essays of Joseph Addison and Richard Steele and in the first realistic fiction of Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift.Alexander Pope •Alexander Pope(1688-1744)•An English essayist,critic, satirist,and one of thegreatest poets of Enlightenment.Works•An Essay On Criticism, 1711 •The Rape Of The Lock, 1712-14 •Dunciad, 1728 -Widened in 1742 •An Essay On Man, 1733-34Translations:•Homer's Iliad, 1715-20•Homer's Odyssey, 1726Literary Style •Alexander Pope was best known for his satirical verse.He is famous for his use of the heroic couplet.•Heroic Couplet is a traditional form for English poetry ; commonly used for epic and narrative poetry. it refers to poems constructed form a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter lines .The rhyme is always masculine.Alexander Pope’s famous quotations •For fools rush in where angels fear to tread.•To err is human, to forgive, divine.• A little learning is a dangerous thing.Richard Steele(1672-1729)Joseph Addison(1672-1719)•Their literary activities:They jointly ran two newspapers:the Tatler(from 12 Apr.1709 to 2 Jan. 1711) the Spectators(from 1 Mar.1711 to 6 Dec. 1712),Published essays dealing with manners, morals and literature.•Their importance:Their essays truthfully portrayed the social life of England and paved the way for the coming of the English novel.Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)➢The Father of the English fiction •Personal Life:•1701: The True-born Englishman •1703:The Shortest Way with the Dissenters •1704: The Review a political and literary magazine in prison.•1719: Robinson Crusoe•1731: his deathWorks •Robinson Crusoe(masterpiece)•Captain Singleton•Moll Flanders•A Journal of the Plague Year •RoxanaFeatures of Daniel Defoe's Novels •1.Central idea : man is good and noble by nature but may succumb to an evil social environment. Society is the source of various crimes and vices.•2. Daniel Defoe deliberately avoided all arts, all fine writings, so that the readers could concentrate only on a series of plausible events. •3. Taking the form of memories or pretended historical narrative, everything in them giving the impression of reality.Jonathan Swift•His life(1667-1745)•Born in Ireland of an English couple.•His education: Studied at Trinity college , at Dublin University•After graduation:•Sir William Temple (private secretary, ten years).•Worked in a little church in Ireland•His death: brain diseaseWorks•Bickerstaff Almanac•The Battle of the Books •The Tale of A Tub•The Journal to Stella•The Drapier’s Letters •Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels•Four books: four voyages of Gulliver •The first part: his shipwreck in Lilliput •The second part: Gulliver’s adventure •in Brobdingnag•The third part: Gulliver continues his adventures in Laputa•The four part:Gulliver came to a place where inhabitants are those wise horsesSwift’s Style •Jonathan Swift is one of the realist writers•His language is simple, clear and vigorous.•“Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style”•Swift is a master satirist and his irony is deadly.The Second Stage •Lasted from 1740s to 1750s.•The more important works : the novels of Samuel Richardson, Henry Feilding and Tobias Smollett.•The last two writers make rather fierce attacks on the existing social conditions.Samuel Richardson•His life(1689-1761)•His works:•Pamela(Pamela Andrews, Mr. B the first English Psycho-Analytical novel)•Clarissa Harlowe(1747-1748)•Sir Charles GrandisonHenry Fielding•Father of the English Novel•He was the greatest playwright in his own time.•He is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the 18th century.•The first to write specifically a “comic epic inprose”),whose subject is“the true ridiculou s”in human nature.Works•The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrew•The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great •Amelia•The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling •Don Quixote in England•1. Fielding starts “the third-person narration”, that is told directly by the author, an omniscient narrator.•2. Satire abounds everywhere in his novels. There are two kinds of satire. One is the humorous satire, which is meant to be instructive and corrective. The other kind is grim satire, which is used to lash the cardinal evils of the corrupt ruling class.•3.Fielding believes in the educational function of the novel.•4. Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlabored and familiar, bit extremely vivid and vigorous.•5.His novels are noted for individual dramatic dialogues, and other theatrical devices such suspense, coincidence and surprise.Tobias Smollett•Tobias George Smollett (19 March 1721 –17 September 1771)•A Scottish poet and author. He was best known for his picaresque novels(流浪汉小说), such as The Adventures of Roderick Random (1748) and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle(1751), which influenced later novelists such as Charles Dickens.The Third Stage •Covered the last decades of the 18th century. •Characterized by the appearance of new literary tendencies of Sentimentalism and Pre-romanticism.Sentimentalism:Edward Young and Thomas Gray (poetry) Laurence Sterne and Oliver GoldsmithPre-romanticism:William Blake & Robert Burns(poetry)•Realistic dramatist: Richard B. SheridanEdward Young •Edward Young (1683 –April 5, 1765) was an English poet, best remembered for Night Thoughts.•Night Thoughts is noted for its psychological probings and its mixing of personal sentiments with religious deliberations.•Significance: It helped, in its small way, to move poetry forward toward the age of Romanticism.Sentimentalism:Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)•He is the forefather of the sentimentalism novel.•As a novelist, he was conscious and original, and contributed a good deal toward perfecting the art of genre in its early phase.•He was an iconoclast, an innovator, a trail-blazer, and an eternal presence in literary history.Works and Fictions' features •The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy,GentlemanA Sentimental Journey through France and Italy by Mr. Yorick.•Features: grotesque goodness, sweet humility, sensitive humanity, boisterous humor and idiosyncratic discursiveness.Sentimentalism:Oliver Goldsmith•General Comments•A man sometimes blundering and ridiculous, but tender-hearted,simple and generous• A versatile writer as a poet, novelist, dramatist, essayist•One of the representatives of English sentimentalism•Social justice and compassion for the poorWorks•The Vicar of Wakefield(1762)（a sengtimental novel）•The Citizens of the World(1762 )•The Traveller(1764)•The Good-Natured Man(1768)•The Deserted Village(1770 ) （a poem of sentimentalism）•She Stoops to Conquer(1773 0Writing style •Alternately praises, satirizes, and sentimentalizes a pioneer settlement •His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice •Show passive resistance to social evilPre-romanticism:William Blake•A poet and an engraver• a Pre-Romantic Poet or the forerunner of the romantic poetsMajor worksPoetical SketchesSongs of ExperienceSongs of InnocenceMarriage of Heaven and HellWriting style•Plain and direct language.•Lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning.•Embody the views with visual images.•Symbolism in wide range.eg.To see a world in a grain of sandAnd a heaven in a wild flowerHold infinity in the palm of your handAnd eternity in an hourRichard B. Sheridan(Dramatist)•Sheridan, Richard Brinsley (1751-1816), •British dramatist and politician, whose work is considered the finest development of the comedy of manners(风尚喜剧) in 18th-century England.•Works:The Rivals,The School for Scandal and The CriticWriting Style•1. His dramatic techniques are largely conventional.•2. His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulationof such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly.•3. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.Samuel Johnson •Samuel Johnson (18 September 1709 [O.S.7 September] –13 December 1784), often referred to as Dr Johnson, was an English author who made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer.•Johnson was a devout Anglican and committed Tory,and has been described as "arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history".•He is also the subject of "the most famous single work of biographical art in the whole of literature"A Dictionary of the English Language•Johnson began to wrotethe dictionary from 1747,and it took him 7 years tofinish it.Though it was widelypraised and had a hugeimpact, Johnson didn’tgain much money fromit.Other works•The Idler, a weekly series, ran from 1758 to 1760.•Proposals for Printing, by Subscription, the Dramatick Works of William Shakespeare, in 1756, which argued that previous editions of Shakespeare were edited incorrectly and needed to be corrected•Rasselas, a philosophical novella, on 19 April 1759.•The Plays of William Shakespeare, in Eight Volumes... To which are added Notes by Sam. Johnson,10 October 1765 •Lives of the English Poets, in 1777Thank You !。
英国文学史课件8 Joseph Addison
约瑟夫.艾迪生
His life (poet, essayist, journalist, statesman)
Son of a clergyman and was born in 1672 in the little village of Milson He remained life friend with Dick Steele（迪克· 斯梯尔） At 15 went to Oxford, later traveled Continent Steele joined the army Served in parliament and went to Ireland as Secretary of the State Then he returned and became friend of Queen Anne Together with Steele they started The Tatler and The Spectator At 44 he married Countess of Warwick who died 3 years later
Style
Satirical Elaborate Easy Realistic
Tatlor: (闲话者）news, gossip, stories and jokes Spectator（旁观者）: make fun of the wrong and foolish; praise the good and kind.
Subject
Reasonablenessheme:
and good taste
1 they call on people to become conscious morality. 2 they aim to improve people’s minds 3 they attempt to shape the minds and manners of the readers.