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CHAPTER 4CREATING AND MANAGING SERVICE OUTLETS:NEW CHARTERS, BRANCHES, AND ELECTRONIC FACILITIESGoal of This Chapter: The purpose of this chapter is to learn how new banks are chartered by state and federal authorities in the United States, to determine what makes a good site for a new branch office, to recog nize how the role of branch offices is cha nging, and to explore the adva ntages and disadva ntages of automated banking facilities.Key Topics in This ChapterChartering New Financial Service Institutions Performa nee of New BanksEstablishi ng Full Service Bran chesIn-Store Bran chi ngEstablishing Limited Service FacilitiesATMs and Teleph one Cen tersThe Internet and On li ne Ban ki ngChapter Outli neI. In troducti onA. The Importa nee of Convenience and Timely Access to CustomersB. Service Opti ons Available Today1. Charteri ng New (De Novo) Finan cial In stituti ons2. Establishi ng New Full-Service Bran ches3. Sett ing Up Limited-Service FacilitiesII. Charteri ng a New Bank or Other Finan cial Service In stituti onsIII. The Bank Charteri ng Process in the Un ited StatesA. The Charteri ng Authorities in the U.S.B. Ben efits of Applyi ng for a Nati onal CharterC. Ben efits of Applyi ng for a State CharterIV. Questi ons Regulators Usually Ask the Orga ni zers of a New BankV. Factors Weighi ng on the Decisio n to Seek a New Bank CharterA. Exter nal Factors1. Level of Econo mic Activity2. Growth of Local Econo mic Activity3. The Need for a New Bank4. Stren gth and Character of Local Competiti on in Suppl ying Financial ServicesB. Internal Factors1. Qualificati ons and Con tacts of the Orga ni zers2. Man ageme nt Quality3. Pledg ing of Capital and Funds to Cover the Cost of Fili ng a Charter Applicati on andGett ing Un derwayVI. Volume and Characteristics of New Bank ChartersA. Numbers of New ChartersB. Characteristics of New Charter MarketsVII. How Well Do New Ba nks Perform?A. New Bank Finan cial Performa neeB. Pro-Competitive Effects on Service Offeri ngs and Service Prici ngVIII. Establish ing Full-Service Branch Offices: Choos ing Locati ons and Desig ning New Bran chesA. Adva ntages of Full-Service Bran chesB. Trends in the Desig n of New Bran chesC. Desirable Sites for New Bran chesD. Expected Rate of Retur nE. Geographic Diversificati onF. Branch Regulati onG. The Changing Role of Bran chesH. In-Store Bran chi ngIX. Establishi ng and Mon itori ng Automated Limited-Service FacilitiesX. Poi nt-of-Sale Termi nalsXI. Automated Tellers (ATMs)A. History of ATMsB. ATM ServicesC. Fee Structures for ATM UsageD. Customer Service Limitati ons of ATMsE. Example of the ATM Capital-Budget ing Decisio nXII. Home and Office On li ne BankingA. Telepho ne Banking and Call Cen tersB. Internet Banking1. Services Provided Through the In ternet2. Challe nges in Providi ng Internet Services3. The Net and Customer Privacy and SecurityXIII. Finan cial Service Facilities of the FutureXIV. Summary of the ChapterConcept Checks4-1. Why is the physical prese nee of aDank still importa nt to many bank customers despite rece nt adva nces in Ion g-dista nee com muni cati ons tech no logy?Many customers still prefer the personal attention and personal service that contact with bank employees provides. Moreover, for those services where problems can arise that require detailed information and explanation-for example, when a checking account is overdrawn and checks begin to bounce-the customer needs quick access and, often, the personal attention to his or her problem on the part of one or more employees.4-2. Why is the creation (chartering) of new banks closely regulated? What about nonblank financial firms?The creation of new banks is regulated to insure the safety and soundness of existing banks and to avoid excessive numbers of bank failures. The same arguments are usually made for non-bank financial firms. Financial- Service firms hold the public ' s savings, are the heart of the payment system and create money. The failure of these firms could disrupt the economy and too many could mean in excessive growth in the money supply and inflation.4-3. What do you see as the principal benefits and costs of government regulation of the number of financial service charters issued?While control over the entry of new banks may reduce the number of failures, it also limits competition, so that the public may receive a smaller volume or lower quality of services at excessive prices.4-4. Who charters new banks in the United States? New thrift institutions?New banks are chartered by the banking commissions of the individual states or, at the federal level, by the Comptroller of the Currency. Thrift institutions are chartered by the states or at the federal level by the Office of Thrift Supervision.4-5. What key role does the FDIC play in the chartering process?The FDIC exercises some control over state bank charter activity as well as federal charters because most states insist that their new banks qualify for federal deposit insurance before they can open for business.4-6. What are the advantages of having a national bank charter? A state bank charter?The benefits of a national charter are:a. ) It brings prestige due to stricter regulations and may help attract more customersb. ) In times of trouble the technical assistance given may be better ensuring a betterchance of long run survivalThe benefits of a state charter are:a. ) It may be easier and less costly to get a state charterb. ) The bank does not have to join the Federal Reserve and therefore avoids buying andholding low yield stock of the Federal Reservec. ) Many states let a bank lend more to one borrowerd. ) State chartered banks may be able to make types of loans that a nationally charteredbank cannot4-7. What kinds of information must the organizers of new national banks provide the Comptroller of the Currency in order to get a charter? Why might this required information be important?The Comptroller of the Currency asks for information on the number of competing banks and bank-like institutions in the service area of the proposed bank. More competitive market situations limit the profit potential and perhaps the growth potential of a new bank. Also requested is information about shopping centers, retail and wholesale business activity, recent population growth, traffic counts, and personal income levels - all viewed as indicators of potential demand for banking services in the service area of the proposednew bank. Applicants must also provide background information on the organizers and proposed management of a new bank so the Comptroller can decide if these people are qualified, law-abiding, and trustworthy to manage the public's funds as well as their own.4-8. Why do you think the organizers of a new financial firm are usually expected to put together and submit to the chartering authority a detailedbusiness plan, including marketing, management, and financial components?This demonstrates to regulators that the organizers of the bank have the expertise, experience and skills necessary to be successful in managing the new bank. If the organizers of a bank do not know where they are going, they are unlikely to be successful. In addition, it demonstrates whether the organizers of the new bank have a realistic picture of the community they are planning on serving and whether the organizers have a realistic view of the profit potential in the new bank.4-9. What are the key factors the organizers of a new financial firm should consider before deciding to seek a charter?While a variety of factors are examined by different business people interested in establishing a new bank, most look at some or all of the following factors.1. External Factorsa. The level of local economic activity.b. Growth of local economic activity.c. The need for a new bank.d. The strength and character of local competition in supplying financialservices.a. Qualifications and contacts of the new bank's organizers.b. Management quality.c. Pledging of capital and funds to cover the cost of filing a charter applicationand begin operations.4-10. Where are most new banks chartered in the United States?New charters tend to be concentrated in large urban areas where expected rates of return on the organizers investments are likely to be the highest. As the population increases relative to the number of financial firms, the number of new charters increases. The success of local banks already in the area suggests that new financial firms would also be successful. Places where the concentration ratio for new banks has increased tend to have fewer new bank charters.4-11. How well do most new banks perform for the public and for their owners?Most new banks succeed, especially those whose organizers can bring in new deposits and loan accounts during the first year of the bank's operation. Most are profitable within two to three years of opening. There issomeevidence that newly charted banks are financially ‘ fragileprone to failure than existing banks. They appear to be more vulnerable to real estate crises than established banks. New banks tend to under perform their competitors until they have been around for a while and new banks are more closely supervised than established banks.4-12. Why is the establishment of new branch offices usually favored over the chartering of new financial firms as a vehicle for delivering financial services?The chartering of a new financing corporation is normally a lengthy and expensive process, requiring thecompletion of elaborate federal or state application forms, while the branch application process is normally far simpler and less costly. Moreover, with the increase in the number of failures in recent years regulatory-imposed capital requirements for new charters have increased substantially, while new branch offices usually carry significantly lower capital requirements. Moreover, branch offices themselves are often much lesselaborate and costly to build and maintain than are the headquarters' facility of a new institution where some duplicate facilities can be eliminated (for example, checking processing, credit analysis, and records departments).4-13. What factors are often considered in evaluating possible sites for new branch offices?Bankers first need to decide the goals and objectives of a new facility. Often this means assessing whether the proposed new branch is aimed at selling one or more particular services, such as deposits or loans, and also deciding how closely correlated cash flows and returns from the new branch office may be with cash flows and returns from the other facilities operated by the bank. If returns or cash flows through the proposed new institution are negatively correlated or display low positive correlation with the institution's other facilities, they may be able to lower the variance of its returns or cash flows by proceeding to establish the new office. Other considerations revolve around the economic strength of the proposed branch office site-whether there2.Internal Factors andis adequate traffic volume, large numbers of stores and shops, older or younger age populations who often require slightly different menus of services, recent area population growth, density and income, the occupational and residential makeup of the proposed new branch area, a large enough population to generate enough customers to breakeven and the number and size of facilities operated by competitors. Generally, for branches designed to attract and hold deposits key factors to consider usually revolve around individual and family incomes, concentrations of retail stores and shops, older-than-average residents, and homeowners rather than renters. For branch facilities emphasizing credit services residential areas with substantial new construction activity, heavy traffic flow, and high concentrations of stores and shopping centers are typically desirable for consumer and retail loan demand, while central city office locations are often chosen as locations for commercial loan facilities.4-14. What changes are occurring in the design of, and the roles played by, branch offices? Please explain why these changes are occurring.Bank branches are increasingly becoming selling platforms in which more and more fee-based services are attractively and prominently advertised in order to maximize the fee-income generating potential of each branch. Moreover, branches are becoming increasingly automated to reduce personnel and other operating costs and improve speed, efficiency, and accuracy in handling a growing service volume. Branch design has come to reflect these trends with automated facilities placed at easy access points, along with information booths to speedily direct customers to the service areas they need. Human tellers may be placed deeper inside branch facilities so that customers must pass by other service departments and conspicuous advertising in order to encourage customers to become aware of and avail themselves of other bank services.4-15. What laws and regulations affect the creation of new bank and thrift branches and the closing of existing branches? What advantages and what problems can the closing of a branch office create?The opening of new branch offices must be approved by a bank's or thrift ' s principal federal o state supervisor. Closing a branch office has become much more complicated in recent years as the result of several new laws and regulations. For example, the FDIC Improvement Act requires 90 days advance notice of branch closings to both customers and the principal supervisory agency and a posting on the branch site at least 30 days prior to closing. Banks and thrifts must also make an "affirmative effort" to reach all segments of their communities without discrimination under the terms of the Community Reinvestment Act which raises the danger of customer protests against closings if it appears the bank is under-serving certain groups of customers. Finally, the Community Reinvestment Act can be used as a vehicle to prevent U.S. banks and thrifts from branching expansion when they have a poor record of serving all segments of their communities. Closing selected branch offices can reduce operating costs and divert resources from less profitable to more profitable uses. However, they risk alienating good customer relationships unless it can serve those same customers with its remaining facilities.4-16. What new and innovative sites have been selected for new branch offices in recent years? Why have these sites been chosen by financial firms? Do you have any ideas about other sites that you believe should be considered?Rapid increases in new branches located in grocery stores, shopping centers, and inside other businessesand facilities where the public frequently gathers have helped to reduce branch construction costs and promote cross-selling of goods and financial services. Other branches have been opened in apartment complexes, senior citizen centers, and other customer-convenient locations as bankers come to realize they must adjust their service locations and service hours to conform to customer needs in an intensely competitive financial-services environment.4-17. What are POS terminals and where are they usually located?Point-of-sale terminals are set up to accommodate customer purchases of goods and services. These computer terminals normally are located in retail stores, gasoline stations, and similar places with a link to the banks'own computer records. When a customer of the bank makes a purchase, the amount of the transaction is deducted from the customer's deposit account and added to the store's account. Because the customer immediately loses funds many bank customers have been hesitant to use the service as opposed to paying by check or credit card where payment is delayed for a few days. However, this depends on whether the POS terminal is an offline or online terminal. An offline terminal accumulates all transactions until the end of the day when all transactions are subtracted from a customer ' s account. This type of terminal is less costly for the bank to operate.An online terminal subtracts the transactions immediately from the customer ' s account a reduces the chance of an overdraft occurring but is more expensive for the bank to operate.Consumer reluctance to use POS terminals appears to be fading and as fees for other services rise this reluctance will continue to disappear.4-18. What services do ATMs provide? What are the principal limitations of ATMs as a service provider? Should ATM carry fees? Why?The earliest ATMs provided a convenient mechanism for cashing checks, making deposits, and verifying checking account balances, often at hours when the full-service branch offices were closed. Today, ATMs frequently provide a wide menu of old and new services, including bill paying, transfer of funds between accounts, and the purchase of tickets for travel and entertainment. Most authorities expect ATM usage to grow rapidly as these machines offer more services and as bankers increasingly move to restrict customer access to more costly human tellers and other bank personnel, often by charging extra fees for personal service.ATMs do have some significant limitations that bankers will have to work to overcome. They break down and need to be replaced, sometimes quite frequently and annoyingly for customers, and as technology changes often become quickly outdated. Customer activity around ATMs, particularly at night, has invited criminals to steal money and injure customers, sometimes creating liability for banks. Moreover, not all customers make use of these facilities due to a preference for personalized service, fear of crime, or unfamiliarity with how the machines work. Customer education and better service pricing are two important tools that could help with these problem areas in the future. In addition, ATMs do not rank high in their ability to sell peripheral services. Some banks have found that there has been a sharp decline in their ability to sell other services. Finally, ATMs are not necessarily profitable for all banks. Because they are available 24 hours, some customers may make more frequent and smaller withdrawals from the machine than they would with a human teller, driving up the costs. In addition, these same customers will often still demand a human teller to deposit their pay check, making the bank keep both tellers and ATM machines.Whether ATM should carry a fee is rather controversial. Recently, two of the largest ATM networks have decided to let owners of ATMs charge non-customers a surcharge. Several regional have begun to charge fees as well. These fees reflect the usage of ATMs. About 85% of all ATM transactions consist of cash withdrawals and only about 10 percent represent incoming deposits. In addition, in many places, ATM usage has declined as customers pass over ATMs in favor of credit and debit cards, onsite terminals and the internet.4-19. What are self-service terminals and what advantages do they have for financial institutions and their customers?Self-service terminals include ATMs and other computer-based limited-service facilities that permit a customer to call up information about his or her account and recent transactions with the institution or information about different services that the customer might be interested in purchasing. Many are accessible 24 hours a day or are easier to get to rather than wait for the help of personnel. They can save on resources by saving on staff time. Many institutions are adding telephones and video screens so that customers with problems can dial up an employee day or night with problems. This is also saving money because they can avoid duplication of staff at each branch.4-20. What financial services are currently available from banks on the internet? What problems have been encountered in trying to offer internet services?Customers can make payme nts, check on acco unt bala nces, move funds betwee n acco unts and get applications for loans, deposits and other services. In addition banks can advertise on the web.Some of the problems in clude protect ing customers ' privacy and headi ng off crime. In additi on, the web does not make it easy for a bank to get to know their customers pers on ally. The cost may also be prohibitive to some customers.4-21. How can finan cial firms better promote internet services?They need to emphasize the safety of their internet services. They need to promote their home page at every opportunity and update it frequently to keepcustomers ' interest. They need to survey customers about their satisfact ion with the services and en courage dialogue via e-mail to resolve problems. They can also provide programs to dow nl oad to act as scree n savers (and advertisements) and also information about the institution and the services it provides.Problems4-1. A group of bus in essme n and wome n from the tow n of Mathews are con sideri ng fili ng an applicati on with the state banking commissi on to charter a new bank. Due to a lack of curre nt banking facilities within a 10-mile radius of the community, the organizing group estimates that the initial banking facility would cost about $3.2 million to build along with another $700,000 in other organizing expenses and would last for about 20 years. Total revenues are projected to be $510,000 the first year, while total operating expenses are projected to reach $180,000 in year 1. Reve nues are expected to in crease 6 perce nt annu ally after the first year, while expe nses will grow an estimated 5 percent annually after year 1. If the organizers require a minimum of a 10 percent annual rate of return on their investment of capital in the proposed new bank, arethey likely to proceed with their charter applicati on give n the above estimates?Present Value of Future CashFlowsNet Present Value of Investment Given the above information, the organizers are likely to proceed given that the net present value of this investment is positive. The return they are going to earn is greater than the 10% they need to earn.4-2. Andover Savings Bank is considering the establishment of a new branch office at the corner of Lafayette and Connecticut Avenues. The savings association ' s Economics Depa projects annual operating revenues of $1.75 million from services sold to generate fee income and annual branching operating expenses of $880,000. The cost of procuring the property is $2.5 million and branch construction will total an estimated $2.32 million; the facility is expected to last 16 years. If the savings bank has a minimum acceptable rate of return on its invested capital of 12 percent, will Andover likely proceed with this branch office project?Year RevenuesOp Expense Net Profits 1$510,000 $180,000 $330,000 2$540,600 $189,000 $351,600 3$573,036 $198,450 $374,586 4$607,418 $208,373 $399,046 5$643,863 $218,791 $425,072 6$682,495 $229,731 $452,764 7$723,445 $241,217 $482,228 8$766,851 $253,278 $513,573 9$812,863 $265,942 $546,921 10$861,634 $279,239 $582,395 11$913,332 $293,201 $620,131 12$968,132 $307,861 $660,271 13$1,026,220 $323,254 $702,966 14$1,087,793 $339,417 $748,377 15$1,153,061 $356,388 $796,673 16$1,222,245 $374,207 $848,038 17$1,295,579 $392,917 $902,662 18$1,373,314 $412,563 $960,751 19$1,455,713 $433,191 $1,022,522 20 $1,543,056 $454,851 $1,088,205Initial Investment Required Rate of Return$3,900,000 0.10 $4,491,642 $591,6422Prese nt Value of Future CashFlows$6,067,368 Net Prese nt Value of In vestme nt $1,247,368Andover is likely to proceed with this project because the net present value is positive. This means that the interest rate that Andover will earn on this project is higher than the 12% they need to earn.4-3. Jacks on Bank of Commerce estimates that buildi ng a new branch office in the n ewlydeveloped Guidar residential township will yield an annual expected return of 13 percent with an estimated standard deviation of Rercent. The bank ' s marketing department estimates that cash flows from theproposed Guidar branch will be mildly correlated (with a correlatio n coefficie nt of +0.3) with the bank ' s other sources of cash flow. The expectecteauimjftom the bank's existing facilities and other assets is 10 percent with a standard deviation of 3 percent. The branch will represe nt just 10 perce nt ofJacks on 'total assets. Will the proposed branch in crease Sullivan's overall rate of return? Its overall risk?The estimated total rate of retur n would be:E (R) = 0.10 (13%) + 0.90 (10%) = 10.3%The risk attached to this overall return rate would be:(.1)2(.05)2 (.9)2(.03)2 2(.1)(.9)(.3)(.05)(.03)_ 二.000835.000835 .0289 or 2.89% YearRevenues Op Expenses Net Profits 1$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 2$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 3$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 4$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 5$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 6$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 7$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 8$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 9$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 10$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 11$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 12$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 13$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 14$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 15$1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000 16 $1,750,000 $880,000 $870,000In itial In vestme nt $4,820,000Required Rate of Retur n0.12Thus 2.89% and the branch will slightly increase the bank's expected return but slightlydecrease its overall risk. The bank should proceed with this project.4-4. The following statistics and estimates were compiled by First Savings Bank of Talbot regarding a proposed new branch office and the bank itself:Branch Office Expected Return 16%Standard Deviation of Return = 7%Bank' s overall expected return = 10%Standard deviation of bank ' s=return 3%Branch Asset Value as a Percent of Total Bank Assets = 15%Correlation of Cash Flows = + 0.27What will happen to the Talbot total e'xp s ected return and overall risk if the proposed new branch is adopted? The bank's total expected return is:E (R) = 0.15 (16%) + 0.85 (10%) = 10.9%The bank's risk exposure is:2 (.15)2(.07) 2 (.85)2 (.03)2 2(.15)(.85)(.27)(.07)(.03)2 .0009051And thus .0301 or 3.01%The proposed project raises the savings banks expected return slightly and does not affect the risk of the bank. This is a good project.4-5. First National Bank of Yukon is considering installing 3 ATMs in its westside branch. The new machines are expected to cost $48,000 apiece. Installation costs will amount to about $16,000 per machine. Each machine has a projected useful life of 10 years. Due to rapid growth in the westside district these three machines are expected to handle 180,000 transactions per year. On average, each cash transaction is expected to save $0.32 per transaction in check processing costs. If First National has a 12% cost of capital, should the bank proceed with this investment project?Savings 1$57,600 (.32*180,000) 2$57,600 3$57,600 4$57,600 5$57,600 6$57,600 7$57,600 8$57,600 9$57,600 10 $57,600The net present value of this project is positive. First National Bank of Yukon should add the ATM machinesto the Westside.4-6. First State Security Bank is planning to set up its own web page to advertise its location and services on the Internet and to offer customers selected service options, such as paying recurring household bills,verification of account balances, and dispensing deposit account and loan application forms. What factors should First State take into account as it plans its own web page and Internet service menu? How can the bank effectively differentiate itself from other banks currently present on the Internet? How might the bank be able to involve its own customers in designing its web site and pricing its Internet service package?The bank should remember that while the internet is a relatively low cost way of expanding and allowscustomers to find the bank rather than the bank having to find customers, there are serious concerns about privacy. In addition, the Internet is not limited by geography and while there are thousands of potentialcustomers, there are also many financial institutions around the world competing for customer deposits and loans. The bank needs to be aware that there are many bank web pages out there and that they will need to invest in employees with the technical expertise to manage the new web site well. One of the first things the bank needs to do is to take steps to protect its customers and let its customers know what its privacy and security policies are. Another step the bank can take is to start with a customer survey to find out what its customers want and need from the bank ' s Internet services. They can run this as a contest and give away some small items to the customer with the best ideas for the web page and Internet service. This should help get customers involved in the design and implementation of the web page and may help the bank start building an online customer base.Year Initial InvestmentRequired Rate of ReturnPresent Value of Future CashFlowsNet Present Value 192000 (48,000*3+16,000*3) 0.12 $325,452.85 $133,452.85。