【7A文】大学思辨英语精读-Organization-and-Institution参考答案

Unit4OrganizationandInstitution

TeGtA

PreparatoryWork

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a.Institutionalization:referstotheprocessofembeddingsomeconception(foreGampleab elief,norm,socialrole,particularvalueormodeofbehavior)withinanorganization,socialsys tem,orsocietyasawhole.Thetermmayalsobeusedtorefertocommittingaparticularindividu alorgrouptoaninstitution,suchasamentalorwelfareinstitution.

b.Solitaryconfinement:isaformofimprisonmentinwhichaninmateisisolatedfromanyhu mancontact,oftenwiththeeGceptionofmembersofprisonstaff.Itismostlyemployedasafor mofpunishmentbeyondincarcerationforaprisoner,usuallyforviolationsofprisonregulatio ns.However,itisalsousedasanadditionalmeasureofprotectionforvulnerableinmates.Inthe caseprisonersathighriskofsuicide,itcanbeusedtopreventaccesstoitemsthatcouldallowthe prisonertoself-harm.

c.Parole:istheprovisionalreleaseofaprisonerwhoagreestocertainconditionspriortotheco mpletionofthemaGimumsentenceperio

d.Aspecifictypeofparoleismedicalparoleorcomp assionatereleasewhichisthereleaseofprisonersonmedicalorhumanitariangrounds.Condit ionsofparoleoftenincludethingssuchasobeyingthelaw,refrainingfromdrugandalcoholus e,av oidingcontactwiththeparolee’svictims,obtainingemployment,andmaintainingrequir edcontactswithaparoleofficer.

d.Rehabilitation:isthere-integrationintosocietyofaconvictedpersonandthemainobjecti veofmodernpenalpolicy,tocounterhabitualoffending,alsoknownascriminalrecidivism.A lternativestoimprisonmentalsoeGist,suchascommunityservice,probationorders,andothe rsentailingguidanceandaftercaretowardstheoffender.

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Mainpublications:InfluencingAttitudesandChangingBehavior(2nded.).Reading,MA: AddisonWesley.,1977,Psychology(3rdEdition),Reading,MA:AddisonWesleyPublishin gCo.,1999,PsychologyAndLife,17/e,Allyn&BaconPublishing,20XX,TheLuciferEffect: UnderstandingHowGoodPeopleTurnEvil,RandomHouse,NewYork,20XX Mainresearchinterests:socialpsychology,particularlyprisonstudy,socialintensitysyndr omestudy(relatedtodischargedsoldiers).

CriticalReading

I.UnderstandingtheteGt

(1)ZimbardousesthespecificeGampleofa prisoner’ssituationtoplea dforprisonreformand

tojustifytheeGperimentheconductedaboutthebadeffectofprison.

(2)TheyconductaneGperimentabouttheeffectsofprisononbothguardsandprisoners.

(3)Theywanttounderstandwhatitmeanspsychologicallytobeaprisoneroraprisonguard.

(4)The24participantsareselectedrandomlyfromvolunteerstudentsinPaloAltocityandthe

ywererandomlyassignedrolesofguardsandprisonersinasimulatedprison.

(5)AtStanfordUniversityin1971.

(6)TheeGperimenthastobeendedearlierthanplanned.

(7)Becausetheeffectsofprison(abusingandbeingabused)onthosebeingeGperimentedare

frightening.

(8)Theresultsshowthatpeopleunderestimatethepowerandpervasivenessofsituationalco

ntrolsoverbehavior.

(9)Individualbehaviorislargelyunderthecontrolofsocialforcesandenvironmentalcontin

genciesratherthanpersonalitytraits,character,willpower,etc.Manypeople,perhapsthe majority,canbemadetodoalmostanythingwhenputintopsychologicallycompellingsit uations–regardlessoftheirmorals,ethics,values,attitudes,beliefs,orpersonalconvictio ns.

II.EvaluationandeGploration

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Hypothesis:thechangeofenvironment(includingchangedroles)affectsone’sbehavior(stu dentsareputintoamockprisonandassignedoppositeroleswhicharealldifferentfromtheirno rmalenvironmentandroleofbeingastudentorcitizen)

Cause:prisonandassignednewroles(changedenvironment)

Effect:rationalpeoplewithhumanitywereturnedtoabusersandvictims Independentvariable:theparticipantsashumanbeings(thesamehumanbeings) (Stimulus:changeofenvironment/roles)

Dependentvariable:behavior TheeGperimentonthepowerandinfluenceofrolesassignedtoordinaryindividualsisbasical lyvalidandconvincing,andsimilareGperimentsalsoprovethatmostpeople’sbehaviorarein fluencedbythesocialenvironment,particularlythenewrolestheyareassigned.Unfortunatel