上海中医药大学2002中国医学史2017年考博真题试卷
中国医学史试题
中国医学史试题2017年中国医学史汇编试题第一·二章选择题1、下列为人类最初的疾病的是(D)A口腔疾病B创伤性疾病C孕产和小儿疾病D以上都是2、传说针灸起源于三皇五帝时期，相传(B)发明了针灸A、黄帝B、伏羲C、神农D、炎帝3、古代导引疗法是在哪种最早的卫生保健活动基础上发展起来的(D)A、用火B、居处C、衣着D、舞蹈4、人类最早发现的药物是(A)A、植物药B、动物药C、矿物药D、以上都是5、据现代对甲骨文的研究得知，殷商时期对人体部位已有基本认识、定位、命名，下列说法错误的是(C)A、象形字“心”表明当时已经观察到心的形状B、骨、胫、肘等字说明对骨髓腔和关节的一定认识C、对人体内脏器官的命名很多D、发、髯等字是对人体生理现象和功能观察的结果6、下列不是以主要症状命名的疾病是(C)A、耳鸣B、下痢C、疾言D、蛊7、某本历史文化典籍突出反映了预防为主的思想，如：“服之不狂”、“食之不疽”出自(B)A、《诗经》B、《山海经》C、《礼记》D、《周礼》8、在婚姻嫁娶方面古人认识到“同姓”近亲结婚对繁衍后代不利，(D)载“礼不娶同姓”A、《周礼》B、《山海经》C、《诗经》D、《礼记》9、环境与疾病密切相关，下列哪项体现了这一点(C)A、轻水多疽与痤人B、甘水多尪与伛人C、重水多尰与躄人D、苦水多秃与瘿人10、下列哪项与酒无关(A)A、使单味药向多味药转变成为可能B、大量饮服可产生麻醉C、秦代以前用来处理尸体D、“通血脉”、“行药势”11、中医药起源于(A)A.原始社会B.奴隶社会C.封建社会早期D.封建社会中期期12、在先秦文献中，最早记载药物功效的是(C)A.《周易》B.《诗经》C.《山海经》D.《周礼》20、为百药之长的是(C)A.汤B.药草C酒D米21、相传创制汤药的是(C)A.扁鹊B.岐伯C.伊尹D.华佗22、以下哪部医药类书籍不属于夏到春秋时期的医学著作(D)A诗经B山海经C礼记D本草经集著23、以下不属于夏到春秋时期的治疗疾病的方法是(D)A腹部按摩B火灸C沐浴D跑步24、不是医药起源的是(D)A动物本能说B巫说C圣人说D植物本能说25、《周礼》将当时的宫廷医生分成四类，这四类是(A)A食医，疾医，疡医，兽医B食医，疾医，疡医，牙医C食医，疾医，疡医，溃医D疾医，疡医，牙医，溃医26、下面选项错误的.是(B)A《诗经》是我国现存最早的一部诗歌总集B《山海经》是我国先秦时期的一部古籍，汉代以后都大多认为是历史书C《礼记》是论述先秦礼仪制度，孔子与弟子回答等内容的著作D《周礼》是一部通过官制来表达治国方案的经典书27、甲骨文中的医药卫生记载联系到了许多方面的知识，有错误的是(D)A人体部位B疾病C治疗D房事是非题1、《山海经》记载的药物全是一药治一病，或一药治数病，或数药治一病。
中医博士试题及答案
中医博士试题及答案一、选择题1. 下列哪项不属于中医的基本理论之一？A. 经络学说B. 阴阳学说C. 五行学说D. 科学哲学答案：D2. 中医的四诊法是指以下哪四项？A. 望、闻、问、切B. 望、闻、嗅、问C. 望、闻、触、问D. 望、味、问、摸答案：A3. 中医中的“气”是指？A. 生命活动的基本物质B. 天地间的能量C. 人体内的能量D. 卫生部门的缩写答案：B4. 中医治疗的核心是？A. 扶正祛邪B. 彻底清除病菌C. 病灶切除手术D. 使用化学药物答案：A5. 中医的经典著作《黄帝内经》是哪个朝代的作品？A. 春秋战国时期B. 东汉时期C. 宋朝时期D. 清朝时期答案：B二、简答题1. 中医的治疗原则有哪些？答案：中医的治疗原则主要包括扶正祛邪、辨证施治、因势利导和整体观念，即辨证施治、因势利导。
2. 中医中的“阴阳学说”是什么意思？答案：中医的“阴阳学说”是指一切存在都是由阴阳两个相反而又统一的方面构成，阴阳具有相互转化、互相依存的关系。
三、论述题中医博士试题及答案仅供参考，以下为一篇论述题的范例，供您参考。
论述：中医药的应用与发展中医药作为中国传统医学的重要组成部分，具有悠久的历史和深厚的理论基础。
随着时代的发展，中医药在世界范围内得到了广泛的应用和认可。
然而，中医药的应用与发展还面临着一些挑战和困境。
首先，中医药在西方医学体系中的地位尚不明确。
西方医学注重以实证为基础的科学研究，而中医药的理论基础和临床经验多源于中医医案和中医经典著作。
因此，中医药在西方医学体系中的地位和认可度相对较低，限制了其在西方国家的发展和应用。
其次，中医药的标准化和规范化仍需加强。
中医药是一门综合性学科，涉及到中药、针灸、推拿等多种治疗手段。
由于地域差异和个体差异，中医药的标准化和规范化存在一定的困难。
因此，加强对中医药治疗方法和药物的标准化研究，建立统一的规范和标准，对于推动中医药的应用和发展具有重要意义。
中国医学史参考试题及答案
《中国医学史》参考试题一及答案一、名词解释1、三舍法2、卜辞3、《经效产宝》4、砭石5、“次注”6、鼠疫7、雨疾8、简帛医书9、轮值制度 10、五禽戏二、填空1、矿物药的发现，大约开始于____社会末期。
2、张元素的代表学术理论为____和____,李杲的代表学术理论为____，王好古的代表学术理论为____.3、《伤寒论》载方____首，《金匮要略》载方____首，两书实收方剂____首。
4、我国现存第一部炮制专著是南朝 ____所撰的《____》。
5、____代始有儒医之称。
6、《黄帝内经》中引用的更古的医书有____、____、____、____、____等二十一种。
7、推动人类发展和社会前进的一个极其重要的因素，是对____的认识、使用和掌握。
8、《诸病源候论》中所提及的 ____术、 ____术和 ____清楚地表明我国外科学已进入专科发展的阶段。
三、单项选择1、我国发明了预防天花的人痘接种术是在( )A. 隋代B. 唐代C. 宋代D. 元代E. 明代2、现存最早记载经脉的文献是（）A．《内经》 B．《灵枢》 C．《针灸甲乙经》D．《足臂十一脉灸经》、《阴阳十一脉灸经》 E．以上都不是3、《脉经》的作者是（）A．张机 B．王叔和 C．巢元方 D．陶弘景 E．葛洪4、药物炮制方法最早见于（）A．《神农本草经》 B．《伤寒杂病论》 C．《雷公炮炙论》 D．《千金要方》E．《太平惠民和剂局方》5、下列哪些不属于《脉经》中所描述的24脉（）A．牢脉 B．散脉 C．长脉 D．虚脉 E．短脉6、张从正私淑于下列哪一位医家( )A．张仲景 B．孙思邈 C. 刘守真 D. 马宗素 E. 许叔微7、阴阳的记载始于( )A.《周易》B.《尚书》C.《周礼》D.《吕氏春秋》E.《淮南子》8、最早的麻风隔离病院建在( )A. 唐代B. 宋代C. 秦代D. 明代E. 以上都不是9、中医临证医学在什么时代出现了专科化发展特点( )A. 由晋至唐B. 商周时代C. 宋元时代D. 秦汉时代E. 以上都不是10、最早提出了三因致病说的著作是（）A．《内经》 B．《伤寒论》 C．《金匮要略》D．《三因极—病证方论》E．《诸病源候论》四、多项选择1．关于医药起源的问题以下不科学的观点是( )A. 医源于圣人B. 医源于巫C. 医源于实践D. 医源于保健E. 医源于动物本能2、《内经》的基本学术思想是( )A．重视脏腑经络理论 B．运用阴阳五行学说 C．强调整体观念D．重视预防的观点 E．注意情志等精神因素3、我国古代重要的免疫实践是( )A. 利用狂犬脑浆免疫狂犬病B. 人痘接种预防天花C. 从人尿中提取秋石D. 全兔脑制作药物以催生E. 烙脐饼子贴敷防止脐风4、唐代的重要发现发明是( )A. 消渴病人尿甜B. 金针拨障治疗白内障C. 人痘接种预防天花D. 利用狂犬脑浆免疫狂犬病E. 黄疸的尿检验法5、《伤寒杂病沦》的主要内容和贡献是（）A. 总结了我国人民三世纪初以前同疾病作斗争的经验B. 确立了辨证施治原则C. 分为《伤寒论》和《金匮要略》两大部分D. 载方375首，用药214种，丰富和发展了方剂学和药物学E. 所用剂型种类之多远远超过了前代五、简答题1、《伤寒杂病论》对方剂学的发展有哪些贡献？2、简述朱丹溪的相火论。
医学博士生考试真题
医学博士生考试真题选择题下列哪种细胞是构成人体免疫系统的主要细胞？A. 神经细胞B. 红细胞C. 淋巴细胞D. 肌细胞答案：C在医学研究中，下列哪种方法常用于评估药物的治疗效果？A. 问卷调查B. 随机对照试验C. 观察法D. 文献回顾答案：B下列哪种疾病是由病毒引起的？A. 糖尿病B. 冠心病C. 流行性感冒D. 骨质疏松症答案：C在解剖学上，心脏的主要功能是什么？A. 分泌激素B. 储存血液C. 泵送血液D. 消化食物答案：C下列哪种激素由甲状腺分泌，对机体代谢和生长发育有重要作用？A. 胰岛素B. 生长激素C. 甲状腺素D. 肾上腺素答案：C名词解释肝肾综合征（HRS）：又称功能性肾衰，以自发性少尿或无尿、氮质血症、稀释性低钠血症和低尿钠为特征，而肾脏无明显病理改变。
肠易激综合征（IBS）：是一种腹痛或腹部不适伴排便习惯改变为特征的功能性肠病，经检查排除可引起这些症状的器质性疾病。
卓-艾综合征（胃泌素瘤）：由胰腺非β细胞瘤分泌大量胃泌素所致，肿瘤一般很小（<1cm），生长缓慢，半数为恶性。
简答题自发性气胸的治疗原则：根据气胸类型、病因、发生频次、肺萎缩程度、病情状态及有无并发症等，酌情选择保守治疗或手术治疗。
一般首次发生的症状较轻的闭合性气胸，可先行保守治疗。
保守治疗无效或复发、引流后持续漏气、血气胸、长期气胸、张力性气胸引流失败者可考虑手术治疗。
支气管哮喘典型的临床表现：反复发作性伴有哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难。
症状可在数分钟内发生，并持续数小时至数天，可经平喘药物治疗后缓解或自行缓解。
夜间及凌晨发作和加重常是哮喘的特征之一。
肿瘤外科治疗的原则：无瘤原则：指在切除肿瘤时及整个手术过程中，防止肿瘤细胞的扩散和种植，这是肿瘤外科治疗的基本原则。
整块切除原则：强调在手术中应整块切除肿瘤及其周围正常组织，以防止肿瘤细胞的扩散。
根治性原则：在切除肿瘤时，应同时切除肿瘤周围可能受累的淋巴结和软组织，以达到根治的目的。
医学博士考试01-06试题 加详解
2000FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER TWO31.A 32.B 33.C 34.D 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.A 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.B46.D 47.C 48.B 49.A 50.C51.C 52.B 53.D 54.A55.C 56.D 57.D 58.C59.C 60.C 61.D 62.D63.A 64.B 65.D 66.D67.C 68.B 69.C 70.A71.C 72.C 73.C 74.D 75.D2001FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER ONE1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6.A7.C8.A9.D 10.C 11. PAPER TWO1.C2.C3.A4.B5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C 10.D 11.D 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.A 24.C 25.C 26.C 27.A 28.B 29.A 30.A31.C 32.A 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.B46.C 47.D 48.B 49.D 50.A51.C 52.A 53.A 54.D55.D 56.C 57.A 58.A59.C 60.C 61.D 62.A63.B 64.D 65.D 66.C67.A 68.A 69.D 70.D71.C 72.A 73.C 74.D 75.A2002FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D 36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C 56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A 66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A 76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D 86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.D2003FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.A16.C 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.D 21.C 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.C 26.D 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.D31.A 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.C 40.A 41.A 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.D 46.B 47.D 48.D 49.C 50.A51.B 52.A 53.C 54.A 55.C 56.B 57.A 58.C 59.B60.A61.C 62.B 63.C 64.B 65.C 66.C 67.B 68.D 69.A70.B71.D 72.A 73.D 74.C 75.D 76.B 77.D 78.C 79.C80.A81.A 82.A 83.D 84.C 85.B 86.B 87.C 88.A 89.D 90.B2004年全国医学考博英语试题答案（仅供参考）1.A2.B3.C4.C5.C6.B7.D8.A9.D 10.D11.A 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.A21.A 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.D 26.A 27.D 28.C 29.B 30.C31.B 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.B 39.C 40.B41.A 42.C 43.B 44.D 45.C 46.D 47.C 48.A 49.D 50.A51.A 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.B 56.C 57.A 58.A 59.B 60.C61.D 62.C 63.B 64.D 65.C 66.D 67.D 68.C 69.D 70.B71.B 72.D 73.B 74.C 75.B 76.B 77.A 78.D 79.A 80.B81.B 82.D 83.C 84.C 85.A 86.B 87.D 88.A 89.A 90.D2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CACDA6-10CDBCB11-15CADBA16-20DDBCB21-25ABCBD26-30CCDAD31-35CABAA36-40CADAD41-45BACBA46-50ABDCC51-55BACBA56-60ACBCB61-65BCBBC66-70BDABC71-75CACBB76-80CACBB81-85CBACD86-90ADBCC2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案31-40 CDCCB BCBDA41-50 ACACA ACDDB51-60 BCACA AADBC61-70 DDDDA ACABD71-80ACCCC BCAAD81-90DBDBD DDBBC2001part III vocabulary(15%)1.we are all overwhelmed with more facts and information than we can possibly____A.feedB.maintainC.absorbD.consume2.pleasure,or joy, is vital to ____health. vital.生死攸关的, 重大的, 生命的, 生机的, 至关重要的, 所必需的A.optimistic pessimistic悲观的B.optional可选择的, 随意的C.optimal最佳的, 最理想的near optimal近似最佳D.operational3.A ____ effort is required to achieve health.mitted 承担义务的；忠于既定立场的；坚定的B.restrictedposed镇静的, 沉着的D.sophisticated诡辩的, 久经世故的4.A person’s belief ____ and colors his experience.A.contradicts vt.同...矛盾, 同...抵触contradict a statement驳斥一项声明contradict oneself自相矛盾B.shapes shape the destiny of决定...的命运C.summarizes概述, 总结, 摘要而言D.exchanges交换, 调换, 兑换, 交流, 交易.exchange experience 交流经验5.Many professors encourage students to question and ____ their idearsA.convey vt.搬运, 传达, 转让I can't convey my feelings in words.我的情感难以言表。
中医博士考试试卷
中医博士考试试卷一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 中医理论体系中，“五行”学说中“木”对应的季节是：A. 春B. 夏C. 秋D. 冬2. 以下哪项不是中医“四诊”的内容：A. 望B. 闻C. 问D. 摸3. 中医中“气”的概念，主要指的是：A. 呼吸的空气B. 生命活动的基本物质C. 食物中的营养成分D. 身体中的水分4. 以下哪个不是中医“八法”中的治疗方法：A. 汗B. 吐C. 下D. 补5. 根据中医理论，以下哪项不是影响“肝气”的因素：A. 情绪B. 饮食C. 环境D. 遗传6. 中医认为“脾”的主要功能是：A. 疏泄B. 运化C. 储藏D. 排泄7. 以下哪个是中医“三焦”理论中的“中焦”：A. 心B. 脾C. 肺D. 肾8. 中医理论中，以下哪项不是“五脏”：A. 心B. 肺C. 肾D. 胆9. 中医中“肾”的功能主要是指：A. 呼吸B. 消化C. 生殖D. 排泄10. 中医中“痰”的概念主要指的是：A. 呼吸道分泌物B. 体内湿气的凝聚C. 血液D. 尿液二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简述中医“阴阳”学说的基本理论及其在中医诊断和治疗中的应用。
2. 描述中医“五行”学说中的相生相克规律，并举例说明其在中医治疗中的应用。
3. 请解释中医中的“气”、“血”、“津液”三者之间的关系及其在人体健康中的作用。
三、案例分析题（每题25分，共50分）1. 患者，男，45岁，主诉：长期工作压力大，最近出现头晕、失眠、记忆力减退等症状。
请根据中医理论分析可能的病因，并给出相应的治疗建议。
2. 患者，女，35岁，主诉：月经不调，经期腹痛，面色苍白，舌质淡，脉细。
请根据中医理论分析其可能的病理变化，并给出相应的治疗建议。
四、论述题（共30分）请论述中医的整体观念在现代健康管理中的应用及其意义。
五、附加题（10分，选做）请结合个人经验，谈谈中医在现代疾病预防和治疗中的作用。
【注】：本试卷为模拟试卷，旨在考察考生对中医基本理论、诊断方法、治疗原则的掌握程度以及应用能力。
医博士中医试题及答案
医博士中医试题及答案中医学作为我国传统医学的重要分支，具有悠久的历史和深厚的理论基础。
如今，中医学已经成为医学领域的重要组成部分，在医博士考试中也占据了重要地位。
本文将为大家提供几道医博士中医试题，并附上详细的答案解析，希望能够帮助广大考生更好地备战医博士考试。
题目一：针灸是中医学的重要治疗手段，下列关于针灸的说法中错误的是：A. 针灸是通过刺激人体穴位，调整气血运行来达到治疗疾病的目的。
B. 针灸可以改善人体的免疫功能，提高机体抵抗力。
C. 针灸只适用于某些特定类型的疾病，对于其他疾病无效。
D. 针灸可以缓解疼痛，改善患者的生活质量。
答案解析：选项C中的说法是错误的。
针灸并非只适用于某些特定类型的疾病，它在治疗很多疾病上都具有独到的疗效。
针灸可以通过刺激穴位，调节人体的气血运行，从而达到治疗疾病的目的；同时，针灸还可以改善人体的免疫功能，提高机体的抵抗力；此外，针灸还可以缓解疼痛，改善患者的生活质量。
题目二：中医药理论中的“五脏六腑”是指：A. 心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胆B. 心、肝、胃、肺、肾、胆C. 脾、肝、胃、肺、肾、胆D. 心、肝、脾、胃、肾、胆答案解析：选项D中的说法是正确的。
中医药理论中的“五脏六腑”分别指的是心、肝、脾、胃、肾、胆。
中医认为，人体的脏腑器官相互关联，共同构成了一个整体，对人体的生理和病理起着重要的调节作用。
题目三：中医学的“四诊法”指的是：A. 望、闻、问、切B. 望、听、问、切C. 望、闻、问、摸D. 观、闻、问、切答案解析：选项A中的说法是正确的。
中医学的“四诊法”指的是望、闻、问、切。
中医医生在诊断疾病时，通过观察患者的面色、舌苔等外部表现（望）、听取患者的呼吸、声音等身体感觉（闻）、询问患者的症状、病史等（问）、以及通过脉搏等方式判断患者的体质和病情（切），来综合判断疾病的病情和治疗方法。
题目四：中医药学中，药物治疗的基本原则是：A. 寒热并用，阴阳平衡B. 攻补兼施，病因治疗C. 以药克药，活血化瘀D. 一药兼顾，调理气血答案解析：选项B中的说法是正确的。
历年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题
2002年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题patr II vocabulary31.An enormous number of people in the world’s poorest countries do not have clean water or adequate sanitation____A. capacitiesB. facilitiesC. authoritiesD. warranties32.Family-planing clinics give out ___advices to people who have decided to limit the size of their families.A..insensitiveB.interrogativeC.contraceptivemunicative33.Caffeine is the ___drug that will just about get you out of the door on time to catch the bus.A.miracleB.mythC.trickD.legend34.Today investigators are still far from ___ a master map of the vasculature of the heart.A.constitutingB.decodingC.draftingD.encoding35.I have never seen a more caring, ___ group of piople in my life.A.emotionalB.impersonalpulsorypassionate36.By the time I reached my residency, I ___ treated the patient as a whole human being.A.yearned forB.broke intoC.pass forD.made for37.We now obtain more than two-thirds protein from animal resources, while our grandparents ___only one-half from animal resources.A.originatedB.digestedC.deprivedD.derived38.Obesity carries an increased risk of ____.A.mortalityB. mobilityC.longevityD.maternity39.The best exercise should require continuous ___ , rather than frequent stops and starts.passionB.accelerationC.frustrationD.exertion40.Environmental officials insist that something be done to ___ acid rain.A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn41.It would be wildly optimistic to believe that these advances offset such a large reduction in farmland .A.take inB.make upC.cut downD.bring about42.To begin with ,it is impossible to come up with a satisfactory definition of what constitutes happy and unhappy marriage.A.explainB.opposeC.representD.propose43.Politicians often use emotional rather than rational arguments to win the support for their actions and ideas.A.applicableB.favorableC.sensitiveD.reasonable44.Tests are one way for a teacher to assess how much a student has learned.A.observeB.appraiseC.appreciateD.induce45.Through live television电视实况转播, the world is now able to witness historical events as they happen.A.reserveB.confirmC.perceiveD.transmit46.Most experts say that the new tax plan will have a negligible effect on the country’seconomic problems.A.indefiniteB.indispensableC.infiniteD.insignificant47.I don’t know how you could have left out the most important fact of all.A.omittedB.fabricatedC.pinpointedD.embraced48.Family and cultural beliefs and norms are important predictors of health-seeking behavior.A.formulationsB.standardsC.principlesnD.notions49.There must be a systematic approach to retrieving notes and analyzing them.A.regainB.relievingC.reversingD.rectifying50.To study the distribution of disease within an area, it is useful to plot the case on a map.A.markB.allocateC.eraseD.posepart III close (10%)You feel generally depressed and unable to concentrate. Your pattern of daily 51 may change: you find yourself52 and active at night; you sleep late into the day, when most others are working .You stay in your room and have little contact with people53 with those who speak your language .In your mind, you criticize the piople around you ----they are rude, loud, unfriendly, uninformed,concerned with insignificant things, 54stupid; you complain about them to any friends you have. You became55 when you can’t go into a restaurant and order the type of food you realy like; you get angry when the TV news contains mostly U.S news and very little about events that are important to you. You are constantly making comparison between life here and the perfect life56 home.Above all, you are homesick almost all the time.If you ever find yourself behaving in ways 57 these, you are brobably suffering culture shock. Culture shock is a psychological 58 that sometimes has physical effects.It affects piople who have moved away from an invironment where they know how to live 59 a new environment where much is unfamiliar to them---the food, the weather, the language, and especially the 60 rules for social behavior that few people are consciously aware of .51.A. way B.pattern C. method D.track52.A.sleepy B.happy C.awake D.sad53.A.for B.lest C.besides D.except54.A.even B.merely C.indeed D.rather55.A.offended B.uninterested C.frustrated D.isolated56.A.here B.there C.back D.away57.A.the same as B.different from C. similar to D.familiar with58.A.situation B.condition C.reflection D.position59.A.in B.at C.within D.into60.A.unwritten B.written C.spoken D.secretepassage oneScience is the 4-year pursuit of knowledge that every high school teenager must live through. I often ask myself, when will I ever need to use this stuff when I grow up? The answer is clearly , probably never. I doubt that I will ever need to know the chemical formula of dichromate, or how to correctly identify a combustion reaction.However,where would we be today, whithout science? Without the great minds of Einstein and Newton, where would we be? How would I be able to writer this essay on the computer ,if there was no science? Would I be alive today? Would humankind survive through the year snd still be around today? Or dogs be the masters of humans? Would we be still the dominant species on the Earth?So many questions arise because the human race depends on the advancement of science. We are dependent on Nabisco to make that cookie you love, 99.99% fat free, that video game company to come out with the anniversary game cartridge you want to play so badly , and that car company to alter the headlights of the car and call it the “new” 98 car.where would we be whithout science? We depend on our researchers to make new vaccines and doctors to make us the way we want to be.We depend on them to make us “prettier”,to perform triple bypass, to make sure nothing goes wrong when they operate upon us. Doctors depend on science just as much as we depend on science. Lawyers are constantly depending on doctors not knowing their science so they can get rich quick. Just look how much our society depends on the advancement of science.Science, in a way , keeps our society from falling apart. In our society science is everywhere. Science takes part in our everyday life more than we think. We need science progress so that we can simply make it through a day. When most people think of science , they think of it as a laboratory ,white coats, and mixing all different-colored chemicals untill something blows up. But the fact is that science is a way of life and our future.61.The author’s probable answer to the question where we would be today, without science is___A.it hard to imagineB.we would nowhere to findC.let’s see what happensD.not every question has an answer in the world62.From the cookie to the car,the author is trying to tell us that science____A.would be nowhere without humansB.is picking up its developing paceC.raise so many present problemsD.is shaping our world63.The author impies that science____A.is making doctors and lawyers the richest people in our societyB.does not involve every professionC.needs us as much as we need itD.is benefiting everyone64.The author seems to draw a conclusion that science____A.does rather than it isB.is ubiquitous in our lifeC.does not exist in a laboratoryD.is not appreciated in the publix65.The author is most probably___A.a studentB.a socialistC.a professor of scienceD.a free-lance writer of sciencepassage 2Osteoporosis used to be called “the silent disease’’because its victims didn’t know they had it until it was too late and they suffered a bone fracture. Today, doctors can identify osteoporosis early. Improved understanding of the disease has also led to new treatments and strategies for preventing the disease altogether.For post-menopausal woman, the most common medical response to osteoporosis is hormone replacement therapy. Boosting estrogen levels strengthens the entire skeleton and reduces the risk of hip fracture.Unfortunately ,it sometimes causes uterine bleeding and may increase the of breast cancer.To passby such side effects, researchers have developed several alternative treatments. Synthetic estrogens called Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators(SERMs) emulate estrogen with slight modifications.Another drug ,alendronate reduces spine, hip and wrist fractures by 50 percent. Researchers have even developed a nasal spray called calcitonin. Each of these alternatives has trade-offs ,however. Patients must talk with their doctors to decide which therapy is best for them.The ideal way to address osteoporosis is by adopting a healthy lifestyle. And the best to do this is in childhood, when most bone mass is accumulated.Because bodies continue building bone until about age thirty, some experts believe that women in their twenties can still increase their bone stength by as much as 20 percent.Calcium, which is available in low-fat dairy foods and dark green vegetables, is essential for preventing osteoporosis. So is Vitamin D , which aides calcium absorbtion. Vitamin D comes from sunlingt, but dietary supplements may be helpful in northern climates and among those who don’t get outside.The final component is regular moderate exercise because bone responds to the needs that body puts on it.These are the simple steps that can help make “the silent disease”truly silent.66.Hormone replacement therapy for osteoporosis____ed to effective in post-manopausal womanB.is most frequently priscribed by doctorsC.works perfectly on post-manopausal womenD.is most likely to be avoided for its side effects.67.The best treatment for osteoporosis , according to the passage.___A.is Selective Estrogen Receptor ModulatorsB.is chosen by the patientC.possesses no side effectsD.is of individuality68.To preventing osteoporosis, a healthy lifestyle should be adopted____A.as early as childhoodB.when one is in his twentiesC.after bone mass accumulate stopsD.as soon as osteoporosis is diagnosed.69.By making “the silent disease” truly silent, the author means that the actionssuggested____A.can be the best therapy for osteoporosisB.can help eradicate osteoporosisC.can help prevent osteoporosisD.all of the above.70.The author of this passage focuses on the____of osteoporosisA.alternative treatmentsB.early diagnosisC.treatments and preventionD.resulting damagespassage 3If you are caught in a downpour, it is better to run for a shelter than walk, reaserchers in the US advise. This may sound obvious, but an earlier study in Britain suggested that you would get just as wet as walking.In 1995, Stephen Belcher of the University of Reading and his students calculated how much water falls on top of your head and how much you sweep up on your front as you move forward. Obviously, you would get wetest standing still, and less wet the faster you moved. But the Reading team found that the benefits of running faster than about 3 meters per second—which they described as a walking pace---were tiny.Thomas Peterson and Trevor Wallis ,meteorologists at the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, had a hunch that this was wrong.They realized that the Reading team had overestimated the average walking pace, so they reworked the calculations for a walking pace of 1.5metres per second and a running speed of 4 meters second.Peterson and Wallis conclude in the latest issue of weather that a walker would get 16 per cent wetter than a runner over a distance of 100 metres in drizzle. In heavy rain ,this would rise to 23 per cent.When the reseachers allowed for the way that runners tend to lean forward, sheltering the front of their bodies but increasing the rainfall on their backs, they found that a walker would get 36per cent wetter than a runner in heavy rain.Not content with theory alone, Peterson and Wallis decided to test their ideas. “If verification requires an ＄80million satellite, one may have to forgo verification,”says Peterson . “But if it involves a simple experiment, that’s another matter.” Peterson and Wallis are roughly the same size, Wearing identical clothing, one ran 100 metres in heavy rain and the other walked.They weighed their clothes before and after the experiment. This showed that the walker had absorbed 0.22kgs of water,while the runner had soaked up only 0.13 kgs. This is about 40 per cent less ,in line with the model’s predictions.Belcher says that his team’s work was a bit of fun, and that apart from the confusion over what a typical walking speed is ,their results were similar to those of Peterson and Wallis. “I’m delighted to see that their experiments gave results in qualitative agreement with the model,” says Belcher.But why not just take an umbrells? For anyone thinking of taking the easy way out, Wallis has a warning: “Running with an umbrella has a negative impact on your aerodynamics”71.The reading team and the American meteorologists presented different results ininvestigating___A.how far people can run per second in a downpourB.the benefits of running for shelter in a downpourC.whether people can run fast in a downpourD.the average walking pace in a downpour72.According to the American researchers, the Reading team made an error in calculating___A.the average walking paceB.the amount of rainfallC.the time and distanceD.the running speed73.Which of the following, according to the American researchers, gets the least wet?A.Running in drizzleB.walking in drizzleC.Running in heavy rainD.walking in heavy rain74.They verified their model predictions by experimenting___A.on themselvesB.with satelliteC.on the twins of the same sizeD.with sophisticated calculating devices75.The simila results ,according to Belcher ,refer to___A.the amount of rain water absorbedB.the average running speedC.the average walking paceD.all of the abovepassage 4Englisher speakers pick up pitch in the right hemisphere of their brains, but speakers of certain other languages perceive it on the left as well.It all depends on what you want to learn from pitch, Donald Wong of the Indians School of Medicine in Indianapolis told the meeting last week.Earlier studies have shown that when an English speaker hears pitch changes, the right prefrontal cortex leaps into action. This fits in with the idea that emotive nuances of language---which in English are often carried by the rise and fall of the voice----are perceived on the right.But in “tonal” languages like Thai, Mandarin and Swedish, Pitch not only carries emotional information,but can also alter the meaning of a word .Wong and his colleagues suspected that a speaker of tonal language would register pitch in the left side of the brain---in particular Broca’s area ,which processes the linguistic content of language.To test this , the team asked English speakers and Thai speakers to listen 80 pairs of Thai words, and tracked the blood flow in their brains using positron emission tomography.The volunteers had to decide whether the two words sounded the same, either by consonant or by tone ,In some cases, the words had on intelligible meaning.None of the words was emotionally charged, so even when Thai speakers could understand them, there was no right-side activation.But sure enough the Thai speakers could consistently lit up the left sid e of the brain, especially Broca’s area, while the English speakers did not.The researchers are now planing to repeat the experiment with Thai speakers using whole sentences, complete with emotional information. “Both hemispheres will be engaged,” pred ict Wong.76.The reason why pitch is registered on the right hemisphere, according to the passage, is that __A.belongs to the English language exclusivelyB.is an emotive nuance of language nuance n.细微差别C.can be easily heardD.is a regular sound77.When the emotion-free words were heard in the test____A.were registered on the English speakers’ right hemisphereB.slowed down the blood flow in the volunteers’ brainsC.activated the Thai speaker’s left hemispheresD.sounded the exactly the same to the volunteers78.A tonal language____A.possess no pitchB.carries pitch with dual functions双重职能C.is superior to the English languageD.holds more linguestic content than English.79.In Wong’s future expetiment ,the volunteers____A.will use either their right or left hemispheresB.will use both English and a tonal languageC.will listen to emotionally-charged sentencesD.will listen to more pairs of emotionally-charged words80.What is the passage mainly about?A.Two hemisphere to the sound of speechB.Two functions of pitch in languageC. Two hemisphere of the human braimD.Two languages and two hemispheresPassage 5We are all members of a culture. How we interpret the reality around us ,what we consider to be reasonable statements and behavior ,and what we believe to be health and illness all stem from the culture we share with some people and not with others. Those whose cultural experiences differ from our own will also differ in their belief and interpretions of reality.We are all rooted in an ethnic group as well, even if this group is simply the so-called “majority” of white, middle cla ss, protestant heritage .The degree to which we identify with an ethnic past will vary according to the strength with which family tradition has maintained that identity,and to the degree that the family chooses to assimilate into the larger society. The e xtent of an individual’s or a family’s identification with an ethnic heritage is as important as the specific features of that heritage.American society is ethnically and culturally diverse, and community healthnurse will find themselves practicing in communities that reflect this diversity.A particular family or a whole community may belong to an ethnic or cultural group very different from the nurse’s own. Those community nurses who are most sensitive to variations in clients’ beliefs and behaviors will be most effective in promoting their wellness.Community health nurses can achieve this sensitivity by examining their own culture in order to understand how it colors their world view and their interactions with individuals, families, and communities.Recognizing the clients individuals as well as members of a larger culture, nurses will reje ct stereotypical views of clients’ ethnic groups that can impede communication and diminish their effectiveness. Indeed, culture mediates all social encounters, including those between nurse and client ,and its study can enhance the effectiveness of health care services.81．We live in the social enviroment ___A.without different cultural experiencesB.of the same behavior and beliefC.with a shared cultureD.of the same race82．The author is mainly talking about in the second paragraph___A.assimilation into a large societyB.identification with an ethnic heritageC.the conflict between identification and assimilationD.the contradiction between an ethnic group and the majority83．According to the passage, a nurse cannot function well in a community___A.that reflects ethical and cultural diversityB.without asimilating into its ethnic heritageC.that is sensitive to his /her beliefs and behaviorsD.without recognizing its ethnical and cultural diversity84．Community health nurses are supposed to ____A.be sensitive to variations in clients’ beliefs and behaviorsB.abandon the stereotypical views of clients’ groupsC.examine their own cultureD. all of the above85．Which of the following can best summarize the general idea of the passage?A.identification with and assimilation into ethnic groupsB.Novel and stereotypical views of ethnic groupsmunicatio and communityD.culture and health care.passage 6I’m in the unusual position of being both a computer scientist and a professional musician. On the computer side, I’m best known for my work virtual reality, a term I coined in the early 1980’s , As a musician I write, perform,and record my own work. Canons for Wroclaw, a concerto I created for virtual instruments, was performed last December by the Chamber Wrchestra of Wroclaw ,Poland.All of this means that I have a few deeply felt ideas about Napster, the free software millions of people use to share their music collections over the Internet. Big media companies see Napster as theft because they can’t collect royalties when people use it. So they have asked the courts to kill it. As I write this , a settlement seems to be emerging. Napster will probably begin to charge for its services and pay royalties to at least some record companies.Whatever happens, the legal decisions surrounding Napster are important for resons that transcend the music business and extend to our basic concepts of what it means to be free in a democracy. I believe the anti-Napster forces have failed to foresee dangerous implications of their course of action. They don’t understand what I call the Law of the Exclude Digital Middle:Digital tools can be either open or closed but resist being anything in between .An open digital tool is one that can be used in unforeseen ways. A tool like e-mail ,meant to send text, might also---surprisingly ---be used to send music.A closed tool is one in which there are technical resteictions that prevent unforeseen uses. The advantage of open tools is that more people can create new things with them;consequently,they tend to be more innovative.Closed tools are usually created because it is thought they will be more profitable: An owner can control them well enough to enforce bill collection. Of course, the open software movement energetically promotes the idea that innovation ends up generating more money than control does.86．The Napster issue___A.is one concerning copyright infringement of violationB.is a dispute bewteen music companies and the coutC.has been settled in favor of music loversD.will result in a boom of sales for music companies87．The designer of an open digital tool hardly knows___A.the risks it may encunterB.the potential ways of its usageC.the number of its usersD.the amounts of its net profit88．People who use closed digital tools end up____A.making huge profitsB.creating new techniquesC.paying for servicesD.facing legal punishment89．It implied that owners of digital tools will make more profits by___A.encouraging innovationsB.proteching copyrightsC.control costsD.charging customers90．The attitude of the auther towards the anti-Napster action is ___A.supportiveB.ambiguousC.indifferentD.negative2002FATMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A 50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A 60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C 70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C 80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.2003年part II31.Sometimes you can get quite _____ when you are trying to communicate with someone inEnglish.A.frustratedB.depressedC.approvedD.distracted32.The company has ____ itself to a policy of equal opportunity for all.A.promisedmittedC.attributedD.converted33.I haven’t met anyone ____ the new tax plan.A.in honor ofB.in search ofC.in place ofD.in favor of34.Salk won ____ as the scientist who developed the world’s first effective vaccine againstpolio.A.accomplishmentB.qualificationC.eminenceD.patent35.This software can be ____ to the needs of each customer.A.tailoredB.administratedC.entailedD.accustomed36.The average commercial business can shut down in such an emergemcy but a hospital doesn’t dare, for lives are____A.in circulationB.under considerationC.on handD.at stake37.As we need plain, ____food for the body, so we must have serious reading for the mind.A.wholesomeB.dietC.tastefulD.edible38.He never gave much thought to the additional kilorams he had ____ lately.A.shown upB.piled upC.put onD.taken on39.The teacher tried hard to read ____ handwriting in her students’s test papers.A.irregularB.illiterateC.illegibleD.irrational40.A coronary disease is the widely-used term____ insufficiency of blood supply to the heart.A.denotingB.donatingC.relatingD.resorting41.Humans are using up the world’s natural riches at an alarming rate.A.appallingB.appealingC.alertD.abnormal42.Dring water in many areas of the developing world is contaminated with bacteria.A.purifiedB.multipliedC.taintedD.blended43.One of the most noticeable features of U.S society is the diversity of its people.A.libertyB.democracyC.vatietyD.origin44.The controversy about abortion has been going on in the United States for mor than twenty years.A.resentmentB.consensusC.notionD.dispute45.As human settlement advance ,the tropical forests are retreating and becoming smaller every year.A.retrievingB.sprawlingC.consumingD.withdrawing46.The war’s impact on the population of the country was cat ast rophic.A.influentialB.dis ast rousC.apparentD.criticala47.His physican told him that not to take much of the drug because it was very potent.A.bitterB.irritantC.effectiveD.powerful48.Certain drugs can cause transient side effects ,such as sleepiness.A.permanentB.residualC.irreversibleD.fleeting49.Nervous illness may stem from being treated inconsiderately in childhood.plainB. give rise toC.originate inD.dominate over50.Both a person’s heredity and his surroundings help to shape his chacter.A.formB.correctC.modifyD.improvePart III Cloze(10%)There were red faces at one of Britain’s biggest banks recently. They had accepted a telephone order to buy ＄100,000 worth of shares from a fifteen-old schoolboy (they thought he was twenty-one). The shares fell in value and the schoolboy was unable to 51 . The bank lost ＄20,000 on the 52 that it cannot get back because ,for one thing, this young speculator does not have the money and , for another, 53 under eighteen, he is not legally liable for his debts. If the shares had risen in value by the same amount that they fell, he would have pocketed ＄20,000 54 . Not bad for a fifteen-yeat-old. It certainly is better than 55the morning newspaper. In another recent case, a boy of fourteen found , in his grandfather’shouse , a suitcase full of foreign banknotes .The clean, crisp banknotes looked very 56 but they were now not used in their country of origin or anywhere else. This young boy57 straight to the nearest bank with his pockets filled with notes. The cashers did not realize that the country in 58 had reduced the value of its currincy by 90%, they exchanged the notes at their face value at the current exchange rate.In three days, before he was found out, he took ＄20,000 from nine different banks. 59,he had already spend more than half of this on taxi-rides, restraurant meal , concert tickets and presents for his many new girlfriends( at least he was generous! ) before the police caught up with him. Because he is also under eighteen the bank shave 60 a lot of money, and several cashiers have lost jobs.51.A.pay off B.pay up C.pay for D.pay out52.A.principle B.criterion C.custom D.deal53.A.to be B.having been C.being D.is54.A.profit B.advantage C.benefit mission55.A.sending B.transmitting C.delivering D.dispatching56.A.convincing B.valuable C.unusual D.priceless57.A.came B.pull C.headed D.pushed58.A.problem B.question C.talk D.saying59.A.Interestingly B.Unfortunately C.Particularly D.Amazingly60.A.kissed goodbye to B. got rid of C.lived up to D.made forPart IV(30%)Passage 1In a society where all aspects of our lives are dictated by scientific advances in technology, science is the essence of our existence.Without the vast advances made by chemists ,physicists, biologist , geologist, and other diligent scientists, our standards of living would decline, our flourishing., wealthy nation might come to an economic depression, and our people would suffer from disease that could not be cured. As a society we ignorantly take advantage of the amenities provided by science, yet our lives would be altered interminablywithout them.Health care, one of the aspects of our society that separates us from our archaic ancestors, is founded exclusively on scientific discoveries and advances. Without the caccines created by doctors, disease such as polio , measles,hepatitis, and the flu would pose a threat to our citizens, for although some of these disease may not be deadly, their side effects can be a vast detriment to an individual affected with the disease.In addition , science has developed perhaps the most awe-inspiring, vital invention in the history of the world, the computer. Without the presence of this machine,our world could exist, but the convenience brought into life by the computer are unparalleled.Despite the greatness of present-day innovators and scientists and their revelations,it is requisite to examine the amenities of science that our culture so blatantly disregards. For instance,the light bulb,electricity,the telephone, running water, and the automobile are present-day staples of our society;however,they were not present until scientists discovered them.Because of the contribution of scientist, our world is ever metamorphosing,and this metamorphosis economically and personally comprise our society, whether our society is cognizant of认识到this or not.61．In the first paragraph the author implies that we____A.would not survive without science。
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一(精选).doc
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一（精选）(总分：126.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.（分数：2.00）A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate3.An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneousB.negativeC.adverseD.prompt4.Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent5.Generally, vaccine makers______the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.（分数：2.00）A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate6.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body, helping to lubricate jointsand______toxins and impurities.（分数：2.00）A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out7.Despite their good service provided, most inns are less expensive than hotels of______standards.（分数：2.00）A.equivalentB.likelyC.alikeD.uniform8.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.（分数：2.00）A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful9.According to the Geneva______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.（分数：2.00）A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines10.Environmental officials insist that something be done to______acid rain.（分数：2.00）A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn11.It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.principallyD.approximately12.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________13.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.（分数：2.00）A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed14.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's lit up .（分数：2.00）A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained15.Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.（分数：2.00）A.localB.unfamiliarC.goodD.unfavorablerm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy .（分数：2.00）A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery17.The period from 3, 000 to 1, 000 B. C. E. , when the use of bronze became common , is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.（分数：2.00）A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread18.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread19.Likewise , soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.（分数：2.00）A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of20.Many questions about estrogen's effects remain to be elucidated , and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.（分数：2.00）A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated21.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.（分数：2.00）A.faultB.deviationC.discretionD.discrepancy22.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.（分数：2.00）A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable三、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One theory behind the 1918 version's sudden demise after wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form. ) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human【C1】______could provide clues to【C2】______the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who【C3】______H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported【C4】______humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious 【C5】______occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe. ) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only 【C6】______cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for treatment【C7】______compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according toa 2006 estimate. H5N1's saving grace — and the only reason we're not running around masked up in public right now — is that the strain doesn't jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But【C8】______its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs【C9】______the virus's molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and【C10】______to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.interactB.interfaceC.connectionD.contamination(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.stoppingB.stoppedC.have stoppedD.stop(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.contactedB.contractedC.concentratedD.infected(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.onB.inC.ofD.with(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.breakoutB.take placeC.happenD.outbreak(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.accountsB.numbersC.countsD.takes(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.MoreoverB.StillC.FurthermoreD.Thereafter(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.givenB.givingC.to giveD.speaking of(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.parsingB.parsedC.to parseD.having parsed(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.presentlyB.potentiallyC.potentlyD.importantly四、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)If you are reading this article, antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times. A rotten tooth, a knee operation, a brush with pneumonia; any number of minor infections that never turned nasty. You may not remember taking the pills, so unremarkable havethese one-time wonder drugs become. Modern medicine relies on antibiotics — not just to cure diseases, but to augment the success of surgery, childbirth and cancer treatments. Yet now health authorities are warning, in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms, that the era of antibiotics is about to end. In some ways, bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs. But in the past we've always developed new ones that killed them again. Not this time. Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects. Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25, 000 Europeans yearly. And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic. Regular readers will know why: New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years. We have misused antibiotics appallingly, handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne, mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper. Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world — not just in medical facilities, but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica (南极洲) . How did we reach this point without viable successors to today's increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics. Over the past 20 years, nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned antibiotics. Companies must make money, and there isn't much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly. So researchers have discovered promising candidates, but can't reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them. This can be fixed. As we report this week, regulatory agencies, worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure. Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold (by adjusting patent rights, say, or offering prizes for innovation) has worked for other drugs, and should work for antibiotics — although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market. One day, though, these will fall to resistance too. Ultimately, we need, evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection: treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease, but don't otherwise inconvenience the little blighters. When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage, drugs will stop breeding resistance. Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment. But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches. That, too, can be fixed. We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need, the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D. If we do, one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author is trying to______.（分数：2.00）A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics(2).The warning from health authorities implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow(3).The appalling misuse of antibiotics, according to the passage, ______.（分数：2.00）A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries(4).The market failure refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics(5).During the presentation of the two solutions, the author carries a tone of______.（分数：2.00）A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessnessWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.（分数：10.00）(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children______.（分数：2.00）A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery______.（分数：2.00）A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD.always feels the world around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills______.（分数：2.00）A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are______.（分数：2.00）A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline______.（分数：2.00）A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child's happinessFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun's output without being impeded by the Earth's atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun's output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite's control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max's observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellite's instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun's energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Sun's mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun's disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun's surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max's instruments registered a 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth's surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max's data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun's output. Some scientists have thought that the satellite's aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max's observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA's Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to______.（分数：2.00）A.sunspot activityB.unusual weather patternsC.increased levels of dustD.fluctuations in the Earth's temperature(2).Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?（分数：2.00）A.The Earth is too far from the Sun.B.Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C.There is not enough sunlight during the day.D.The Earth's atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.(3).Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?（分数：2.00）A.Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B.Solar Max's instruments were getting old.C.The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max's instruments.D.Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max's detectors.(4).The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.an ongoing research effortB.a question that can never be answeredC.an issue that has been resolvedD.historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns(5).What does this passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.The components of the Earth's atmosphere,B.The launching of a weather satellite.C.The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D.The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Optical illusions are like magic, thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses. But there's more to them than that, according to Dr. Beau Lotto, who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy. What they reveal, he says, is that the whole world is the creation of our brain. What we see, what we hear, feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the world, but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world. It's a best guess based on the past experience of the individual, a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains. The world is literally shaped by our pasts. Dr. Lotto, 40, an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London, has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions, sculptures and installations, which have been included in art-science exhibitions. He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions, which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us. For centuries, artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background. The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired. But Dr. Lotto believes it's a learnt response; in other words, we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us. "Context is everything, because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality, " says Dr. Lotto. "What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past, but also by what the human race has experienced through its history, " This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world, conditioned over generations. For example, Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the "R" and the "L" sound. This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable. "Differentiating between them has never been useful, so the brain has never learnt to do it. It's not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference. They literally cannot hear the difference. " Dr. Lotto's experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science. "Yes, my work is idea-driven, " he says. "But lots of research, such as MRI brain scanning, is technique-driven. I don't believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory. You have to look at what it evolved to do, and look at it in relationship to its ecology. "（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word "them" in the first paragraph refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.(2).According to the passage, what is known about Dr. Beau Lotto?（分数：2.00）A.Though he is a neuroscientist, he has shocked the scientific world with his extensive research in art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.B.Dr. Lotto is a professor at University College London who is specialized in a number of disciplines such as art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.C.Dr. Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitions in the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr. Lotto has set out to create visual illusions, sculptures and installations which well combined the knowledge of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.(3).Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr. Lotto's study?（分数：2.00）A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world, to a great measure, is created and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see, hear, feel, and the truth may be contrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporary forms of the world, which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actually created by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.(4).According to Dr. Lotto, what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter againsta dark background than being against a light background?（分数：2.00）A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against a light one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.(5).Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?（分数：2.00）A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment and the brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study in neuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated from human body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the research is carried out in proper natural context.The biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar, multi-armed robot named da Vinci, used in nearly 400, 000 surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier. But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems, including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system. There also have been a few disturbing, freak incidents: a robotic hand that wouldn't let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hitting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table. Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm? Some doctors say yes, concerned that the "wow" factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries. Many U. S. hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures, online and even on highway billboards. Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot. The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates, gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves, shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs. Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States. For surgeons, who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient, these operations can be less tiring. Plus robothands don't shake. Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions. But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries. Earlier this year, the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely, but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now "is the increase in number of reports received" about da Vinci. Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths. Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain. Rivers said she couldn't quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems. Doctors aren't required to report such things; device makers and hospitals are. Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot. But they don't train them how to do specific procedures robotically, he said, and that it's up to hospitals and surgeons to decide "if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases. " A 2010 New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least 150 procedures to become adept at using the robotic system. But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed. New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center. She said the surgeon's many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor. She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button, instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.（分数：10.00）(1).Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.(2).According to some doctors, which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasm for da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.(3).What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn't finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.(4).What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?（分数：2.00）A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training on the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to used robots.(5).What is the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by。
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷二(精选)(题后含答案及解析)
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷二（精选）(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. PartⅢCloze 4. PartⅣReading Comprehension 5. PartⅤWritingSection A1．Tennessee’s population is nearly two-fifths rural, and no single city or group of cities______the state.A．dominatesB．managesC．manipulatesD．controls正确答案：A解析：田纳西州的人口几乎五分之二为农村人口，没有任何一个城市或城市群体在州内占统治地位。
dominate占优势；manage管理；manipulate操作，操纵；control控制，支配，管理。
根据题意可知dominate符合题意。
故答案为A。
2．How is it possible that such_____deception has come to take place right under our noses?A．obviousB．significantC．necessaryD．widespread正确答案：D解析：我们怎么可能让欺骗在我们眼皮子底下猖獗呢?obvious“显而易见的”，significant“明显的，重要的”，necessary“必需的”，widespread“蔓延的，宽泛的”，根据题意，widespread是正确答案，obvious和significant是近义词，一个正确则两者都正确，因此不能做选。
3．Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from_____on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A．configurationB．constitutionC．condemnationD．contamination正确答案：D解析：句意：现在，一篇科技论文认为岩石里的有机化学物质大部分来自地球污染而不是来自火星的细菌。
全国医学博士统一考试2002
2002patr II vocabulary31.An enormous number of people in the world’s poorest countries do not have clean water or adequate sanitation____A. capacitiesB. facilitiesC. authoritiesD. warranties32.Family-planing clinics give out ___advices to people who have decided to limit the size of their families.A..insensitiveB.interrogativeC.contraceptivemunicative33.Caffeine is the ___drug that will just about get you out of the door on time to catch the bus.A.miracleB.mythC.trickD.legend34.Today investigators are still far from ___ a master map of the vasculature of the heart.A.constitutingB.decodingC.draftingD.encoding35.I have never seen a more caring, ___ group of piople in my life.A.emotionalB.impersonalpulsorypassionate36.By the time I reached my residency, I ___ treated the patient as a whole human being.A.yearned forB.broke intoC.pass forD.made for37.We now obtain more than two-thirds protein from animal resources, while our grandparents ___only one-half from animal resources.A.originatedB.digestedC.deprivedD.derived38.Obesity carries an increased risk of ____.A.mortalityB. mobilityC.longevityD.maternity39.The best exercise should require continuous ___ , rather than frequent stops and starts.passionB.accelerationC.frustrationD.exertion40.Environmental officials insist that something be done to ___ acid rain.A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn41.It would be wildly optimistic to believe that these advances offset such a large reduction in farmland .A.take inB.make upC.cut downD.bring about42.To begin with ,it is impossible to come up with a satisfactory definition of what constitutes happy and unhappy marriage.A.explainB.opposeC.representD.propose43.Politicians often use emotional rather than rational arguments to win the support for their actions and ideas.A.applicableB.favorableC.sensitiveD.reasonable44.Tests are one way for a teacher to assess how much a student has learned.A.observeB.appraiseC.appreciateD.induce45.Through live television电视实况转播, the world is now able to witness historical events as they happen.A.reserveB.confirmC.perceiveD.transmit46.Most experts say that the new tax plan will have a negligible effect on the country’s economicproblems.A.indefiniteB.indispensableC.infiniteD.insignificant47.I don’t know how you could have left out the most important fact of all.A.omittedB.fabricatedC.pinpointedD.embraced48.Family and cultural beliefs and norms are important predictors of health-seeking behavior.A.formulationsB.standardsC.principlesnD.notions49.There must be a systematic approach to retrieving notes and analyzing them.A.regainB.relievingC.reversingD.rectifying50.To study the distribution of disease within an area, it is useful to plot the case on a map.A.markB.allocateC.eraseD.posepart III close (10%)Y ou feel generally depressed and unable to concentrate. Y our pattern of daily 51 may change: you find yourself52 and active at night; you sleep late into the day, when most others are working .Y ou stay in your room and have little contact with people 53 with those who speak your language .In your mind, you criticize the piople around you ----they are rude, loud, unfriendly, uninformed,concerned with insignificant things, 54 stupid; you complain about them to any friends you have. Y ou became55 when you can’t go into a restaurant and order the type of food you realy like; you get angry when the TV news contains mostly U.S news and very little about events that are important to you. Y ou are constantly making comparison between life here and the perfect life 56 home.Above all, you are homesick almost all the time.If you ever find yourself behaving in ways 57 these, you are brobably suffering culture shock. Culture shock is a psychological 58 that sometimes has physical effects.It affects piople who have moved away from an invironment where they know how to live 59 a new environment where much is unfamiliar to them---the food, the weather, the language, and especially the 60 rules for social behavior that few people are consciously aware of .51.A. way B.pattern C. method D.track52.A.sleepy B.happy C.awake D.sad53.A.for B.lest C.besides D.except54.A.even B.merely C.indeed D.rather55.A.offended B.uninterested C.frustrated D.isolated56.A.here B.there C.back D.away57.A.the same as B.different from C. similar to D.familiar with58.A.situation B.condition C.reflection D.position59.A.in B.at C.within D.into60.A.unwritten B.written C.spoken D.secretepassage oneScience is the 4-year pursuit of knowledge that every high school teenager must live through.I often ask myself, when will I ever need to use this stuff when I grow up? The answer is clearly , probably never. I doubt that I will ever need to know the chemical formula of dichromate, or how to correctly identify a combustion reaction.However,where would we be today, whithout science? Without the great minds of Einstein and Newton, where would we be? How would I be able to writer this essay on the computer ,if there was no science? Would I be alive today? Would humankind survive through the year snd still be around today? Or dogs be the masters of humans? Would we be still the dominant species on the Earth?So many questions arise because the human race depends on the advancement of science. We are dependent on Nabisco to make that cookie you love, 99.99% fat free, that video gamecompany to come out with the anniversary game cartridge you want to play so badly , and that car company to alter the headlights of the car and call it the “new” 98 car.where would we be whithout science? We depend on our researchers to make new vaccines and doctors to make us the way we want to be.We depend on them to make us “prettier”,to perform triple bypass, to make sure nothing goes wrong when they operate upon us. Doctors depend on science just as much as we depend on science. Lawyers are constantly depending on doctors not knowing their science so they can get rich quick. Just look how much our society depends on the advancement of science.Science, in a way , keeps our society from falling apart. In our society science is everywhere. Science takes part in our everyday life more than we think. We need science progress so that we can simply make it through a day. When most people think of science , they think of it as a laboratory ,white coats, and mixing all different-colored chemicals untill something blows up. But the fact is that science is a way of life and our future.61.The author’s probable answer to the question where we would be today, without science is___A.it hard to imagineB.we would nowhere to findC.let’s see what happensD.not every question has an answer in the world62.From the cookie to the car,the author is trying to tell us that science____A.would be nowhere without humansB.is picking up its developing paceC.raise so many present problemsD.is shaping our world63.The author impies that science____A.is making doctors and lawyers the richest people in our societyB.does not involve every professionC.needs us as much as we need itD.is benefiting everyone64.The author seems to draw a conclusion that science____A.does rather than it isB.is ubiquitous in our lifeC.does not exist in a laboratoryD.is not appreciated in the publix65.The author is most probably___A.a studentB.a socialistC.a professor of scienceD.a free-lance writer of sciencepassage 2Osteoporosis used to be called “the silent disease’’because its victims didn’t know they had it until it was too late and they suffered a bone fracture. Today, doctors can identify osteoporosis early. Improved understanding of the disease has also led to new treatments and strategies for preventing the disease altogether.For post-menopausal woman, the most common medical response to osteoporosis is hormonereplacement therapy. Boosting estrogen levels strengthens the entire skeleton and reduces the risk of hip fracture.Unfortunately ,it sometimes causes uterine bleeding and may increase the of breast cancer.To passby such side effects, researchers have developed several alternative treatments. Synthetic estrogens called Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators(SERMs) emulate estrogen with slight modifications.Another drug ,alendronate reduces spine, hip and wrist fractures by 50 percent. Researchers have even developed a nasal spray called calcitonin. Each of these alternatives has trade-offs ,however. Patients must talk with their doctors to decide which therapy is best for them.The ideal way to address osteoporosis is by adopting a healthy lifestyle. And the best to do this is in childhood, when most bone mass is accumulated.Because bodies continue building bone until about age thirty, some experts believe that women in their twenties can still increase their bone stength by as much as 20 percent.Calcium, which is available in low-fat dairy foods and dark green vegetables, is essential for preventing osteoporosis. So is V itamin D , which aides calcium absorbtion. V itamin D comes from sunlingt, but dietary supplements may be helpful in northern climates and among those who don’t get outside.The final component is regular moderate exercise because bone responds to the needs that body puts on it.These are the simple steps that can help make “the silent disease”truly silent.66.Hormone replacement therapy for osteoporosis____ed to effective in post-manopausal womanB.is most frequently priscribed by doctorsC.works perfectly on post-manopausal womenD.is most likely to be avoided for its side effects.67.The best treatment for osteoporosis , according to the passage.___A.is Selective Estrogen Receptor ModulatorsB.is chosen by the patientC.possesses no side effectsD.is of individuality68.To preventing osteoporosis, a healthy lifestyle should be adopted____A.as early as childhoodB.when one is in his twentiesC.after bone mass accumulate stopsD.as soon as osteoporosis is diagnosed.69.By making “the silent disease” truly silent, the author means that the actions suggested____A.can be the best therapy for osteoporosisB.can help eradicate osteoporosisC.can help prevent osteoporosisD.all of the above.70.The author of this passage focuses on the____of osteoporosisA.alternative treatmentsB.early diagnosisC.treatments and preventionD.resulting damagespassage 3If you are caught in a downpour, it is better to run for a shelter than walk, reaserchers in the US advise. This may sound obvious, but an earlier study in Britain suggested that you would get just as wet as walking.In 1995, Stephen Belcher of the University of Reading and his students calculated how much water falls on top of your head and how much you sweep up on your front as you move forward. Obviously, you would get wetest standing still, and less wet the faster you moved. But the Reading team found that the benefits of running faster than about 3 meters per second—which they described as a walking pace---were tiny.Thomas Peterson and Trevor Wallis ,meteorologists at the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, North Carolina, had a hunch that this was wrong.They realized that the Reading team had overestimated the average walking pace, so they reworked the calculations for a walking pace of 1.5metres per second and a running speed of 4 meters second.Peterson and Wallis conclude in the latest issue of weather that a walker would get 16 per cent wetter than a runner over a distance of 100 metres in drizzle. In heavy rain ,this would rise to 23 per cent.When the reseachers allowed for the way that runners tend to lean forward, sheltering the front of their bodies but increasing the rainfall on their backs, they found that a walker would get 36per cent wetter than a runner in heavy rain.Not content with theory alone, Peterson and Wallis decided to test their ideas. “If verification requires an＄80million satellite, one may have to forgo verification,” says Peterson . “But if it involves a simple experiment, that’s another matter.”Peterson and Wallis are roughly the same size, Wearing identical clothing, one ran 100 metres in heavy rain and the other walked.They weighed their clothes before and after the experiment. This showed that the walker had absorbed 0.22kgs of water,while the runner had soaked up only 0.13 kgs. This is about 40 per cent less ,in line with the model’s predictions.Belcher says that his team’s work was a bit of fun, and that apart from the confusion over what a typical walking speed is ,their results were similar to those of Peterson and Wallis. “I’m delighted to see that their experiments gave results in qualitative agreement with the model,” says Belcher.But why not just take an umbrells? For anyone thinking of taking the easy way out, Wallis has a warning: “Running with an umbrella has a negative impact on your aerodynamics”71.The reading team and the American meteorologists presented different results ininvestigating___A.how far people can run per second in a downpourB.the benefits of running for shelter in a downpourC.whether people can run fast in a downpourD.the average walking pace in a downpour72.According to the American researchers, the Reading team made an error in calculating___A.the average walking paceB.the amount of rainfallC.the time and distanceD.the running speed73.Which of the following, according to the American researchers, gets the least wet?A.Running in drizzleB.walking in drizzleC.Running in heavy rainD.walking in heavy rain74.They verified their model predictions by experimenting___A.on themselvesB.with satelliteC.on the twins of the same sizeD.with sophisticated calculating devices75.The simila results ,according to Belcher ,refer to___A.the amount of rain water absorbedB.the average running speedC.the average walking paceD.all of the abovepassage 4Englisher speakers pick up pitch in the right hemisphere of their brains, but speakers of certain other languages perceive it on the left as well.It all depends on what you want to learn from pitch, Donald Wong of the Indians School of Medicine in Indianapolis told the meeting last week. Earlier studies have shown that when an English speaker hears pitch changes, the right prefrontal cortex leaps into action. This fits in with the idea that emotive nuances of language---which in English are often carried by the rise and fall of the voice----are perceived on the right.But in “tonal”languages like Thai, Mandarin and Swedish, Pitch not only carries emotional information,but can also alter the meaning of a word .Wong and his colleagues suspected that a speaker of tonal language would register pitch in the left side of the brain---in particular Broca’s area ,which processes the linguistic content of language.To test this , the team asked English speakers and Thai speakers to listen 80 pairs of Thai words, and tracked the blood flow in their brains using positron emission tomography.The volunteers had to decide whether the two words sounded the same, either by consonant or by tone ,In some cases, the words had on intelligible meaning.None of the words was emotionally charged, so even when Thai speakers could understand them, there was no right-side activation.But sure enough the Thai speakers could consistently lit up the left side of the brain, especially Broca’s area, while the English speakers did not.The researchers are now planing to repeat the experiment with Thai speakers using whole sentences, complete with emotional information. “Both hemispheres will be engaged,”predict Wong.76.The reason why pitch is registered on the right hemisphere, according to the passage, is that __A.belongs to the English language exclusivelyB.is an emotive nuance of language nuance n.细微差别C.can be easily heardD.is a regular sound77.When the emotion-free words were heard in the test____A.were registered on the English speakers’ right hemisphereB.slowed down the blood flow in the volunteers’ brainsC.activated the Thai speaker’s left hemispheresD.sounded the exactly the same to the volunteers78.A tonal language____A.possess no pitchB.carries pitch with dual functions双重职能C.is superior to the English languageD.holds more linguestic content than English.79.In Wong’s future expetiment ,the volunteers____A.will use either their right or left hemispheresB.will use both English and a tonal languageC.will listen to emotionally-charged sentencesD.will listen to more pairs of emotionally-charged words80.What is the passage mainly about?A.Two hemisphere to the sound of speechB.Two functions of pitch in languageC. Two hemisphere of the human braimD.Two languages and two hemispheresPassage 5We are all members of a culture. How we interpret the reality around us ,what we consider to be reasonable statements and behavior ,and what we believe to be health and illness all stem from the culture we share with some people and not with others. Those whose cultural experiences differ from our own will also differ in their belief and interpretions of reality.We are all rooted in an ethnic group as well, even if this group is simply the so-called “majority”of white, middle class, protestant heritage .The degree to which we identify with an ethnic past will vary according to the strength with which family tradition has maintained that identity,and to the degree that the family chooses to assimilate into the larger society. The extent of an individual’s or a family’s identification with an ethnic heritage is as important as the specific features of that heritage.American society is ethnically and culturally diverse, and community healthnurse will find themselves practicing in communities that reflect this diversity.A particular family or a whole community may belong to an ethnic or cultural group very different from the nurse’s own. Those community nurses who are most sensitive to variations in clients’beliefs and behaviors will be most effective in promoting their wellness.Community health nurses can achieve this sensitivity by examining their own culture in order to understand how it colors their world view and their interactions with individuals, families, and communities.Recognizing the clients individuals as well as members of a larger culture, nurses will reject stereotypical views of clients’ethnic groups that can impede communication and diminish their effectiveness. Indeed, culture mediates all social encounters, including those between nurse and client ,and its study can enhance the effectiveness of health care services. 81．We live in the social enviroment ___A.without different cultural experiencesB.of the same behavior and beliefC.with a shared cultureD.of the same race82．The author is mainly talking about in the second paragraph___A.assimilation into a large societyB.identification with an ethnic heritageC.the conflict between identification and assimilationD.the contradiction between an ethnic group and the majority83．According to the passage, a nurse cannot function well in a community___A.that reflects ethical and cultural diversityB.without asimilating into its ethnic heritageC.that is sensitive to his /her beliefs and behaviorsD.without recognizing its ethnical and cultural diversity84．Community health nurses are supposed to ____A.be sensitive to variations in clients’ beliefs and behaviorsB.abandon the stereotypical views of clients’ groupsC.examine their own cultureD. all of the above85．Which of the following can best summarize the general idea of the passage?A.identification with and assimilation into ethnic groupsB.Novel and stereotypical views of ethnic groupsmunicatio and communityD.culture and health care.passage 6I’m in the unusual position of being both a computer scientist and a professional musician. On the computer side, I’m best known for my work virtual reality, a term I coined in the early 1980’s , As a musician I write, perform,and record my own work. Canons for Wroclaw, a concerto I created for virtual instruments, was performed last December by the Chamber Wrchestra of Wroclaw ,Poland.All of this means that I have a few deeply felt ideas about Napster, the free software millions of people use to share their music collections over the Internet. Big media companies see Napster as theft because they can’t collect royalties when people use it. So they have asked the courts to kill it. As I write this , a settlement seems to be emerging. Napster will probably begin to charge for its services and pay royalties to at least some record companies.Whatever happens, the legal decisions surrounding Napster are important for resons that transcend the music business and extend to our basic concepts of what it means to be free in a democracy. I believe the anti-Napster forces have failed to foresee dangerous implications of their course of action. They don’t understand what I call the Law of the Exclude Digital Middle:Digital tools can be either open or closed but resist being anything in between .An open digital tool is one that can be used in unforeseen ways. A tool like e-mail ,meant to send text, might also---surprisingly ---be used to send music.A closed tool is one in which there are technical resteictions that prevent unforeseen uses. The advantage of open tools is that more people can create new things with them;consequently,they tend to be more innovative.Closed tools are usually created because it is thought they will be more profitable: An owner can control them well enough to enforce bill collection. Of course, the open software movement energetically promotes the idea that innovation ends up generating more money than control does.86．The Napster issue___A.is one concerning copyright infringement of violationB.is a dispute bewteen music companies and the coutC.has been settled in favor of music loversD.will result in a boom of sales for music companies87．The designer of an open digital tool hardly knows___A.the risks it may encunterB.the potential ways of its usageC.the number of its usersD.the amounts of its net profit88．People who use closed digital tools end up____A.making huge profitsB.creating new techniquesC.paying for servicesD.facing legal punishment89．It implied that owners of digital tools will make more profits by___A.encouraging innovationsB.proteching copyrightsC.control costsD.charging customers90．The attitude of the auther towards the anti-Napster action is ___A.supportiveB.ambiguousC.indifferentD.negative2002FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A 50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A 60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C 70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C 80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.。
上海中医药大学中内考博真题
上海中医药大学2017年中医基础理论考博真题名解：1.乙癸同源、水火既济2.仓廪之官、决渎之官3.用热远热、热因热用4.五行生克、五行制化简答：1.火邪、热邪、暑邪的异同2.气脱与亡阳的区别联系3.逆治与从治的区别联系4.十二经脉在四肢的分布问答：1.肾精、肾气、肾阴、肾阳的区别与联系。
2.一方阴阳偏衰为何既能造成相对一方的偏盛，也能造成相对一方的偏衰。
3.风气内动的概念、成因、病机。
4.“治病求本”与“标本缓急”中“本”的含义与区别。
上海中医药大学2017年中医内科学专业课真题名解：郑声湿阻飧泻肾着简答：1痢疾痢下赤白、里急后重的机理2痹证用药的注意事项3吐血三要法4水肿“病本皆于肾”论述：1气虚发热脉证、治法、主方，你对气虚发热及甘温除热的看法2《医宗必读》提出治疗积聚的原则，对你的启发3痰饮治则，四饮的主证主方4瘀血症状体征，中医内科瘀血相关病证与主方2018年上海中医药大学中医基础理论真题二、名词解释1.魂魄2.用寒远寒3.十二经筋4.湿郁化燥5天癸6.反治 7.乙葵同源 8.想不起来了三、论述题1.外风与内风的区别及联系2.阳偏盛的概念、成因、病机3.血液运行与脏腑功能的关系4.肝经循行经过的重要脏器及临床指导意义5.五华与脏腑的关系及意义6.中医中大脑与脏腑的关系2018年上海中医药大学中医内科学真题一、名词解释瞀雷头风卒心痛伏梁开里解表二、鉴别阴结与结阴子火与贼火小半夏汤与大半夏汤关格与胃反隔二之治与隔三之治三、简答镇痉药的使用范围及注意事项内伤发热的病因病机四、论述谈谈金匮要略中有关胸痹的病因病机及代表方的论述血证的治疗要点及机理五、病案痹证上海中医药大学中医基础理论2011一、名解4分8个总32分罢极之本、阴病治阳、脾主升清、五行制化、乙葵（没有草头，原字打不出）同源、用热远热、上焦如雾、十二皮部、二、单选题2分10个20分1、行于腹部的经脉2、入耳的经脉3、肝经，经胁部4、气化：汗血的生成5、心主血脉，表现于舌，面---与睡眠关系？6、阴阳互根7、木火刑金，属于五行相侮？三、论述8分6个共48分1、以虚实论阴阳失调2、肝火上炎，肝阳上亢之别与联系3、阴阳偏衰的区别，联系4、阴阳互根解释5、十二经脉在四肢，头面，躯干的分布6、脏腑之别解释及临床意义。
中国医学史试题及答案
中国医学史试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 中医学的起源可以追溯到哪个朝代？A. 夏朝B. 商朝C. 周朝D. 秦朝答案：B2. 被誉为“医圣”的古代医学家是？A. 华佗B. 张仲景C. 孙思邈D. 李时珍答案：B3. 《黄帝内经》是中医学的哪一部经典著作？A. 基础理论B. 诊断学C. 治疗学D. 药物学答案：A4. 以下哪项不是中医的四大经典之一？A. 《黄帝内经》B. 《伤寒杂病论》C. 《神农本草经》D. 《本草纲目》5. 中医的“五行”理论中，与“木”相对应的是？A. 金B. 火C. 土D. 水答案：D6. “望、闻、问、切”是中医的哪种诊断方法？A. 四诊B. 八纲C. 五行D. 六经答案：A7. 中医理论中，人体的“三焦”指的是？A. 三个不同的脏器B. 人体的三个部位C. 三种不同的功能D. 三种不同的疾病答案：B8. 中医的“经络”理论认为，人体的经络共有多少条？A. 12条B. 15条C. 18条D. 24条答案：B9. “四君子汤”是中医治疗哪种症状的常用方剂？B. 咳嗽C. 气虚D. 血虚答案：C10. 在中医理论中，“肾”与哪种情绪关系最密切？A. 喜B. 怒C. 思D. 恐答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 中医认为，人体的基本物质包括精、气、神和______。
答案：血2. 中医学认为，人体的健康状态是______、______、______的平衡状态。
答案：阴阳、五行、脏腑3. 《伤寒杂病论》是东汉末年医学家______所著。
答案：张仲景4. 中医的“五味”包括酸、苦、甘、辛和______。
答案：咸5. 中医的“五脏”指的是心、肝、脾、肺和______。
答案：肾6. 中医的“六腑”包括胆、胃、小肠、大肠、膀胱和______。
答案：三焦7. “八纲辨证”中的“八纲”指的是表、里、寒、热、虚、实、______、______。
答案：阴、阳8. 中医认为，人体的“七情”包括喜、怒、忧、思、悲、恐、______。
2017年医学博士考试《外语》真题及详解
2017年医学博士考试《外语》真题(总分100, 考试时间90分钟)Section A1. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.A affiliateB alleviateC aggravateD accelerate答案:B解析：风湿病学家建议，那些持续疼痛和痛苦的人首先应该借助医疗来缓解问题。
affiliate"接纳，为……工作"，alleviate"减少，减缓"，aggravate"增加"，accelerate"加速"。
根据题意，正确答案为B。
2. An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.A spontaneousB negativeC adverseD prompt答案:C解析：当身体对某种外来物质产生不良反应时，就会出现过敏现象。
spontaneous"同时的"，negative"负面的"，adverse"不利的"，prompt"立刻的"。
在有关过敏的语境里，一般"不良反应"用an adverse reaction，而不用negative，正确答案为C。
3. Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A crucialB virulentC colossalD prevalent答案:D解析：糖尿病是世界上最普遍的潜在危险疾病之一。
中医基础理论考博真题[精品文档]
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2017年3月11号上海中医药大学中医基础理真题二：名词解释（每题5分，共20分）1.乙癸同源、水火既济2.仓廪之官、决渎之官3.用热远热、热因热用4.忘了三：简答题（每题5分，共20分）1.气脱与亡阳的定义与联系2.热、火、暑的异同点3.忘了4.忘了四：论述题（每题10分，共40分）1.何谓肾精、肾气、肾阳、肾阴？试述它们之间的关系。
2.阴阳偏衰既可导致相对一方亢盛，又可导致相对一方虚损不足，对此应如何正确理解和分析？3.风气内动的概念、成因和病机。
4.“治病求本”与“标本缓急”中的“本”的区别与联系。
2017年山东中医药大学考博，中医基础理论考题记忆版1.为什么说“亡血家不可发汗”？2.何谓体质？何谓征候？二者有何联系？3.何谓七情？为什么说情志病皆从心生？4.何谓脱气？与亡阳有何区别？5.女子胞的生理功能？与脏腑经络之间的联系？6.何谓循经论治？何谓分经论治？试论头痛与牙痛的分经论治？7.对脾喜燥恶湿，胃喜润勿燥的理解？8.金元四大家。
9.对“金曰从革”的理解及临床指导意义？2016年福建中医药大学中医基础理论考博真题回忆一、名词解释（20分，5个每题4分）1.水火既济2.经脉3.寒性凝滞4.阴阳格拒5.七情内伤二、简答题（共40分，每题8分，5个）1.简述中医发病的基本原理？2.何为正治？包括哪些治法？3.何为痰饮？痰饮的分类？4.简述宗气学说的原理？5.心的生理功能、生理特性及其与形、体、窍、华、志、液之间的关系？三、论述题（共40分）1.中医藏象学说的理解？（15分）2.中医“体病相关”理论与临床意义？（25分）2017科学院中医基础理论一，名词解释（2*5）1.疬气2.五脏化液3.百病皆由气4.从化5.皮部二，简答（10*5）1.试论述“肝生于左，肺藏于右”。
2.阴维脉、阳维脉经脉循行及其功能。
3.试述“肾为胃之关”。
4.试述何谓反治？简述其应用。
5.试述五运推演步骤，举例说明。
三，论述（20*2）1.论述整体观念。
上海中医药大学2002中国医学史2017年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
上海中医药大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：2002中国医学史 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给题十五个空，每空一 分。
第1页 共1页
第1页 共1页
一、填空题 1.周朝的宫廷医生分为食医、疡医、疾医、兽医。 2.隋朝建立的三个医 学机构。 3.唐宗海的著作。 二、问答题 1.小儿药证直诀。 2.孙思邈的方剂学成就。 3.李杲的内伤热中病机分析。 4.隋唐的本草著作。 5.宋朝的外科成就。 6.宋朝的方书。 7.饮膳正要。 8.夏春秋时期的医疗状况。
中国中医科学院中西医结合心血管2017年考博真题试卷
医考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中国中医科学院
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：中西医结合心血管
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、问答题
四个大题
1举出现代医学4个抗血小板药物,作用机制临床应用注意事项
2心房纤颤的分类病因心电图表现复律方法药物治疗原则
3写出10个活血化淤复方的组方功能适应证
4你临床案例说明中西医结合治疗方法的优越性和局限性
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医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
上海中医药大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：2002中国医学史
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
今年没名解，换成了填空题。选择题10题，每题一分，填空题十五个空，每空一分。
一、填空题
1.周朝的宫廷医生分为食医、疡医、疾医、兽医。
2.隋朝建立的三个医学机构。
3.唐宗海的著作。
二、问答题
1.小儿药证直诀。
2.孙思邈的方剂学成就。
3.李杲的内伤热中病机分析。
4.隋唐的本草著作。
5.宋朝的外科成就。
6.宋朝的方书。
7.饮膳正要。
8.夏春秋时期的医疗状况。