翻译讲义 (一)

翻译讲义（一）

一什么是翻译

Definitions given by Chinese scholars：

●翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。（现代汉语词典）

●翻译是将一种文字之真义全部移至另一种文字而绝不失其风格和神韵。（吴献书，

1949）

●翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言

活动。（张培基，1980）

●翻译的实质是语际的意义转换。（刘宓庆，1990）

●翻译的定义应该是：“将一种语言传达的信息用另一种语言传达出来。”（蔡毅，1995）

●翻译是将一种语言所蕴含的意思用另一种语言文字表达出来的文化活动。（王克非，

1997）

●翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交流。（沈苏儒，1998）

●翻译应当把原文的本意，完全正确地介绍给中国读者，使中国读者所得到的概念等于

英俄日德法┅┅读者从原文得来的概念。（瞿秋白）

Definitions given by Western scholars：

●翻译是翻成本族语言或另一种语言（to turn into one’s own language or

another language）(美国韦氏新大学词典)

●好的翻译应该是把原作的长处完全地遗注到另一种语言，以使译入语所属国家的本地

人能明白地领悟、强烈地感受，如同使用原作语言的人所领悟、所感受一样。（泰特勒，

1790）

●翻译就是用一种语言把另一种语言在内容与形式不可分割的统一中所业已表达出来的

东西准确而完全地表达出来。（费道罗夫，1953）

●According to Catford, translation is “ the replacement of textual material in one language

(SL) by equ ivalent textual material in another language (TL)”.（翻译的定义也许可以这样

说：把一种语言（SL）中的篇章材料用另一种语言（TL）中的篇章材料来加以代替。）

（卡特福德，1965）

●Nida insists, “…translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest

natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly

in terms of style” (Nida,1969: 53)。（翻译就是在译入语中再现与原语的信息最切近的

自然对等物，首先是就意义而言，其次是就文体而言）

●翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面（也就是意义）不变的情况下改变为另

外一种语言的言语产物的过程。（巴尔胡达罗夫，1985中文版）

●According to Newmark, translation is “ a craft consisting in the at tempt to replace a written

message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another

language”(2001a:7).

二Translation and Translating

A definition of translation given below, makes a second crucial point by distinguishing

process from result:

The process or result of converting information from one language or language

variety into another…. The aim is to reproduce as accurately as possible all

grammatical and lexical features of the “source language” original by finding

eq uivalents in the “ target language”. At the same time all factual information

contained in the original text… must be retained in the translation.

According to the definition, the term translation is obviously given two meanings. However,

I would suggest that there are, in fact, three distinguishable meanings for this word. It can refer to:

(1) translating: the process (to translate; the activity rather than the tangible object); (2) a translation: the product of translating (i.e. the translated text); (3) translation: the abstract concept

which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process.