澳大利亚国立大学国际贸易系统第二讲

• What should be a nation’s trade policy?
– Free trade or trade restrictions?
• Trade Policy
– The policies that governments adopt toward international trade, that involve a number of different actions by employing different instruments of trade policy.
Basic Tariff Analysis
• Effects of a tariff on a small country
– When a country is small, a tariff it imposes cannot lower the foreign price of the good it imports. – A tariff raises the price of the imported good in the country imposing the tariff by the full amount of the tariff. – Production of the imported good rises, while consumption of the good falls. – As a result, the price of the imports rises from PW to PW + t and the quantity of imports demanded falls from S1 – D1 to S2 – D2.
Basic Tariff Analysis
• Supply, demand, and trade in a single industry
– Two countries: Home and Foreign – Both countries produce and consume wheat – Wheat can be costlessly transported between the two countries – Wheat is a simple competitive industry in which the supply and demand curves are functions of the market price – The exchange rate between the currencies is not affected by whatever trade policy is undertaken in this market – Quote prices in both markets in terms of Home currency.
• A tariff is a tax levied when a good is imported.
– Specific tariffs
• are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of goods imported
– for example, $3 per barrel of oil
Basic Tariff Analysis
• Trade will arise between the two countries if the prices are different in the absence of trade.
• Suppose in the absence of trade
• A tariff in a small country
Price, P S
PW + t
PW D
S1
S2
D2
D1
Quantity, Q
Imports after tariff Imports before tariff
Basic Tariff Analysis
• Measuring the amount of protection
– Foreign export supply is the excess of what Foreign producers supply over what Foreign consumers demand. – As the price of the good increases, Foreign producers supply more while Foreign consumers demand less, so that the supply available for export rises.
– Ad valorem tariffs
• are taxes that are levied as a fraction of the value of the imported goods
– for example, a 25% tariff on imported cars
• The effect of a tariff is to raise the cost of shipping goods to a country
Basic Tariff Analysis
• Problems in measuring the rate of protection
– First, if the small country assumption is not a good approximation, part of the effect of a tariff will be to lower foreign export prices rather than to raise domestic prices. – Second, tariffs may have very different effects on different stages of production of a good.
• Other trade policy instruments
– – – – – Export credit subsidies Government procurement Red-tape barriers Technical barriers to trade …
Basic Tariff Analysis
The Instruments of Trade Policy
• Import tariffs • Export subsidies • Non-tariff barriers (NTB)
– Import quotas – Voluntary export restraints (VER) – Local content requirements
• Deriving Home’s import demand curve
Price, P S Price, P
Pa
A
P2
2
P1
1
MD D S1 S2 D2 D1 D2 – S2 D1 – S1 Quantity, Q
Basic Tariff Analysis
• Export Supply Curve
• Deriving Foreign’s export supply curve
Price, P S* P2 Price, P XS
P1
Pa*
D* D* 2 D* 1 S* 1 S* 2 S* 1 – D* 1 S* 2 – D* 2 Quantity, Q
Basic Tariff Analysis
Basic Tariff Analysis
• Import Demand Curve
– Home import demand is the excess of what Home consumers demand over what Home producers supply. – As the price of the good increases, Home consumers demand less, while Home producers supply more, so that the demand for imports declines.
– The protection of a tariff is usually expressed as a percentage of the price that would prevail under free trade.
• If the tariff is an ad valorem tax proportional to the value of the imports, the tariff rate itself should measure the amount of protection; • If the tariff is specific, dividing the tariff by the price net of the tariff gives us the ad valorem equivalent.
S
S* XS PT PW t 3 PT* MD D QT QW D* Quantity, Q 2
1
Basic Tariff Analysis
• Effects of a tariff
– The tariff raises the price in Home and lowers the price in Foreign; – Home producers supply more at the higher price, while consumers demand less, so that fewer imports are demanded; – In Foreign the lower price leads to reduced supply and increased demand, thus reducing export supply; – As a result, the volume of wheat traded declines.
• World equilibrium ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ccurs when Home import demand equals Foreign export supply. • At the price of Pw, where the two curves cross, world supply equals world demand. • At the equilibrium point 1
– The price of wheat is higher in Home than it is in Foreign
• Now allow foreign trade
– Shippers begin to move wheat from Foreign to Home. The export of wheat raises its price in Foreign and lowers its price in Home until the difference in prices has been eliminated.
The Global Trading System
CRWF 8011 Semester 2, 2010 Lecturer: Chunlai Chen Topic 2 Introduction of International Trade Policies
The Instruments of Trade Policy
World demand = World supply • World Equilibrium
Price, P XS
1 Pw
MD
Qw Quantity, Q
Basic Tariff Analysis
• Effects of a tariff
Home market Price, P World market Foreign market