monopoly课件
合集下载
经济学专业英语教程(精编版)(第二版)课件：Monopoly
(3) Discuss the drawbacks of a monopolistic market and their influences on the society.
(4) What kinds of policies can be taken by the government to deal with the monopolistic behaviors?
The antitrust laws give the government various ways to promote competition. They allow the government to prevent mergers.
Antitrust laws have costs as well as benefits. Sometimes companies merge not to reduce competition but to lower costs through more efficient joint production. These benefits from mergers are sometimes called synergies.
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential cause of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason. Actual economies are large, and resources are owned by many people. Indeed, because many goods are traded internationally, the natural scope of their markets is often worldwide. There are, therefore, few examples of firms that own a resource for which there are no close substitutes.
(4) What kinds of policies can be taken by the government to deal with the monopolistic behaviors?
The antitrust laws give the government various ways to promote competition. They allow the government to prevent mergers.
Antitrust laws have costs as well as benefits. Sometimes companies merge not to reduce competition but to lower costs through more efficient joint production. These benefits from mergers are sometimes called synergies.
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential cause of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason. Actual economies are large, and resources are owned by many people. Indeed, because many goods are traded internationally, the natural scope of their markets is often worldwide. There are, therefore, few examples of firms that own a resource for which there are no close substitutes.
Ch25Monopoly Behavio微观范里安上海交通大学赵旭 r.ppt
First-degree Price Discrimination
Each output unit is sold at a different price. Price may differ across buyers. It requires that the monopolist can discover the buyer with the highest valuation of its product, the buyer with the next highest valuation, and so on.
Third-degree Price Discrimination
Price paid by buyers in a given group is the same for all units purchased. But price may differ across buyer groups.
y y y
p(y) y
First-degree Price Discrimination
$/output unit
p( y ) p( y )
p( y )
The gains to the monopolist on these trades are: p(y) MC(y), p(y) MC(y) and zero.
(y1 y2 ) y1
0
y2
y2
p2 (y2 )y2
c(y1 y2 ) (y1 y2 )
(y1 y2 ) y2
0
Third-degree Price Discrimination
(y1 y2 ) 1 y1
and
(y1 y2 ) 1 y2
最新MONOPOLY3
S(p) p0D(p)dp p
i
W [ p i q i p i q i c i p q q i c q i ] p i q i c q i
p
i
i
dp
S(p) D(p)dp p0
W (pic) qi
i
p
S'(p)D (p)0
同理： W (pc) qi （将 Si ( p) 在 pi 处展开）
@东北大学 工商管理学院 经济系 孙广生 2011年秋季
3.1一级区别定价：每个消费者购买 多单位产品的情况
某个消费者 的需求曲线
pc
MC
MR
qc
一级价格歧视方法
两部制定价（two-part tariff）
TApcqc
固定收费A
单位产品收费pc
@东北大学 工商管理学院 经济系 孙广生 2011年秋季
i
i
i
i
W { [ S i ( p i ) S i ( p ) } { ] ( p i c ) q i ( p c ) q i }
i
i
i
W S i '( p ) p i ( p ) ( p i q i c i p q i c q i )
i
i
P
W [ q i ( p i p ) p i q i c i p q q i c q i ]
MONOPOLY3
3.1一级区别定价：每个消费者购买 一单位产品的情况
假设厂商了解每个消费者的需求状况
p1 p2
市场需求曲线
p3
p4 p5
p4
p6 p7
p8 MC
单一价格时利润
+
一级价格歧视时利润
MC MR
Monopoly 1
8.1 A Finite Horizon Bargaining Game : : : : : : : : : : : : 8.2 In nite Horizon Bargaining | the Rubinstein Solution :
58
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
Kubler are gratefully acknowledged. This research was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Sonderforschungsbereich 373, \Quanti kation und Simulation Okonomischer Prozesse", Humboldt{Universitat Berlin.
Durable Goods Monopoly : : : : : : : : : : : : Time Inconsistency Problem : : : : : : : : : : : Optimal Time Consistent Price Discrimination Coase Conjecture : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
Monopoly1
Elmar Wolfstetter
September 1996 Institut f. Wirtschaftstheorie I Humboldt{Universitat zu Berlin Spandauer Str. 1 10178 Berlin Germany e{mail: wolf@wiwi.hu{berlin.de
chap012Monopoly(M-Grow-Hill_微观经济学_王秋石)
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. .All rights reserved.
12 - 10
A Model of Monopoly
How much should the monopolistic firm choose to produce if it wants to maximize profit?
12 - 15
The Monopolist’s Price and Output Graphically
The marginal revenue curve is a graphical measure of the change in revenue that occurs in response to a change in price. It tells us the additional revenue the firm will get by expanding output.
— 1 2 4 8 16 24 40 56 80
48.00 25.00 18.00 15.50 15.60 17.00 20.29 24.75 30.89
? 7 ? 5 10 27 34 27 6 ? 7 ? 02 ? 97
Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. .All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. .All rights reserved.
12 - 9
The Key Difference Between a Monopolist and a Perfect Competitor
微观经济学教学课件：Ch12-Monopoly
Monopoly
12 CHAPTER
After studying this chapter you will be able to
Explain how monopoly arises and distinguish between single-price monopoly and price-discriminating monopoly Explain how a single-price monopoly determines its output and price Compare the performance and efficiency of single-price monopoly and competition Explain how price discrimination increases profit Explain how monopoly regulation influences output, price, economic profit, and efficiency
A Single-Price Monopoly’s Output and Price Decision
The marginal revenue curve, MR, passes through the red dot midway between 2 and 3 units and at $10.
Market Power
Legal Barriers to Entry Legal barriers to entry create a legal monopoly, a market in which competition and entry are restricted by the granting of a ▪ Public franchise (like the U.S. Postal Service, a public
12 CHAPTER
After studying this chapter you will be able to
Explain how monopoly arises and distinguish between single-price monopoly and price-discriminating monopoly Explain how a single-price monopoly determines its output and price Compare the performance and efficiency of single-price monopoly and competition Explain how price discrimination increases profit Explain how monopoly regulation influences output, price, economic profit, and efficiency
A Single-Price Monopoly’s Output and Price Decision
The marginal revenue curve, MR, passes through the red dot midway between 2 and 3 units and at $10.
Market Power
Legal Barriers to Entry Legal barriers to entry create a legal monopoly, a market in which competition and entry are restricted by the granting of a ▪ Public franchise (like the U.S. Postal Service, a public
monopoly ppt课件
.
2.垄断资源
Monopoly Resources
虽然关键资源的排他性是垄断的潜在原因 ，但实际上，垄断很少产生于这种原因 。
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential source of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason
Monopoly
Chapter 12
.
.
市场理论2—— 完全垄断市场
如果纯粹垄断能使一家厂商自由地扩大产量而无需 降低销售价格，如果大规模生产的经济效益使得 该厂商的成本愈来愈低，什么力量能够阻止这样 一个厂商一旦站稳脚跟以后，不吞没整个市场， 从而破坏竞争呢？ ——斯拉法
本章主要内容
1.垄断的特征 2.垄断产生的原因 3.垄断厂商的决策分析 4.垄断造成的福利损失 5.解决垄断问题的公共政策
3.为什么铁路是垄断行业，而航空行业却 有几家航空公司参与竞争？
.
三、完全垄断与完全竞争 Monopoly PK Competition
垄断（Monopoly）
唯一生产者 Is the sole producer 需求曲线向下倾斜 Has a downwardsloping demand curve 价格制定者 Is a price maker 降低价格提高产量 Reduces price to increase sales
.
Economies of Scale as a Cause of Monopoly...
Cost
0
.
Average total cost
Quantity of Output
2.垄断资源
Monopoly Resources
虽然关键资源的排他性是垄断的潜在原因 ，但实际上，垄断很少产生于这种原因 。
Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential source of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason
Monopoly
Chapter 12
.
.
市场理论2—— 完全垄断市场
如果纯粹垄断能使一家厂商自由地扩大产量而无需 降低销售价格，如果大规模生产的经济效益使得 该厂商的成本愈来愈低，什么力量能够阻止这样 一个厂商一旦站稳脚跟以后，不吞没整个市场， 从而破坏竞争呢？ ——斯拉法
本章主要内容
1.垄断的特征 2.垄断产生的原因 3.垄断厂商的决策分析 4.垄断造成的福利损失 5.解决垄断问题的公共政策
3.为什么铁路是垄断行业，而航空行业却 有几家航空公司参与竞争？
.
三、完全垄断与完全竞争 Monopoly PK Competition
垄断（Monopoly）
唯一生产者 Is the sole producer 需求曲线向下倾斜 Has a downwardsloping demand curve 价格制定者 Is a price maker 降低价格提高产量 Reduces price to increase sales
.
Economies of Scale as a Cause of Monopoly...
Cost
0
.
Average total cost
Quantity of Output
Monopoly课件讲义
0
Quantity of
Output
Output
A Monopoly’s Revenue
Total Revenue
P x Q = TR
Average Revenue
TR/Q = AR = P
Marginal Revenue
DTR/DQ = MR
A Monopoly’s Total, Average, and Marginal Revenue
Average Revenue (AR=TR/Q)
$10.00 $9.00 $8.00 $7.00 $6.00 $5.00 $4.00 $3.00
Marginal Revenue (MR= DTR / DQ )
$10.00 $8.00 $6.00 $4.00 $2.00 $0.00 -$2.00 -$4.00
Government-Created Monopolies
Patent and copyright laws are two important examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest.
Natural Monopolies
A Monopoly’s Marginal Revenue
A monopolist’s marginal revenue is always less than the price of its good.
The demand curve is downward sloping. When a monopoly drops the price to sell one
Competition versus Monopoly
中级微观经济学：Monopoly
Marginal revenue is the rate-of-change of revenue as the output level y increases; d dp( y) MR( y) . p( y)y p( y) y dy dy dp(y)/dy is the slope of the market inverse demand function so dp(y)/dy < 0. Therefore dp( y) MR( y) p( y) y p( y) dy for y > 0.
Marginal Revenue
E.g. if p(y) = a - by then R(y) = p(y)y = ay - by2 and so MR(y) = a - 2by < a - by = p(y) for y > 0.
Marginal Revenue
E.g. if p(y) = a - by then R(y) = p(y)y = ay - by2 and so MR(y) = a - 2by < a - by = p(y) for y > 0. a p(y) = a - by
$
R(y) = p(y)y
y
Profit-Maximization
$
R(y) = p(y)y c(y)
y
Profit-Maximization
$
R(y) = (y)y c(y)
y
(y)
Profit-Maximization
$
R(y) = p(y)y c(y)
y*
y
(y)
Profit-Maximization
a/2b
a/b y MR(y) = a - 2by
Marginal Revenue
E.g. if p(y) = a - by then R(y) = p(y)y = ay - by2 and so MR(y) = a - 2by < a - by = p(y) for y > 0.
Marginal Revenue
E.g. if p(y) = a - by then R(y) = p(y)y = ay - by2 and so MR(y) = a - 2by < a - by = p(y) for y > 0. a p(y) = a - by
$
R(y) = p(y)y
y
Profit-Maximization
$
R(y) = p(y)y c(y)
y
Profit-Maximization
$
R(y) = (y)y c(y)
y
(y)
Profit-Maximization
$
R(y) = p(y)y c(y)
y*
y
(y)
Profit-Maximization
a/2b
a/b y MR(y) = a - 2by
Lecture 12. Monopoly 范里安版《中级微观经济学》ppt
21
Price Regulation
If left alone, a monopolist $/output unit produces ym and charges Pm.
MR
MC
Pm
P2 = PC
P1
If price is lower than PC, a shortage exists.
Any price below P1 results in the firm incurring a loss.
dy dy
dy
◊ So, for y = y*,
d p(y*)y* dc(y*)
dy
dy
3
An Linear Example
◊ E.g. if p(y) = a–by. Then
◊ So
R(y)p(y)ya yb2y M ( y ) a R 2 b a y b p y ( y )
◊ In 1995, a new antiulcer medication, Prilosec, was invented. It was much more effective than earlier drugs.
◊ Astra-Merck was pricing Prilosec at about $3.50 per daily dose, but the marginal cost of Prilosec is only about 30 to 40 cents per daily dose.
AC
Demand
If price is lowered to PC, output is yC and there is no
ym y1 ydceadweight lossy. 22
Price Regulation
If left alone, a monopolist $/output unit produces ym and charges Pm.
MR
MC
Pm
P2 = PC
P1
If price is lower than PC, a shortage exists.
Any price below P1 results in the firm incurring a loss.
dy dy
dy
◊ So, for y = y*,
d p(y*)y* dc(y*)
dy
dy
3
An Linear Example
◊ E.g. if p(y) = a–by. Then
◊ So
R(y)p(y)ya yb2y M ( y ) a R 2 b a y b p y ( y )
◊ In 1995, a new antiulcer medication, Prilosec, was invented. It was much more effective than earlier drugs.
◊ Astra-Merck was pricing Prilosec at about $3.50 per daily dose, but the marginal cost of Prilosec is only about 30 to 40 cents per daily dose.
AC
Demand
If price is lowered to PC, output is yC and there is no
ym y1 ydceadweight lossy. 22
15monopoly
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Natural Monopolies
• An industry is a natural monopoly when a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.
(b) A Monopolist’s Demand Curve
Demand
Demand
0
Quantity of Output
0
Quantity of Output
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
A Monopoly’s Revenue
• Total Revenue P Q = TR • Average Revenue TR/Q = AR = P • Marginal Revenue DTR/DQ = MR
• The output effect—more output is sold, so Q is higher. • The price effect—price falls, so P is lower.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 3 Demand and Marginal-Revenue Curves for a Monopoly
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
A Monopoly’s Profit
• Profit equals total revenue minus total costs.
杨-Lecture 9-Monopoly
(1) MR = p(1 − 1/ ed,p ) (2) MR = MC; (3) MC = p(1-1/ed,p ) ⇒ p = MC /(1 − 1/ ed,p )
大拇指原则：企业根据市场的需求性质，往往在成本 大拇指原则 之上作一定的加成来制定自己的销售价格。
Conclusion: ed,p↓，market power↑ ，
Q
Category 1 of Demanders − −p1 Category 2 of Deamnders − −p 2 The Monopoly Maximizes her Profit: Max π (p1 , p 2 ) = p1Q1 (p1 ) + p 2 Q 2 (p 2 ) − C(Q1 (p1 ) + Q 2 (p 2 )) ⇒ ∂p1Q1 / ∂p1 = MC(Q1 + Q 2 ) ⋅ dQ1 / dp1 ∂p 2 Q 2 / ∂p 2 = MC(Q1 + Q 2 ) ⋅ dQ 2 / dp 2 1 1 ⇒ p1 ⋅ (1 − ) = p 2 ⋅ (1 − ) e1p e 2p It implies that pi <p j if eip > e jp .
Necessary Conditions: 1、能够识别不同的消费群体（信息成本等于 零）； 2、不允许套利（Arbitrage）
*对价格歧视的本质与效率评价
1、价格歧视的本 质是对消费者 剩余的剥夺。 2、价格歧视并不破 坏公平和经济效率。 注意：此时的MR=p， 与D重合。
Q1
p MC
AC DBiblioteka MRQNatural Monopoly and Regulation
自然垄断：规模经济 巨大，产量很大时， MC与AC仍然保持下 降的趋势，以至于由 一个企业来进行生产 经营更为有效率。 •政府管制：
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Figure 1 Economies of Scale as a Cause of Monopoly
Cost
Average total cost
0 Quantity of Output
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
HOW MONOPOLIES MAKE PRODUCTION AND PRICING DECISIONS
• Ownership of a key resource. • The government gives a single firm the exclusive right to produce some good. • Costs of production make a single producer more efficient than a large number of producers.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Government-Created Monopolies
• Patent and copyright laws are two important examples of how government creates a monopoly to serve the public interest.
• A monopoly maximizes profit by producing the quantity at which marginal revenue equals marginal cost. • It then uses the demand curve to find the price that will induce consumers to buy that quantity.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
• Competitive Firm
Figure 2 Demand Curves for Competitive and Monopoly Firms
(a) A Competitive Firm’ s Demand Curve Price Price
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Natural Monopolies
• An industry is a natural monopoly when a single firm can supply a good or service to an entire market at a smaller cost than could two or more firms.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 5 The Monopolist’s Profit
Costs and Revenue Marginal cost Monopoly E price B
Monopoly profit
Average total D cost
Average total cost
Price $11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 –1 –2 –3 –4
Marginal revenue 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Demand (average revenue)
Quantity of Water
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Profit Maximization
Marginal cost
Demand
Marginal revenue
0
Q
QMAX
Q
Quantity
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Profit Maximization
• Comparing Monopoly and Competition
• For a competitive firm, price equals marginal cost. P = MR = MC • For a monopoly firm, price exceeds marginal cost. P > MR = MC
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 6 The Market for Drugs
Costs and Revenue
Price during patent life Price after patent expires Marginal revenue 0 Monopoly quantity Competitive quantity Demand
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
A Monopoly’s Revenue
• A Monopoly’s Marginal Revenue
• When a monopoly increases the amount it sells, it has two effects on total revenue (P Q).
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
A Monopoly’s Profit
• Profit equals total revenue minus total costs.
• Profit = TR - TC • Profit = (TR/Q - TC/Q) Q • Profit = (P - ATC) Q
• The output effect—more output is sold, so Q is higher. • The price effect—price falls, so P is lower.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Figure 3 Demand and Marginal-Revenue Curves for a Monopoly
Monopoly price
1. The intersection of the marginal-revenue curve and the marginal-cost curve determines the profit-maximizing quantity . . .
Average total cost A
Marginal cost
Quantity
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
THE WELFARE COST OF MONOPOLY
• In contrast to a competitive firm, the monopoly charges a price above the marginal cost. • From the standpoint of consumers, this high price makes monopoly undesirable. • However, from the standpoint of the owners of the firm, the high price makes monopoly very desirable.
WHY MONOPOLIES ARISE
• The fundamental cause of monopoly is barriers to entry.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
WHY MONOPOLIES ARISE
• Barriers to entry have three sources:
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Monopoly Resources
• Although exclusive ownership of a key resource is a potential source of monopoly, in practice monopolies rarely arise for this reason.
(b) A Monopolist’ s Demand Curve
Demand
Demand
0
Quantity of Output
0
Quantity of Output
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
A Monopoly’s Revenue
• Total Revenue P Q = TR • Average Revenue TR/Q = AR = P • Marginal Revenue DTR/DQ = MR
• Monopoly versus Competition
• Monopoly
• • • • • • • • Is the sole producer Faces a downward-sloping demand curve Is a price maker Reduces price to increase sales Is one of many producers Faces a horizontal demand curve Is a price taker Sells as much or as little at same price
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Government-Created Monopolies
• Governments may restrict entry by giving a single firm the exclusive right to sell a particular good in certain markets.
• A firm is considered a monopoly if . . .