学术英语摘要

Text1 How do computer hackers “get inside” a computerAbstract：Computer vulnerabilities are often utilized by hackers or crackers. The security of each computer is challenging. This paper firstly redefines the term “hacker”, “cracker” and “getting inside” the computers and describes the procedure in detail. The term “unauthorized user” (UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The first step of employing technical exploits will be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking including being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol (http) and being preprogrammed against specific vulnerabilities and launched without any specific target. The variability of hacking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computer and do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including updating patches, making complex passwords, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updating anti-virus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked.Text 3 Advantages of Cloud computingAbstract：Cloud of computing is allowing you to use services that include infrastructure applications, and storage space for a nominal fee. It should be able to quickly allot and relieve resources whenever required by clients and cater to the needs of clients without having to involve clients into management of the service and have real- time backup to offer maximum up time clients. The type of cloud services includes software as a service, platform as a service, infrastructure as a service .The advantages of cloud computing under green computing include reducing the consumption of electricity while also reducing emissions that damage the environment ,saving the environment while also saving on the expenses incurred due to a demand for expansion ,and allowing you to let you employees telecommute. Then, here is a summary about the advantages of cloud computing: remote accessibility, easy expansion, security and environmentally friendly.Text5 Can You Compete with A.I. for the Next Job?Abstract: With the development of social and technology, Artificial intelligence may replace human jobs in the future. There are a lot of news that reported artificial intelligence has play a important role in our life. For decades, People wrote about how machines replace humans. It will be better or ill. But all expected did not come. Around the time of the Revolution, Most of Americans worked in the farm. They farmed to keep themselves alive. With the development of traffic, Farming increasingly became a cash business. But as the agricultural industry grew, there are fewer and fewer workers who worked at farming and ranching. Today agricultural provides fewer than two million jobs. Because of automation happened. It brings better plows,planting and sowing machines. Agricultural become more and more scientific. The farmers’ children found new kinds of jobs in the city, they do not like stay on the farm. The early water-and-steam-powered factories also displace millions of craftsmen, because machine-handing factory workers made the goods better than the goods made by craftsmen, So that the number of factory jobs growing rapidly at that time. The automation of farming, craft work and manufacturing made products. Among them, food became cheaper and cheaper, so people can save money from food, then spent money on other expensive goods. Will A.I. machines take over the best occupations? The author is optimist and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs. T e s t6: Game theoryAbstract：Game theory Game theory is the science of strategy and was pioneered by Princeton m a t h e m a t i c i a n J o h n V o n N e u m a n n.I n t h e e a r l y y e a r st h e e m p h a s i s w a s o n g a m e s o f p u r e c o n f l i c t. O t h e r g a m e s w e r ec o n s ide r e d i n a c o o p e r a t i v ef o r m.Games are different from decisions made in a neutral environment. The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies. There are two distinct types of strategic interdependence: sequential and simultaneous. The logical circle is squared using a concept of equilibrium developed by the Princeton mathematician John Nash. Nash’s notion of equilibrium remains an incomplete solution to the problem of circular reasoning in simultaneous-move games. Some games have many such equilibrium while others have n o n e. And this notion has some flaws. In spite of it, the concept has proved extremely u s e f u li n a n a l y z i n g m a n ys t r a t e g i c i n t e r a c t i o n s.T h e r e a r e s o m e e x a m p l e s o f strategic interaction illustrate some of the fundmentals of game the ry: the prisoners’dilemma, mixing moves and strategic moves. Recent advances in game theory have succeeded in describing and prescribing appropriate strategies in several situations of conflict and cooperation. But the theory is far away from complete, and in many ways the design of successful strategy remains an art.Text 8 How Nanotechnology WorksAbstract:At the begin of this article, it states that there are unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence scientists dedicated to the study of a world so small that we can’t see it—even with a light microscope and tells us the important of nanotechnology. Then in order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology, we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved. The long of one nanometer is so small. When we measure the atomic scale, we can find that it’s still small compare to the nanometer. But in a lecture called “Small Wonders: The World of Nanoscience”, Nobel Prize winner Dr. Horst Stormer said that the nanoscale is more interstesting than the atomic scale because the nanoscale is the first point where we can assemble something—it’s not until we start putting atoms together that we can make anything useful. Then the article states that some predictions of nanotechnology such as the use of the rule of quantum mechanics, nanorobot. It nanotechnology in future.Test9: Global Warming and Its EffectsAbstract: Global warming has been a global issue for many years now.However, the most prominent effect of global warming exists in the climate change over the past years. It causes the oceans warmer, the intensity of hurricanes amplifies in power and devastation. Another area affected by global warming is the animal kingdom and nature. The number of animals has been decreasing and the various disease has spread to new regions across the globe. A third type of evidence of global warming can be found in plants. The leading cause of global warming is the ongoing burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Although carbon dioxide largely harms the environment, the other greenhouse gases have a large impact in the atmosphere. Throughout the world, various nations have been joining to help prevent or slow the process of global warming. The issue of global warming affects nature, people, and the economy. Scientists directly link disease to global warming. When people are trying to get others involved in the cause, a common problem that arises is the lack of motivation. In conclusion, the world needs to put forth a stronger effort to prevent global warming. And the mitigation of global warming, we should do from ourselves, from the little things around.Text 11 Risks of Nuclear PowerAbstract：The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation. The radiation mainly comes form the radioactive material. They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny. But the rate of the latter is far less than the former. Reactor accidents is also one of the risk of nuclear power. But the nuclear power plant design strategy for preventing accidents ,back-up system and mitigating their potential effects is “defence in depth”, so they happen probability is exceedingly small. If they all fails, very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days.The radioactive waste products from the nuclear industry must be isolated from contact with people for very long time periods. The bulk of the radioactivity is contained in the spent fuel, which is quite small in volume and therefore easily handled with great care. At other radiation problems，for example, exploitation of materials and transport of radioactive materials also produce radiation.The effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants depend somewhat on how the spent fuel is handled.。