美国合同法(第二次重述 第1部分中英文)
第二次合同法重述中文版
Restatement of the law, second, contracts 法律重述,第二次,合同法copyright (c) 1981,美国法学会案例引用规则与原则第1章条款之含义引言合同法中难点的持续不断的来源是对于对话双方来说词语常常有不同的含义的事实。
多数词语通常不止一种含义,在本“重述”中也不例外。
试图通过给一个词一个单一的定义,并且只按该定义使用,是导致该难点增长而非减少尚待论证。
但在用法宽泛之处,定义的方式使得在规则重述中避免婉转曲折的陈述并使不确定性最小化变得可能。
本“重述”努力尝试使用法律界熟悉含义的唯一的词,而不使用两个以上的词去表达相同的法律概念。
当一个常用词有多种不同含义时,其中一种含义被选择并通过定义简要地说明。
但仅凭一个定义即抓准一个完整的复杂制度,例如合同或者承诺,显然不可能。
实施的事实必要或足以创建法律关系,法律关系也将通过下面章节中将出现的更丰富的那些论据创建。
第1条合同的定义合同是一个或者一组允诺,违反该允诺,法律将给予救济,或者,在一定意义上法律对于该允诺的履行视为一种义务。
第2条允诺、要约人、受约人、受益人(1) 承诺是以某种特定方式作为或者抑制不作为的意思的表示,以使得受约人知道承诺的行为已作出。
(2) 表示该意思的是要约人。
(3) 意思表示被发给的人是受约人。
(4) 除受约人外,履行将使其受益的,是受益人。
第3条协议、交易协议是双方或多方达成合意的意思表示。
交易是交换承诺,或者交换履行的承诺,或者交换履行的合意。
第4条作出允诺的方式承诺可以口头或书面的方式作出,或者从行为全部或部分地推定。
第5条承诺的条款,协议,或者合同(1)承诺或协议的条款是指涉及特定事项表示的意图或合意的部分。
(2)合同的条款是指因涉及特定事项的允诺而产生的法律关系的部分,无论当事人是否表达出建立那些关系的意图。
第6条要式合同下列类型的合同在某些方面受制于特殊规则,即取决于其外部特征和不同于调整一般合同的特殊规则:(a) 蜡封合同,(b) 保证书,(c)可流通票据和单据,(d)(银行发行的)信用证。
美国《合同法重述第2版》
美国《合同法重述第2版》甲方:_______________________地址:_______________________联系人:_______________________联系电话:_______________________乙方:_______________________地址:_______________________联系人:_______________________联系电话:_______________________签订日期:_______________________签订地址:_______________________第一条合同目的与范围a. 本合同旨在明确甲方与乙方之间的合作事宜,确保双方在合作过程中的权益得到保障。
b. 本合同适用于双方在约定的合作范围内所进行的各项业务活动。
c. 本合同自双方签字之日起生效,有效期为____年。
① 合同目的:明确甲方与乙方合作的基本目标,确保双方合作顺利进行。
② 合作范围:详细列出双方合作的具体业务领域和活动内容。
③ 合同期限:明确合同的有效期限,以及合同到期后的续签或终止条件。
第二条合作内容与方式a. 甲方负责提供必要的资源和支持,乙方负责执行具体业务。
b. 双方应按照约定的合作方式,共同推进合作项目的实施。
c. 双方应定期召开会议,讨论合作进展和解决问题。
① 甲方责任:明确甲方在合作中的具体责任和义务。
② 乙方责任:明确乙方在合作中的具体责任和义务。
③ 合作方式:详细说明双方合作的具体流程和操作规范。
④ 会议制度:规定双方会议的召开频率、议题和决策机制。
第三条保密条款a. 双方对本合同内容以及合作过程中知悉的对方商业秘密负有保密义务。
b. 未经对方同意,任何一方不得向任何第三方泄露或披露本合同内容或商业秘密。
c. 本保密条款在本合同有效期内持续有效。
① 保密内容:明确保密内容的范围,包括但不限于技术信息、商业计划、等。
英美合同法单词范文
英美合同法单词范文英美合同法单词按课本出现顺序 Promise 允诺 Remedy 救济Competent persons 有相应行为能力之当事人Enforceable 可(由法律)强制执行的 Agreement 协议 P1Parties to the contract 合同当事人 Offeror 要约人 Offer 要约Offeree 受要约人 Aeptance 承诺 Assurance 确诺Manifestation of intent 意思表示 Commitment 许诺Promisor 允诺人 Promisee 受允诺人 Beneficiary 受益人Consideration 约因 Benefit 利益 Detriment 损害 Advantage 利益Disadvantage 不利益Object of the contract 合同标的 Statute of Frauds 防止欺诈条例P2Formation 合同成立 Enforcement 强制执行 Performance 履行 Discharge 解除Bilateral contract 双务合同 Unilateral contract 单务合同A promise for a promise 以允诺换允诺A promise for an act 以允诺换行为 P3Inplete contract 不完全履行合同 Partial performance contract 部分履行合同Actual contract 真实合同 Express contract 明示合同 P4 Implied-in-fact contract 默示合同/事实默示的合同 P5Quasi-contract 准合同 / implied-in-law contract 法律默示的合同Meeting of minds 合意 Injustice 不公正Unjust eichment 不当得利Objective theory of contract 合同客观理论Intent 意图Resonably prudent person standard 合理慎重人的标准 In jest 开玩笑 In anger 生气In excitement 兴奋状态 Invalid 无效 P6 Formal contract 要式合同 Contacts under seal 盖印合同 Recognizance 具结Acknowledge 成认Negotiable instruments 可转让票据 Letters of credit 信用证 Invoice 发票;发货单 Bill of lading 提单Informal contract 非要式合同/simple contract 简单合同P8 Valid contract 有效合同 Void contract 无效合同Voidable contract 可撤销合同Unenforceable contract 不可强制执行的合同Contractual capacity 订约能力Nondisclosure agreement/NDA 保密协议Minors 未成年人Insane persons 精神病者 Intoxicated persons 酗酒人Duress 胁迫Undue influence 不正当影响 Fraud 欺诈 P9Cases involving mutual mistake 双方都有误解的合同Contract at will 任意合同 Excuted contract/performedcontract/pleted contract 已履行/已完成的合同Excutory contract 待执行合同 P10Sources of contract law 合同法的渊源 Common law 普通法/judge-made law 法官造法General principle 一般法律原那么The Uniform Commercial Code/UCC 统一商法典National Conference of Commission on Uniform State Law 美国统一州级法律委员会全国大会 Draft 起草(法律) Merchant 商人P11Restatement of the law, Second:Contracts 法律整编第二版:合同法 The American Law Institute 美国法学会The Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods/CISG 联合国国际货物买卖销售合同公约Firm offer rule 实盘规那么(不可撤销要约规那么)Mailbox rule 发信主义 Battle of forms 格式之争 Mirror image rule 镜像规那么 P12Jurisprudential foundation 法理学根底Legal realism 法律现实主义 Open-ended standard 开口标准Formalities 形式 Make whole 填平Electronic Signature Act 电子签章法 P13Electronic sound 电子声音 Electronic symbol 电子符号Electronic process 电子程序 Preserve 保存 In writing 书面Laissez-faire 放任政策Freedom of contract 合同自由 P14Classical law of contracts 古典合同法理论Objective rules 客观规那么 Certainty 确定性Predictability 可预见性Chain of distribution for goods 物流链 Form contract 标准合同Automobile contract 汽车买卖合同 Mortgage contract 抵押合同Sale contracts for consumer goods 消费品买卖合同Legal theories 法律原理/理论 Oppressive 强制性Decisional law 判例法Small-town virtue 小城道德标准 Interest of business 商业的利益 Rural context 农村环境 Urban context 城市环境 P15 Defenses to the enforcement of a contract 对合同履行的抗辩Trade usage 行业惯例Specific performance 强制履行 Expectation interest 预期利益 Reliance interest 信赖利益Substitute performance 替代履行 Restitution 恢复原状Genuineness of assent 同意的真实性 Duress 胁迫Undue influence 不正当影响 Fraud 欺诈 P16Writing and form 书面和形式问题 Equity 衡平Court of mon law 普通法院Chancery court/court of equity 衡平法院Fairness 公平Moral rights道德权利 Natural law 自然法Doctrine of equity 衡平准那么 P17Lawyers 法律人 Case law 判例法Public policy 社会公共政策 P19Novation (合同)更新 Liquidated damages 违约金Covenant of good faith 善意条款 P20Mutual assent 双方同意A reasonably prudent person 合理慎重人 P21 Offeror 要约人 Offeree 受要约人 Promise 承诺 Aept 承诺Invitation to negotiate 要约邀请/谈判邀请Form letter 格式信函 Quote 报价Promissory estoppel 允诺禁反言;不得自食其言 P22Standard of offer 判断要约的标准 A reasonable person 合理人标准 P31Prevail 优先 P33 Terms of offer 要约的条件P38Open terms 开放条款Gap-filling rule 空隙填补规那么 Time of performance 履行时间 P40Quantum meruit 按劳付酬;按合理价格支付;质量价值Quasi contract 准合同 P43 Communication of offer 要约的传达 Supported by consideration 有约因支持的Option 选择权Irrevocable 不可撤销的Firm offers 不可撤销的要约/实盘要约 P47Offers in auction 拍卖的要约Auction without reserve 无保存的拍卖Auction wiht reserve 有保存的拍卖 Collateral contract 附随合同;附属契约 P50Auction in electronic merce 电子商务拍卖 P53Termination of offer 要约的终止 P54Lapse of time 逾时;期满失效 P55Revocation of offer 要约的撤回 P56Offeree’s refusal of offer 受要约人回绝要约Counter-offer 反要约Mirror aeptance 镜像规那么 P62Option 选择权 P64 Termination by law P65Terms and conditions 条款和条件 Counter-offer 反要约Mirror aeptance rule 镜像承诺规那么 P68Cross offers 穿插要约 P71Indefiniteness 缺乏确定性;不确定性 P72Meeting of minds 达成合意Entry-into-force time of aeptance 承诺的生效时间Aeptance-upon-dispatch rule/mailbox rule 承诺发出主义/投邮主义 P73Quiet title to the land 确认土地所有权 P74Option contract 选择权合同 P75 Promise 允诺Performance 履行 P77 General contractor 总承包商Subcontractor 次承包商 P82 Malpractice 玩忽职守;不当执业P86Implied-in-fact contract 事实默示的合同 P87Good faith 诚信原那么Reasonableness 合理性原那么 P93Commercial reasonableness 商业合理性 P94Unconscionability不正当;显失公平;不受良心控制Liquidated damage clause 预定损害赔偿条款Battle of the forms 格式信函之战 P95Gap-filling rule 空隙填补规那么 Merchantability 适售性P96Proposals for addition to the contract 对合同的补充建议P97 Different terms 不同条款 Additional terms 额外条款Merchants 商人Non-merchants 非商人Materially alter 实质性变更 Complaint 抱怨 Warranty 担保Merchantability 适售性 Fitness 合目的性 P98Impacts of E-merce and web-laws on the forms 电子商务与网络法对格式合同的影响Shrink wrap license 拆封许可 P102Public policy 公共政策 P103 An enforceable contract 有强制力的合同Consideration 约因Inducement/incentives 诱因 Detriment 损害Impelling influence 强有力的影响因素Bargaining 讨价还价Legal detriment or disadvantage 法律上的损失或不利益Quid pro quo 对价 Gift 赠与 P112Contract in signed writing 经签署的书面合同Supported by consideration 已受约因支持Contract under seal 盖印合同 Forbearance 忍耐/克制 P115 Sufficient consideration 充分的约因 Gift promise 赠与的允诺P116Nominal consideration 名义上的约因Shocks the conscience of the court 震惊法庭的良心Adequacy of consideration 约因的适当性 P123Sufficiency of consideration 约因的充分性Nominal 有名无实的;名义上的 Equity 衡平法 P124Forbearance from suit 容忍不诉 Past consideration 过去的约因 Moral obligation 道德义务 P125 Quantum meruit 所提供效劳之实际价值Good consideration 有效的约因 P126Moral consideration 道德约因 Legal consideration 法律约因 P131Pre-existing duty 既存的义务 P132Modification of contract 合同的修改 P135Sales contract 买卖合同 Termination 终止(合同)Rescission 解除(合同) Unforeseen and unanticipated circumstances 无法预料、不曾预见之情况Estoppel 禁反言 Waiver 弃权 P137Executory contract 待履行合同Compromising an existing claim 既存请求权的妥协Bona fide dispute “真实的”或“善意的争议” P139 Aord 新债清偿合同 Satisfaction 满足Aord and satisfaction 新债清偿合同与满足 P140Illusory promise 虚假允诺Mutuality of obligation 义务相互性 P144Output contract 产量合同Requirement contract 需求合同 P148Stale claims 逾时失效的请求权 The statue of limitations 诉讼时效 Discharge in bankruptcy 破产免责 New consideration 新约因 P150 Forbearance from suit 隐忍不诉Abstention from legal conduct 合法行为的节制Detriment 利益损失 P152 A bona fide suit 善意诉讼Sufficient consideration 充分的约因 P153Aleatory promise 不确定/偶然性的承诺Promissory estoppel 允诺性禁反言 P158Injustice 不公正 Remedies 救济Unjust eichment 不当得利 P159Parol evidence rule 口头证据法那么 Terms and conditions 条款和条件 Parol 口头的 In writing 书面的Extrinsic evidence 外在证据 P174Integration 整合Final and plete 最终且完整的 Partial integration 部分整合Final but not plete 最终但不完全 Prior writings andoral agreement 事前的书面和口头协议Contemporaneous writing 同时书面 Subsequent agreements 事后协议 No oral modification clause 制止头变更条款 P175 Reliability of writings 书面的可靠性 A principle of substance 实体法律原那么 P176Procedural substantive 程序的实体性 Diversity jurisdiction 区分管辖权 P177Final and plete writings 最终且完整的书面The statute of frauds 防止欺诈条例 Memorandum 备忘录P197 Partial integrated 部分整合 Total integrated 完全整合Additional prior non-contradictory parol terms 协议订立前的非抵触性的其他口头条件Informality 不标准;非正式Completely integrated writing 完全整合的书面Fully integrated/pleted 完全整合的Form approach 形式的方法 P198 The face of the contract 合同的外表 Extrinsic evidence 外来证据 Intrinsic evidence 内在证据 Merger clause 归并条款Verbal understandings 口头谅解书 P199Implied terms (合同的)默示条款 Separate consideration 独立的约因 Separate agreement 分别的协议 P202Substituting or contradicting terms 替代或变更原有条款Express language 明示语言 P220 Extra or additional terms 额外或附属条款Side or collateral agreement 额外或附属协议Merger clause 归并条款Separate consideration 独立的约因 P221Ambiguity/ambiguities 含混不清之处 Latent 隐性的/ 潜在的 Patent 显性的 P222Terms based on custom 依据惯例确立的合同条款Course of dealing 交易过程Custom and usage of the trade 行业惯例Prior negotiations 订约前协商Antecedent understanding 签约前协英美法与大陆法在对合同的理解上走了完全不同的两条路,在大陆法下,合同作为债的原因而存在,基于这一理念,或者说是基于这一理论抽象,大陆法的民法体系将合同与侵权、无因管理、不当得利等沟通起来;而在英美法里,合同只是有法律强制力的当事人之间互有联系的承诺而已。
美国合同法(第二次重述第1部分中英文)
CONTENT 目录(共十六章 385 条)Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS 第一章合同条款的含义Chapter 2 FORMA TION OF CONTRATCTS -------- P ARTIES AND CAPACITY第二章合同的订立——当事人及其缔约能力Chapter 3 FORMA TION OF CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT 第三章合同的订立——意思表示一致CHAPTER 4 FORMA TION OF CONTRACTS — CONSIDERA TION 第四章合同的订立——约因CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS 第五章防止欺诈条例CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE 第六章错误CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE 第七章虚假的意思表示,胁迫以及不当影响CHAPTER 8 UNENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY 第八章合同因公共政策而不可执行CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGA TIONS 第九章合同义务的范围CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE 第十章合同的履行与不履行CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE AND FRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE 第十一章履行不能和履行目的落空CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION 第十二章双方合意或变更合同以解除合同义务CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES 第十三章连带允诺人和受允诺人CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES 第十四章合同受益人CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON 第十五章合同权利的转让与合同义务的转托CHAPTER 16.REMEDIES 第十六章违约救济Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS 第一章合同条款的含义§1. CONTRACT DEFINED 合同定义A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty. 合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺,如果违反此允诺,则法律给与救济;如果其履行了允诺,则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。
美国合同法简介英语文章
美国合同法简介英语文章Contract law is a fundamental aspect of the legal system in the United States. It governs the creation and enforcement of agreements between parties, and is based on a combination of statutes, common law, and the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). The principles of contract law are designed to provide a framework for parties to enter into binding agreements and to protect their rights and obligations.Contracts are legally binding agreements between two or more parties that create obligations to do or not docertain things. In order to be enforceable, a contract must meet certain requirements, including offer, acceptance, consideration, legality, capacity, and consent. These elements ensure that the parties have reached a mutual understanding and agreement, and that the contract is fair and not obtained through coercion or fraud.One of the key principles of contract law is the concept of "meeting of the minds," which means that the parties must have a mutual understanding and intention to be bound by the terms of the contract. This requires clearcommunication and a shared understanding of the terms and conditions of the agreement.Another important principle is the doctrine of consideration, which requires that each party to thecontract must give something of value in exchange for the promises made by the other party. This can be money, goods, services, or even a promise to refrain from doing something.Contracts can take many forms, including written, oral,or implied. However, certain types of contracts, such as those involving the sale of goods, real estate, orcontracts that cannot be performed within one year, must be in writing to be enforceable under the statute of frauds.When a party breaches a contract, the non-breachingparty may seek legal remedies, such as damages, specific performance, or cancellation of the contract. The specific remedies available will depend on the nature of the breach and the terms of the contract.In conclusion, contract law is a vital component of the legal system in the United States, providing the framework for parties to enter into binding agreements and ensuring that their rights and obligations are protected.Understanding the principles of contract law is essentialfor businesses and individuals alike, as contracts are a fundamental aspect of everyday transactions and relationships.合同法是美国法律体系中的一个基本方面。
美国合同法重述
美国合同法重述篇一::徘徊于法典法与判例法之间(下)上找律师就到中顾法律快速专业解决您的法律问题:徘徊于法典法与判例法之间(下)刘承韪中国政法大学副教授四、《第二次合同法重述》:制定法和判例法的双重影响《第一次合同法重述》在美国出版之后,引起了巨大的社会反响,佳评如潮。
曾任首席大法官的休斯(Hughes)称赞合同法重述为“不朽的成就(monumental achievement)”,并将其出版描述为“头等重要的大事”; [1]法恩思沃斯的老师、哥伦比亚大学的帕特森教授(Edwin Patterson)认为合同法重述“非常有意义” [2];伊利诺斯州立大学的戈布尔教授(George Goble)认为合同法重述是“一项杰出的作品,是一块里程碑(an outstanding production and anmilestone)” [3]。
同样,《第二次合同法重述》的第一位报告人、哈佛大学的布莱彻教授(Robert Braucher) [4]称赞《合同法重述》是当代社会对私法自治和合同自由的重申:用现代词语来重述合同法的努力使得私法自治在一个扩张政府行为的时代得到强烈反弹为回应社会变化而提炼并重新定义的合同自由,拥有了它以前一直拥有的力量。
[5] 上找律师就到中顾法律快速专业解决您的法律问题当然,合同法重述也不乏批评者(例如对重述的方法和合同修改规则等的攻击),但批评之声相对于其获得的赞誉声来说,还是极其微弱的。
不过,由于合同法重述在性质上是一种介于法典法和判例法之间的法律文件,它就免不了受到制定法和判例法发展的影响。
随着合同判例的逐步扩张和更新以及相关商事立法的出台,《第一次合同法重述》的修改便被提上议事日程。
公元1952年,美国法律研究院又获得 Education and Charitable Trust of Pittsburgh的赞助,准备对一次重述进行修改,(并于1962年) [6]正式开始合同法等法律的第二次重述,合同法重述于1979年获得通过。
合同法的第二次重述
合同法的第二次重述英文回答:Second Restatement of Contracts.The Second Restatement of Contracts is a legal treatise that provides a comprehensive and authoritative statement of the common law of contracts in the United States. It was published by the American Law Institute (ALI) in 1979 andis the successor to the First Restatement of Contracts, which was published in 1932.The Second Restatement of Contracts is divided intofive parts:1. Formation of Contracts.2. Performance and Breach of Contracts.3. Remedies for Breach of Contract.4. Assignment and Delegation.5. Discharge of Contracts.Each part is further divided into chapters and sections, which provide detailed rules and principles governing the law of contracts. The Second Restatement of Contracts is a highly influential work that has been cited by courts and scholars countless times. It is considered to be one of the most important legal treatises in the United States.中文回答:合同法的第二次重述。
(完整版)美国合同法(第二次重述-第1部分中英文)
CONTENT目录(共十六章385条)Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章合同条款的含义Chapter 2 FORMA TION OF CONTRATCTS------PARTIES AND CAPACITY 第二章合同的订立——当事人及其缔约能力Chapter 3 FORMA TION OF CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT第三章合同的订立——意思表示一致CHAPTER 4 FORMA TION OF CONTRACTS—CONSIDERA TION第四章合同的订立——约因CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS第五章防止欺诈条例CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE第六章错误CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE 第七章虚假的意思表示,胁迫以及不当影响CHAPTER 8 UNENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY 第八章合同因公共政策而不可执行CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGA TIONS第九章合同义务的范围CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE第十章合同的履行与不履行CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE AND FRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE第十一章履行不能和履行目的落空CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION第十二章双方合意或变更合同以解除合同义务CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES第十三章连带允诺人和受允诺人CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES第十四章合同受益人CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON第十五章合同权利的转让与合同义务的转托CHAPTER 16.REMEDIES第十六章违约救济Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章合同条款的含义§1. CONTRACT DEFINED 合同定义A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺,如果违反此允诺,则法律给与救济;如果其履行了允诺,则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。
美国合同法的损害赔偿(二)
美国合同法的损害赔偿(二)陈锦华合同违约造成损害时,未违约方为取得使自己处于如同合同已被适当履行地位的损害赔偿时,一般而言必须符合三个条件:(1)该损害必须是双方在签订合同时可预见的(foreseeability);(2)该损害必须是确定且可计算出的(certainty);(3)该损害必须是未违约方无法避免的(avoidability)。
本文将逐一简述。
首先是损害的可预见性,经典案例可追溯到1854年的Hadley v. Baxendale1。
该案中,原告Hadley经营一家磨坊厂,因为蒸汽机曲柄轴断裂,导致整个磨坊厂停工,原告必须向某外地厂商订制一个新的曲柄轴,故委托本地货运公司Baxendale将原曲柄轴寄去该厂以便仿制,原告让员工到被告办公室办理寄运,当时原告员工曾告知被告员工说磨坊厂在取得新曲柄轴之前都无法运转,因此被告必须立即安排运送,原告员工並询问何时可寄出,被告员工说第二天就可寄出,原告员工同意而且还特别交代被告要加快寄送速度,但事实上该曲柄轴的寄送仍被延误了,导致原告比预期的时间迟5日取得新品,原告因此起诉被告请求赔偿磨坊厂5日无法运营的损失。
法院在审酌本案时认为,因被告违约导致原告损害的范围,应仅限于双方在缔约时可预期的范围,而判断是否双方在缔约时可预期,有两个方式:一是在公平合理判断下,该损害通常会因违约而自然产生;二是虽然该损害不在通常会自然产生的范围内,但原告在订约时曾向被告特别说明时,也可被视为双方在缔约时均已知晓并可预期。
本案1 9 Ex.341. 156 Eng. Rep. 145 (1854)符合第二种情况,因此法院判决被告应当赔偿原告该5日期间无法运营磨坊的利益损失以及相应的员工薪资。
损害的可预见性因此得以确立。
值得注意的是,本案除了确立损害可预见性原则外,还确立了被告违约而必须赔偿原告利益损失(lost profits2)的原则。
这个原则在以后的几个著名案例中均被遵循,而在Florafax International, Inc. v. GTE Market Resources, Inc.3中,奥克拉荷麻州最高法院阐释得更清楚,亦即只要符合以下三要素,原告因被告违约而未获得的未来利益或预期利益的损失,都应当获得赔偿:(1)该损失在双方订约时都可认知到;(2)该损失是直接或几乎直接因违约而产生,即存在因果关系;(3)该损失可被合理地精确衡量或估算。
英美合同法
Chapter 1. Formation of Contract
Section 1. Mutual Assent 合意 合意指双方当事人订立合同的意思表示相一 在英美合同法中, 致。在英美合同法中,合意是判断合同约束 力和当事人合同双方权利义务的前提, 力和当事人合同双方权利义务的前提,也是 合同成立的标志。 合同成立的标志。
合同contract源出自于法语contractus,古称 契约。什么是合同?按照最简单的定义(the simplest definition),合同是具有法律约束 力的承诺(A contract is a promise enforceable at law)。 Notwithstanding, not all promises are enforceable, even when in writing. That is why we must learn American&British Contract law
西方早在圣经中就有关于上帝在西乃山与以 色列人立约的记载。诺亚方舟就是借上帝和 诺亚的契约而建造的。 But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons’ wives with thee. 但我要与你立约,你以及你的儿子、妻子和 儿媳,要与你一同进入方舟。
Definition of Contract
Contract Law of China: Contracts referred to in this Law are agreements between equal natural persons, legal persons and other organizations for the purpose of establishing, altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations.
合同法重述英文版
合同法重述英文版Title: Restatement of the Contract LawIntroductionThe Contract Law of the People's Republic of China is the legal foundation for contractual relationships in China. It governs the formation, validity, interpretation, performance, and termination of contracts. The law is crucial in promoting commercial transactions, protecting the legitimate rights and interests of parties, and maintaining social and economic stability. In this article, we will provide a restatement of the Contract Law, highlighting its essential provisions and principles.Formation of ContractsA contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that creates rights and obligations. To form a contract, the parties must have the capacity to contract,offer, acceptance, and consideration. The offeror must express the intention to be bound by the offer, and the offeree must accept it without any variations or modifications. Consideration is the exchange of something of value, such as money, goods, services, or promises.Validity of ContractsA contract is valid only if it meets the legal requirements of form, substance, and purpose. The form refers to the manner in which the contract is made, such as in writing, orally, or by conduct. The substance refers to the content of the contract, such as the subject matter, terms, and conditions. The purpose refers to the legal and moral objectives of the contract, such as compliance with laws and public policy.Interpretation of ContractsThe interpretation of a contract is the process of determining its meaning and intent. When the terms of thecontract are clear and unambiguous, they are to be enforced according to their plain language. When the terms are unclear or susceptible to different meanings, the court will consider the parties' intent, the context, and the custom and usage in the relevant industry or society. In case of conflicts, the court will interpret the contract against the party who drafted it or sought the ambiguity.Performance of ContractsThe performance of a contract is the fulfillment of the parties' obligations. In general, the parties must perform their obligations in good faith, with due diligence, and according to the terms of the contract. If the performance is delayed, defective, or impossible due to unforeseeable or unavoidable events, such as force majeure, the parties may be excused or discharged from the obligations, wholly or partially. If the performance is breached by one party, theother party may seek remedies, such as damages, specific performance, or rescission of the contract.Termination of ContractsA contract may be terminated by mutual agreement, performance, operation of law, or breach by one party. Mutual agreement is the voluntary and unequivocal consensus of the parties to terminate the contract, usually by another contract. Performance is the completion of all obligations by both parties, which extinguishes the contract. Operation of law is the termination of the contract by legal rules, such as expiration of the term, death, bankruptcy, or invalidity. Breach is the failure or refusal of one party to perform the obligations, giving the other party the right to terminate the contract and seek remedies.ConclusionThe Contract Law is an important legal framework for contractual relationships in China. It provides clear andpredictable rules for the formation, validity, interpretation, performance, and termination of contracts. The law emphasizes the freedom of contract, the principle of good faith, the protection of consumers, and the promotion of social and economic welfare. The law serves as a foundation for business transactions and legal disputes, and it requires parties toact responsibly and honestly in their contractual dealings.。
美国合同法概述
分类:法规公约条约诉讼仲裁公证标签:美国合同法杂谈ArrayCONTENT目录(共十六章385条)Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章合同条款的含义Chapter 2 FORMATION OF CONTRATCTS------PARTIES AND CAPACITY 第二章合同的订立——当事人及其缔约能力Chapter 3 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT第三章合同的订立——意思表示一致CHAPTER 4 FORMATION OF CONTRACTS—CONSIDERATION第四章合同的订立——约因CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS第五章防止欺诈条例CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE第六章错误CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE 第七章虚假的意思表示,胁迫以及不当影响CHAPTER 8 UNENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY第八章合同因公共政策而不可执行CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS第九章合同义务的范围CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE第十章合同的履行与不履行CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE ANDFRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE第十一章履行不能和履行目的落空CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION第十二章双方合意或变更合同以解除合同义务CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES第十三章连带允诺人和受允诺人CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES第十四章合同受益人CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON第十五章合同权利的转让与合同义务的转托CHAPTER 16.REMEDIES第十六章违约救济Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章合同条款的含义§1. CONTRACT DEFINED 合同定义A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺,如果违反此允诺,则法律给与救济;如果其履行了允诺,则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。
两大法系合同法的比较(一)
两大法系合同法的比较一、两大法系合同法中合同的概念与特征比较(一)英美法合同的定义和特征在英美法上,对于合同的界定众说不一,而被引用的最为普遍,也是最有影响的合同定义,是美国《合同法第二次重述》第1条的界定,即“合同是一个或者一组允诺(promise),违反该允诺时,法律给予救济;对允诺的履行,法律在某种情况下将其视为一种义务”。
通说认为,合同是两个以上当事人之间的具有法律约束力的协议(binding agreement),或者由一个以上的当事人对于他方当事人负有作为或者不作为的义务。
承担这项义务的人即为“允诺人”(promisor),享受这项权利的人为“受领允诺人”(promisee)。
英美法实质上将合同定义为一种协议(agreement),合同必须通过双方的协议才能成立,而协议的内容则是双方当事人一致的意思表示。
要约一经受要约人承诺,双方之间的协议即告成立,但并不是所有当事人之间的协议都是具有法律效果的合同。
对于那些没有法律上约束力的协议,当事人并不能要求强制执行。
(二)大陆法合同的定义和特征大陆法系队合同的定义继承了罗马法的传统。
罗马法将合同定义为“得到法律承认的债的协议”,大陆法系国家民法将合同定义为“一种协议”就是由此而来的。
但是,由于立法体例、法律传统和法律用语本身的差异,作为大陆法系两大分支的德国法系和法国法系对合同又有不同的定义和解释。
德国法系国家是以法律行为为概念定义合同的。
合同即“以法律行为发生债的关系或改变债的关系的内容者,除法律另有规定外,必须有当事人双方之间的契约”(德国民法典第305条)。
德国民法典创造性的引进法律行为的概念对合同进行定义,即合同是发生、变更债的关系的法律行为,合同的本质仍然是一种意思表示的合意。
而且,合同又有广、狭义之分。
广义的合同是指以发生私法上效果为目的的合意的总称,包括债权、物权以及身份等合同的总称;狭义的合同专指以发生债权为目的的合意,即债权合同。
美国合同法 第1章 总论
• 美国合同法带来的启示 ——中国民法典制定的理念 ——判例作为成文法的补充
二、如何学习美国合同法
• 历史法学和社会法学的视角
• 通过对判例事实和判决理由的分析研究,把握不同合同法制度和规 则在实践中不同的运用方式,发现制度背后的政策因素、价值因素、 社会因素,与中国合同法的理论和实践做法进行比较,进行反思, 从实证研究上升到理性分析
——两位当事人的区别主要就在于有没有让对方知道并相信自己打算付出,或者 换句话说在于有没有对对方做出一个值得信赖的承诺,而有无这个承诺的存在是合同 能否成立的关键因素。
小结
要缔结一份有效合同通常需要当事人具有建立契约关系并使自己受其约束的 意图,如果一份合同不是当事人凭借自由意志与订约意图自愿与对方达成共识而 构成的,那这无疑是一份缺失了灵魂的合同;另一方面,合同的血肉就是承诺, 就像一个人不能没有血肉之躯一样,没有承诺的合同也是不存在的,当事人的意 图必须依附于承诺才能成为现实。
美国合同法在近现代社会的发展演变
1. 自由资本主义时期——从身份到契约 维护私人自由缔约的权利称为法律的首要目标。
2. 垄断资本主义时期至今——从契约到身份 为交易中的弱方提供特别的法律保护,已成为一项贯彻始终的政策。
三、美国合同法的渊源
• 判例法 • 制定法 • 两次《合同法重述》 • 《联合国国际货物买卖销售合同公约》 • 学者的论集论著
2. 教会法院——根据教会法,把经过宣誓的诺言视为有强制执行效力的诺言; 在某些情况下,甚至把未经宣誓的诺言看作不得反悔的诺言,从而予以执 行。
3. 衡平法法院——既然一方因另一方未履行其诺言而蒙受了损害,该方就应 该得到赔偿。
合同法重述英文版
合同法重述英文版第一条合同定义与适用范围a. 本合同法适用于甲方与乙方之间签订的所有合同。
b. 合同是指双方或多方当事人之间,就一定事项达成一致意见,明确权利义务关系的协议。
c. 本合同法旨在规范合同签订、履行、变更、解除及违约责任等方面的法律关系。
第二条合同成立与生效① 双方当事人具有完全民事行为能力;② 双方当事人意思表示真实;③ 合同内容不违反法律法规的强制性规定;④ 合同形式符合法律规定。
b. 合同自双方当事人签字或盖章之日起生效。
c. 合同生效前,任何一方不得擅自变更或解除合同。
第三条合同履行a. 双方当事人应按照合同约定履行各自的权利义务。
b. 甲方应按照合同约定向乙方支付款项,乙方应按照合同约定向甲方提供货物或服务。
c. 双方当事人应按照合同约定的时间、地点、方式履行合同。
第四条合同变更与解除① 双方当事人协商一致;② 变更内容不违反法律法规的强制性规定;③ 变更内容不损害国家利益、社会公共利益和他人合法权益。
① 双方当事人协商一致;② 合同解除不违反法律法规的强制性规定;③ 合同解除不损害国家利益、社会公共利益和他人合法权益。
c. 合同变更或解除后,双方当事人应按照变更或解除后的合同约定履行各自的权利义务。
第五条违约责任a. 双方当事人应按照合同约定履行各自的权利义务,如一方违约,应承担违约责任。
b. 违约责任包括但不限于:① 支付违约金;② 恢复原状;③ 采取补救措施;④ 赔偿损失。
c. 违约金的具体数额由双方当事人协商确定,协商不成的,可依法向人民法院提起诉讼。
第六条争议解决a. 双方当事人应友好协商解决合同履行过程中产生的争议。
b. 如协商不成,可依法向人民法院提起诉讼或申请仲裁。
c. 诉讼或仲裁费用由败诉方承担。
第七条保密条款a. 双方当事人对本合同内容以及履行过程中知悉的对方商业秘密负有保密义务。
b. 未经对方同意,不得向任何第三方泄露或使用对方商业秘密。
c. 本保密条款在本合同有效期内及合同终止后仍具有约束力。
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CONTENT目录(共十六章385条)Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章合同条款的含义Chapter 2 FORMA TION OF CONTRATCTS------PARTIES AND CAPACITY 第二章合同的订立——当事人及其缔约能力Chapter 3 FORMA TION OF CONTRACTS---MUTUAL ASSENT第三章合同的订立——意思表示一致CHAPTER 4 FORMA TION OF CONTRACTS—CONSIDERA TION第四章合同的订立——约因CHAPTER 5 THE STATUTE OF FRAUDS第五章防止欺诈条例CHAPTER 6 MISTAKE第六章错误CHAPTER 7 MISREPRESENTATION, DURESS AND UNDUE INFLUENCE 第七章虚假的意思表示,胁迫以及不当影响CHAPTER 8 UNENFORCEABILITY ON GROUNDS OF PUBLIC POLICY 第八章合同因公共政策而不可执行CHAPTER 9 THE SCOPE OF CONTRACTUAL OBLIGA TIONS第九章合同义务的范围CHAPTER 10 PERFORMANCE AND NON-PERFORMANCE第十章合同的履行与不履行CHAPTER 11 IMPRACTICABILITY OF PERFORMANCE AND FRUSTRATION OF PURPOSE第十一章履行不能和履行目的落空CHAPTER 12 DISCHARGE BY ASSET OR ALTERATION第十二章双方合意或变更合同以解除合同义务CHAPTER 13 JOINT AND SEVERAL PROMISORS AND PROMISEES第十三章连带允诺人和受允诺人CHAPTER 14 CONTRACT BENEFICIARIES第十四章合同受益人CHAPTER 15 ASSGINEMNT AND DELEGATON第十五章合同权利的转让与合同义务的转托CHAPTER 16.REMEDIES第十六章违约救济Chapter 1 MEANING OF TERMS第一章合同条款的含义§1. CONTRACT DEFINED 合同定义A contract is a promise or a set of promises for the breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.合同指的是一个允诺或一组允诺,如果违反此允诺,则法律给与救济;如果其履行了允诺,则法律以某种方式将其视为一项义务。
§2. PROMISE; PROMISOR; PROMISEE. 允诺;允诺人;受允诺人(1) A promise is a manifestation of intention to act or refrain from acting in a specified way, so made as to justify a promisee in understanding that a commitment has been made.允诺就是以特定方式实施或禁止实施某种行为的意思表示,这种意思表示使受允诺人正当地认为一个允诺已经作出。
(2) The person manifesting the intention is the promisor.作出该意思表示的人是允诺人(3) The person to whom the manifestation is addressed is the promisee.该意思表示所指向的人为受允诺人。
(4) Where performance will benefits a person other than the promisee, that person is beneficiary.如果该允诺的履行使除受允诺人之外的他人获利,则该人为受益人。
§3. AGREEMENT DEFINED; BARGAIN DEFINED协议的定义;An agreement is a manifestation of mutual assent on the part of two or more persons. A bargain is an agreement to exchange promises or to exchange a promise for a performance or to exchange performances..交易磋商约定的定义一个协议就是两个或两个以上的人一致的意思表示。
一个交易磋商约定是为允诺与允诺之间的交换,或为允诺与义务履行的交换,或为义务履行之间的交换而达成的协议。
§4. How a Promise May Be Made 允诺如何作出A promise may be stated in words either oral or written, or may be inferred w holly or partly from conduct.一个允诺可以用口头言词或书面文字作出,也可以完全或部分地从行为中推断而得。
§5. Terms of Promise, Agreement, or Contract允诺,协议或合同的条件(1) A term of promise or agreement is that portion of the intention or assent manifested which relates to a particular matter.允诺或协议的条件就是当事人就特定的事项表示了部分的缔约意图或对缔约的赞同。
(2) A term of contract is that portion of the legal relations resulting from the promise or set of promises which relates to a particular matter, whether or not the parties manifest an intention to create those relations.合同的条件就是由于当事人就特定事项作出了一个或一系列的允诺,由此引起他们之间部分法律关系的存在,不管当事人是否作出意思表示要建立这些法律关系。
§6. Formal Contracts要式合同The following types of contracts are subject in some respects to special rules that depend on their formal characteristics and differ from those governing contracts in general:下列类型的合同根据其形式上的特征,在某些方面受不同于一般合同规则的法律规则的调整:(1) Contracts under seal, 盖印合同(2) Recognizances, 保证书(3) Negotiable instruments and documents,.可流通票据和单据(4)Letters of credit信用证§7. V oidable contracts可撤消的合同A voidable contract is one where one or more parties have the power, by a manifestation of election to do so, to avoid the legal relations created by the contract, or by ratification of the contract to extinguish the power of avoidance.如果合同的一方或多方当事人有权通过意思表示,或通过订立一个取消撤消权的合同,撤消该合同已经建立的法律关系,则该合同为可撤消的合同。
§8. Unenforceable Contracts不能强制执行的合同An unenforceable contract is one for the breach of which neither the remedy of damages nor the remedy of specific performance is available, but which is recognized in some other way as creating a duty of performance, though there has been no ratification.不可强制执行的合同是指这样一种合同,即违反该合同导致损害赔偿救济和强制履行救济均不可适用,但是却被认为是以其他方式创设了并没有获得认可的履行义务。
Chapter 2 FORMA TION OF CONTRATCTS------PARTIES AND CAPACITY第二章合同的订立——当事人及其缔约能力§9. Parties Required合同当事人There must be at least two parties to a contract, a promisor and a promisee, but there may be any greater number.合同必须至少有两个当事人,即允诺人和受允诺人,但是也可以有两个以上更多的当事人。
§10. Multiple Promisors and Promisees of the Same Performance针对同一项履行的多个允诺人和受允诺人(1) Where there are more promisors than one in a contract, some or all of them may promise the same performance, whether or not there are also promises for separate performances.如果一个合同中有多个允诺人,则部分或全部的允诺人可以就同一项履行作出允诺,不管他们是否就个别的义务履行作出允诺。