专四语法之句子成分
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A.neither you nor I are B.neither you nor me is
C.neither you nor I am D.neither me nor you
4.the+形容词作主语，代表单数名词时用单 数动词，如果指一类人，应视为复数。
In many stories, the good are well rewared.
A. appositive(同位语) B.complement(补语)
4.同位语 Appositive 同位：两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同
等位置
用成分A说明解释B时，A是B的同位语。 同位语一般紧跟其解释说明的词之后。
Are you three all right?
5.定语 Attribute—数词、名词、形容词、动 名词、不定式、从句等
一、and
1、由and或者both…and连接的并列结构作 主语，意义为复数时，谓语动词用复数。
2、不定式、动名词以及从句作主语时应视 为单数，谓语动词用单数形式，但是and连 接两个成分时，谓语动词用复数。
Having enough sleep and doing regular exercises are beneficial to your health.
***重要5.疑问代词which作主语时，其动词 是单数还是复数根据which所指的单复数而 定；但who作主语时，即使被问者是复数， 通常也用单数动词。
Which are prettier, these or those? -Who wants to come with me? -We do. 比较：Who are her roommates？
7.状语Adverbial 时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、
方式、伴随等
D.句子类型 Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Complex Sentence—Main Clause+Subordinate
Clause Compound Complex Sentence
3.补语 Complement 弥补主语或宾语意义之不足 I think everything in good order.
They call me Jane. Foreigners are called Lao Wai.
真题： In “How much do you think he earns” how much is ( )of the sentence.
5.one and a half+复数名词做主语，动词用 单数
One and a half apples is left on the plate. one apple one and a half apples
a number of +复数名词 谓语动词用复数 the number of +复数名词 谓语动词用单数
虚词（Form Word） Article Preposition Conjunction Interjection
B.短语/词组 phrase
名词短语 动词短语 形容词短语 副词短语 不定式短语 Infinitive 动名词短语 Gerundial 分词短语 Participial 介词短语 独立短语 Absolute
Neither he nor they were late last time.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
It is futile to discuss the matter further, because going to agree upon anything today.
4.all, none, most, majority, part, enough, some, the rest, 等+of…的短语以及more than 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式通常由 所修饰的名词、代词的数决定。
Enough of the data been collected.
汉语：字——词——句——段——篇 英语：Word—phrase—sentence—paragraph—
discourse
A.单词 Word 实词（Notional Word）——承担句子成分，有
实际意义，有词形变化 Noun Pronoun VeHale Waihona Puke Baidub Adjective Numeral Adverb
2.宾语Object 是主语动作行为的对象
Direct & Indirect 直白记忆： 直接宾语：动词直接承受者，一般是“物” 间接宾语：接受或者被告知的“人” He gave me a book.
注意to/for/of 间接宾语可置于直接宾语之后，但间接宾
语前必须加介词，试思考何时用到上述介 词
A. the subject B. the adverbial C. the object D. the complement
Xinchun returned from abroad a different man. The italicized part functions as a(n) ____ in the sentence.
There are six silver dollars in each of the stockings.
2.如果主语是由分数（或百分数）+of词组 构成，动词依of词组中名词类别而定。
Over sixty percent of the city was destroyed in the war.
四、其他
1、不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时 ，谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
2、主语后面跟有including, with, along with, in addition to, as well as, as much as, except, accompanied by等连接的短语时，谓语动词 不受这些词组的影响，与前面的主语一致
Anyone but you is welcome.
3.none, some, any, more, most, all等代词作 主语时，动词的单复数由其指代的词的单 复数决定。
All are here and all is going on well.（all指人 时视为复数名词，指物时视为单数名词）
Kind a\this + kind \sort\type of后面跟单数或不可
Declarative Sentence Interrogative Sentence Imperative Sentence Exclamatory Sentence ——What a/an+a.+n.+主语谓语等 =How a.+a/an+n.+主语谓语
主谓一致——单数：一个 复数：多于一个
Each book and（each）paper is found in its place.每本书和每份报纸各居其位。
Many a boy and a girl in this class finds himself or herself important.
二、代词 1.each、every、either、neither、one、
An expert, together with some assitants, was sent to help in this work.
3、当or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, here, there引导，主语又不止 一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致
save write 等
Write She write a letter to her mother. She write a letter for her mother. to:给、到 for：为某人，对某人有益
of不常见，如：I ask nothing of you.
形式宾语与真实宾语 当宾语是短语或从句，之后接宾语补语时 1.将用作宾语的短语或者从句置于补语之后 2.用it代替它原先的位置 3.it是formal object I think it wrong to waste time. it: to waste time: wrong：
To She brought me a pencil. ——She brought a pencil to me. Please show me your passport. ——？ 下列动词在双宾语易位时常用到to: award bring give hand lend offer pass pay
定：修饰限定 单词作定语：置于所修饰的名词之前 短语从句作定语：一般置于之后 His sister is a student. The girl under the tree is kate.
6.表语Predicative 位置：*位于系动词之后 意义：*用以表示主语的状态、身份 They are roomates. Her sister is twenty.
More than one person is going to lose his job.
三、数量概念的名词作主语
1、如果数量概念被看做一个整体，动词用 单数；如果被看做组成该数量的个体，动 词用复数。
Three miles is too long a distance for Nick to run.
3、当主语由and连接，表示同一人、同一 物等时，表示单数意义，此时谓语动词用 单数
The composer and singer was well received by the audience.
4、由and连接的两个或更多主语前有each, every, many a, no时，谓语动词用单数。
C.句子成分 1.主语 Subject Formal and Real:主语是不定式短语、动名词 短语等时，常常放在句尾，原先位置用it代替 。it即形式主语，原先位置的是real subject To get to sleep is very hard. ——It is very hard to get to sleep.
Thirty-five percent of the doctors were women.
3.两数相减或相除，动词用单数；两数相加 或相乘，动词可用单数也可用复数。
Forty divided by eight is five.
Five times eight is\are forty.
another、little和much作主语或者修饰主语 时，谓语动词通常用单数。
Each of us has a tape-recorder. *复数主语加each之后用复数动词
Five each of these items are required.
2.everyone, everybody, everything, anyone, someone, nobody等作主语时，用单数动词
show take tell send post owe write 等
For Mother made Mary a new coat. ——Mother made a new coat for Mary
下列动词在双宾语易位时常用到for: book buy fetch fix order make prepare
C.neither you nor I am D.neither me nor you
4.the+形容词作主语，代表单数名词时用单 数动词，如果指一类人，应视为复数。
In many stories, the good are well rewared.
A. appositive(同位语) B.complement(补语)
4.同位语 Appositive 同位：两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同
等位置
用成分A说明解释B时，A是B的同位语。 同位语一般紧跟其解释说明的词之后。
Are you three all right?
5.定语 Attribute—数词、名词、形容词、动 名词、不定式、从句等
一、and
1、由and或者both…and连接的并列结构作 主语，意义为复数时，谓语动词用复数。
2、不定式、动名词以及从句作主语时应视 为单数，谓语动词用单数形式，但是and连 接两个成分时，谓语动词用复数。
Having enough sleep and doing regular exercises are beneficial to your health.
***重要5.疑问代词which作主语时，其动词 是单数还是复数根据which所指的单复数而 定；但who作主语时，即使被问者是复数， 通常也用单数动词。
Which are prettier, these or those? -Who wants to come with me? -We do. 比较：Who are her roommates？
7.状语Adverbial 时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、让步、
方式、伴随等
D.句子类型 Simple Sentence Compound Sentence Complex Sentence—Main Clause+Subordinate
Clause Compound Complex Sentence
3.补语 Complement 弥补主语或宾语意义之不足 I think everything in good order.
They call me Jane. Foreigners are called Lao Wai.
真题： In “How much do you think he earns” how much is ( )of the sentence.
5.one and a half+复数名词做主语，动词用 单数
One and a half apples is left on the plate. one apple one and a half apples
a number of +复数名词 谓语动词用复数 the number of +复数名词 谓语动词用单数
虚词（Form Word） Article Preposition Conjunction Interjection
B.短语/词组 phrase
名词短语 动词短语 形容词短语 副词短语 不定式短语 Infinitive 动名词短语 Gerundial 分词短语 Participial 介词短语 独立短语 Absolute
Neither he nor they were late last time.
Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.
It is futile to discuss the matter further, because going to agree upon anything today.
4.all, none, most, majority, part, enough, some, the rest, 等+of…的短语以及more than 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数形式通常由 所修饰的名词、代词的数决定。
Enough of the data been collected.
汉语：字——词——句——段——篇 英语：Word—phrase—sentence—paragraph—
discourse
A.单词 Word 实词（Notional Word）——承担句子成分，有
实际意义，有词形变化 Noun Pronoun VeHale Waihona Puke Baidub Adjective Numeral Adverb
2.宾语Object 是主语动作行为的对象
Direct & Indirect 直白记忆： 直接宾语：动词直接承受者，一般是“物” 间接宾语：接受或者被告知的“人” He gave me a book.
注意to/for/of 间接宾语可置于直接宾语之后，但间接宾
语前必须加介词，试思考何时用到上述介 词
A. the subject B. the adverbial C. the object D. the complement
Xinchun returned from abroad a different man. The italicized part functions as a(n) ____ in the sentence.
There are six silver dollars in each of the stockings.
2.如果主语是由分数（或百分数）+of词组 构成，动词依of词组中名词类别而定。
Over sixty percent of the city was destroyed in the war.
四、其他
1、不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时 ，谓语动词用复数形式。
Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.
2、主语后面跟有including, with, along with, in addition to, as well as, as much as, except, accompanied by等连接的短语时，谓语动词 不受这些词组的影响，与前面的主语一致
Anyone but you is welcome.
3.none, some, any, more, most, all等代词作 主语时，动词的单复数由其指代的词的单 复数决定。
All are here and all is going on well.（all指人 时视为复数名词，指物时视为单数名词）
Kind a\this + kind \sort\type of后面跟单数或不可
Declarative Sentence Interrogative Sentence Imperative Sentence Exclamatory Sentence ——What a/an+a.+n.+主语谓语等 =How a.+a/an+n.+主语谓语
主谓一致——单数：一个 复数：多于一个
Each book and（each）paper is found in its place.每本书和每份报纸各居其位。
Many a boy and a girl in this class finds himself or herself important.
二、代词 1.each、every、either、neither、one、
An expert, together with some assitants, was sent to help in this work.
3、当or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, here, there引导，主语又不止 一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致
save write 等
Write She write a letter to her mother. She write a letter for her mother. to:给、到 for：为某人，对某人有益
of不常见，如：I ask nothing of you.
形式宾语与真实宾语 当宾语是短语或从句，之后接宾语补语时 1.将用作宾语的短语或者从句置于补语之后 2.用it代替它原先的位置 3.it是formal object I think it wrong to waste time. it: to waste time: wrong：
To She brought me a pencil. ——She brought a pencil to me. Please show me your passport. ——？ 下列动词在双宾语易位时常用到to: award bring give hand lend offer pass pay
定：修饰限定 单词作定语：置于所修饰的名词之前 短语从句作定语：一般置于之后 His sister is a student. The girl under the tree is kate.
6.表语Predicative 位置：*位于系动词之后 意义：*用以表示主语的状态、身份 They are roomates. Her sister is twenty.
More than one person is going to lose his job.
三、数量概念的名词作主语
1、如果数量概念被看做一个整体，动词用 单数；如果被看做组成该数量的个体，动 词用复数。
Three miles is too long a distance for Nick to run.
3、当主语由and连接，表示同一人、同一 物等时，表示单数意义，此时谓语动词用 单数
The composer and singer was well received by the audience.
4、由and连接的两个或更多主语前有each, every, many a, no时，谓语动词用单数。
C.句子成分 1.主语 Subject Formal and Real:主语是不定式短语、动名词 短语等时，常常放在句尾，原先位置用it代替 。it即形式主语，原先位置的是real subject To get to sleep is very hard. ——It is very hard to get to sleep.
Thirty-five percent of the doctors were women.
3.两数相减或相除，动词用单数；两数相加 或相乘，动词可用单数也可用复数。
Forty divided by eight is five.
Five times eight is\are forty.
another、little和much作主语或者修饰主语 时，谓语动词通常用单数。
Each of us has a tape-recorder. *复数主语加each之后用复数动词
Five each of these items are required.
2.everyone, everybody, everything, anyone, someone, nobody等作主语时，用单数动词
show take tell send post owe write 等
For Mother made Mary a new coat. ——Mother made a new coat for Mary
下列动词在双宾语易位时常用到for: book buy fetch fix order make prepare