APA格式范例
apa格式论文示例
apa格式论文示例APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知，其“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。
下面小编给大家分享一些apa格式论文示例，大家快来跟小编一起欣赏吧。
apa格式论文示例篇一爱情审美试探[ 内容提要]本文认为，爱情的审美特性表现在：1、在认识论意义上，男女双方相互认同;2、在本体论意义上，男女双方彼此统一;3、在感情论意义上，男女双方两情相悦;4、在意志论意义上，男女双方相互趋同。
[关键词]相互认同彼此统一两情相悦相互趋同爱情是个非常奇妙的领域，爱情的审美特性尤其具有一种玄奥与神秘意义。
本文拟探讨一下爱情的审美特点，以期在爱情的认识上能对人们提供帮助。
一、相互认同：爱情审美的认识论意义在审美判断、审美评价活动中，人是通过自己的审美观念来衡量和确认对象的。
具体地说，只要客观对象的本质和特点等符合人的审美观念，人就认为客观对象美，就给客观对象以美这样由衷的审美认识、审美反映、审美判断或审美评价。
这里，客观对象的本质和特点等符合人的审美观念，从马克思主义的认识论意义讲，就是人作为审美主体的审美观念对客观对象的一种深刻认同。
爱情审美作为一种客观事实，在马克思主义的认识论意义上同样具有这种特点。
古典文学名著《红楼梦》，对贾宝玉、林黛玉的初次见面是这样描写的：黛玉一见(宝玉)，便大吃一惊，心中想道：“好生奇怪，倒象在那里见过的，何等眼熟!……”宝玉看罢，笑道：“这个妹妹我曾见过的。
”他们彼此都获得了一种“似曾相识”的异样感觉。
作品描写的这种现象在日常生活里具有普遍性。
从马克思主义的认识论意义讲，这种“似曾相识”的异样感觉是一种什么样的感觉呢?美学家蔡仪这样讲：“男人心目中的美女人，女人心目中的美男子，偶然见到合意的对象，往往是一见倾心，感到确实是非常之美。
小说中、戏剧中描写这种情况的很多，《红楼梦》里面，贾宝玉第一次见到林黛玉的时候，林黛玉想，贾宝玉也想，他们同时都想，好象在那里见过。
apa格式中文范文
apa格式中文范文1. 参考文献采纳APA格式,来个例文Yan, H., Zhang, P., Yu, Z., Li, C., & Li, R. (2021). Development and characterization of laser surface cladding (Ti,W)C reinforced Ni–30Cu alloy composite coating on copper. Optics & Laser Technology, 44(5), 1351-1358. doi: ic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2005). Pauling (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.两位作者作者姓氏必需以他们的名字在其发表文章内的挨次来排序。
若两个作者都在括号内引用，名字两头需加上“&”符号；若不在括号内则使用“and”。
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling & Liu, 2005). Pauling and Liu (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.3至5位作者第一次引用时需列举全部的作者，往后若引用相同的文献，只需举出最次要的作者，再加上“et al.”。
但是，在参考文献部分，全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。
A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, Liu, & Guo, 2005). Pauling, Liu, and Guo (2005) conducted a study that discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. Pauling et al. (2005) discovered a possible genetic cause of alcoholism. A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling et al., 2005).6位作者以上举出第一位作者即可，格式应为“（作者et al.，年份）”。
apa格式英文范文举例
apa格式英文范文举例APA格式是一种常用的学术写作格式，本文将为您提供一篇APA格式的英文范文，以便您了解如何按照APA格式撰写学术论文。
Title: The Effects of Mindfulness Meditation on Stress ReductionAbstract:This study examines the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction in college students. A sample of 100 participants was recruited and randomly assigned to either a mindfulness meditation group or a control group. The mindfulness meditation group participated in a four-week meditation program, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Pre- and post-intervention measures of stress level were collected using the Perceived Stress Scale. Results indicated that the mindfulness meditation group had a significant reduction in perceived stress levels compared to the control group. These findings suggest that mindfulness meditation may be an effective technique for reducing stress among college students.Introduction:Stress is a common issue among college students and has been linked to various negative outcomes, including decreased academic performance and mental health problems. Mindfulness meditation has emerged as a potential technique for reducing stress, as it involves the use of focused attention on present-moment experiences. However, little research has been conductedon the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction among college students. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of mindfulness meditation on stress reduction in college students.Method:Participants:A total of 100 college students (50 female, 50 male) were recruited from a university in the United States. Participants were between the ages of 18 and 25 and were not currently receiving any treatment for anxiety or depression.Procedure:Participants were randomly assigned to either a mindfulness meditation group or a control group. The mindfulness meditation group participated in a four-week meditation program consisting of weekly group sessions led by a trained mindfulness meditation instructor. Participants were also instructed to practice mindfulness meditation at home for at least 15 minutes per day. The control group did not receive any intervention.Measures:Pre- and post-intervention measures of stress were collected using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The PSS is a self-report questionnaire that assesses the extent to which individuals perceive their life as unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded.Data Analysis:Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA)with one factor (group) and two levels (mindfulness meditation and control). Post-hoc analyses were conducted using paired-samples t-tests.Results:Results indicated that there was a significant interaction between group and time (F(1, 98) = 9.23, p < .05). Post-hoc analyses revealed that the mindfulness meditation group had a significant reduction in perceived stress levels from pre- to post-intervention (t(49) = 7.82, p < .001), whereas the control group did not show any significant change in perceived stress levels (t(49) = 1.14, p > .05).Discussion:The results of this study suggest that mindfulness meditation may be an effective technique for reducing stress among college students. The finding that the mindfulness meditation group had a significant reduction in perceived stress levels compared to the control group is consistent with previous research on mindfulness meditation and stress reduction. However, this study has several limitations, including the lack of a follow-up assessment and the use of self-report measures. Future research should address these limitations and further explore the potential benefits of mindfulness meditation for stress reduction among college students.。
APA格式参考文献示例
APA格式参考文献示例期刊文章1.一位作者写的文章Hu, L. X. [胡莲香]. (2014). 走向大数据知识服务: 大数据时代图书馆服务模式创新. 农业图书情报学刊(2): 173-177.Olsher, D. (2014). Semantically-based priors and nuanced knowledge core for Big Data, Social AI, and language understanding. Neural Networks, 58, 131-147.2.两位作者写的文章Li, J. Z., & Liu, X. M. [李建中, 刘显敏]. (2013). 大数据的一个重要方面: 数据可用性. 计算机研究与发展(6): 1147-1162.Mendel, J. M., & Korjani, M. M. (2014). On establishing nonlinear combinations of variables from small to big data for use in later processing. Information Sciences, 280, 98-110.3. 三位及以上的作者写的文章Weichselbraun, A. et al. (2014). Enriching semantic knowledge bases for opinion mining in big data applications. Knowledge-Based Systems, 69, 78-85.Zhang, P. et al. [张鹏等]. (2013). 云计算环境下适于工作流的数据布局方法. 计算机研究与发展(3): 636-647.专著1.一位作者写的书籍Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Wang, B. B. [王彬彬]. (2002).文坛三户：金庸·王朔·余秋雨——当代三大文学论争辨析. 郑州: 大象出版社.2.两位作者写的书籍Plant, R., & Hoover, K. (2014). Conservative capitalism in Britain and the United States: A critical appraisal. London: Routledge.Yin, D., & Shang, H. [隐地, 尚海]. (2001).到绿光咖啡屋听巴赫读余秋雨. 上海: 上海世界图书出版公司.3. 三位作者写的书籍Chen, W. Z. et al. [陈维政等]. (2006).人力资源管理. 大连: 大连理工大学出版社. Hall, S. et al. (1991). Culture, media, language: Working papers in cultural studies, 1972-79 (Cultural studies Birmingham ). London: Routledge.4. 新版书Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.编著1. 一位主编编撰的书籍Loshin, D. (Ed.). (2013a). Big data analytics. Boston: Morgan Kaufmann.Zhong, L. F. [钟兰凤] (编). (2014). 英文科技学术话语研究. 镇江: 江苏大学出版社.2. 两位主编编撰的书籍Hyland, K., & Diani, G. (Eds.). (2009). Academic evaluation: Review genres in university settings. London: Palgrave Macmillan.Zhang, D. L., & Zhang, G. [张德禄, 张国] (编). (2011). 英语文体学教程. 北京: 高等教育出版社.3. 三位及以上主编编撰的书籍Zhang, K. D. et al. [张克定等] (编). (2007). 系统评价功能. 北京: 高等教育出版社.Campbell, C. M. et al. (Eds.). (2003). Groups St Andrews 2001 in Oxford: Volume 2.New York: Cambridge University Press.4.书中的文章De la Rosa Algarín, A., & Demurjian, S. A. (2014). An approach to facilitate security assurance for information sharing and exchange in big-data applications. In B.Akhgar & H. R. Arabnia (Eds.), Emerging trends in ICT security(pp. 65-83).Boston: Morgan Kaufmann.He, J. M., & Yu, J. P. [何建敏, 于建平]. (2007). 学术论文引言部分的经验功能分析.张克定等. (编). 系统功能评价(pp. 93-101). 北京: 高等教育出版社.翻译的书籍Bakhtin, M. M. (1981). The dialogic imagination: Four essays(C. Emerson & M.Holquist, Trans.). Austin: University of Texas Press.Le, D. L. [勒代雷]. (2001).释意学派口笔译理论(刘和平译). 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司.Kontra, M. et al. (2014).语言: 权利和资源(李君, 满文静译). 北京: 外语教学与研究出版社.Wang, R. D., & Yu, Q. Y. [王仁定, 余秋雨]. (2001).吴越之间——余秋雨眼里的中国文化（彩图本）(梁实秋, 董乐天译). 上海: 上海文化出版社.硕博士论文Huan, C. P. (2015). Journalistic stance in Chinese and Australian hard news.Unpublished doctorial dissertation, Macquarie University, Sydney.Wang, X. Z. [王璇子]. (2014). 功能对等视角下的英语长句翻译.南京大学硕士学位论文.注：1.APA格式参考文献中的文章标题、书籍名称，冒号后第一个单词，括号里第一个单词和专有名词的首字母大写，其余单词首字母均小写。
APA正文格式样例
APA正文格式样例1. Introduction Idioms are thought of as the core and essence of language and culture. Any language which has a long history is abundant in idioms. Many of the words often contain enough philosophical and incisive theories for people to study and they become an important part of modern English (Zhang, 2009, p. 8). For example: “As a man sows, so he shall reap” can be translated into “种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”, “To strike while the iron is hot” is translated as “趁热打铁”, “A long road tests a horse ’s strength and a long task proves a man ’s heart ” can be translated into “路遥知马力, 日久见人心”. Nowadays, with the prospering of international communication, the activity of idiom translation has become especially frequent and important. However, idioms are strongly combined with specific culture, which often leads to great difficulty in translation. Thus, studying the relations between idioms and a few important cultural aspects such as historical backgrounds, geographical conditions, social customs, religious beliefs, etc. will help us to understand the cultural elements in idioms.Since culture plays so important a role in intercultural communication, the cultural factors in different languages have been attracting more and more attention of linguistic scholars. In order to make intercultural communication more successful, many scholars have become interested in the study of cultural similarities and differences encoded in different languages. The study of cultural factors in different languages is of significance inintercultural communication as well as other disciplines such as linguistics, language acquisition, etc. This paper will expoundthe cultural differences between Chinese and English idioms and explore the role of culture plays in understanding of idioms. 2. T he c ultural b ackgrounds i n i diomsIdioms as a special form of language carry a large amount of cultural information. They are the heritage of history and the product of cultural evolvement. Generally speaking, Idioms 正文中的一级标题用14号times New Roman加粗，标题在某一页的开始，段前就不再另外空行，只段后一行即可。
apa格式论文模板
apa格式论文模板虽然有些作者对于APA格式其中的一些规范感到不妥，但APA格式仍备受推崇。
下面小编给大家分享一些apa格式论文模板，大家快来跟小编一起欣赏吧。
apa格式论文模板栏目要求模板、范例页面、封面插页、页眉纸张A4，封面、插页(任务书、答辩委员会记录、评语)、页眉和正文每页32行×38个汉字，行间距为固定值20磅等，见论文模板论文模板字体摘要、目录、正文用小4号字。
汉字用宋体，英文及数字用Times New Roman 字体。
参考文献用5号宋体，目录中的章名用4号字范例一标题行距 1级标题(包括目录、参考文献、附录、致谢等)用3号宋体，加黑，居中，段前0.5，段后1行2级标题(含目录中的章名)用4号宋体，加黑，左对齐，段前0.5，段后0.53级标题：小4号宋字加黑，左对齐，段前1行，段后0行层次名称示例说明章第1章□□……□ 章序及章名居中节1.1□□……□ 节序、条序顶格书写条1.1.1□□……□项└┘1.□□…□└┘□□…□□…□□ 项序空两格书写，后续内容接排└┘1)□□…□└┘□□…□□…□□└┘(1)□□…□└┘□□…□□…□□└┘①□□…□└┘□□…□□…□□└┘a □□…□└┘□□…□□…□□注意：各层次不能有孤行公式、图与三线表图表与正文间要有1倍行距图表中的文字宋体5号与6号之间图(表)序、公式分章编号，5号字三线表：两粗一细范例二参考文献作者.书名.出版地：出版社，出版时间范例三apa格式论文赏析聂耳音乐中的爱情主题《梅娘曲》选自话剧《回春之曲》中的第三幕，讲述的是《回春之曲》中的女主人公—梅娘，不顾父母的反对，违背了爹娘的意愿，只身从南洋回到祖国，探望在战争中负伤的未婚夫——高维汉，看到心爱的人因负伤而神志不清暂时失去记忆时，抑制不住内心的痛苦所唱的一首歌。
《梅娘曲》自始至终没有出现一个“爱”字，却用梅娘深情地呼唤：“哥哥，你别忘了我呀，我是你亲爱的梅娘……”将男女主人公不离不弃的爱情表现得感人肺腑，歌曲中梅娘所唱的是他们在南洋生活时的美丽画面：“你曾坐在我们家的窗上，嚼着那鲜红的槟榔，我曾轻弹着吉他，伴你慢声儿歌唱，当我们在遥远的南洋……”使听众情不自禁的联想到二人无忧无虑的生活以及充满温馨甜蜜的爱情画面，这才是《梅娘曲》所要表达的真正主题。
apa格式reference模版
APA格式的reference模版是指在学术论文或研究报告中引用参考文献时所使用的一种格式规范。
APA格式的引用要求包括作者尊称、出版年份、文章标题、期刊名、卷号、期号、页码等信息，并且还要求按照一定的顺序和格式来书写这些信息。
以下是APA格式的reference模版的示例：1. 书籍：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
（出版年）。
书名：副标题。
出版地点：出版社。
例如：Smith, J. (2010). The Art of Writing: A Guide to Perfecting Your Craft. New York, NY: HarperCollins.2. 期刊文章：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
（出版年）。
文章标题。
期刊名，卷号（期号），页码。
例如：Johnson, R. (2015). The Effects of Climate Change on Wildlife. Environmental Science Quarterly, 15(2), 45-57.3. 网络来源：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
（出版年）。
文章标题。
全球信息站名。
获取日期，全球信息站。
例如：Brown, M. (2018). The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health. Psychology Today. Retrieved September 25, 2018, from xxx4. 研究报告：机构名。
出版年。
报告标题。
出版地点：出版社。
例如：National Institute of Mental Health. (2016). Mental Health in America: Prevalence and Treatment of Mental Illness. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.5. 会议论文：作者姓氏，作者名字/尊称缩写。
apa格式例子
天津财经大学翻硕口译
基英选择阅读一篇作文难度不大推荐书目华研专四一千题翻译没有词条句子和段落翻译英译汉汉译英英译汉不难汉译英出自张培基散文改的松不压分百科25道选择只有两道比较难剩下就是平时积累不需要刻意背看看翻硕百科视频去某鱼政治我只考58参考其他学姐吧我只背了肖四建议徐涛视频+他的20题+肖四肖八
复试：
线上复试听力复述+英汉交传+专业问答翻译理论和经验总之，学校真的非常非常好，不压分，不歧视，三本大专的都录了,而且初试占的比重大,复试几乎还不刷人，在翻硕都这么竞争激烈的情况下,这个学校无疑是神仙学校,地理位置也比较不错,这几年由于研招网上写只收五个人,报的人很少很少,但其实连上报送名额,能收10个,今年疫情原因,直接扩招到25个.
题不难,最近几年都是国家线,性价比堪称最高,并且财大第三批开通翻硕,加上经贸翻译的背景,就业还是不错的,三本大专的同学们放心报,基本初试过了就没啥大问题,笔译比口译竞争激烈,建议直接口译,竞争小,更容易录取,口笔译初试和复试都是一样的,想考翻硕的,基本六级水平的孩子们,只管报,差不多就录了,在报考过程中，经常遇到许多问题,建议大家加一些群和公众号,推荐:翻译硕士考研网,考研帮,译国译民老师,小伙伴们也能自己找准备考研的过程中最好把catti 过了
21的小可爱们加油(???_??)?[/cp]。
※APA 格式请参考以下范例：
※APA格式請參考以下範例：在內文中使用格式：姓氏(出版或發表年代)…或…(姓氏，出版或發表年代，頁碼)同作者在同一段中重複被引用時，第一次須寫出日期，第二次以後則日期可省略。
在正文中引用多位作者時，以and連接，但正文之引用若為圓括弧形式，則使用＆（3人以上在＆前要加，）符號連接。
範例：1位作者→Porter(2001)…或…(Porter,2001)/吳清山（民90）…或…（吳清山，民90）2位作者→作者為兩人時，兩人的姓氏(名)全列Wassertein and Rosen(1994)…或…（Wassertein&Rosen,1994)/吳清山與林天祐（民90）…或…（吳清山、林天祐，民90）3-5位作者→作者為三至五人時，第一次所有作者均列出，第二次以後僅寫出第一位作者並加et al.(等人)[第一次出現]Warstein,Zappula,Rosen,Gerstman,and Rock(1994)found…或(Wasserstein,Zappula,Rosen,Gerstman,&Rock,1994)…[第二次出現]Wasserstein et al.(1994)…或…(Warstein et al.,1994)6位作者以上→作者為六人以上時﹐每次僅列第一位作者並加et al.(等人)﹐但在參考文獻中要列出所有作者姓名。
(Rubin et al.,1989)作者為組織、團體、或單位時，易生混淆之單位﹐每次均用全名。
簡單且廣為人知的單位，第一次加註其縮寫方式，第二次以後可用縮寫，但在參考文獻中一律要寫出全名。
[第一次出現]National Institute of Mental Health[NIMH](1999)或(National Institute of Mental Health[NIMH],1999)。
[第二次以後]NIMH(1999)…或(NIMH,1999)…。
参考文献APA格式写法
参考⽂献APA格式写法参考⽂献APA撰写格式范例⼀、书籍类张春兴、林清⼭（1981）。
教育⼼理学。
台北市：东华书局。
曾⽂星（1988）。
从⼈格发展看中国⼈性格。
载于李亦园、杨国枢编：中国⼈的性格（235-267页）。
台北市：桂冠图书公司。
Berenson, M. L., Levine, D. M., & Goldstein, M. (1983). Intermediate statistical methods and application: A computer approach. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Marteniuk, R. G. (1976). Cognitive information processes in motor short-term memory and movement production. In G. E. Stelmach (Ed.), Motor control: Issues and trends (pp.175-185). New York: Academic Press.Gurman, A. S., & Kniskern, D. P. (1981). Family therapy outcome research: Knows and unknowns. In A. S. Gurman and D. P. Kniskern (Eds.), Handbook of family therapy (pp.105-128). New York: Brunner.⼆、期刊或杂志类杨志显（2004）。
我国⼤专院校体育教师专业进修需求、动机与阻碍因素之研究。
⼤专体育学刊，6卷3期，21-32页。
黄国彦、吴静吉、李新乡（1994）。
教师专业承诺量表编制初步报告。
测验年刊，41辑，143-156页。
Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1-7.Main, M., Tomasini, L., & Tolan, W. (1979). Differences among mothers of infants judged to differ in security. Developmental Psychology, 15, 472-473.三、翻译书籍Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2002). 竞技与健⾝运动⼼理学（简曜辉、季⼒康、卓俊伶、洪聪敏、黄英哲、黄崇儒、廖主民、卢俊宏）。
APA参考文献格式-版
参考文献著录格式示例（APA格式，选题报告和论文以此为准）参考文献按先英文后中文排列，全部按首写字母排序A.1专著例：龙文佩，（1988），《外国当代剧作选》。
北京：中国戏剧出版社。
Grice, H. P. (2002). Studies in the way of words. Beijing: Foreign Languages Teachingand Research Press.(出版年份加括号，中文书目用书名号，中文标点；英文专著只大写第一个字母，用斜体；)A.2学位论文例：张筑，（2010），学术摘要中的主位研究，硕士学位论文。
北京：北京大学。
Cairns, R. B. (2012). Infared spectroscopic studies on solid oxygen, M.A. Thesis. Berkeley: University of California.（中文学位论文标明“硕士/博士学位论文”，英文对应用M.A. Thesis或Ph.D. Dissertation，后加地点和学校，英文论文标题需斜体，第一个字母大写，格式同专著）A.3文集中析出的文献例：黄蕴慧，（2003），国际矿物学研究的动向，见程裕淇等编，《世界地质科技发展动向》。
北京：地质出版社，38-39Rivers, S. (2010).Bringing it all together: Applying metaphor analysis to online discussions in a doctorate study. In Cameron, L. & Maslen, R. (eds.). Metaphor analysis: Research practice inapplied linguistics, social sciences and the humanities. London: Equinox,230-247.（析出文章要注明页码范围，文集书名的格式同专著，注意中文“见”和英语In的使用)A.4网络文献例：Joyce, A. S. Research letter: Canadian Group Psychotherapy Association. Retrieved October 26, 2015, from . /Research-Letter（网络文献，加入Retrieved后加日期，加网址)A.5期刊文章例：杨彦恒，（1997），论尤金·奥尼尔的悲剧美学思想，《中山大学学报(社会科学版)》，第6期，21-23。
文献综述apa格式范例
文献综述apa格式范例以下是一个文献综述的APA格式范例：Title: The Impact of Social Media on Adolescent Well-being: A Literature ReviewAuthor: John SmithInstitution: University of ABCAbstract:This literature review examines the impact of social media on the well-being of adolescents. The review focuses on research studies conducted between 2010 and 2020, and analyzes the findings related to mental health, self-esteem, body image, and social relationships. The review identifies both positive and negative effects of social media use, highlighting the need for further research in this area.Keywords: social media, adolescents, well-being, mental health, self-esteem, body image, social relationshipsIntroduction:Social media has become an integral part of adolescents' lives, with a significant impact on their well-being. This literature review aims to provide an overview of existing research on the effects of social media on adolescent well-being. By analyzing and synthesizing previous studies, this review seeks to identify the key findings and trends in this field.Methods:A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases, including PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, using keywords such as "social media," "adolescents," and "well-being." Studies published between 2010 and 2020 were included in the review. A total of 30 relevant studies were selected for analysis.Results:The findings of the reviewed studies suggest that social media useamong adolescents is associated with both positive and negative effects on their well-being. On the positive side, social media can enhance social connections, provide emotional support, and promote self-expression. However, negative effects such as cyberbullying, excessive smartphone use, and social comparison can lead to mental health problems, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction.Discussion:The results of this literature review highlight the complex relationship between social media use and adolescent well-being. While social media offers opportunities for positive interactions and self-expression, it also presents risks and challenges to mental health and self-esteem. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and factors that mediate the impact of social media on adolescent well-being.Conclusion:This literature review provides an overview of the current knowledge regarding the impact of social media on adolescent well-being. It underscores the importance of considering the positive and negative effects of social media use and calls for further research to develop effective strategies for promoting the healthy use of social media among adolescents.References:Smith, J. (2021). The Impact of Social Media on Adolescent Well-being:A Literature Review. Journal of Youth Studies, 20(3), 123-145. doi:10.xxxx/jys.2021.0123请注意，这只是一个APA格式范例，实际的文献综述需要根据具体的研究内容和期刊要求进行适当调整。
apa格式引用模板
apa格式引用模板
APA格式是一种常用的学术论文引用格式，以下是一些常见的APA格式引用模板：
1. 书籍引用：
姓, 名. (出版年). 书名. 出版地: 出版社.
2. 期刊文章引用：
姓, 名. (出版年). 文章标题. 期刊名, 卷号(期号), 页码范围.
3. 网页引用：
作者. (发布年). 文章标题. 网站名. 网址.
4. 报纸文章引用：
作者. (出版年月日). 文章标题. 报纸名, 页码.
5. 电子书引用：
作者. (出版年). 书名 [电子版描述]. 出版地: 出版社. 网址或数据库名.
以上是一些常见的APA格式引用模板，根据具体情况，还可以有所调整。
在论文写作中，正确的引用格式是非常重要的，可以避免抄袭和提高论文的学术可信度。
APA格式的引用要求严谨，需要注意作者姓名的顺序、出版年的格式、文章标题的斜体等细节。
希望以上信息对你有所帮助。
apa格式英文论文范文
apa格式英文论文范文英语论文的写作，主要用于参加国际学术研讨会，促进中外学术文化交流;下面小编给大家分享一些apa格式英文论文范文，大家快来跟小编一起欣赏吧。
apa格式英文论文范文篇一The Analysis of Angel Clare’s Tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles中文摘要：文学作品是现实生活的一面镜子，反映了生活的方方面面。
越来越多的学者开始从文学的角度研究一个国家的经济，政治和文化根源。
悲剧是小说创作的手法之一。
西方早在古希腊时期就有了悲剧创作。
悲剧不是简单的艺术形式或艺术技巧，而是对现实社会的特征的再现，它可以通过尖锐、激烈的事件展示令人怜悯、悲痛、同情、哭泣等的情节。
英国著名作家托马斯•哈代是维多利亚时期著名的小说家之一。
他塑造了许多悲剧人物，展现出各种人物魅力。
小说除了给人以命运悲剧庄严凝重以外，还蕴涵了作者深厚的理性主义，蕴涵了对人类历史逻辑矛盾深邃反思的社会悲剧。
哈代的悲剧小说《德伯家的苔丝》真实地反映了其当时的社会现实。
小说成功地塑造了女主人苔丝的形象，无情地揭露了资产阶级社会虚伪的伦理道德。
本文试从男主人公安琪儿•克莱尔的社会背景和人物心理两个方面，探讨导致其悲剧的成因。
关键词：托马斯•哈代悲剧安琪尔•克莱尔Abstract: Literature is a mirror of real life which can reflect all aspects of people’s lives. More and more scholars ha ve begun to study a country from the roots of economy, politics and culture. As early as ancient Greece, there were some creations of tragedy. Tragedy is a kind of literary creation, which is not a simple artistic form or technique but the repeat of real society. It can depict the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. The British famous writerThomas Hardy was one of the excellent novelists of the Victorian age. He delineated a lot of characters of tragedies, showing various persons’ enchantment. Besides providing the dignity of life tragedy to the readers, the novels contains the profound rationalism of the writer and Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’urbervilles reflected his real society. Hardy succe eded in portraying the image of heroine Tess and revealing the hypocritical ethics and morals of bourgeois society. This paper will discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from the hero –Angel Clare’s social background and psychology.Key words: Thomas Hardy, tragedy, Angel ClareChapter1 IntroductionLiterature is not only an art but also a mirror of real life. When studying a literary work, scholars actually study history. Nowadays an increasing number of scholars have begun to study the history of a count ry’s economic, political and cultural forms from the perspective of literature because through different kinds of literary works, we can see all sorts of feelings such as joy, anger, sorrow and various truths. The manifestation of literature is manifold, one of which is tragedy. The writers often want to show the piteous, sad, distressing and sentimental plots by describing some tortuous or complicated events. In the tragedy, it is inevitable that the heroes or heroines should suffer a setback or disadvantage, cover themselves in dishonor, experience tribulation or even fail or die though they have reasonable motivation, wishes, ideal, or passion which may indicate a victory or success. But finally they will either die or get mad. With a bad ending, tragedy often contains a certain philosophy of life . There are lots of tragedies in western literature such asOedipus, Prometheus Bound, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet, Faust, etc. And the famous tragedians are also legion like Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, etc –Thomas Hardy for one. He was a prolific and excellent writer, publishing fourteen novels and four volumes of short stories. His works were noted for the intense tragic spirit and sense of fortune, from which we can feel the atmosphere of tragedy brought by fortune deeply.“Tess of the D’urbervilles” is one of the Hardy’s tragedies, a masterpiece which brought him into a number of literary critics notice. It reflected the writer’s real society and its social system and morals; therefore studying this novel can help us to know about the history of his age. But many papers showed that most of critics used to research the writing background from the tragedy of Tess. Many scholars have always put emphasis on the tragedy of Tess for a long time. Only a few scholars made researches for the tragedy of its hero Angel Clare. He was a contradictory unity –he was bold in struggling with the traditional view but in the meantime he could not break the shackles of feudal ideas. This paper will see the society from this perspective –Angel Clare, the hero’s tragedy and discuss the causes of Clare’s tragedy from his social background and psychology.Chapter2 A brief account of Tess of The D’urbervillesIt seems that the fictional works do not concern with the real world. But we know that before the writers begin to create their works, it can be said that their social experience may be their primary material for creation. Some writers created the roles and environments in order to revolt against the worldly prejudice of their ages. These kinds of words are expected to tell people the truth of a society. In many cases, the social background of thenovel is the writer’s background. Before analyzing the roots of Clare’s tragedy, this paper will discuss two aspects of this no vel, namely “the writing background” and “the writer and his works” from which we can see the background of this novel.2.1 The writing backgroundThomas Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victoria ages. The Victorian age was an age of realism rather than of romanticism –a realism which strives to tell the whole truth showing moral and physical diseases as they are. Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represented the reality and spirit of this age which was the great age of the English novel—realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. Hardy, who also shown the truth of this age had a high place in Western literature which came from the agitation of life and fatalism of human being. His tragedies in the history of Western literature were no an accident for the tragedy consciousness. Hardy’s tragic novels has sprung from and developed this tragic idea in form and connotation. The tragedy consciousness in Hardy’s novels originated from Western traditional tragic spirit which was full of rationalism and profound reflection on the contradictions of human society. And it also revealed an ineluctable and inevitable conditionality of fate. That is to say, the heroes or heroines would slip into the tragic path of life in the end in Western literature no matter whether they liked or not, or where they hided. Tragedy was their final arrangement.Thomas Hardy studied Greek tragedies and Shakespearean tragedies all his life. And he was deeply influenced by Schopenhauer’s tragedy cons ciousness. Schopenhauer was a famous philosopher who believed that life was a tragedy –life wasfilled with desire. If a person had a desire but could not gain his desires, he would feel painful; however, when he could gain his desires, he would become insipid. This was another torment. Schopenhauer grouped tragedy into three types: the tragedy caused by those who committed heinous crimes, the tragedy led by the irony of fate and the tragedy caused by misunderstanding and distrust between persons in everyday life. In his opinion, the last tragedy was the most terrible one which we can see in Hardy’s works. Hardy began to creating the novels in the early 1870s. In the late 1890s, he turned to write poetry. The Britain in this period was undergoing a transition period from laisser-faire capitalism to imperialism. The capitalism thought that the social system of this periodcould not be changed. But Hardy’s works exactly clashed with it, which reflected the tremendous changes of society due to the invasion of industrial capital to the village. With one remark he had ripped away the mask of British society.2.2 The writer Thomas Hardy and his workLiterature is reflection of life. Almost all writers created their novels according to his social background. We can see many literary works written on the basis of their ages. They wanted to bring out the social facts by their works. It should be such a free way that they could rebuke the dark society. People can feel the society of the writers from their works and then identified with the writers. The writers hoped that they could let the people know the dark aspects of the government and then fine an echo from them by their works. To some extent, a novel should be a history. From the introduction of Thomas Hardy and the main content of Tess of The D’urbervilles must be helpful to show us the background of Clare’s tragedy.2.1.1 About the writer –Thomas HardyThomas Hardy (1840～1928), born in 1840 near Dorchester, was a famous British poet and novelist. He carried forward and developed the literary traditions of the Victorian age. He vividly and truthfully described the tragic plots in his works. The critics of literature called him “Shakespeare of British novels”. Hardy was born into an architect’s family and was expected to become an architect. He trained as an architect and worked in London and Dorset for ten years. Hardy began his writing career as a novelist, publishing Desperate Remedies in 1871, and was soon successful enough to leave the field of architecture for writing.Hardy was pessimistic in his view of life. The dominant theme of his novels is the futility of man’s effort to struggle against cruel and unintelligible fate, chance, and circumstances, which are all predestined by the Immanent Will. He bravely challenged many of the sexual and religious conventions of the Victorian age. And he exposed the hypocritical morals, laws and religions of capital. Hardy’s works reflected the tremendous changes and people’s miserable lives especially the women’s lives in soc ial economic, politics, morals, custom, etc after the invasion of industrial capital to the British villages. Moreover, where we see Hardy's real mastery is the difference in the language of people from the social classes (e.g. the Clare’s in contrast with the farm workers’). He was good at viewing life with a tragic light. “Tess of The D’urbervilles” was his masterpiece which was noted by lots of critics of different periods.2.1.2 The main content of Tess of The D’urbervillesTess of The D’urbervilles cam e into conflict with Victorian morality. In this novel, Hardy reaches the height of his achievement as a novelist. Like most other Hardy novels, rural lifeis a prominent issue in the story. And the issue of fate versus freedom of action is another important aspect of this novel. It tells of that a village girl called Tess who was a beautiful, pure, plain, honest, assiduous and clever went through a miserable life. She was born in a poor family and lived in a peculiar society. The son of the D’urbervilles A lec raped her and she was pregnant. She fell in love with Angel Clare before long. Clare loved her very much and longed to marry her but she delayed to answer this offer of marriage just because she did not know how to tell the truth of being raped. Despite this, at last this kindhearted and sincere girl decided to tell him this bad thing. However, when Tess told him the truth that she was raped by a knave Alec, he could not forgive her for having another man’s child even tho ugh she forgave him everything. Angel Clare became very angry and abandons Tess. One day she found Alec became a minister. After her father’s death unexpectedly, Tess had the burden of the family welfare on her shoulders, and they were shortly thereafter evicted from their cottage. She believes deep down that Angel had abandoned her, and Alec said it as well, and Tess knew her family would do well by Alec’s wealth and property. But to her surprised, Angel returns from Brazil, repenting his harshness, but found her living with Alec. Tess kills Alec in desperation, she was arrested and hanged. She makes him promise to marry her sister, Liza Lu, after her death, which he agrees to do.In Tess of the d'Urbervilles, Thomas Hardy has directly satirized nature. This novel revealed the tragedy of common people’s destiny and flayed hypocritical gentlemen and morals. In this novel, Hardy demonstrated his deep sense of moral sympathy for England's lower classes, particularly for women. Hesucceeded in portraying an artistic image –a village girl with kindness, tenderness and amorousness. The novel, which indicated the tendency of anti-religious sentiments, against feudal morality and the laws of capitalists, was warmly received by the reading public though British upper class was bitter against it.Ch apter3 The origins of Angel Clare’s tragedyTragedy can also be a vision of life, which is shared by most Western cultures and having its roots. The essence of tragedy is almost the same thought different writers create the stories from different points of view and with different techniques. A number of critics had many kinds of interpretations for Angel Clare’s tragedy in Tess of The D’urbervilles. They analyzed his complicated character from different perspectives. This paper will explain his tragedy as the following aspects:3.1 Social rootsHere social roots refer mainly to the social conventions and moral standards which led to Clare’s tragedy. Clare lived in such conditions which the masculine authority played an important role in traditional society. Angel Clare was one of the victims of this society. At that age, women were regarded as being subordinate in the household. The chastity for them is the most important thing. The traditional view on chastity considered a woman’s chastity as the prerogative of her husband. If the women lost her virtue, she must be immoral. On the one hand the male made the moral standards for the female, demanding of the female to be pure and virginal; on the other hand, the male indulged himself in sexual matters. They demanded that the most magnanimous act the female had should be chastity; nevertheless, those who broke the women’s chastity were themales themselves. That is to say, only the males in that society were right. The female could say nothing for his wrong. So Tess asking Clare “Forgive me as you are forgiven! I forgive you. Angel” (Hardy, 1993) would become the impossibility.Under such circumstances, after Tess lost her virginity, she should be Alec’s concubine or make their relationship legalized according to the social bad habits of the time. But T ess, who pursued her innocent love, had rather be “a lady of easy virtue”. In the literature, there was a set form for the images of women, namely, women should be beautiful and virtuous, gentle and biddable, and should cleave to his husband and families. All these sets are related to the real society. Traditionally, a woman must obey her husband like his wretched slave. The description about this age given by Hardy was just the society whose “social morals” had manifested mainly in “chastity” that centered on men. Even if a man of that age was bold in challenging the old system, it was impossible for him to abandon the social morals. In addition, a large part of people around him were still controlled by feudal ideas, so the social roots should be the direct cause of Clare’s tragedy.3.2 Psychological rootsA person’s way of seeing things plays an important role all his life. Hardy naming his hero “Angel” might have his own intent. We know that Angel should be pure; however, from the development of the plot, we can not see “pure” from Angel Clare. Angel Clare was born in a rich pastoral family, but he was unwilling to obey his father and brothers. He did not abide by the old custom and etiquette, and gave a damn for the superior of material things such as wealth and position. He was born andbred the religion. But he thought that he could not honestly be ordained a minister as his brothers were. He took up a disdainful position on the social customs and found the value of working people. He abandoned the chance of studying in university and went to the countryside and to study the agricultural skills. This is sufficient to show that he was bold in struggling with the traditional view and tried to show off the shackles of the class. At the newly-married night, Tess decided to tell him her “guilt” in detail. Angel fell out with Tess and then went to Brazil alone though he had lived a loose life with a woman who was not acquainted with him. He could not forgive Tess her “guilt”. The so-called “pure” in his mind was so ingrained that he could not accept Tess’s past. He considers her as a "fallen women".Clare was also such a man with a ridiculous point that a man could have affair with many girls but a girl must keep to be a virgin before she become a bride. It showed his cowardice in his character. Tess trusted him and made a decision to confide her secret to him. But on the night of their wedding, when Clare learned that Tess was not a virgin and had had a bastard, the original perfect image was suddenly broken by the sad facts. Apparently he said he was deeply attached to Tess, but actually he could not face the truth with courage. He just loved Tess’s pleasing appearance rather than any other things of her. Angel Clare was more or less an open-minded bourgeois intellectual. In love, although he was not as despicable as Alec, he was devoid of selfless and sincere feeling as Tess did. Clare loved Tess just because of her beauty. And she could become his right hand in the futur e.He told Tess: “I repeat, the woman I have been loving is not you. Another woman in your shape.”(Hardy, 1993) Hecould not believe this bad truthe and said “Tess! Say it is not true! No, it is not true!” It is clear that he took a deadly knock psychologi cally. Clare’s character determined his tragedy –he could not accept her past.It is clear that the seeds of tragedy are sown when all the rigid rule of his forebear and the unfair social systems firmly laid hold of Angel Clare, who had preached the liberation of mankind no longer exists. When Clare finally realized the immensity of Tess’s love and the piteous plight it had brought upon her, everything was too late. He could not completely get rid of social conventions and moral standards. Tess would go away forever. It was Clare’s tragedy –the social system and morality and his character decided that it could be inevitable.Chapter4 ConclusionLiterature has come very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems and interests and is used as a powerful instrument of human progress. Literature originates from life and then reforms life. They can make you subconsciously and deeply believe that all the things they described really happened. After you finish reading, the characters that it depicted will appear vividly in front of you. They are true to life—— you can see their faces and feel their sound, pace and thoughts. With the excellent literary works, we can feel the history vividly. As an important part of literature, tragedy has showed its artistic attraction. The reason why a great number of readers tend to be affected by the plots of tragedies is that some of them had the same or similar experience with the characters in the novels.The western tragedies put emphasis on the soul-stirring spirit from the fear. The strong tragedies can touch the heart ofthe readers. The modern western tragedies represented the life style of modern westerners. They have some characteristics of modern lives and consciousness. Studying on the masterpieces of an age can help a lot for studying its history. Thomas Hardy was born in Victorian age. The novel in this age became the most widely read, the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. Although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, the writers of this age shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. In Hardy’s works, man is also shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary characteristics which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment. He vividly portrayed different characters of tragedy. Tess of the D’urbervilles was one of his masterpieces. The conflicts between the traditional and the modern, between the old rural value of respectability and honesty can be clearly seen in this novel and it is not difficult to see the roots of this tragedy either from Tess or C lare. This paper analyzed Clare’s tragedy and described the roots of tragedy in this process. A wonderful description is just a part of a novel, but only those things which can strike deep into the minds of the people will be remembered by them. From the tragedy of Angel Clare, we can see the dark of a society again.Bibliography:[1] Abcarian, Richard. Marvin Klotz: Literature—The Human Experience[M]. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2000[2] Force, Lorrain.M. Cliffs Notes on Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Washington University, 1996.[3] Hardy, Thomas. Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. ForeignLanguage Press ,1993.[4] Robert Ackerman. Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D'Urbervilles[M]. Beijing: Simon&Schuster Press and Beijing Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1996[5] 马新国主编，2002，西方文论史[M]，北京：高等教育出版社[6] 颜学军，论哈代悲剧小说的现代主题[J]，四川外语学院学报，2001(3)[7] 张谷若译本，1990，德伯家的苔丝[M]，北京：人民文学出版社[8] 朱立元，1997，当代西方文艺理论[M]，上海：华东师大出版社apa格式英文论文范文篇二On Thomas Hardy’s Religious Sense in His Works小议托马斯•哈代作品中体现的宗教观念Abstract: Religion has a profound influence on the works of European and American writers. .From a series works of Thomas Hardy, clearly we can see the influence of The Bible on him .Nevertheless, though Hardy failed to eliminate the limitation of Tragic predestination and religious tradition , By the case study analyzing on the works of Thomas Hardy ,this paper makes an research on the distinguished religious sense of Thomas Hardy as well as its cause of formation.内容摘要：宗教对欧美作家的文学作品有着深远的影响。
apa格式的论文中文范文模板
apa格式的论文中文范文模板在众多论文的格式中，APA格式(Abroad by Association)是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式。
下面小编给大家分享一些apa格式的论文，欢迎大家阅读。
apa格式的论文篇一：《爱情的殉葬品》摘要：安娜是俄国著名作家托尔斯泰笔下的渴望真正爱情，大胆追求自由的典型女性形象，为了爱情她舍弃了家庭，放弃了孩子，甚至赔上了性命，安娜是那个时代极具个性解放思想并敢于向旧制度挑战，走向新生的女性代表，她追求与抗争的过程显示了妇女个性解放的划时代意义。
关键词：安娜;爱情;形象在浩瀚的外国文学史中，众多才华横溢的文人为我们创造了多位屹立于世界之巅的男性文学典型，有处于理想与现实矛盾中的人文主义形象哈姆莱特;有小资产阶级个人奋斗者形象于连;有吝啬小气的守财奴形象葛朗台;有多余人代表叶甫盖尼・奥涅金，然而19世纪欧洲文学史却颠覆了以往以男性为主人公的文学模式，创造了一批极具个性的新女性形象，其中，托尔斯泰笔下的安娜以其独特的魅力深为读者所爱。
这位女性主人公是那个时代具有个性解放思想并敢于向旧制度挑战的出色女性形象。
一、安娜性格核心(一)美丽善良的安娜安娜是一个坚定地追求新生活，具有个性解放特点的贵族妇女形象。
她的美既有外露的聪慧、妩媚、典雅，也有内藏的独立、大胆和高傲。
小说中有几次出神入化地对安娜相貌的赞美，一次来自从不愿对爱情认真的渥伦斯基，当在火车站相遇，“渥伦斯基觉得必须再看她一眼―不是因为她非常美丽，不是由于她整个身形显得优雅端庄、谦恭妩媚，而是因为她从他身旁走过时那可爱的脸上特别和蔼温柔的表情”;一次来自刚刚遭受失恋打击的吉蒂，还有一次来自于吉蒂有情人终成眷属的列文，三人都在不该被倾倒的时间与角色中被安娜的美所征服。
安娜不仅外在美，心灵也十分善良，当在火车站听说压死了一个护路工，听哥哥说起那个护路工的妻子扑向尸体时，情景很惨的时候，安娜的心无法平静了，于是她对哥哥激动地低声说：“能不能为她做点什么?”，可见安娜多么同情下层人的艰辛。
apa格式reference例子
apa格式reference例子APA格式Reference例子在学术写作中，参考文献是一个重要的部分，它能够为读者提供支持和扩展资料来源的信息。
美国心理学协会（American Psychological Association，简称APA）制定了一套规范，用于对参考文献进行格式化。
以下是一些常见的APA格式Reference例子及其详细讲解：图书(Book)•书本–姓，名（出版年）。
书名。
出版地：出版社。
例子：Smith, J. D. (2019). The Art of Writing: A Comprehensive Guide. New York, NY: ABC Publishing.这个例子是一个单一作者的书。
作者的姓氏为Smith，名字为J. D. 书的出版年为2019年，书名为”The Art ofWriting: A Comprehensive Guide”，出版地为New York, NY，出版社为ABC Publishing。
•编辑书–编者的姓，名（Eds.）。
(出版年）。
书名。
出版地：出版社。
例子：Johnson, A., & Thompson, B. (Eds.). (2018).The Handbook of Writing. Los Angeles, CA: XYZ Publishing.这个例子是一本已经被编辑好的书。
编者的姓氏分别是Johnson和Thompson。
书的出版年为2018年，书名为”TheHandbook of Writing”，出版地为Los Angeles, CA，出版社为XYZ Publishing。
期刊文章(Journal Article)•期刊文章(印刷版)–作者姓，名（出版年）。
文章标题。
期刊名，期刊号(卷号)，页码范围。
例子：Miller, R. (2020). The Impact of Writing on Cognitive Development. Journal of Child Psychology,12(3), 45-62.这个例子是一篇印刷版的期刊文章。
APA格式参考文献示例模板
1. 期刊文章作者姓氏，名字首字母. (出版年份). 文章. 期刊名称，卷号(期号)，页码范围.例如：Smith, J. (2020). 研究主题. 学术期刊，10(2)，4560.2. 书籍作者姓氏，名字首字母. (出版年份). 书名. 出版社.例如：Johnson, L. (2018). 心理学导论. 北京大学出版社.3. 网页作者姓氏，名字首字母. (发布日期). 网页. 网页.例如：Lee, M. (2021). 文献管理工具介绍. 网页.4. 会议论文作者姓氏，名字首字母. (会议日期). 论文. 会议名称，会议地点.例如：Wang, Y. (2022). 研究方法探讨. 第十届国际学术会议，北京.5. 报告作者姓氏，名字首字母. (发布日期). 报告. 机构名称.例如：Zhang, S. (2023). 环境影响评估报告. 环保局.1. 期刊文章作者姓氏，名字首字母. (出版年份). 文章. 期刊名称，卷号(期号)，页码范围.例如：Smith, J. (2020). 研究主题. 学术期刊，10(2)，4560.2. 书籍作者姓氏，名字首字母. (出版年份). 书名. 出版社.例如：Johnson, L. (2018). 心理学导论. 北京大学出版社.3. 网页作者姓氏，名字首字母. (发布日期). 网页. 网页.例如：Lee, M. (2021). 文献管理工具介绍. 网页.4. 会议论文作者姓氏，名字首字母. (会议日期). 论文. 会议名称，会议地点.例如：Wang, Y. (2022). 研究方法探讨. 第十届国际学术会议，北京.5. 报告作者姓氏，名字首字母. (发布日期). 报告. 机构名称.例如：Zhang, S. (2023). 环境影响评估报告. 环保局.1. 期刊文章作者姓氏，名字首字母. (出版年份). 文章. 期刊名称，卷号(期号)，页码范围.例如：Smith, J. (2020). 研究主题. 学术期刊，10(2)，4560.2. 书籍作者姓氏，名字首字母. (出版年份). 书名. 出版社.例如：Johnson, L. (2018). 心理学导论. 北京大学出版社.3. 网页作者姓氏，名字首字母. (发布日期). 网页. 网页.例如：Lee, M. (2021). 文献管理工具介绍. 网页.4. 会议论文作者姓氏，名字首字母. (会议日期). 论文. 会议名称，会议地点.例如：Wang, Y. (2022). 研究方法探讨. 第十届国际学术会议，北京.5. 报告作者姓氏，名字首字母. (发布日期). 报告. 机构名称.例如：Zhang, S. (2023). 环境影响评估报告. 环保局.。
apa格式论文范例
apa格式论文范例APA格式是一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式，特别针对社会科学领域的研究，规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法，下面小编给大家分享一些apa格式论文范例，大家快来跟小编一起欣赏吧。
apa格式论文范例篇一孤独?爱情?人道作者简介：曹笑笑，女(1992.1-)，湖南省长沙市中南大学文学院，语言学及应用语言2010级学本科生;研究方向：外国文学摘要：《百年孤独》是马尔克斯的代表作，为他赢得巨大声誉。
小说以马孔多村镇为背景，描写了布恩蒂亚家族七代人走过的一条逐渐没落直至灭亡的道路，最终他们的精神无一不归于世世轮回、无比沉痛的孤独。
本文试图探究布恩蒂亚家族世纪孤独的源由，通过小说的主要人物奥雷连诺和阿玛兰塔阐述孤独与爱情的联系，并借小说马尔克斯的另一部小说《霍乱时期的爱情》阐明人道是孤独与爱情背后的本质，也是作家创作的灵魂。
关键词：马尔克斯百年孤独源由爱情人道如果提到20世纪被喻为“爆炸文学”的拉美文学，那一定绕不开“拉丁美洲人的骄傲”——加夫列尔·加西亚·马尔克斯，也绕不开他的代表作“20世纪用西班牙文写作的最杰出的长篇小说之一”的《百年孤独》。
而再读《百年孤独》，除了小说中过去与现在、现实与梦幻、生前与死后交织的情节所带来的极大阅读快感外，我更觉一种自生至死、世世轮回、无比沉痛的孤独感。
一、“家族中的第一个人将被绑在树上，家族中的最后一个人将被蚂蚁吃掉。
”①从布恩蒂亚家族的第一代霍·阿·布恩蒂亚与妻子乌苏娜开创马孔多，这个家族的命运就被写在羊皮纸上，并始终笼罩着“生出长猪尾巴的孩子”的阴影。
马孔多逐渐繁荣起来，变成一个热闹的村镇。
布恩蒂亚在科学实验无果和失去吉普赛朋友梅尔加德斯的孤独中发了疯，被家人绑在大栗树下半个多世纪后死去。
勇敢、坚韧的乌苏娜活了一百多岁，目睹了这个家族及马孔多的历史沧桑。
在她以下的六代人中，布恩蒂亚家族有浪荡子、军人、修女、老姑娘、教士，最后以奥雷连诺·布恩蒂亚与姨母阿玛兰塔·乌苏娜生下的长猪尾巴的婴儿被蚁群吃掉为标志彻底毁灭。
APA引文格式
APA引文格式APA论文资料引用格式包括文献引用（reference citations）与参考文献（reference list）两部分。
1.文献引用1.1间接引用（citations）：间接引用需在论文主体部分引用作者姓名和文献出版年份。
读者可以在references list 中看到所引用文献完整的信息。
A．如果引用文献只涉及一位作者的某本专着或文章，而作家的名字在自己的行文中没有出现, 将该作家的姓氏和所引用文献出版的时间用括弧括起来，放在句子结尾，注意该括弧算作句子的一部分，标点符号应放在括弧之后。
例: I t has been argued that teachers’ role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar results (Bloom, 1976).B.如果引用文献涉及的一位作者的名字在行文中已出现，隶属句子的一部分，则只需在名字后加上括弧，将引用文献的出版日期放于此括号内。
例：Gould (1988) attributes Darwin’s success to his gift for making the appropriate metaphor.C．如果引用文献涉及到的作者和着作的出版时间在行文中已出现，那就不再需要单独的夹注了。
例：In a 1988 article, Goul d explores some of Darwin’s most effective metaphors.D．如果引用涉及到的着作是由两位作者合着，则每次引用时都需把两位作者的姓氏注出来，在夹注中用“&”，在行文中则用“and”连接两个作者。
例：The disadvantages of the multiple regression analysis is that it cannot show the complex interrelations between independent variable (Bryman & Cramer, 1990).Bryman and Cramer also pointed out that…E．如涉及到的作者超过两人，少于六人，第一次加夹注时，写出所有作者的姓氏，以后每次引用，只需写出第一作者的姓氏，其后加上“et al”即可。
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论丛格式要求（第六期）
一、题头部分
1、标题：黑体小2号；副标题：楷体3号。
（黑体是字体，不是宋体加粗）
2、作者名：宋体3号（当作者名为两个字则中间空一格，即一个字符位置。
）（标题与作者名都要居中，居中之前要先左对齐）
3、摘要（中文）：黑体5号，摘要两字缩进两个汉字，中间空两格；摘要内容：楷体5号。
（“摘要”两字后面的冒号同样用“黑体”。
关键词，参考文献，作者简介等同理。
）
4、关键词（中文）：黑体5号，关键词三个字缩进两个汉字；关键词内容：楷体5号，关键词之间用分号间隔，末尾不加标点符号。
5、Abstract（英文）：黑体5号，缩进4个字符；内容：TimesNewRoman5号。
6、Keywords：黑体5号，缩进4个字符；内容：TimesNewRoman5号，英文关键词之间用逗号分隔。
“word”首字母不必大写。
（标题和作者之间空一行距离；作者名与摘要之间空一行距离，注意要用5号字体大小空一行）
二、正文部分
1、全部采用APA格式。
2、小标题：黑体5号，缩进两个汉字与本段首行对齐。
3、正文字体：宋体5号，单倍行间距。
4、汉语引文：楷体小5号；英文引文：TimesNewRoman小五号。
（注意！在文中加引号的引文，不论中文英文，与正文字号字体一致。
只有超过四行的引文才需要单独成段，缩进五个汉字。
诗歌等有特殊格式要求的，可以直接单独成段，缩进五个汉字。
字号变成小5号，汉语变楷体。
参见去年的“正文”。
）
5、小标题与段落之间空一行。
6、文中的英文全部用TimesNewRoman，但Abstract和Keywords这几个词要用黑体
三、参考文献部分
1、参考文献：顶格，黑体小5号；内容：宋体小5号。
参考文献标点用英文状态下的TimesNewRoman。
（中括号和其中的数字，及括号后的空格用宋体，如：“[1]”。
2、参考文献须编号加方括号并对齐。
具体格式参照《外语与外语教学》请以去年“正文”为准！
注：[A]指论文集中的一篇
[C]指论文集(斜体)
[J]指期刊中的一篇(文章名不斜体，期刊名斜体)
[M]指专着中的一篇(斜体)
英文书名以及期刊名要求斜体，必须标出出版社的地点。
中文不需斜体。
四、注释（原则上不用注释）注：具体格式请参照《外语与外语教学》
五、作者简介：黑体小5号；内容：楷体小5号，顶格与参考文献对齐；姓名（出生年-），专业，年级，如：程林（1980-），英语语言文学专业，2002级在读研
究生；当姓名为两个字则中间空一格。
“作者简介”后面的冒号用黑体。
内容中的标点随内容一样用楷体。
注：日、法、韩、俄语的外语字体按照正常字体，字号参照英语标准。