跨文化语用学crossculturalpragmatics
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What is culture?
In a broad sense, it means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture etc.
Syntactic level
People from different languages/cultures will employ different speech act strategies by means of different sentence types.
For example,in English classroms a teacher says:"Would you like to read?" it is a conventionally polite request, but one which definitely expects compliance. In Chinese classroms a teacher would use a straightforward imperative form such as "小明，你 念一下第一段。" In the service encounter: Chinese: 给我一包。。。 English: Can I have...,please? Or I'd like...please!
Intercultural communication refers to the study of interaction at the individual level between members of distinctly different cultural groups. Cross-cultural communication implies a comparative account of some phenomena across cultures.
Pragmalinguistics
Leech: pragmalinguistics studies "the particular resources which a given language provideds for conveying particular illocutions."
cross-cultural pragmalinguistics studies the differences in the pragmatic force assigned by people from different cultures to the same or similar linguistic unit in their language. Such differences in structures can be located at different levels: phonological, lexical, syntactic and discoursal.
Defining cross-cultural pragmatics
Defining cross-cultural
Thomas: any communication between two people who, in any particular domain, do not share a common linguistic or cultural background.
Sociopragmatics
Leech: Sociopragmatics is the sociological interface of pragmatics. It studies the underlying reasons for choosing one linguistic form over another.
Discourse level
The organization of conversation or texts is different from culture to culture.
For example, when Chinese people make a telephone call, they usually begin their conversation with a small talk and then get down to business. English-speaking people ususlly do the opposite.
汉语中在回应对方的恭维或赞扬时，人们习惯于使用“否认” 或“自贬”的方式，常被认为是一种谦虚或礼貌的表现。 在英语中，面对恭维或赞扬时，对方不会直接否定，更不会自 贬，而更多是迎合，即表示感谢。
英汉语用差异
（e）邀请与应答方面的语用差异
一位赴美的中国留学生在接听导师的就餐邀请电话时，在电话里不停地说 “Thank you”，还加上一句“all right, I'll try to come”， 这使得导师着急起 来，干脆问“Yes or no?”,可是那位学生没有反应过来，仍不断地说“Thank you, I'll try to come.”
Cross-cultural Pragmatics
CONTENT
Defining cross-cultural pragmatics Pragmalinguistics Sociopragmatics
Defining cross-cultural pragmatics
Defining culture
In Chinese, it is 文化 If a farmer says “ 我没文化,不识字”, here it means illiterate. If a person is looking at an abstract painting and says “我文化水平不够 高,欣赏 不了这幅画”, what he means is taste.
（c）道谢与道歉方面的语用差异 汉语的“谢谢”和英语的"Thank you".
汉语的“对不起”和英语的"Excuse me" "Sorry".
英汉语用差异
（d）恭维与赞扬的语用差异 Chinese 甲：你这件毛衣真漂亮！ 乙：漂亮什么呀！都穿好几年了！
English A: You look smart in your sweater. B: Thank you.
Defining cross-cultural pragmatics
Defining pragmatics
Leech: pragmatics can be devided into two parts: pragmalinguistics and sciopragmatics.The former studies "the particular resources which a given language provides for conveying partivular illocutions" and the latter is "sociological interface of pragmatics."
Phonological level
Pitch plays an important role both in tone language and intonation language but in different ways. In tone language, if the tone of a word is changed, its meaning would also change, but in an intonation language it remains the same. Intonation in English may reflect syntactic or semantic differences.
Defining cross-cultural pragmatics
Defining culture
In linguistics and cross-cultural communicaction, "culture"mainly refers to an intergrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. culture also refers to the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.
Cross-cultural sociopragmatics studies the social values underlying the differences in emplo源自文库ing different pragmatic strategies between people from different culture.
e.g He is in the office.
What's in the tea, honey?
Do you know John Smith?
Lexical level
A word which has a similar counterpart in another language may have a different interpretative bias. e.g.
incroyable&incredible In English, incredible prices means incredibly high prices. In French, prix incroyable means incredibly low prices.
In the same language in different place, the same word or phrase may mean differently in different places. e.g.
station In British English, it usually means railway station. In American English, it refers to bus/coach station, train station. "窝心，检讨" inTaiwan and the mainland of China.
英汉语用差异
A. 社交应酬方面的语用差异 （a）招呼用语的语用差异 汉语：“你好！”“你早！”“你来了？”“上班去？”......“吃了 吗？”...... 英语："how are you?, how are you doing?", "lovely weather, isn't it?"...
（b）道别用语的语用差异 汉语：“再见”，“慢慢走/走好！”，“请回/请留步！” 英语：“Good-bye!”, "I wish you a pleasant journey/good luck!", “It's nice meeting you.”
In a broad sense, it means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community. In a narrow sense, culture may refer to local or specific practice, beliefs or customs, which can be mostly found in folk culture, enterprise culture or food culture etc.
Syntactic level
People from different languages/cultures will employ different speech act strategies by means of different sentence types.
For example,in English classroms a teacher says:"Would you like to read?" it is a conventionally polite request, but one which definitely expects compliance. In Chinese classroms a teacher would use a straightforward imperative form such as "小明，你 念一下第一段。" In the service encounter: Chinese: 给我一包。。。 English: Can I have...,please? Or I'd like...please!
Intercultural communication refers to the study of interaction at the individual level between members of distinctly different cultural groups. Cross-cultural communication implies a comparative account of some phenomena across cultures.
Pragmalinguistics
Leech: pragmalinguistics studies "the particular resources which a given language provideds for conveying particular illocutions."
cross-cultural pragmalinguistics studies the differences in the pragmatic force assigned by people from different cultures to the same or similar linguistic unit in their language. Such differences in structures can be located at different levels: phonological, lexical, syntactic and discoursal.
Defining cross-cultural pragmatics
Defining cross-cultural
Thomas: any communication between two people who, in any particular domain, do not share a common linguistic or cultural background.
Sociopragmatics
Leech: Sociopragmatics is the sociological interface of pragmatics. It studies the underlying reasons for choosing one linguistic form over another.
Discourse level
The organization of conversation or texts is different from culture to culture.
For example, when Chinese people make a telephone call, they usually begin their conversation with a small talk and then get down to business. English-speaking people ususlly do the opposite.
汉语中在回应对方的恭维或赞扬时，人们习惯于使用“否认” 或“自贬”的方式，常被认为是一种谦虚或礼貌的表现。 在英语中，面对恭维或赞扬时，对方不会直接否定，更不会自 贬，而更多是迎合，即表示感谢。
英汉语用差异
（e）邀请与应答方面的语用差异
一位赴美的中国留学生在接听导师的就餐邀请电话时，在电话里不停地说 “Thank you”，还加上一句“all right, I'll try to come”， 这使得导师着急起 来，干脆问“Yes or no?”,可是那位学生没有反应过来，仍不断地说“Thank you, I'll try to come.”
Cross-cultural Pragmatics
CONTENT
Defining cross-cultural pragmatics Pragmalinguistics Sociopragmatics
Defining cross-cultural pragmatics
Defining culture
In Chinese, it is 文化 If a farmer says “ 我没文化,不识字”, here it means illiterate. If a person is looking at an abstract painting and says “我文化水平不够 高,欣赏 不了这幅画”, what he means is taste.
（c）道谢与道歉方面的语用差异 汉语的“谢谢”和英语的"Thank you".
汉语的“对不起”和英语的"Excuse me" "Sorry".
英汉语用差异
（d）恭维与赞扬的语用差异 Chinese 甲：你这件毛衣真漂亮！ 乙：漂亮什么呀！都穿好几年了！
English A: You look smart in your sweater. B: Thank you.
Defining cross-cultural pragmatics
Defining pragmatics
Leech: pragmatics can be devided into two parts: pragmalinguistics and sciopragmatics.The former studies "the particular resources which a given language provides for conveying partivular illocutions" and the latter is "sociological interface of pragmatics."
Phonological level
Pitch plays an important role both in tone language and intonation language but in different ways. In tone language, if the tone of a word is changed, its meaning would also change, but in an intonation language it remains the same. Intonation in English may reflect syntactic or semantic differences.
Defining cross-cultural pragmatics
Defining culture
In linguistics and cross-cultural communicaction, "culture"mainly refers to an intergrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning. culture also refers to the set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization or group.
Cross-cultural sociopragmatics studies the social values underlying the differences in emplo源自文库ing different pragmatic strategies between people from different culture.
e.g He is in the office.
What's in the tea, honey?
Do you know John Smith?
Lexical level
A word which has a similar counterpart in another language may have a different interpretative bias. e.g.
incroyable&incredible In English, incredible prices means incredibly high prices. In French, prix incroyable means incredibly low prices.
In the same language in different place, the same word or phrase may mean differently in different places. e.g.
station In British English, it usually means railway station. In American English, it refers to bus/coach station, train station. "窝心，检讨" inTaiwan and the mainland of China.
英汉语用差异
A. 社交应酬方面的语用差异 （a）招呼用语的语用差异 汉语：“你好！”“你早！”“你来了？”“上班去？”......“吃了 吗？”...... 英语："how are you?, how are you doing?", "lovely weather, isn't it?"...
（b）道别用语的语用差异 汉语：“再见”，“慢慢走/走好！”，“请回/请留步！” 英语：“Good-bye!”, "I wish you a pleasant journey/good luck!", “It's nice meeting you.”