英语语言学之Morphology

Allomorph（词素变体）:An allomorph is
the different variants of the same
morpheme. It can be phonologically or
morphologically conditioned.

See more on p. 82


形态学研究词素、词素的不同形态(即词素变体)极其构词法.英语 形态学是研究英语词素及其构词法的.
What
is a word?
What
are the main features of a word?
What do you think of the following definitions of a word?
A word is symbolic. It stands for something else such as object, happening or ideas. “table” Words are part of the larger communication system we call language. “I teach linguistics” Words help human beings interact culturally with one another.(p.75)
How many allomorphs does the plural morpheme”-s‟ have? The plural “ s “has many morphologicallyconditioned allomorphs. For example. (1) –(e)s, as in “cats”, “matches” (2) –(r)en: as in “oxen”, “children” (3) –e-: as in “men”, “women” (4) –ee-, as in “feet”, “teeth” (5) zero, as in “sheep”, “deer”

Closed words are also called grammatical
words or function words, or invariable words
since their roles are largely or wholly
grammatical.

Is a word the smallest meaningful linguistic unit? What is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit?



The definition of a word and the classification of words
A word is a meaningful and grammatical language unit
which can be used by its own.

Every word belongs to a certain word class and in English ,words can be divided into the following ten classes: n.v.adj.adv.prep.pron.article,determiner, conjunction, interjection. These ten word classes can be divided into Open Class and Closed Class
教学重点 Teaching focus
(1) word and word classes (2) word, morphemes, and allomorph (3) types of morphemes (4) morphological rules (5) the formation of new words

A word is a meaningful group of letters printed or written horizontally across a piece of paper. A word is “a minimum free form”, that is , the smallest form that can occur by itself.
phonological or orthographic variants of the morpheme {s}: –s .-es, -ves are the allomorphs of the same morpheme representing the plural form of the English words.

For example: “ book”, “help”, clap” ,”from” “television”, „gentleness”
“unavoidable
Rely Rely+able Rely+able+ity Un+rely+able+ity

one morpheme two morphemes three morphemes four morphemes

Morphology is the study of the internal structure, forms and classes of words.
For example: “Purify”-----consists of two parts: “pur(e)” and “ –ify”, from which one can work out a rule: a new form of verb can be formed by adding “-ify” to an adjective. This is called a morphological rule. “doing”---consisted of two parts “do” and “-ing”,from which we can work out a rule:we can put “ –ing” to a verb to form a “-ing‟ participle.

How many allomorphs does the past form morpheme “ed”have?

Open class words are also termed lexical words or content
words or variable words for they all carry certain semantic contents.

Eg. Book
books
book‟s working

Open Class refers to noun, verb, adjective, and adverb, because we
can regularly add another morpheme or a new word to
these word classes. E.g. “boyfriend”,”dislike”,”impossible”.
Lecture 5
授课题目 : morphology.
教学目标及基本要求：Teaching target and object
(1) Let students know what morphology is, and how the morphemes are combined into larger units for human communication. (2) Let students know how new words are formed.

The morpheme representing the plural form of
nouns can be expressed by[-s],[-z],[-iz] ,[-vz]
etc.So the phonetic segments [-s],[-z], [-iz] ,[-vz]
are the morphs of the same morpheme{-s}, the



1) geography 2) inter- +nation + -al + -ly 3) forget + -(t)en 4) Washington 5) inform + -ation 6) industry (i) + -al +-iz(e) + -ation 7) pre- + dominat(e) + -ant 8) pre- + conscious

The four characteristics of a word

A word is a sound or combination of sounds which we produce voluntarily with our vocal equipment.e.g. “we” [wi:]

Unbearable Watchful Soft-hearted

uneducated inspiring horsemanship
See
the exercises 1 and 2 on
page 82



1) un- + bear + -able 2) watch + -ful 3) person+ -ify (i) + -cation 4) un- + exception + -al + -ly 5) un- +educate +-(e)d 6) inspir(e) + -ing 7) soft + heart + -ed 8) horse + man + -ship