语料库语言学术语汇编A glossary of corpus linguistics
语言学(语料库)
Specialized corpora: useful for English for specific purposes. If we need find out what language is used in a certain profession, then we select texts from that profession. Sample corpora: classification of genres; a large number of short extracts; random selection of extracts within genres; great internal validity内部有效性 . Monitor corpora: gigantic, ever moving stores of text. It has the capacity to hold a ‗state of the language‘ for research purposes.
The function of concordance
Concordances are frequently used as a tool in linguistics that can be used for the study of a text such as:
paring different usages of the same word; 2.analysing keywords; 3.analysing word frequencies; 4.finding and analyzing phrases and idioms; 5.creating indexes and word lists (also useful for publishing)
计算机语言学语料库语言学机器翻译电子教案
0. Warm-up Questions
In what ways can computer facilitate our language learning?
To what extent do you rely on computer in your English learning?
How to improve the output quality of machine translation?
2. CALL
2.3 Types of CALL programs
➢ Davies & Higgins (1985): Gapmaster, Mazes, etc. ➢ Jones & Fortescue (1987): Matchmaster, Wordstore, etc. ➢ Higgins (1993): Customizing, Computer networks, etc
➢ Corpus: a collection of linguistic data, either compiled as written texts or as transcription of recorded speech.
➢ Corpus linguistics deals with the principles and practice of using corpora in language study.
English Linguistics: An Introduction
Chapter 10 Language and Computer
Chapter 10 Language and Computer
0. Warm-up Questions 1. Computational Linguistics 2. CALL 3. Machine Translation 4. Corpus Linguistics
术语汇编（GLOSSARYOFTERMS）
术语汇编（GLOSSARYOFTERMS）术语汇编（GLOSSARY OF TERMS）（广播电视领域英语缩略词及全称）AA Audio 音频AAS Automatic Addressing System 自动寻址系统ABR Available Bit Rate 可用比特率AC Alternating Current 交流ACI Adjacent-Channel Interference 邻频干扰ACU Antenna Control Unit 天线控制器A / D Analogue to Digital 模/ 数转换ADM Add-Drop Multi-plexer 上下复用器ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 非对称数字用户线ADV Advance 推进AEF Auto Edition Function 自动编辑功能AES Audio Engineer Society 声频工程学会AFC Automatic Frequency Control 自动频率控制Audio Frequency Coder 声频编码器AFM Audio Frequency Modulation 音频调制AFT Automatic Frequency Tune 自动频率调谐AGC Automatic Gain Control 自动增益控制AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅ANSI American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准协会ANT Antenna 天线API Application Program Interface 应用程序界面Associated Photographers International 国际摄影家联合会ASIC Amplitude Specific Integrated Circuit 专用集成电路ASK Amplitude Shift Keying 振幅键控ASSEM Assemble 组合ASW Acoustic Surface Wave 声表面波ATC Adaptive Transform Coding 自适应变换编码ATDM Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing 异步时分复用ATEL Advanced Television Evaluation Laboratory 先进电视评估实验室ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode 异步传输方式ATSC American Telecommunications Standard Committee 美国电信标准委员会ATW Auto Tracking White 自动跟踪白平衡AU Adapter Unit 适配器，附加器AUD Audio 音频AUL Average Useful Life 平均使用寿命AUX Auxiliary 辅助的AVP Audio / Visual Products 音视产品AW Auto White 自动白平衡BB Baud 波特Blue 蓝色Byte 字节BACK.L Back-Lighting 逆光BA TT Battery 电池（组）BB Base-Band 基带Black Burst 带色同步的黑场BER Bit Error Ratio (Or Rate) 误码率BF (BPF) Band Pass Filter 带通滤波器B-ISDN Broadband Integrated Service Digital Network 宽带综合业务数字网BLK Black 黑色BONT Broadband Optical Network T ermination 宽带光纤网络终端BPS(B/S) Bit Per Second 每秒比特BPSK Bi-Phase Shift Keying 二相相移键控BR Bit Radio 码率BS Broadcast Satellite 广播卫星BSS Broadcast Satellite Services 卫星广播业务B-Y 蓝色差信号CC Chrominance 色度CA Conditional Access 条件接入CAM Camera 摄像机CAS Conditional Access System 条件接入系统CATV Community Antenna Television System 共用天线电视系统CAT Conditional Access Table 条件接入表C-Band 4GHz to 6GHz C波段（4GHz 到6GHz ）CBR Constant Bit Ratio 恆定码率CBT Core Based Tree 有核树CCD Charge-Coupled Devices 电荷偶合器件CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee 原国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT Consultative Committee, International Telegraph and Telephone国际电报电话咨询委员会CDMA Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址CDV Compressed Digital Video 压缩数字视频CEB Consumer Electronic Bus 用户电子总线CF Colour Framing 彩色成帧CH Channel 信道、通道、频道CHARA. Character 字符CHG Change 改变CHI Channel Interface 通道接口CHIO Cannel Input / output 通道输入/ 输出口CIE Commission International de I’Eclairage 国际照明委员会CIF Common Intermediate Format 共用中间格式CIU Customer Interface Unit 用户接口单元CM Communication Multi-plexer 信道复用器Cross Modulation 交叉调制CMIP Communication Management Information Protocol 通信管理信息协议CMIS Common Management Information Service 通用管理信息业务CN Communication Network 通信网络C / N Carrier / Noise 载（波）噪（声）比CNR(C/N) Carrier to Noise Ratio 载噪比CNT Coaxial Network termination 同轴网络终端CODEC(codec) Coder Decoder 编解码器COFDM Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 编码正交频分复用COMSAT Communications Satellite Corporation 美国通信卫星公司CP Circular Polarization 圆极化CPU Central Processing Unit 中央处理单元CPW Circular Polarization Wave 圆极化波CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗余度检测CS Communication Satellite 通信卫星CSO Composite Second Order 复合二阶失真CTB Composite Triple Beat 复合三阶失真CTDM Compressed Time Division Multiplex 压缩时分复用CTL Control 控制码CTS Central Termination System 中央终端系统CTU Coaxial Terminal Unit 同轴终端单元CTV Cable TV 有线电视Conventional TV 普通电视DD / A (DAC) Digital /Analogue Conversion 数字/模拟变换DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting 数字音频广播DAVIC Digital Audio Visual Council 数字音视频委员会DAVID Digital Audio/Video Interactive Decoder 数字音视频交换解码器dB Decibel 分贝，表示对数比例值dBi dB Antenna Gain Relative To Anisotropic Source 天线增益(相对于各向同性辐射源) dBm dB . Power Relative T o One Mili-Watt 相对于1mW的功率的dB值DBS Direct Broadcast Satellite 直播卫星dBw dB . Power Relative To One Watt 相对于1W的功率的dB 值DC Direct Current 直流D / C Down Converter 下变频器DCC Dynamic Contrast Control 动态对比度控制Digital Common Channel 数值公共通道DCT Discrete Cosine Transform 离散余弦变换DE De-Emphasis 去加重Demod Demodulation 解调Domsat Domestic Communication Satellite 国内通信卫星DF Drop-Frame 失落帧DFB-LD Distributed Feedback LD 分布反馈式半导体激光器DG Differential Gain 微分增益DIS Draft International Standard 国际标准草案DISP Display 显示DLC Digital Link Carrier 数字环路载波DMC Dynamic Motion Control 动态运行控制DMT Discrete Multi-Tone 离散多音DNIC Digital Network Identify Code 数字网络识别码DNR Digital Noise Reduction 数字降噪DPX Di-plexer 双工器DSF Dispersion Shifted Fiber 色散位移光纤DSM Digital Storage Media 数字存储媒体DSNG Digital Satellite News Gather 数字卫星新闻采集DSP Digital Signal Processor 数字信号处理器DSR Digital Satellite Radio 数字卫星广播DSS Digital Satellite System 数字卫星系统DT Dynamic Tracking 动态循跡（跟踪）DTH Direct To Home 直接到户DTI Data Transmission Interface 数据传输接口DTSC Digital Television Standard Converter 数字电视制式转换器DTT Digital Terrestrial 数字地面电视DTV Digital TV 数字电视（一般特指美国数字电视制式）DTVB Digital TV Broadcasting 数字电视广播DTVC Digital TV By Cable 数字电缆电视DVB Digital Video Broadcasting 数字视频广播（欧洲制式）Digital Video Bandwidth 数字视频带宽DVB-C The DVB Digital Cable Delivery System 电缆数字视频传输系统DVB-S The Digital Satellite System 卫星数字广播系统DVB-T The Digital Terrestrial TV System 地面数字电视系统DVC Digital Video Cassette 数字视频盒带DVD Digital Versatile Disc 数字视盘DVMRP Distance Vector Multi-Cast Routing Protocol 距离向量多点路由广播DWDM Dense Wave Distribution Multiplex 密集波分复用EEAR Earphone 耳机EBU European Broadcasting Union 欧洲广播联合会ECC Emitter Correction Code 纠错码ECS European Communications Satellite 欧洲通信卫星ED Energy Dispersal 能量扩散EDA Electronic Design Automatic 电子设计自动化EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier 掺铒光钎放大器EDI Electronic Data Interaction 电子数据交换EDTV Enhanced Definition TV 增强清晰度电视EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiation Power 等效全向辐射功率EMM Entitlement Management Message 授权管理信息EMMI Enhanced Multi-Media Interface 增强多媒体接口ENDEC EN-Coder / DE-Coder 编解码器ENG Electronic News Gathering 电子新闻采集ENI Equivalent Noise Input 等效噪声输入E / O Electric –Optical Transducer 电光变换器EPG Electronic Program Guides 电子节目指南ERMES European Radio Message System 欧洲无线电信息系统ERP Echo Return Loss 回波损耗ES Elementary Stream 基本码流Earth Station 地球站ESCR Elementary Stream Clock Reference 基本码流时钟基准ETS European Telecommunication Standard 欧洲电信标准EXT External 外接FFAS Full Auto Shooting 全自动拍摄FAW Full Time Auto White 全时自动白平衡FB Fiber Backbone 光纤主干线FCC Federal Communications Commission 联邦通信委员会F / D Focal Length To Diameter Ratio Of a Reflector 卫星抛物反射面焦距对天线口径之比FDDI Fiber Distribution Data Interface 光纤分配数据接口FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing 频分多工FE Front End 前端FEC Forward Error Correction 前向纠错FECR Forward Error Correction Rate 前向纠错率Ff Flange focal length 法兰焦距FF Feed Forward 前馈Fast Forward 快进FFT Fast Fourier Transform 快速傅里叶变换FIC Fast Information Channel 快速信息频道FITL Fiber In The Loop 光纤环路FLL Frequency Locked Loop 频率锁定环FM Frequency Modulation 调频F-run Free –run 空运行FSS Fixed Satellite Service 静止卫星业务FST Fast Slant Transform 快速倾斜变换FTP File Transfer Protocol 文件转换协议FTTB Fiber To The Building 光纤到楼FTTC Fiber To The Curb 光纤到路边FTTH Fiber T o The Home 光纤到户FTTF Fiber To The Feeder 光纤到馈线FTTN Fiber To The Node 光纤到节点FTTSA Fiber T o The Service Area 光纤到服务区GG Green 绿色Gain 增益GaAs Gallium Arsenic 砷化鎵GB Gigabit 吉比特Gbps Gigabits / Second 吉比特/ 秒GEO Geo-stationary Earth Orbit 地球同步轨道GHz Unit of frequency equal to 1000MHz 频率单位GMT Greenwich Mean Time 格林威治时间GIS Geographic Information System 地理信息系统GND Ground 地GOP Group Of Picture 图片组GPI General Purpose Interface 通用接口GPS Global Positioning System 地球定位系统GSM Global System For Mobile Communication 全球移动通信系统GSP General Signal Processor 中央信号处理器G/T Gain / Temperature Or Figure Of Merit 天线品质因数GUI Graphical User Interface 图形用户接口G-Y 绿色差信号HH High (Hi) 高Horizontal 行H.262 ( ISO/IEC 13818-2 即MPEG-2的视频编码部分) 通用视频编码的国际建议H.263 (ITU Ree.H.263) 低码率视频编码的国际建议HCT Home Communications Terminal 家庭通信终端HDSL High- bate-rate Digital Subscriber Line 高比特率数字用户线HDTV High Definition TV 高清晰度电视HFC Hybrid Fiber Coax 光纤同轴混合网HE Head End 前端（CATV）HEI Head End Equipment Interface 前端设备接口Hi-Fi High Fidelity 高保真度HITS High Speed Infrared Transmitting System 高速红外传输系统HPA High Power Amplifier 高功放HQ High Quality 高质量HTTP Hyper Text Transport Protocol 超文本传送协议II Iris 光圈IBN Integrated Broadband Network 综合宽带网ICDN Integrated Communication Data Network 综合通信数据网ICT Information and Communications Technology 信息和通信技术IDCT Inverse DCT 反离散余弦变换IDU Indoor Unit 室内单元IEC International Electro-technical Commission 国际电子技术专业委员会IF Intermediate Frequency 中频I-Frame Inter Coded Frame I-帧，帧内编码图象帧IL Insertion Loss 插入损耗INCOM Intercom 内部对讲IND Indication 指示INT Internal 内部IOT Influence Output Tube 感应输出管IP Internet Protocols 网际协议Intelligent Peripheral 智能外围（设备）IPC Information Processing Center 信息处理中心IR Infrared Remote Control 红外遥控IRD Integrated Receiver Decoder 集成接收机解码器IS International Standard 国际标准ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network 集成服务数字网ISO The International Organization For Standardization 国际标准化组织IT Information Technology 信息技术ITS Insertion Test Signal 插入测试信号ITSC Information Technology Steering Committee 信息技术指导委员会ITU International Telecommunication Union 国际电信联盟ITU-R ITU-Radio Communications Sector 国际电信联盟无线电通信部ITVS Interactive TV System 交互电视系统IVOD Interactive Video On Demand 交互式视频点播JJBIG Joint Bi-Level Image Coding Expert Group 联合二值图象编码专家组JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group 联合摄影专家组KKBPS（Kbps）Kilo Bits Per Second 千比特/秒LL Left 左Low 低LAN Local Area Network 局域网LEO Low-Earth Orbit (Sat) 低轨道（卫星）LFSR Linear Feedback Shift Register 线性反馈移位寄存器LHCP Left Hand Circular Polarization 左旋圆极化LID Local Injection Detection 本地注入检测LNA Low Noise Amplifier 低噪声放大器LNB Low Noise Block 低噪声变换器(高频头)LNC Low Noise Converter 低噪声变换器（下变频器）LO Local Oscillator 本地振荡器Lo-Lux Low –Lux 低照度（低勒克司）LSB Least Significant Bit 最低有效位LSN Local Supervision Network 局部监测网络LTC Longitude Time Code 纵向时间码MM Manual 手动Middle 中间MATV Master Antenna TV 共用天线电视MBPS(Mbps) Meg-Bits Per Second 兆比特/秒MCM Multi Carrier Modulation 多载波调制MCPC Multi-Channel Per Carrier 多路单载波MDCT Modified DCT 改进离散余弦变换MHEG Multimedia / Hypermedia Expert Group 多媒体/ 超媒体专家组MIC Microphone 话筒MID Middle 中间MMCD Multimedia CD 多媒体CDMMPC Multimedia PC 多媒体PCMMDS Multi-point Microwave Distribution System 多点微波分配系统MOD Movies On Demand 电影点播Modulator 调制器MPEG Moving Picture Expert Group 活动图象专家组MPEG-1 (ISO/IEC 11172) 音视频编码的第一个国际建议简称MPEG-2 (ISO/IEC 13818) 通用音视频编码国际建议简称（由MPEG-1扩充而得）MPEG-TS MPEG Transport Stream MPEG传输码流MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching 多协议标记交换技术MPOA Multi-Protocol Over ATM ATM上的多协议规范MPTS Multi-program Transmitting Stream 多节目传输流MSB Most Significant Bit 最高有效位MSO Multi System Operator 多系统经营者MUX Multi-plexer 复用器，多工器NNAB National Association Of Broadcaster 国家广播工作者协会NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration.U.S. 美国宇航局NCC Network Control Center 网络控制中心ND Neutral Density 中性密度NDF Non-Drop Frame 非失落帧NF Noise Factor 噪声系数NIT Network Information Table 网络信息目录NM Network Management 网络管理NORM Normal 标准（普通）NR Noise Reduction 降噪NTSC National Television System Committee 国家电视系统委员会（北美制式）NVOD Near Video On Demand 准视频点播OODU Out Door Unit 室外单元OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex 正交频分复用OLI Optical Line Interface Card 光缆接口板ONU Optical Network Units 光网络单元OPAL Optical Access Line 光访问线OSAN Optical Subscriber Access Node 光纤用户访问（接入）节点OSC Oscillator 振荡器OSD On Screen Display 屏幕显示OSI Open System Interface 开放系统接口OTDR Optical Time Domain Reflect-meter 光时域反射计OVS Open Video System 开放视频系统OWA One Way Access 单向寻址PPA Power Amplifier 功率放大器PASC Precision Adaptive Sub-band Coding 精密自适应子带码PB Play Back 播放PCM Pulse Code Modulation 脉码调制PCR Program Clock Reference 程序时钟基准PCS Personal Communication Service 个人通信业务PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy 准同步数字体系PDP Plasma Display Panel 等离子体显示屏PEAQ Perceptual Evaluation Of Audio Quality 音质感官评价PED Pedestal 基准PES Packeting Elementary Stream 打包基本码流PFD Power Flux Density 功率通量密度PFM Pulse Frequency Modulation 脉频调制PGM Program 节目PID Packet Identifier 分组识别符，包识别符PIM Protocol Independent Multicasting 协议无关多点广播PIN Personal Identify Note 个人识别码（标记）PLL Phase Locked Loop 锁相环路PM Phase Modulation 相位调制PMF Polarization Maintaining Fiber 偏振保持光纤PON Passive Optical Network 无源光纤网络POTS Plain Old Telephone Service 老式电话业务P-P Peak to Peak 峰峰值PPV Pay Per View 按次付费PRA Primary Rate Access 基本收费访问PSDN Packet Switched Data Network 分组交换数据网PSK Phase Shift Keying 相位键控PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network 公共交换电话网QQAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 正交幅度调制QOS Quality Of Service 业务质量QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying 正交相移键控RR Red 红色Right 右RCU Remote Control Unit 遥控单元REC Record 记录REF Reference 参考REGEN Regeneration 再生RET Return 返送视频REV Reverse 倒转REW Rewind 倒带RF Radio Frequency 射频RFLT Radio Frequency Line Termination 射频馈线终端RHCP (RCP) Right Hand Circular Polarization 右旋圆极化RIN Relative Intensity Noise 相对强度燥声RM Remote 遥控R-run Record-run 记录运行RSB Residual Side-band 残留边带RST Running Status Table 运行状态表RTC Relative Time Code 相对时间码RVW Review 回看RX Receiver 接收机R-Y 红色差信号SS Shutter 快门SAWF Surface Acoustic Wave Filter 声表面波滤波器SC Sub-Carrier 副载波SCM Single Carrier Modulation 单载波调制Sub-Cattier Multiplexing 副载波多工SCP Service Control Point 业务控制点SCPC Single Channel Per Carrier 单路单载波SCR System Clock Reference 系统时钟基准SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 同步数字系列SDDI Serial Digital Data Interconnection 串行数字数据互联SDM Space Division Multiplexing 空间分割多工SDT Service Description Table 服务种类目录SDTV Standard Definition TV 标准清晰度电视SEG Special Effects Generator 特技发生器SFD Saturable Flux Density 饱和通量密度SHF Super High Frequency 超高频SHTL Shuttle 快寻SI Service Information 业务信息SLSI Super Large Scale Integration 超大规模集成（电路）SM Statistical Multiplexing 统计复用SMATV Satellite Master Antenna TV System 卫星共用天线电视系统SMF Single Mode Fibers 单模光纤SMPTE State Moving Picture Television Engineer 美国电影电视工程师学会SMS Service Managing System 用户管理系统S / N Signal / Noise 信噪比SNF System Noise Figure 系统噪声指数SNG Satellite News Gathering 卫星新闻采集SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol 简单网络管理协议SONET Synchronous Optical Network 同步光纤网络SPOT.L Spot Lighting 聚光SSB Single Side-Band 单边带SSP Service Switching Point 业务交换点STDM Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing 同步时分复用STB Set-top Box 机顶盒STBY Stand By 等待，备份STD System Target Decoder 系统目标解码器STM Synchronous Transfer Mode 同步转移模式S-VHS Super-High Band Video Home System 高带家庭视频系统S-Video Separated-Video 分离视频SW Switching 开关SYNC Synchronization 同步TT Telephoto 远景TBC Time Base Corrector 时基校正器TC Time Code 时间码TCP/IP Transfer Control Protocol /Internet Protocol 传输控制协议/网际协议TDM Time Division Multiplexing 时分多工TDMA Time Division Multiple Access 时分多址TED Threshold Extension Demodulation 门限扩展解调TMN Telecommunications Management Network 电信管理网TMNX11R5 Telecommunication Management Network X11R5 电信管理网X11R5协议T&D Trunk and Distribution 干线和分配线TS Transport Stream 传输流Terminal Station 终端站TSB Telecommunication Standardization Bureau 电信标准化所（部门）TSC Two Sub-Carrier 双副载波系统Television Standard Converter 电视制式转换器T-STD Transport Stream System Target Decoder 传输流系统目标解码器TVBS TV Broadcast By Satellite 卫星电视广播TVOD True Video On Demand 真视频点播TVRO Television Receive Only Terminal 卫星电视单收站TWT Traveling Wave Tube 行波管TWTA Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier 行波管放大器TX Transmitter 发射机UU-bit User-bit 用户比特U / C Up Converter 上变频器UHF Ultra-High Frequency 特高频UL Up Link 上行链路UNI User Network Interface 用户网络接口UPS Un-interruptible Power Supply 不间断电源URL Universal Resource Locator 全球资源定位（指示法）USSB United States Satellite Broadcasting 美国卫星广播（公司）VV Vertical 垂直方向VADIS Video-Audio digital Interactive System 视音数字相互制约系统VAR Variable 可变的VBS Video Burst and Sync (彩色)全电视信号VCR Video Cassette Recorder 盒式磁带录像机VDT Video Dial –Tone System 视频拨号系统VF View-Finder 寻像器VHS Video Home System 家用视频系统VIP Video Information Provider 视频信息提供者VITC Vertical Internal Time Code 场消隐时间码VLSI Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit 超大规模集成电路VOD Video On Demand 视频点播VPI Virtual Path Identifier 虚通路识别VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal 甚小口径卫星地面站VSB Vestigial Side-Band 残留边带VSB-AM Vestigial Side-Band-AM 残留边带调幅VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 电压驻波比WW White 白色Wide Angle 广角WARC World Administrative Radio Conference 世界无线电行政大会WAN Wide Area Network 广域网WAU Wireless Access Unit 无线接入单元W.BAL White Balance 白平衡WD Working Draft 操作方案WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing 波分复用WG Working Group 操作组WHT White 白色WI Weighted Index 加权指数WWW World Wide Web 环球网XXM Cross Modulation 交调XPD Cross-Polarization Discrimination 交叉极化鉴别XT Cross Talk 串扰，串话YY 亮度信号Y / C 亮/ 色成都市广播电视局科技处编制。
语料库语言学术语汇编Aglossaryofcorpuslinguistics.docx
语料库语言学术语汇编 ( V2.0 )Last updated 2012-10-08 by许家金Aboutness所言之事Absolute frequency绝对频数Alignment (of parallel texts)（平行或对应）语料的对齐Alphanumeric字母数字构成的Annotate标注（动词）Annotated text/corpus标注文本 /语料库、赋码文本/语料库Annotation标注（名词）Annotation scheme标注方案ANSI/American National Standards Institute美国国家标准学会ASCII/American Standard Code for Information美国信息交换标准码ExchangeAssociates (of keywords)（主题词的）联想词AWL/academic word list学术词表Balanced corpus平衡语料库Base list/baselist底表、基础词表Bigram二元组、二元序列、二元结构Bi-text/bitext双语合并文本、双语分行对齐文本（一句源语一句目标语对齐后的文本）Bi-hapax两次词Bilingual corpus双语语料库Bootcamp debate/discourse/discussion（新手）训练营大辩论 /话语 /大探讨CA/Contrastive Analysis对比分析Case-sensitive/case sensitivity大小写敏感、区分大小写Category-based approach基于类（范畴）的方法Chi-square test/ 2χ卡方检验Chunk词块CIA/Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis中介语对比分析CLAWS/Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-CLAWS 词性赋码系统tagging SystemClean text policy干净文本原则Cluster词簇、词丛Colligation类联接、类连接、类联结Collocate n./v.搭配词；搭配Collocability搭配强度、搭配力Collocation搭配、词语搭配Collocational strength搭配强度Collocational framework/frame搭配框架Collocational profile搭配概貌Collocational network搭配网络Comparable corpora类比语料库、可比语料库Computational Linguistics计算语言学ConcGram/concgram同现词列、框合结构Concord索引（行）（简略形式）Concordance (line)索引（行）Concordance plot（索引）词图Concordancer索引工具Concordancing索引分析Context语境、上下文Context word语境词Contextual prosody语境韵律Contingency table连列表、联列表、列连表、列联表Co-occurrence/Co-occurring共现、同现Corpus Linguistics语料库语言学Corpus, pl. corpora语料库Corpus-based基于语料库的Corpus-based translation studies基于语料库的翻译研究、语料库翻译学、基于语料库的译学研究Corpus-driven语料库驱动的Corpus-informed语料库指导下的、参考了语料库的Corpus size库容Corpus stylistics语料库文体学Co-select/co-selection/co-selectiveness共选（机制）Co-text共文Data mining数据挖掘DDL/Data Driven Learning数据驱动学习Dependency（句法）依存关系Dice coefficient Dice 系数Disambiguation消歧Diachronic corpus历时语料库Discourse话语、语篇Discourse prosody话语韵律Documentation文检报告、备检文件、说明文档EAGLES/Expert Advisory Groups on Language EAGLES 文本规格Engineering StandardsEmpirical linguistics实证语言学Empiricism经验主义Encoding字符编码Error-tagging错误标注、错误赋码Explicitation显化Extended unit of meaning扩展意义单位File-based search/concordancing批量检索Firthian (linguistics)弗斯（语言学）、弗斯学派的（语言学）Formulaic sequence程式化序列、套语Frequency频数、频率Frequency list词频表General (purpose) corpus通用语料库Genre语体、体裁Grammatical patterning语法型式Granularity颗粒度Hapax legomenon/hapax一次词Header/corpus head文本头、头标、头文件Hidden Markov model (HMM)隐马尔科夫模型、隐马模型Idiom principle习语原则、成语原则Idiomaticity习语性、地道程度Implicitation隐化Index/indexing（建）索引In-line annotation文内标注、行内标注Interlanguage中介语、过渡语Inter-coder agreement/reliability标注者间一致性/信度Introspection/introspective内省（式）（的）Intuition直觉Key keywords关键主题词Keyness主体性、关键性Keywords主题词KWIC/Key Word in Context语境中的关键词、语境共现（方式）KWIC sort语境共现排序、索引行排序Learner corpus学习者语料库Lemma, pl. lemmata/lemmas词目、原形词、词元Lemmatization词形还原、词元化Lemmatizer词形还原工具、词元化工具Lexical bundle词束Lexical density词汇密度Lexical frequency profile词频概貌Lexical grammar词汇语法Lexical item词项、词语项目Lexical patterning词语型式、词汇型式Lexical priming词汇触发理论、词汇启动理论Lexical profile词汇分布概貌Lexical richness词汇丰富度Lexico-grammar词汇语法Lexis词语、词项、词语学Log-likelihood ratio对数似然比、对数似然率Longitudinal/developmental corpus跟踪语料库、发展语料库、历时语料库Machine-readable机读的Machine translation机器翻译Manual annotation手工标注Markup/mark-up标记、置标MDA (Multi-dimensional analysis/approach)多维度分析法Metadata元信息Meta-metadata元元信息MF/MD approach/multi-feature/multi-dimensional多特征/多维度分析法analysisMisuse误用Monitor corpus（动态）监察语料库Monolingual corpus单语语料库Multilingual corpus多语语料库Multimodal corpus多模态语料库MWU/multiword unit多词单位MWE/multiword expression多词表达MI/mutual information互信息、互现信息N-gram N 元组、 N 元序列、 N 元结构、 N 元词、多词序列Neo-Firth (school)新弗斯学派Neo-Firthian新弗斯学派的NLP/Natural Language Processing自然语言处理Node (word)节点（词）Normalization标准化、（翻译）规范化、泛化Normalized frequency标准化频率、标称频率、归一频率Observed corpus观察语料库Ontology知识本体、本体Open choice principle开放选择原则OrthographicOrthography正字法Overuse过多使用、超用、使用过度、过度使用Paradigmatic纵聚合（关系）的Parallel corpus平行语料库、对应语料库Parole linguistics言语语言学Parsed corpus句法标注的语料库、树库Parser句法分析器Parsing句法标注、句法分析Pattern/patterning型式、模式Pattern grammar型式语法Pattern matching模式匹配Pedagogic corpus教学语料库Phraseology短语、短语学Phraseological unit/sequence短语单位 /序列Plain text纯文本POSgram赋码序列、码串POS sequence赋码序列、码串POS tagging/Part-of-Speech tagging词性赋码、词性标注、词性附码POS tagger词性赋码器、词性赋码工具Prefab预制语块Probabilistic（基于）概率的、概率性的、盖然的Probabilistic grammar概率语法、概率性语法、盖然语法Probability概率Query查询、检索Range分布（范围）、跨度Rationalism理性主义Raw frequency原始频数、生频数Raw text/corpus生文本 /生语料Reference corpus参照语料库Regex/RE/RegExp/regular expressions正则表达式、正则式Register variation语域变异Relative frequency相对频率Representative/representativeness代表性（的）Rule-based基于规则的S-universals源语型共性（特征）Sample n./v.样本；取样、采样、抽样Sampling取样、采样、抽样Sanitization净化Search term检索项Search word检索词Segmentation切分、分词Semantic association语义联想Semantic preference语义倾向、语义趋向Semantic prosody语义韵Sentence alignment句对齐、句级对齐SGML/Standard Generalized Markup Language标准通用标记语言Simplification简化Skipgram跨词序列、跨词结构Span跨距Specialized corpus专用语料库、专门用途语料库、专题语料库Standardized type/token ratio标准化类符 /形符比、标准化类/形比、标准化型次比Standardized TTR/STTR标准化类符 /形符比、标准化类/形比、标准化型次比Stand-off annotation分离式标注Stochastic随机的Stop list停用词表、过滤词表Stop word停用词、过滤词Synchronic corpus共时语料库Syntagmatic横组合（关系）的T score T 值T-universals目标语型共性（特征）Tag赋码、标记、附码Tagger赋码器、赋码工具、标注工具Tagging赋码、标注、附码Tag sequence赋码序列、码串Tagset赋码集、码集Tertium comparationis对比中立项、对比基础Text文本Text type文体、文类Text category文体、文类Text mining文本挖掘TEI/Text Encoding Initiative TEI 文本编码计划The Lexical Approach词汇中心教学法The Lexical Syllabus词汇大纲Token形符、词次Token definition/word definition形符界定、单词界定Tokenization分词Tokenizer分词工具Transcription转写Translation memory翻译记忆（库）Translation norms翻译规范Translationuniversals/Universal features of 翻译共性、翻译普遍特征translationTranslational corpus翻译语料库Translationese翻译体、翻译腔Treebank树库Trigram三元组、三元序列、三元结构T-score T 值Type类符、词种、词型TTR类符 /形符比、类 /形比、型次比Type/token ratio类符 /形符比、类 /形比、型次比Underuse少用、使用不足Unicode通用码Unicodify按通用码编码、转换为通用码Unit of meaning意义单位WaC/Web as Corpus网络语料库、网库Wildcard通配符Word alignment词对齐、词级对齐Word form词形Word family词族Word list词表Word sketch词语素描WSD/Word-sense disambiguation词义消歧XML/Extensible Markup Language可扩展标记语言Zipf ’ s Law/Zipfian Law齐夫定律Z score Z 值常用语料库ACE Australian Corpus of EnglishANC American National CorpusARCHER A Representative Corpus of Historical English Registers BASE British Academic Spoken English CorpusBAWE British Academic Written English CorpusBNC British National CorpusBoE Bank of EnglishBrown Brown CorpusCANCODE Cambridge and Nottingham Corpus of Discourse in English CEC China English CorpusCEM Corpus for English MajorsCHILDES Child Language Data Exchange SystemCIC Cambridge International CorpusCLEC Chinese Learners English CorpusCLOB2009 Brown family corpus of British EnglishCOBUILD Collins Birmingham University International Language Database COCA The Corpus of Contemporary American EnglishCOLSEC College Learners Spoken English CorpusCOLT Bergen Corpus of London Teenage LanguageCrown2009 Brown family corpus of American EnglishFLOB Freiburg-LOB Corpus of British EnglishFROWN Freiburg-Brown Corpus of American EnglishHelsinki Diachronic part of the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts DiachroniccorpusHKCSE Hong Kong Corpus of Spoken EnglishICE International Corpus of EnglishICE-GB International Corpus of English: Great BritainICLE International Corpus of Learner EnglishJEFLL Japanese EFL Learner CorpusLCMC Lancaster Corpus Mandarin ChineseLINDSEI Louvain International Database of Spoken English Interlanguage LIVAC Linguistic Variations in Chinese Speech CommunitiesLLC London Lund CorpusLOB Lancaster-Oslo/Bergen CorpusLOCNESS Louvain Corpus of Native English EssaysLONGDALE LONGitudinal DAtabase of Learner EnglishMICASE Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken EnglishMICUSP Michigan Corpus of Upper-level Student PapersNESSIE Native English Speakers ’Similarly and Identically-prompted EssaysPACCEL Parallel Corpus of Chinese EFL LearnersSBCSAE Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American EnglishSCCSD The Spoken Chinese Corpus of Situated DiscourseSCORE Singapore Corpus of Research in EducationSEC Spoken English CorpusSECCL Spoken English Corpus of Chinese LearnersSECOPETS Spoken English Corpus of Public English Test SystemSEU Survey of English UsageSWECCL Spoken and Written English Corpus of Chinese Learners WECCL Written English Corpus of Chinese LearnersLast updated 2012-08-08 by许家金。
语料库语言学：语料库的种类types of corpora
Raw vs. annotated corpora
• Raw corpora（生语料库）： in raw states of plain text; without annotations • Annotated corpora（标注语料库）： some external information is added to a corpus. e.g. information identifying the origin and nature of the text; tagging to show the word class of each word; parsing to show the sentence structure and the function of different elements in a sentence. one specific example, “gives”: third person singular present tense verb In an annotated corpus, the form "gives" may be "gives_VVZ", VVZ: it is a third person singular present tense (Z) form of a lexical verb (VV). Such annotation makes it quicker and easier to retrieve and analyze information about the language contained in the corpus.
Native vs. learner corpora
• Native speaker’s corpora（本族语语料库）: texts from native speakers. • Learner corpora（学习者语料库）: texts from langor corpora
Basic terms in corpus linguistics
Basic terms in corpus linguistics1.Corpus 语料库:指按照一定的语言学原则，运用随机抽样方法，搜集自然出现的连续的语言运用文本或话语片段而建成的具有一定容量的大型电子文库。
（杨惠中2002：33）2. Corpus linguistics: 语料库语言学的发展正是受益于计算机和电子文本的出现，才使得快速地，大量地收集自然语言成为可能。
语料库语言学正是运用这一优势对语言现象进行客观地分析。
3.text: 文本: raw text 生文本; annotated text 标注文本annotation（标注): POS tagging，语音，语义，语误（语言信息）Markup: 元信息标记（matadata markup）文本的外部信息和内部结构信息（段落，文献等一般都是在文本开头与文本分开标记），14. token形符: total number of words in a corpus.一个文本的形符数就是该文本的长度，文本一共有多少个词，就有多少个形符。
只是单词？5. type类符:different words in a corpus在词频统计中相同的形符称为类符，一个文本的类符数就是该文本不同词形的数量。
文本一共有多少个不同的词形，就有多少个类符。
1 对词形的解释？6. type token ratio类符/形符比单纯的形符数和类符数不能反映文本的本质特征，但两者的比率却在一定程度上反映了文本的某些本质特征，即衡量文本中的词汇密度（lexical density）7. standardized type-token ratio标准化类符形符比：文本中有大量的功能词（the, a, at等）反复出现，文本每增加一个词，形符就会增加一个，但类符却未必增加，文本越长，功能次重复的次数就越多，TTR也就越低。
因此，采用TTR来计算长度不等的文本的词汇密度就显得很不合理。
语言学术语(1).
1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Linguistics is generally defined as the study of language.3. Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.4. Phonology a ims at discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.5. Morphology refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.6. Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.7. Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.8. Pragmatics is the study of how speakers o f a language use sentences t o effect successful communication.9. Sociolinguistics is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.10．Psycholinguistics is the study of language processing. It is concerned with the processes of language comprehension and production.11. If the linguistics study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard”behavior in using language, it is said to be prescriptive12. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive13. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.14.Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.15. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rulesof his language.16. Chomsky defines performance as the actual realization of this knowledgein linguistic communication.17. Design Feature refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.18. Arbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.19. Productivity means that language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.20. Duality means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels.21. Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.22. CulturaTransmission s hows that language is culturally transmitted.23. A phone i s a phonetic unit or segment.24. Phoneme i s a phonological unit that is of distinctive value.25. The most basic element of meaning is traditionally called morpheme26. Prefix is the morphemes that occur only before other morphemes.Suffix is the morphemes that occur only after other morphemes.27. Root28. Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.29. Transformation is a special type of rule that can move an element from one position to another.30. Deep Structure (or D-structure) is formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’s sub-categorization properties.Surface Structure is corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations.31. Performative is the sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.Constative is the statements t hat either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.32. Synonymy r efers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.33. Antonymy i s used for oppositeness;34. Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.35. Polysemy means that different words have the same or similar meaning, and the same word may have more than one meaning.36. Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.37. Dialect (7 types) Regional dialect, Sociolect, Language gender, Language and age, Idiolect., Ethnic dialect38. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is Register39. Field (Tenor, Mode)of Discourse40. Learning Strategy(3 types)41. Personality42. Culture, in a broad sense, means the total way of life of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs, objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.43. Context44. Acquisition r efers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue.45. Learning46.Transfer(2 types) A distinction made between positive transfer and negative transfer. While the former would facilitate target language learning, the later would interfere.47. Error（Mistake）Errors defined as unintentionally deviant from the target language and not self-corrigible by the learner suggest failure in competence, mistakes as either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible suggest failure in performance.48. Interlanguge established as learners’independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but acontinuum or approximation from his native language to the target language.Fossilization i s defined as a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.49. Language aptitude refers to a natural ability for learning a second language.50. Motivation（4 types）defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive, has a strong impact on his efforts in learning a second language. Instrumental motivation, Integrative motivation, Resultative motivation, Intrinsic motivation.。
汉语言文学专业英语词汇分析解析
汉语言文学专业英语词汇分析解析汉语言文学专业词汇（英文版）felix2021-01-0716:31:09现代文学：contemporaryliterature大众文学：popularliterature报告文学：reportage批判主义：criticism伊索寓言：aesop`sfables希腊文化：hellenism形而上学：metaphysis孔子学说：confucian喜怒哀乐：pleasureangersorrowjoy发源地：source爱美剧：amateur修辞学：rhetoric语音学：phonetic助动词：auxiliaryverb感叹词：interjection连接词：linkword逻辑词：logicalword里程碑：milestone拉丁语：latin田园诗：idyl无名氏：annymousperson真善美：truthgoodnessbeauty英语分类词汇：文学有关词汇classicalliterature古典文学contemporaryliterature现代文学popularliterature大众文学lightliterature通俗文学folklore民间文学saga(river)novel长篇小说shortnovel,longshortstory中篇小说shortstory短篇小说lovestory爱情小说deterctivestory侦破小说mysterystory怪诞小说whodunit推理小说humorousstory幽默小说historicalnovel历史小说essay随笔bookoftravels游记reportage报告文学criticism评论bestseller畅销书anthology全集copyright版权,著作权deluxebinding精装flatstitching平装smythsewed线装humanities人文学科writer作家book书volume卷thethreeunities三一律(一个情节,一个地点,一个时间)playwright编剧act幕scene场plot情节appendix1aglossaryoflinguistictermsaabbreviation[]n.简写.简写词.科唇ablative[]n.动名词a.动名词的absolute[]a.单一制的.单一制成分absoluteclause单一制从句abstractnouns抽象名词adjective[]n.形容词a.形容词的adjunct[]n.附加语.修饰语.修饰成分adnominal[]a.（定语）修饰名词的.形容词的.形容名词的adverb[]n.副词；状语adverbial[]a.副词的,作副词用的adversative[]a.反意的.相反的n.反义字(转折语)affirmative[]n.肯定词.肯定语affix[]n1.附加物.添加物2.字缀.词缀(affixhopping词缀跳跃)affixation[]n.附加.附加法.词缀附加法affricate[]n.塞擦音agent(agentive)施事agreement[]n.(人称.性别.数.格的)一致airstream[]n.气流alliteration[]n.头韵(法)allomorph[]n.同质异形体.词.语素变体allophone[]n.同位音.音位变体allophonicvariation音位变体alveolar[]n.齿龈音，齿槽音.alveolarridge齿龈ambiguity[ambiguous歧义的anacoluthon[]n.含混，歧义]n.发生改变观点.错格.句法结构前后不一anadiplosis[]n.反复法.顶真analogical[]a.类似的.类推的analogicalcreation类推造字anapaest[]n.抑抑扬格.弱弱强格.短短长格anaphora[]n.复指.首语(句)重复法annotation[]n.注释.注解antecedent[]n.(关系代词的)先行词antithesis[]n.1.对立面;矛盾2.(修辞学)对语,对偶,对句antonomasia[]n.代称，称谓替代antonym[]n.反义词,反义现象aphorism[]n.格言.警句.箴言aposiopesis[]n.话语中断，骂人中断法apostrophe[]n.1.呼语2.竖钩号3.省略符号4.所有格符号appellative[]a.1.名称的2.俗称的n.俗称名词.普通名词apposition[]n.1.同位语2.棘劫appropriateness[]n.庄重.适宜.适度.为重arbitrariness[]n.任意性archaism[]n.古体，拟古，古语argot[]n.行语，暗语，黑话article[]n.冠词articulation[]n.(确切的)发音.收到的(辅)音.发音动作articulator[]n.1.发音确切的人或物2.发音器官articulatory[]a.发音准确的.与发音有关的aside片头，私语，离题话aspect[]n.(动词的)体.时态.时间aspirated[]a.伴有h音的.送气音的.吐气.送气assimilation[]n.同化aureate[]a.绚丽的（--diction,绚丽辞令cstyle绚丽体）assonance[]n.1.谐音2.(诗的)准押韵.半谐音attributive[]a.1.归属的.属性的2.定语的n.定语auxiliary[]a.辅助的.附属的.从属的n.助词auxiliaryverb助动词bback-formation逆构词法baseform基础形式behaviouralprocess行为过程behaviourism行为主义bilabial[]a.双唇音的n.双唇音bilabialnasal双唇鼻音bilateral[]a.双边的.双边音bilateralopposition双边对立。
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版语言学术语（英-汉对照）表applied linguistics 应用语言学blending 混成法A applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语borrowing 借用借词abbreviation 缩写词，略语言学bound morpheme 粘着语素ablative 夺格，离格appropriacy 适宜性bounding theory 管辖论accent 重音（符）appropriateness 适宜性得体性bracketing 括号法accusative 宾格approximant 无摩擦延续音brevity maxim 简洁准则achievement test 成绩测试aptitude test 素质测试bridging 架接acoustic phonetics 声学语音学Arabic 阿拉伯语broad transcription 宽式音标acquisition 习得arbitrariness 任意性broadening 词义扩大acronym 缩略语argument 中项中词主目Brown corpus 布朗语料库action process 动作过程article 冠词 Cactor 动作者articulation 发音calculability 可计算性address form 称呼形式articulator 发音器官calque 仿造仿造词语addressee 受话人articulatory phonetics 发音语音学cancellability 可删除addresser 发话人artificial speech 人工言语cardinal numeral 基数adjective 形容词aspect 体cardinal vowel 基本元音adjunct 修饰成分附加语aspirated 吐气送气case 格adverb 副词assimilation 同化case grammar 格语法affix 词缀associative 联想case theory 格理论affixation 词缀附加法associative meaning 联想意义category 范畴affricate 塞擦音assonance 准压韵半谐音categorical component 范畴成分agreement 一致关系attributive 属性修饰语定语causative 使役的使投动词airstream 气流auditory phonetics 听觉语音学center 中心词alliteration 头韵authentic input 真实投入central determiner 中心限定词allomorph 词/ 语素变体authorial style 权威风格chain relation 链状关系allophone 音位变体authoring program 编程chain system 链状系统allophonic variation 音位变体autonomy 自主性choice 选择allophony 音位变体现象auxiliary 助词choice system 选择系统alveolar ridge 齿龈auxiliary verb 助动词circumstance 环境因子alveolar 齿龈音 B class 词类ambiguity 歧义babbling stage 婴儿语阶段class shift 词性变换analogical creation 类推造字back-formation 逆构词法clause 小句从句anapest 抑抑扬格base component 基础部分click 吸气音咂音anaphor 前指替代behavioural process 行为过程clipping 截断法anaphoric reference 前指照应behaviourism 行为主义closed class 封闭类animate 有生命的bilabial 双唇音closed syllable 闭音节annotation 注解bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音cluster 音丛antecedent 先行词前在词bilateral opposition 双边对立coarticulation 协同发音anthropological linguistics 人类语bilingualism 双语现象coda 结尾音节符尾学binary division 二分法code 语码信码anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同binary feature 二分特征cognitive psychology 认知心理学//X -^7- 发音binary taxonomy 二分分类学cognitive system 认知系统antonomasia 换称代类名binding 制约coherence 相关关联antonym 反义词binding theory 制约论cohension 衔接antonymy 反义（关系）blade 舌叶舌面前部co-hyponym 同下义词appellative 称谓性blank verse 无韵诗colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义 color word 色彩词 color word system 色彩词系统command 指令common core 共核common noun 普通名词communication 交际 communicative competence 交际能力communicative dynamism, CD 交际性动力communicative language teaching, CLT 交际语言教学法communicative Sentence Pattern, CSP 交际性句子模式communicative syllabus 交际教学大纲communicative test 交际性测试communicative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘 comparative degree 比较级competence 能力complement 补语complementary antonym 互补反义词complementary antonymy 互补反义关系complementary distribution 互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析 composite proposition 复合命题compositionality 复合性 compound 复合词复合句 comprehension 理解computation 计算computational linguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer-assisted learning, CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件 computer literacy 计算机操作能力 computer networks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assisted instruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assisted learning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative 意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord 一致(关系) concordance 共现关系 concrete noun 具体名词 concurrent 同时发生的conjugation 词形变化 conjunct 连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttressing 连接词支撑connotation 内涵consequent 跟随成分 consonance 辅音韵 consonant 辅音 constant opposition 不变对立constative 表述的 constituentcommand 成分指令 constituentproposition 成分命题 constituentstructure analysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分 construct 编制construct validity 编制效度construction 构建 constructivism构建主义 content analysis 内容分析content validity 内容效度 contentword 实义词 context dependent 语境依赖的 context of situation 情景语境 context 语境 contextualanalyses 语境分析 contextualmeaning 语境意义 contrastiveanalysis 对比分析 control theory控制理论 controlled language 有控制的语言 convention 常规规约conventional meaning 常规意义规约意义 conventionality 常规性规约性 conversational implicature 会话含义 conversational maxim 会话准则converse antonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换 cooperativeprinciple, CP 合作原则 coordinateconstruction 并列结构 coordination 并列 coreferential 互参的 coronal舌面前音 corpus data 语料库语料corpus (pl corpora) 语料素材corpus linguistics 语料库语言学context 上下文 countable 可数(名词) counterfactual proposition 反事实命题 couplet 对句对联creativity 创造性原创性 Creole 克里澳尔语混和语 cross-cultural communication 跨文化交际 cross- linguistic 跨语言的 culturally- specific 文化特异的 curriculum 教学大纲 customizing 定制的 D dactyl 扬抑抑格 Dani language 达尼语 data retrieval, DR 资料检索 database 数据库 dative (case) 与格 dative movement 与格移动 declarative 陈述句 decoding 解码 deductive 演绎的deep structure 深层结构defeasibility 消除可行性 definite有定的 degenerate data 无用的语料deixis 指称 delicacy 精密阶denotation 外延指称 dental 齿音dentalization 齿音化 derivation 衍生 derivational affix 衍生词汇derivational morphology 派生形态学descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学design feature 结构特征 determiner限定词 developing grammar 发展语法deviant 变体 deviation 偏离变异devoicing 清音化 diachronic linguistics 历时语言学 diachronic历时的 diacritic 附加符号变音符diagnostic test 诊断性测试 dialect方言 dialectology 方言学 digitized sound 数字化语音 dimetre 二音步诗行 diphthong 二合元音双元音direct object 直接宾语 direct speech, DS 直接言语 direct thought, DT 直接思想directionality 方向性 discourse 语篇话语 discourse analysis 语篇分析话语分析 discourse interpretation 语篇理解 discrete分离的离散的 discrete-point grammar 离散语法 discrete point test 分立性测试 disjunction 分离关系 displacement 移位 dissimilation 异化（作用） distinctive feature区别性特征 distinguisher 辩义成分do-insertion rule do 添加规则domain 范围领域 dorsal 舌背音舌中音 dorsum 舌背（音） double comparative 双重比较 drill-and- practice software 操练软件 D- structure D 结构 dual 双数dualistic view 二分观点 duality 二重性 E early Modern English 早期现代英语 economy 经济性简洁性ejective 爆发音 electronic mail 电子邮件 Elizabethan English 伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略（法） ellipticalsentence structure 省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic 位学的 emotive 感情的 empirical 经验主义的 empirical data 经验主义的语料empirical validity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴 enablingskills 使成技能化 encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵endocentric construction 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry condition 入列条件epenthesis 插音增音equipollent opposition 均等对立equivalence 相等equivalence reliability 相等信度 error analysis 错误分析 EST 科技英语 ethnicity identity 民族认同ethnography of communication 交际民族学 etic 非位的素的event process 事件过程example-based machine translation 基于例句的机器翻译 exchange error 交换错误exchange sequence 交际序列exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的彻底的 existent 存在物 existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric 外向的 exocentric construction 外向结构 experiential 经验的 experiential function 经验功能experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy 解释充分性explicit grammar instruction, EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST 扩展标准理论extensive 引申的扩展的 extent-condition format 程度条件格式external evaluation 外部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extrinsicsources of error 外在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动Fface validity 卷面效度facilitation 便利促进Fasold feasibility 可行性 feature特征 feedback 反馈 felicitycondition 适宜性条件恰当条件feminine 阴性 fiction 小说figurative language 比喻性语言象征性语言figures of speech 修辞手段修辞格finite element 有定成分 finite 有定的有限的 finite state grammar有限状态语法first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者Firthian phonology 弗斯音系学 flap闪音flexibility 灵活性变通性 floppydisk 软盘 focus 焦点中心 folketymology 俗词源学民间词源foregrounded features 突出特征foregrounding 突出前景话 foreignlanguage teaching 外语教学 form形式 formal difference 形式差异formalization 形式化 formation 形成 formative 构形成分构词成分free form 自由形式 free indirectspeech, FIS 自由间接言语 freeindirect thought, FIT 自由间接思想 free morpheme 自由语素 free root morpheme 自由词根语素free variant 自由变体 free verse自由韵文 French 法语 frequency effect 频率效应 fricative (摩)擦音friction 摩擦 front 舌面前舌前的fully automatic high quality translation, FAHQT 全自动高质量翻译 function word 功能词 function 功能 functional grammar 功能语法functional linguistics 功能语言学functional sentence perspective, FSP 功能句子观 functions of language 语言功能 fusion 溶合fuzzy 模糊的 G gender difference 性别差异 general linguistics 普通语言学 generalisation 概括generative grammar 生成语法generative semantics 生成语言学genitive 属格所有格 genre 体裁语类 German 德语 given (information) 已给信息 global task 整体任务glottal 喉音glottal stop 喉塞音 goal 目标government theory 支配理论government 支配 grammatical analysis 语法分析 grammatical function ; ; grammatical structure 语法结构 gradable antonymy 分等级的反义关系gradual opposition 渐次对立grammatical category 语法范畴grammatical concept 语法概念grammatical description 语法描写grammatical form 语法形式grammatical marker 语法标记grammatical meaning 语法意义grammatical organization 语法组成 grammatical pattern 语法类型grammatical process 语法过程grammatical rule 语法规则grammatical sentence pattern, GSP 语法句形 grammatical structure 语法结构 grammatical subject 语法主语 grammatical system 语法系统grammatical word 语法词 graphitic form 文字形式 Gricean maxim Grice 准则 group 词组 guttural 腭音H half-rhyme 半韵 hard palate 硬腭head 中心词中心成分 headed construction 中心结构 heptameter 七音步诗行 hierarchical structure 等级结构 hierarchical system 等级系统 hierarchy 等级体系 high 高(元音) historical linguistics 历史语言学 holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym 同音 / 形异议词Hopi Hopi 语 horizontal relation链状关系 Horn scale 霍恩阶 humancognitive system 人类认知系统human language 人类语言 humanspeech 人类言语 human translation 人译 hypercorrection 矫枉过正hyponym 下义词hyponymy 下义关系hypothesis 假设hypothesis-deduction 假设 -演绎 I iamb 抑扬格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行IC analysis 直接成分分析法 ICALL (intelligent CALL) 智能计算机辅助语言学习ideational (function) 概念功台匕能identifying 认同的 idiom 成语习语idiomatically-governed 习语支配的ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary act 话中行为施为性行为illocutionary force 言外作用施为作用imaginative (function) 想象功能immediacy assumption 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative rule 祈使规则imperative 祈使语气命令的implicate 意含 implication 蕴涵含义 implication connective 蕴涵连接implicature 含义言外之意implied meaning 蕴涵意义implosive 内破裂音内爆音inanimate 无生命的inclusiveness relation 内包意义indefinite 不定的，无定的indicative 陈述式陈述语气indirect object 间接宾语indirct speech, IS 间接言语indirect thought, IT 间接思想 Indo-European languages 印欧语言inference 推论推理inference drawing 推论inferential communication 推论交际infinitive 不定式infix 中缀inflection 屈折(变化) inflectional affix 屈折词缀inflectional morphology 屈折形态学inflective endings 屈折结尾information retrieval 信息检索information structure 信息结构informative (function) 信息功台匕能innateness 先天性innateness hypothesis (语法)天赋假设 input 输入input hypothesis 语言输入说instrumental (function) 工具功台匕能integrative test 综合性测试intensifier 强调成分 intensive 强调的增强的 interactional(function) 交互功台匕能interdental 齿间音 interface 界面interference 干扰 interjection 感叹词 interlanguage 中介语interlingua 国际语 interlingualapproach 语际法 interlocutor 会话者 internal evaluation 内部评估internal structure 内部结构international phonetic alphabet,IPA 国际音标internet 互联网 interpersonal 人际的 interpersonal function 人际功台匕能interpretation 解释 interrogative sentence 疑问句 intonation 语调intra-linguistic relation 语言内关系 intransitive 不及物的 intrinsic sources of error 错误的内源invariable word 不变词 invention新创词语 inversion 倒置，倒装 IPA chart 国际音标图 IPS symbol 国际音标符号 irony 讽刺反话 isolated opposition 孤立对立 Italian 意大利语 JJapanese 日语 jargon 黑话行语Jesperson, Otto Johnson & Johnson JohnsonJones, DanielKkernel sentence 核心句 keyword 关键词 knowledge 知识 known information 已知信息 Krashen Kruszewski, Mikolaj Kuno, Susumo L label 标示标记 labial 唇音labiodental 唇齿音 language 语言language acquisition device, LAD 语言习得机制language attitude 语言态度language choice 语言选择 language comprehension 语言理解language data 语言素材 language learning 语言学习 language maintenance 语言维护 language processing 语言处理 language structure 语言结构 language system 语言系统 language teaching 语言教学language universal 语言普遍性language use 语言使用 langue 语言(系统) larynx 喉头 lateral 边音旁流音Latin 拉丁语Latin grammar 拉丁语法 lax vowel 松元音 length 长度音长 letter 字母 level 层，级，平面 Levinson, Stephen lexeme 词位词素 lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义 lexical change 词汇变化 lexical level 词汇层lexical meaning 词汇意义 lexical morphology 词汇形态学 lexical studies 词汇研究 lexical word 词汇词 lexicogrammar 词汇语法 lexicon 词汇词典 lexis 词 liaison 连音连续 limerick 打油诗 line 诗行linear phonology 线性音系学 linear structure 线形结构 linguistic university 语言普遍性 linguistic behaviour 语言行为 linguistic behaviour potential 语言行为潜势linguistic competence 语言能力linguistic context 语言语境上下文linguistic data 语言素材linguistic description 语言描写linguistic determinism 语言决定论linguistic facts 语言事实linguistic relativity 语言相对性linguistic sexism 语言性别歧视linguistic structure 语言结构linguistic theory 语言理论linguistic unit 语言单位linguistic universal 语言普遍性linguistic variation 语言变异linguistics 语言学 lip rounding 圆唇化 literal language 本义语言literary stylistics 文学文体学loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词loanshift 转移借词loanword 借词local area networks, LAN 局域网 locutionary act 发话行为，表述性言语行为logical component 逻辑成分logical connective 逻辑连词logical form component 逻辑式成分logical form representation 逻辑式表达logical formula 逻辑公式logical function 逻辑功能logical semantics 逻辑语义学 logical structure 逻辑结构 logical subject 逻辑主语 logophoricity 词照应London School 伦敦学派 long vowed 长元音 loss of sound 语音脱落loudness 响度Mmachine translation 机器翻译macrolinguistics 宏观语言学macroproposition 宏观命题macrostructure 宏观结构 main clause 主句Malinowski, Bronislaw man-machine symbiosis 人机共生manner maxim 方式准则 manner of articulation 发音方式 marked标记的masculine 阳性matalinguistic 元语言学的material （process）物质过程 mathematical principles 数学原理 maxim 准则maximal onset principle 最大节首辅音原则meaning potential 意义潜势 meaning shift 转移 meaning 意义 mental （processs）思维过程心理过程mentalism 心灵主义 message 信息metafunction 元功能 metalinguistic元语言的 metaphor 隐喻 metathesis换位（作用） metonymy 换喻转喻metre 韵律 metrical patterning 韵律格式 microcomputer 微机microprocessor 微处理器 mid 中（元音） mind 思维 minimal attachmenttheory 最少接触理论 minimal pair最小对立体 minimalist programminimum free form 最小自由形式 mirror maxim 镜像准则 mistake错误 modal subject 语气主语 modalverb 情态动词 modality 情态 modernFrench 现代法语 modification 修饰modifier 修饰语 monomorphemic 单语素的 monophonemic 单音位的monophthong 单元音 monosyllabic 单音节的 Motague grammar 蒙太古语法mood 语气 morph 形素词素形式morpheme 语素词素形素morpheme-exchange error 词素交错误 morphemic shape 词素形状morphemic structure 词素结构morphemic transcription 词素标morphological change 形态变化morphological rule 形态规则morphology 形态学 morpho-phonemic component 形态音位成分morphophonemics morphophonology morpho-syntactical 变化motivation 动因动机 move （移动）MT 机器翻译MT quality 机译质量 multilateral opposition 多边对立 multi-level phonology 多层次音系学multilingualism 多语制多语现象 N narratee 被叙述者 narrator 叙述者narrator 'respresentation ofspeech acts, NRSA 言语行为的叙述者表达 narrator'respresentation of speech, NRS 言语的叙述者表达narrator 'repsresentation ofthought acts, NRTA 思维行为的叙述者表达 narrator'repsresentation of thought,NRT 思维的叙述者表达 narrow transcription 窄式音标 narrowing狭窄化 nasal 鼻音 nasal cavity 鼻腔 nasal sound 鼻音 nasal stop 鼻塞音 nasal tract 鼻道 nasality 鼻音性 nasalization 鼻音化 Nash, Walter native speaker 操本族语者natural language 自然语言naturalistic data 自然语料 near- adult grammar 近成人语法 negation 否定否定结构 negative 否定的negative interference 负面干扰negative marker 否定标记 negative transfer 负转移 neogrammarian 新语法学家 network 网络 network computer 网络计算机 neutralizable opposition 可中立对立new information 新信息 new stylistics 新文体学 node 节nominal group 名词词组nominalization 名词化 nominative 主格 non-authentic input 非真实语料的输入 non-contrastive analysis非对比性分析 non-conventionality 非规约性 non-detachability 非可分离性 non-linear phonology 非线性音系学 non-linguistic entity 非语言实体 non-pulmonic sound 非肺闭塞音 non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语篇 non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词 nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段nonverbal cues 非言语提示 norm 规范 notation system 标写系统 notion 意念 notional-functional syllabus意念功能教学大纲noun phrase 名词短语 noun 名词number system 数字系统 number 数字O object 宾语 object-deletion 宾语省略 objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性 obligatory 强制形态音位学形态音系学 change形态句法mother tongue 母语语本族。
(完整word版)语言学名词解释
Define the following terms:1.Linguistics: Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.3.Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax. .4.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.5.Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.7.Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.8.Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.9.Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called semantics.10.Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.11.Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.12.Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds13.Productivity: Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.14.Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker15.Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.16.Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communicationpetence: Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language,18.Performance: performance is the actual realization of the knowledge of the rules in linguistic communication.ngue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently20.Parole: Parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.45. phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.21. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. Butit is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.22. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.23. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.24. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.25. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages26. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er.27. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.528. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning. 529. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment and distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.30. tone: Tones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.31. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.33.Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.34.inflectional morphology: The inflectional morphology studies the inflections35. derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word- formation.36.Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.37.free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with other morphemes. 38.Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.39.Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.40.Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, while derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.41.Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word . Prefixes modify the meaning of the stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.42.Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech.43.Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.pounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.45.syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.46.Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.47.coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or".48.syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers toa word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function.49. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .50. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.51. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.52. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.53. Semantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.54. Sense: Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualised.55. Reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience56. Synonymy :Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.57. Polysemy :Polysemy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.58. Homonymy : Homonymy refers to the phenon that words having different meanings have the same form, i.e. , different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.59. homophones :When two words are identical in sound, they are called homophones60. homographs :When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs.61. complete homonyms.:When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they are called complete homonyms.62.Hyponymy :Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.63. Antonymy :Antonymy refers to the relation of oppositeness of meaning.64. Componential analysis : Componential analysis is a way to analyze word meaning. It was pro-posed by structural semanticists. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a -word can be divided into meaning components, which are called semantic features.65.The grammatical meaning : The grammatical meaning of a sentence refers to its grammaticality, i.e. , its grammatical well-formedness . The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by the grammatical rules of the language.66. predication :The predication is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.67. argument : An argument is a logical participant in a predication. It is generally identical with the nominal element (s) in a sentence.68. predicate : A predicate is something that is said about an argument or it states the logical relation linking the arguments in a sentence.69. two-place predication :A two-place predication is one which contains two arguments.37.pragmatics: Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.38.Context: Generally speaking, it consists of the knowledge that is shared by the speak-er and the hearer. The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39.utterance meaning: the meaning of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence ina real situation of communication, or simply in a context.40.sentence meaning: The meaning of a sentence is of-ten considered as the abstract, intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication.41.Constative: Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were verifiable ;42.Performative: performatives, on the other hand, were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. Their function is to perform a particular speech act. 43. locutionary act: A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.44. illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is the act performed in saying something.45. perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act per-formed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.46. Cooperative Principle: It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviors. The content is : Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.。
语料库语言学术语汇编-北外语料库语言学
Lexical richness
词汇丰富度
Lexico-grammar
词汇语法
Lexis
词语、词项
Log-likelihood ratio
对数似然比、对数似然率
Longitudinal/developmentalcorpus
跟踪语料库、发展语料库、历时语料库
Machine-readable
美国信息交换标准码
Associates (of keywords)
（主题词的）联想词
AWL/academic word list
学术词表
Balanced corpus
平衡语料库
Base list/baselist
底表、基础词表
Bigram
二元组、二元序列、二元结构
Bi-text/bitext
双语合璧文本、双语合并文本、双语分行对齐文本（一句源语一句目标语对齐后的文本）
开放选择原则
Orthographic
正字层面的、字面的
Orthography
正字法
Overuse
过多使用、超用、使用过度、过度使用
Paradigmatic
纵聚合（关系）的
Parallel corpus
平行语料库、对应语料库
Parole linguistics
言语语言学
Parsed corpus
句法标注的语料库、树库
批量检索
Firthian (linguistics)
弗斯（语言学）、弗斯学派的（语言学）
Fisher’sexact test
费舍尔精确检验
Formulaic sequence
程式化序列、套语
Frequency
语料库语言学术语汇编A glossary of corpus linguistics-推荐下载
语料库语言学术语汇编(V2.0)Last updated 2012-10-08 by 许家金Aboutness 所言之事Absolute frequency 绝对频数Alignment (of parallel texts)（平行或对应）语料的对齐Alphanumeric 字母数字构成的Annotate标注（动词）Annotated text/corpus 标注文本/语料库、赋码文本/语料库Annotation标注（名词）Annotation scheme标注方案ANSI/American National Standards Institute美国国家标准学会ASCII/American Standard Code for InformationExchange美国信息交换标准码Associates (of keywords)（主题词的）联想词AWL/academic word list 学术词表Balanced corpus 平衡语料库Base list/baselist 底表、基础词表Bigram 二元组、二元序列、二元结构Bi-text/bitext双语合并文本、双语分行对齐文本（一句源语一句目标语对齐后的文本）Bi-hapax 两次词Bilingual corpus双语语料库Bootcamp debate/discourse/discussion （新手）训练营大辩论/话语/大探讨CA/Contrastive Analysis 对比分析Case-sensitive/case sensitivity 大小写敏感、区分大小写Category-based approach 基于类（范畴）的方法Chi-square test/χ2 卡方检验Chunk词块CIA/Contrastive Interlanguage Analysis中介语对比分析CLAWS/Constituent Likelihood Automatic Word-tagging System CLAWS 词性赋码系统Clean text policy 干净文本原则Cluster 词簇、词丛Colligation 类联接、类连接、类联结Collocate n./v.搭配词；搭配Collocability 搭配强度、搭配力Collocation搭配、词语搭配Collocational strength 搭配强度Collocational framework/frame 搭配框架Collocational profile搭配概貌、管路敷设技术通过管线敷设技术不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语ablative 夺格，离格accent 重音（符）accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试acoustic phonetics 声学语音学acquisition 习得acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程actor 动作者address form 称呼形式addressee 受话人addresser 发话人adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分附加语adverb 副词affix 词缀affixation词缀附加法affricate 塞擦音agreement 一致关系airstream 气流alliteration 头韵allomorph 词/语素变体allophone 音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体allophony音位变体现象alveolar ridge 齿龈alveolar 齿龈音ambiguity 歧义analogical creation 类推造字anapest 抑抑扬格anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应animate 有生命的annotation 注解antecedent 先行词前在词anthropological linguistics 人类语言学anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称代类名antonym 反义词antonymy 反义(关系) appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性得体性approximant 无摩擦延续音aptitude test 素质测试Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性argument 中项中词主目article 冠词articulation 发音articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学artificial speech 人工言语aspect 体aspirated 吐气送气assimilation 同化associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义assonance 准压韵半谐音attributive 属性修饰语定语auditory phonetics 听觉语音学authentic input 真实投入authorial style 权威风格authoring program 编程autonomy 自主性auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段back-formation 逆构词法base component 基础部分behavioural process 行为过程behaviourism 行为主义bilabial 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral opposition 双边对立bilingualism 双语现象binary division 二分法binary feature 二分特征binary taxonomy 二分分类学binding 制约binding theory 制约论blade 舌叶舌面前部blank verse 无韵诗blending 混成法borrowing 借用借词bound morpheme 粘着语素bounding theory 管辖论bracketing 括号法brevity maxim 简洁准则bridging 架接broad transcription 宽式音标broadening 词义扩大Brown corpus 布朗语料库Ccalculability 可计算性calque 仿造仿造词语cancellability 可删除cardinal numeral 基数cardinal vowel 基本元音case 格case grammar格语法case theory格理论category 范畴categorical component 范畴成分causative 使役的使投动词center 中心词central determiner 中心限定词chain relation 链状关系chain system 链状系统choice 选择choice system 选择系统circumstance 环境因子class 词类class shift 词性变换clause 小句从句click 吸气音咂音clipping 截断法closed class 封闭类closed syllable 闭音节cluster 音丛coarticulation 协同发音coda 结尾音节符尾code 语码信码cognitive psychology 认知心理学cognitive system 认知系统coherence 相关关联cohension 衔接co-hyponym 同下义词colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义color word 色彩词color word system 色彩词系统command 指令common core 共核common noun 普通名词communication 交际communicative competence 交际能力communicative dynamism, CD 交际性动力communicative language teaching, CLT 交际语言教学法communicative Sentence Pattern, CSP 交际性句子模式communicative syllabus 交际教学大纲communicative test 交际性测试communicative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘comparative degree 比较级competence 能力complement 补语complementary antonym 互补反义词complementary antonymy 互补反义关系complementary distribution互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析composite proposition 复合命题compositionality 复合性compound 复合词复合句comprehension 理解computation 计算computational linguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer-assisted learning,CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件computer literacy 计算机操作能力computer networks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assistedinstruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assistedlearning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative 意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord 一致（关系）concordance 共现关系concrete noun 具体名词concurrent 同时发生的conjugation 词形变化conjunct 连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttressing 连接词支撑connotation 内涵consequent 跟随成分consonance 辅音韵consonant辅音constant opposition 不变对立constative 表述的constituent command 成分指令constituent proposition 成分命题constituent structure analysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分construct 编制construct validity 编制效度construction 构建constructivism 构建主义content analysis 内容分析content validity 内容效度content word 实义词context dependent 语境依赖的context of situation 情景语境context 语境contextual analyses 语境分析contextual meaning 语境意义contrastive analysis 对比分析control theory 控制理论controlled language 有控制的语言convention 常规规约conventional meaning 常规意义规约意义conventionality 常规性规约性conversational implicature会话含义conversational maxim 会话准则converse antonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换cooperative principle, CP 合作原则coordinate construction 并列结构coordination 并列coreferential 互参的coronal 舌面前音corpus data 语料库语料corpus (pl corpora) 语料素材corpus linguistics 语料库语言学context 上下文countable 可数（名词）counterfactual proposition 反事实命题couplet 对句对联creativity 创造性原创性Creole 克里澳尔语混和语cross-cultural communication 跨文化交际cross-linguistic 跨语言的culturally-specific 文化特异的curriculum 教学大纲customizing 定制的Ddactyl 扬抑抑格Dani language 达尼语data retrieval, DR 资料检索database 数据库dative (case) 与格dative movement 与格移动declarative 陈述句decoding 解码deductive 演绎的deep structure 深层结构defeasibility 消除可行性definite 有定的degenerate data 无用的语料deixis 指称delicacy 精密阶denotation 外延指称dental 齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation 衍生derivational affix 衍生词汇derivational morphology 派生形态学descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学design feature 结构特征determiner 限定词developing grammar 发展语法deviant 变体deviation 偏离变异devoicing 清音化diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diachronic 历时的diacritic 附加符号变音符diagnostic test 诊断性测试dialect 方言dialectology 方言学digitized sound 数字化语音dimetre 二音步诗行diphthong 二合元音双元音direct object 直接宾语direct speech, DS 直接言语direct thought, DT 直接思想directionality 方向性discourse 语篇话语discourse analysis 语篇分析话语分析discourse interpretation 语篇理解discrete 分离的离散的discrete-point grammar 离散语法discrete point test 分立性测试disjunction 分离关系displacement 移位dissimilation 异化（作用）distinctive feature 区别性特征distinguisher 辩义成分do-insertion rule do 添加规则domain 范围领域dorsal 舌背音舌中音dorsum 舌背（音）double comparative 双重比较drill-and-practice software 操练软件D-structure D结构dual 双数dualistic view 二分观点duality 二重性Eearly Modern English 早期现代英语economy 经济性简洁性ejective 爆发音electronic mail 电子邮件Elizabethan English 伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略（法）elliptical sentencestructure 省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic 位学的emotive 感情的empirical 经验主义的empirical data 经验主义的语料empirical validity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴enabling skills 使成技能化encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵endocentric construction 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry condition 入列条件epenthesis 插音增音equipollent opposition 均等对立equivalence 相等equivalence reliability 相等信度error analysis 错误分析EST 科技英语ethnicity identity 民族认同ethnography of communication 交际民族学etic 非位的素的event process 事件过程example-based machine translation 基于例句的机器翻译exchange error 交换错误exchange sequence 交际序列exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的彻底的existent 存在物existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric 外向的exocentric construction 外向结构experiential 经验的experiential function 经验功能experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy 解释充分性explicit grammar instruction, EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST 扩展标准理论extensive 引申的扩展的extent-condition format 程度条件格式external evaluation 外部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extrinsic sources of error 外在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动Fface validity 卷面效度facilitation 便利促进Fasoldfeasibility 可行性feature 特征feedback 反馈felicity condition 适宜性条件恰当条件feminine 阴性fiction 小说figurative language 比喻性语言象征性语言figures of speech 修辞手段修辞格finite element 有定成分finite 有定的有限的finite state grammar 有限状态语法first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者Firthian phonology 弗斯音系学flap 闪音flexibility 灵活性变通性floppy disk 软盘focus 焦点中心folk etymology 俗词源学民间词源foregrounded features 突出特征foregrounding 突出前景话foreign language teaching 外语教学form 形式formal difference 形式差异formalization 形式化formation 形成formative 构形成分构词成分free form 自由形式free indirect speech, FIS 自由间接言语free indirect thought, FIT 自由间接思想free morpheme 自由语素free root morpheme 自由词根语素free variant 自由变体free verse 自由韵文French 法语frequency effect 频率效应fricative （摩）擦音friction 摩擦front 舌面前舌前的fully automatic high quality translation, FAHQT 全自动高质量翻译function word 功能词function 功能functional grammar 功能语法functional linguistics 功能语言学functional sentence perspective, FSP 功能句子观functions of language 语言功能fusion 溶合fuzzy 模糊的Ggender difference 性别差异general linguistics 普通语言学generalisation 概括generative grammar 生成语法generative semantics 生成语言学genitive 属格所有格genre 体裁语类German 德语given (information) 已给信息global task 整体任务glottal 喉音glottal stop 喉塞音goal 目标government theory 支配理论government 支配grammatical analysis 语法分析grammaticalfunction ; ;grammatical structure 语法结构gradable antonymy 分等级的反义关系gradual opposition 渐次对立grammatical category 语法范畴grammatical concept 语法概念grammatical description 语法描写grammatical form 语法形式grammatical marker 语法标记grammatical meaning 语法意义grammatical organization 语法组成grammatical pattern 语法类型grammatical process 语法过程grammatical rule 语法规则grammatical sentence pattern, GSP 语法句形grammatical structure 语法结构grammatical subject 语法主语grammatical system 语法系统grammatical word 语法词graphitic form 文字形式Gricean maxim Grice准则group 词组guttural 腭音Hhalf-rhyme 半韵hard palate 硬腭head 中心词中心成分headed construction 中心结构heptameter 七音步诗行hierarchical structure 等级结构hierarchical system 等级系统hierarchy 等级体系high 高（元音）historical linguistics 历史语言学holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym 同音/形异议词Hopi Hopi语horizontal relation 链状关系Horn scale 霍恩阶human cognitive system 人类认知系统human language 人类语言human speech 人类言语human translation 人译hypercorrection 矫枉过正hyponym 下义词hyponymy 下义关系hypothesis 假设hypothesis-deduction 假设- 演绎Iiamb 抑扬格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行IC analysis 直接成分分析法ICALL (intelligent CALL) 智能计算机辅助语言学习ideational (function) 概念功能identifying 认同的idiom 成语习语idiomatically-governed 习语支配的ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary act 话中行为施为性行为illocutionary force 言外作用施为作用imaginative (function) 想象功能immediacy assumption 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative rule 祈使规则imperative 祈使语气命令的implicate 意含implication 蕴涵含义implication connective 蕴涵连接implicature 含义言外之意implied meaning 蕴涵意义implosive 内破裂音内爆音inanimate 无生命的inclusiveness relation 内包意义indefinite 不定的，无定的indicative 陈述式陈述语气indirect object 间接宾语indirct speech, IS 间接言语indirect thought, IT 间接思想Indo-European languages 印欧语言inference 推论推理inference drawing 推论inferential communication 推论交际infinitive不定式infix 中缀inflection 屈折（变化）inflectional affix 屈折词缀inflectional morphology 屈折形态学inflective endings 屈折结尾information retrieval 信息检索information structure 信息结构informative (function) 信息功能innateness 先天性innateness hypothesis （语法）天赋假设input 输入input hypothesis 语言输入说instrumental (function) 工具功能integrative test 综合性测试intensifier 强调成分intensive 强调的增强的interactional (function) 交互功能interdental 齿间音interface 界面interference 干扰interjection 感叹词interlanguage 中介语interlingua 国际语interlingual approach 语际法interlocutor 会话者internal evaluation 内部评估internal structure 内部结构international phonetic alphabet, IPA 国际音标internet 互联网interpersonal 人际的interpersonal function 人际功能interpretation 解释interrogative sentence 疑问句intonation 语调intra-linguistic relation 语言内关系intransitive 不及物的intrinsic sources of error 错误的内源invariable word 不变词invention 新创词语inversion 倒置，倒装IPA chart 国际音标图IPS symbol 国际音标符号irony 讽刺反话isolated opposition 孤立对立Italian 意大利语JJapanese 日语jargon 黑话行语Jesperson, OttoJohnson & JohnsonJohnsonJones,DanielKkernel sentence 核心句keyword关键词knowledge 知识known information 已知信KrashenKruszewski, MikolajKuno, SusumoLlabel 标示标记labial 唇音labiodental 唇齿音language 语言language acquisition device, LAD 语言习得机制language attitude 语言态度language choice 语言选择language comprehension 语言理解language data 语言素材language learning 语言学习language maintenance 语言维护language processing 语言处理language structure 语言结构language system 语言系统language teaching 语言教language universal 语言普遍性language use 语言使用langue 语言（系统）larynx 喉头lateral 边音旁流音Latin 拉丁语Latin grammar 拉丁语法lax vowel 松元音length 长度音长letter 字母level 层，级，平面Levinson, Stephenlexeme 词位词素lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义lexical change 词汇变化lexical level 词汇层lexical meaning 词汇意义lexical morphology 词汇形态学lexical studies 词汇研究lexical word 词汇词lexicogrammar 词汇语法lexicon 词汇词典lexis 词liaison 连音连续limerick 打油诗line 诗行linear phonology 线性音系学linear structure 线形结构linguistic university 语言普遍性linguistic behaviour 语言行为linguistic behaviour potential 语言行为潜势linguistic competence 语言能力linguistic context 语言语境上下文linguistic data 语言素材linguistic description 语言描写linguistic determinism 语言决定论linguistic facts 语言事实linguistic relativity 语言相对性linguistic sexism 语言性别歧视linguistic structure 语言结构linguistic theory 语言理论linguistic unit 语言单位linguistic universal 语言普遍性linguistic variation 语言变异linguistics 语言学lip rounding 圆唇化literal language 本义语言literary stylistics 文学文体学loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词loanshift 转移借词loanword 借词local area networks, LAN 局域网locutionary act 发话行为，表述性言语行为logical component 逻辑成分logical connective 逻辑连词logical form component 逻辑式成分logical form representation 逻辑式表达logical formula 逻辑公式logical function 逻辑功能logical semantics 逻辑语义学logical structure 逻辑结构logical subject 逻辑主语logophoricity 词照应London School 伦敦学派long vowed 长元音loss of sound 语音脱落loudness 响度M machine translation 机器翻译macrolinguistics 宏观语言学macroproposition 宏观命题macrostructure 宏观结构main clause 主句Malinowski,Bronislawman-machine symbiosis 人机共生manner maxim 方式准则manner of articulation 发音方式marked 标记的masculine 阳性matalinguistic 元语言学的material (process) 物质过程mathematical principles 数学原理maxim 准则maximal onset principle 最大节首辅音原则meaning potential 意义潜势meaning shift 转移meaning 意义mental (processs) 思维过程心理过程mentalism 心灵主义message 信息metafunction 元功能metalinguistic 元语言的metaphor 隐喻metathesis 换位（作用）metonymy 换喻转喻metre 韵律metrical patterning 韵律格式microcomputer 微机microprocessor 微处理器mid 中（元音）mind 思维minimal attachment theory 最少接触理论minimal pair 最小对立体minimalist programminimum free form 最小自由形式mirror maxim 镜像准则mistake 错误modal subject 语气主语modal verb 情态动词modality 情态modern French 现代法语modification 修饰modifier 修饰语monomorphemic 单语素的monophonemic 单音位的monophthong 单元音monosyllabic 单音节的Motague grammar 蒙太古语法mood 语气morph 形素词素形式morpheme 语素词素形素morpheme-exchange error 词素交错误morphemic shape 词素形状morphemic structure 词素结morphemic transcription 词素标音morphological change 形态变化morphological rule 形态规则morphology 形态学morpho-phonemic component 形态音位成分morphophonemics 形态音位学morphophonology 形态音系学morpho-syntactical change 形态句法变化mother tongue 母语本族语motivation 动因动机move （移动）MT 机器翻译MT quality 机译质量multilateral opposition 多边对立multi-level phonology 多层次音系学multilingualism 多语制多语现象narratee 被叙述者narrator 叙述者narrator’s representationof speech acts, NRSA 言语行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof speech, NRS 言语的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof thought acts, NRTA 思维行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representatio n of thought, NRT 思维的叙述者表达narrow transcription 窄式音标narrowing 狭窄化nasal 鼻音nasal cavity 鼻腔nasal sound 鼻音nasal stop 鼻塞音nasal tract 鼻道nasality 鼻音性nasalization 鼻音化Nash, Walternative speaker 操本族语者natural language 自然语言naturalistic data 自然语料near-adult grammar 近成人语法negation 否定否定结构negative 否定的negative interference 负面干扰negative marker 否定标记negative transfer 负转移neogrammarian 新语法学家network 网络network computer 网络计算机neutralizable opposition 可中立对立new information 新信息new stylistics 新文体学node 节nominal group 名词词组nominalization 名词化nominative 主格non-authentic input 非真实语料的输入non-contrastive analysis 非对比性分析non-conventionality 非规约性non-detachability非可分离性non-linear phonology 非线性音系学non-linguistic entity 非语言实体non-pulmonic sound 非肺闭塞音non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语篇non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段nonverbal cues 非言语提示norm 规范notation system 标写系统notion 意念notional-functional syllabus 意念功能教学大纲noun phrase 名词短语noun 名词number system 数字系统number 数字Oobject 宾语object-deletion 宾语省略objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性obligatory 强制性observational adequacy 观察充分性abstruction 阻塞OCR scanner 光学字符阅读器扫描仪octametre 八音步诗行Old English 古英语one-place predicate 一位谓语on-line translation 在线翻译onomatopoeia 拟声词onset 节首辅音open class 开放类open syllable 开音节operational system 操作系统operative 可操作性operator 操作词oppositeness relation 对立关系opposition 对立optimal relevance 最适宜关联option 选择optional 可选择的oral cavity 口腔oral stop 口阻塞音ordinal numeral 序数词origin of language 语言起源orthography 正字法ostensive communication 直示交际output 产出overgeneralization 过分法则化P palatal 腭音舌面中音palatal-alveolar 腭齿龈音palatalization （硬）腭化paradigm 聚合体paradigmatic relation 聚合关系paraphrase 释义意译parole 言语part of speech 词类participant 参与者particle 小品词语助词particular grammar 特定语的语法partitive 部分的部分格passive transformation 被动转换passive (voice) 被动语态pattern drill technique 句型操练法pattern 模式patterning 制定模式pause 停顿peak （节）峰perceptual span 感知时距perfectionism 完善主义perfective 完成体performance test 语言运用测试performance 语言运用performative (verb) 行事性动词perlocutionary act 话后行为perseverative coarticulation 重复性协同发音person 人称personal (function) 自指性功能pharyngeal 咽头音喉音pharynx 喉头phatic (communion) 寒暄交谈交感性谈话phone 音素音子phonematic unit 音声单位phoneme 音位phonetic alphabet 音标phonetic form component 语音形式部分phonetic similarity 语音相似性phonetic symbol 语音符号phonetic transcription 标音（法）phonetics 语音学phonological analysis 音位分析phonological component 音位部分phonological level 音系层phonological process 音位过程phonological representation 音位表达phonological rule 音位规则phonological structure 音位结构phonological system 音位系统phonological variant 音位变体phonology 音系学phrasal verb 短语动词phrase 短语phrase structure 短语结构phrase structure grammar 短语结构语法phrase structure rule, PS rule 短语结构规则pidgin 皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外语Pitch 音高声调高低place of articulation 发音部位play 剧本plosion 爆破plosive 爆破音爆发音plural 复数pluralism 多元主义plurality 复数形式poetic (function) 诗学功能poetry 诗歌polymorphemic (word) 多语素词polysyllabic 多音节（词）polysystemic analysis 多系统分析Portugese 葡萄牙语positive transfer 正移转possessive 所有的属有的possible grammar 可能语言的语法postalveolar 后齿龈音post-Bloomfieldianlinguistics 后布龙菲尔德语言学postdeterminer 后限定词post-structuralist view 后结构主义观点pragmatic inference 语用推论pragmatic roles 语用角色pragmatics 语用学Prague School 布拉格学派predeterminer 前限定词predicate calculus 谓语演算predicate logic 谓语逻辑predicate 谓语predicator 谓语（动）词predictive validity 预测效度pre-editing 预先编辑译前加工prefix 前缀pre-modified input 预修正的输入premodifier 前修饰语preposition 介词prepositional calculus 介词演算prepositional logic 介词逻辑prepositional opposition 介词对立prepositional phrase 介词短语prescriptive 规定式presupposition 前提预设primary cardinal vowel 主要基本元音primary stress 主重音第一重音principle of informativeness 信息性原则principle of least effort 最省力原则principle of quantity 数量原则privative opposition 表非对立表缺对立process 过程production error 产生性错误productivity 多产性proficiency test 水平测试pro-form 代词形式替代形式programming language 编程语言progressive 进行体progressive assimilation 顺同化projection rule 投射规则pronominal 代词pronoun 代词pronunciation 发音pronunciation dictionary 发音词典pronunciation 发音proportional opposition 部分对立proposition 命题prose style 散文风格prosodic analysis 节律分析超音质分析psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguistic-sociolingu istic approach 心理-社会语言学方法psychological reality 心理现实psychological subject 心理主语psychology of language 语言心理学psychometric-structuralist approach 心理测定-结构主义法pulmonic sound 肺闭塞音Putonghua 普通话QQ-based implicature 基于质量的含义Q-principle 质量原则quality 质量quality maxim 质量准则quantifier 数量词quantitative analysis 定量分析quantitative paradigm 数量变化表quantity maxim 数量准则quatrain 四行诗Rrange 范围rank 级rationalism 理性主义raw data 原始素材R-based implicature 基于关联的涵义reader 读者reading comprehension 阅读理解realisation 体现recall 回忆received pronunciation, RP标准发音receiver 受话者信息接受者recency effect 近期效应recognition 识别recursion 可溯recursive 可溯的还原的recursiveness 递归性reference 所指参照referential meaning 所指意义referential theory 所指理论referential 所指的reflected meaning 反映意义reflexive (form) 反身形式regional dialect 地域方言register 语域regressive assimilation 逆同化regulatory (function) 控制性语言功能relation maxim 关系准则relational opposite 关系对立relational process 关系过程relative clause 关系分句关系从句relative pronoun 关系代词relative uninterruptibility相对的非间断性relevance theory 关联理论reliability 信度repetition 重复representational system 表达系统representational 表达实体residue 剩余成分restricted language 限制性语言retrieval process 检索过程retrieval system 检索系统retroflex sound 卷舌音reverse rhyme 反陨revised extended standard theory, REST 修正扩展标准理论rewriting rules 重写规则rheme 述位rhetorical skill 修辞技能rhyme 韵韵角压韵rhythm 韵律节奏Roman alphabet letter 罗马字母root 词根root morpheme 词根语素round vowel 圆元音R-principle 关联原则rule system 规则系统rule-based approaches 基于规则的方法rules of language 语言规则Ssameness relation 相同关系Sanskrit 梵文Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 萨丕尔-沃夫假设Saussure 索绪尔scale of delicacy 精密阶schema 图式scheme-oriented language 面向图式的语言second language acquisition第二语言习得secondary cardinal vowel 次要基本元音secondary stress 次重音segment 音段selection restriction 选择限制selectional rules 选择规则self-reflexive 自反身semantic association network语义关联网络semantic change 语义变化semantic component 语义部分semantic feature 特征semantic interpretation 语义解释semantic interpretative rules 语义解释规则semantic process 语义过程semantic representation 语义表达semantic sentence pattern, SSP 语义句型semantic triangle 语义三角semantics 语义学semi-consonant 半辅音semiotic system 符号系统semiotics 符号学semi-vowel 半元音sense relation 意义关系sense 意义sentence 句子sentence fragments 句子成分sentence meaning 句义sentence memory 句子记忆sentence stress 句重音sentence structure 句子结构sentential calculus 句子演算setting 场景sibilant 咝擦音sign 符号signified 所指受指signifier 能指施指simile 明喻simultaneity 同时性singular 单数situational context 情景语境situational level 情景层。
语言学术语(英-汉对照)glossary and index
语言学术语(英-汉对照)表A--D Glossary and IndexAabbreviation 缩写词,略语 3.3.1 Abercrombie 10.3.2ablative 夺格,离格 4.1.1abstractness 抽象性 1.3.2accent 重音(符)2.4.4;2.4.5accuracy 正确性11.6.4accusative 宾格 4.1.1achievement test 成绩测试11.6.3 acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 1.7.1;2.1 acquisition 习得 6.1.2acronym 缩略语 3.3.1action process 动作过程12.2.3actor 动作者 4.4.2;12.2.3addition 添加3.3.2address form 称呼形式7.2.3addressee 受话人 1.4;9.4.1addresser 发话人 1.4;9.4.1adjective 形容词 3.1.2;4.1.1;5.5.2 adjunct 修饰成分;附加语12.2.3adverb 副词 3.1.2affix 词缀3.2.1affix hopping 词缀跳跃 4.3.1affixation词缀附加法7.1.4affricate 塞擦音 2.4.3;2.4.5;2.9.1 agreement 一致关系 4.1.3airstream 气流 2alliteration 头韵9.3.2;9.3.6allomorph 词/语素变体 3.2.4;4.3.1 allophone 音位变体 2.8allophonic variation 音位变体 2.8.3 allophony音位变体现象 2.8.3alveolar ridge 齿龈 2.2alveolar 齿龈音 2.4.4;2.4.5ambiguity 歧义 4.2.2;4.3.1;6.2.3;8.2.2;8.3.2 ambiguous歧义的 5.5.2;6.3American descriptive linguistics 美国描写语言学12.3 American English 美式英语10.3.5American Indian languages 美国印第安族诸语言12.3 American structuralism 美国结构主义10.3.2;12.3 analogical creation 类推造字 3.3.1anapest 抑抑扬格9.3.3anaphor 前指替代 4.3.3anaphoric reference 前指照应 4.3.2Anderson 6.3.1Animal communication system 动物交际系统 1.2;1.3 animate 有生命的4.2.1annotation 注解10.3.4;10.3.5antecedent 先行词;前在词 4.3.2anthropological 人类学的12.3.1anthropological linguistics 人类语言学 1.8.3;7.1.1 anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音 2.6.1 antonomasia 换称;代类名7.1.4antonym 反义词 5.4antonymy 反义(关系) 5.3.2appellative 称谓性4.4.2applied linguistics 应用语言学11applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学7.2.4 appropriacy 适宜性11.6.4appropriateness 适宜性;得体性11.2.5approximant 无摩擦延续音2.4.3;2.4.5Apte 7;7.2.1aptitude test 素质测试11.6.2Arabic 阿拉伯语3.3.1;4.4.1arbitrariness 任意性1.3.1;12argument 中项;中词;主目4.3.3;5.5.2article 冠词3.1.2;4.1.1;4.2.1articulation 发音2.6articulator 发音器官2.4.2;2.4.3articulatory phonetics 发音语音学1.7.1;2.1artificial speech 人工言语10aspect 体4.1.2aspirated 吐气;送气2.6.2;2.8.2 assimilation 同化2.9.1;3.2.4;3.3.2;6.2.4 associative 联想 4.2.1associative meaning 联想意义 5.3 assonance 准压韵;半谐音9.3.2;9.3.6 Atkinson, A.M. 2.1attributive 属性;修饰语;定语 4.2.2;12.2.3 auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 1.7.1;2.1 Austin, John Langshaw 8.1;8.1.2 authentic input 真实投入11.4.2 authorial style 权威风格9.4.3authoring program 编程10.1.3 autonomy 自主性 1.8auxiliary 助词 3.1.2;12.4.3auxiliary verb 助动词 3.1.2;12.2.3Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段12.4.1back-formation 逆构词法 3.3.1Bally, Charles 9.1Bar-Hillel 10.2.1Barnhart & Barnhart 7.1.4base component 基础部分 4.3.2;12.4.4 Baudouin de Courtenay, Jan 2.8.2 behaver 行为者12.2.3behavioural process 行为过程12.2.3 behaviourism 行为主义12.3.2;12.4.1 Bell, A.M. 2.5.Bennette, James 9.1Bereiter 6.4.2Berlin,Brent 7.1.2Berns 7.2.4Biber, et al 10.3.3bilabial 双唇音 2.4.4;2.4.5bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音 2.4.5bilateral opposition 双边对立12.1.2 bilingualism 双语现象7.2.3binary division 二分法 4.2.2binary feature 二分特征 2.10binary taxonomy 二分分类学 5.4binding 制约 4.3.3;8.3.3;12.4.6binding theory 制约论 4.3.3;12.4.6Black English 黑人英语 1.1blade 舌叶;舌面前部 2.4.4blank verse 无韵诗9.3.4blending 混成法 3.3.1Bloch 12.3.2Bloom 7.1.3Bloomfield, L. 2.8.2; 3.1.2; 4.2.2; 12.3.2; 12.3.3; 12.4.2 Boas, Franz 2.8.2;7.1.1;12.3.1Bolinger 1.3.2Bolto 7.2.2borrowing 借用;借词 3.3.1bound morpheme 粘着语素 3.2.1bounding theory 管辖论 4.3.3;12.4.6bracketing 括号法12.4.3Bransford 6.3.1Bransford, John 6.4brevity maxim 简洁准则8.3.2bridging 架接8.3.3Britian, D. 2.10British English 英式英语10.3.5broad transcription 宽式音标 2.6.2;2.8.3broadening 词义扩大 3.3.3Brow n corpus 布朗语料库10.3.2Burton, Dolores Burton 9.1Ccalculability 可计算性8.2.3calque 仿造;仿造词语 3.3.1cancellability 可删除8.2.3cardinal numeral 基数 3.1.2cardinal vowel 基本元音 2.5.2Carpenter 6.2.5Carroll, B.J. 11.6.4Carter and Simpson 9.1case 格 4.1.1case grammar格语法12.5.1case theory格理论 4.3.3;12.4.6category 范畴1.4;3.1.2;3.2.1;4.1;4.3.2;6.2.3;8.2.1;10.3.5;12.3.3;12.4categorical component 范畴成分 4.3.2;4.3.3causative 使役的;使投动词8.3.2CD-I, compact disk-interactive 交互式激光视盘10.1.3Cell 12.3.3center 中心词 4.2.3central determiner 中心限定词 3.1.2chain relation 链状关系 4.2.1chain system 链状系统12.2.3Chao,Y.R. 2.8.2Chen 11.2Chinese 汉语 3.3.1;4.1.1;5.0;5.3.2;8.1.2;8.2;12.2.3choice 选择12.2.3choice system 选择系统12.2.3Chomsky, Noam 1.9.4;2.11;4.2.2;4.3;6;6.1.2;7.2.1;8.3.3;10;10.3.2;11.2.3;11.2.5;12.4;12.4.7;12.5.1circumstance 环境因子12.2.3Clahsen,H. 2.10class 词类3.1.2;12.3.3class shift 词性变换 3.3.3clause 小句;从句 3.1.1;4.4.2click 吸气音;咂音 2.2clipping 截断法 3.3.1closed class 封闭类 3.1.2closed syllable 闭音节 2.11.1cluster 音丛 2.11.1coarticulation 协同发音 2.6;2.7coda 结尾音节;符尾 2.11code 语码;信码 1.4;3.1.2cognitive psycholinguistics 认知心理语言学 6cognitive psychology 认知心理学 6.4.1cognitive system 认知系统 4.3.3coherence 相关;关联 6.4.2;12.2.3cohension 衔接12.3.3Cohort theory 6.2.1co-hyponym 同下义词 5.3.2colligation 类连结12.2.2collocative meaning 搭配意义12.2.2color word 色彩词7.1.2color word system 色彩词系统7.1.2command 指令 1.9.1;4.3.3common core 共核11.3.3common noun 普通名词 5.5.2communication 交际 1.1;1.3;1.4communicative competence 交际能力 1.9.4;7.2.4;11.2.5;11.3.3 communicative dynamism, CD 交际性动力12.1.3communicative language teaching, CLT 交际语言教学法11.2communicative Sentence Pattern, CSP 交际性句子模式12.1.3 communicative syllabus 交际教学大纲11.3.3;communicative test 交际性测试11.6.4communicative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法11.3.3 compact disk 激光盘10.1.3COMPACT DISD-READ ONLY MEMORY,CD-ROM 激光视盘10.1.3comparative degree 比较级 5.3.2competence 能力 1.9.4;12.4.1;12.4.7complement 补语12.2.3complementary antonym 互补反义词 5.5.2complementary antonymy 互补反义关系 5.3.2complementary distribution 互补分布 2.8.3;3.2.4complex predicate 复合谓语 5.5.2component 成分 1.1;3.2.1;11.3.3componential analysis 成分分析 5.4composite proposition 复合命题 5.5.2compositionality 复合性 5.4;5.5.2compound 复合词;复合句2.12;3.2.1;3.2.3comprehension 理解 6.1.2computation 计算12.4.3computational linguistics 计算语言学 1.8.4;10computational system 计算系统 4.3.3computer 计算机;电脑10computer-assisted learning, CAL 计算机辅助学习10.1.1computer corpus 计算机语料库10.3.1computer hardware 计算机硬件10.2.1computer literacy 计算机操作能力10computer networks 计算机网络10..1.3computer system 计算机系统computer-assisted instruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学10.1.1 computer-assisted learning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习10.1 conative 意动的 1.4;4.4.2concept 概念 4.2.1;5.1conceptual meaning 概念意义 5.3;5.4concord 一致(关系)4.1.3concordance 共现关系10.3.3concrete noun 具体名词 5.5.2concurrent 同时发生的11.6.3conjugation 词形变化 3.3.1conjunct 连接副词 5.5.2conjunction 连接词 3.1.2;5.5.2conjunction buttressing 连接词支撑8.3.3connotation 内涵5;5.3;8.3.3consequent 跟随成分 5.5.2consonance 辅音韵9.3.2;9.3.6consonant辅音2;3.2.4constant opposition 不变对立12.1.2constative 表述的8.1.1constituent command 成分指令 4.3.3constituent proposition 成分命题 5.5.2constituent structure analysis 成分结构分析12.4.3 constituent 成分 3.1.2;4.2.2;8.3.3construct 编制11.6.4construct validity 编制效度11.6.3construction 构建 4.2.2constructivism 构建主义11.4.3contact 接触 1.4content analysis 内容分析10.4.3content validity 内容效度11.6.3content word 实义词 3.1.2context dependent 语境依赖的 5.3.1context of situation 情景语境7.1.1;12.2.1;12.2.2context 语境 1.7.6;2.9.2;6.3;7.1.1contextual analyses 语境分析12.2.2contextual meaning 语境意义8contrastive analysis 对比分析11.5.4control theory 控制理论 4.3.3;12.4.6controlled language 有控制的语言10.2.1convention 常规;规约 1.3.1conventional meaning 常规意义;规约意义8.2.3 conventionality 常规性;规约性 1.3.1conversational implicature 会话含义8.2.3;8.3 conversational maxim 会话准则8.3.2;9.5.1converse antonymy 相反反义现象 5.3.2conversion 变换7.1.4Cook 11.3;11.4.3cooperative principle, CP 合作原则 1.7.6;8.2.1;8.2.2;9.5.1 coordinate construction 并列结构 4.2.3coordination 并列 4.2.1Corder 11.5.2coreferential 互参的 4.3.2;4.3.3;8.3.3coronal 舌面前音2.10corpus data 语料库语料10.3.5corpus (pl. corpora) 语料;素材10.3.1;10.3.5;12.3.3 corpus linguistics 语料库语言学10.3context 上下文 1.4;6.2.1countable 可数(名词) 4.2.1counterfactual proposition 反事实命题 5.5.2couplet 对句;对联9.3.4creativity 创造性;原创性 1.3.2Creole 克里澳尔语;混和语7.2.3cross-cultural 跨文化7.1.3cross-cultural communication 跨文化交际7.1.1cross-linguistic 跨语言的7.1.2Crystal, David 1.5.5;2.8.1;7.1.1Culler 12culture 文化7;7.1;7.1.4;12.3.1culturally-specific 文化特异的7.1.3curriculum 教学大纲11.3customizing 定制的10.1.3Ddactyl 扬抑抑格9.3.3Dani language 达尼语7.1.2Darnell 7.1.1data retrieval, DR 资料检索10.4database 数据库12.2.5dative (case) 与格 4.1.1;4.3.1dative movement 与格移动 4.3.1declarative 陈述句 4.3.1;4.4.2decoding 解码8.3.1deductive 演绎的12.4.7deep structure 深层结构 4.3.1;12.4.4;12.4.5 defeasibility 消除可行性8.2.3definite 有定的 3.1.2;4.3.3degenerate data 无用的语料12.4.1deixis 指称9.4.1DeKeyser 11.4.1deletion rule 12.4.5delicacy 精密阶10.2.3Dell 6.4.1denotation 外延;指称5;8.3.3dental 齿音 2.4.4;2.4.5dentalization 齿音化 2.9.1;2.9.2derivation 衍生 3.2.3derivational affix. 衍生词汇 3.2.1derivational morphology 派生形态学 3.2.3 description 描写 1.9.1;11.5.3;12.2.3;12.3.3 descriptive adequacy 描写充分性12.4.2 descriptive linguistics 描写语言学12.4design feature 结构特征 1.3determiner 限定词 3.1.2;4.1.3;4.2.1;4.3.1;6.2.3 developing grammar 发展语法12.4.1deviant 变体9.2.1deviation 偏离;变异 1.9.4devoicing 清音化 2.9.1;2.9.3diachronic linguistics 历时语言学12 diachronic 历时的 1.9.2;8.3.2diacritic 附加符号;变音符 2.3.2;2.6.2diagnostic test 诊断性测试11.6.2dialect 方言 1.1dialectology 方言学7.2.2;10.3.5dialogue 对话9.5.1dictionary 词典 5.5.2;10.3.5digitized sound 数字化语音10.1.3dimetre 二音步诗行9.3.3diphthong 二合元音;双元音 2.5.2;3.2.4;3.3.2direct object 直接宾语 6.2.4;9.2.1;12.1.3direct speech, DS 直接言语9.4.2direct thought, DT 直接思想9.4.2directionality 方向性7.1.4discourse 语篇;话语 6.3;9.4.1;1.3.3discourse analysis 语篇分析;话语分析7.2.3;12.2.3 discourse interpretation 语篇理解6.3discovery procedure (12.3.3)discrete 分离的;离散的 1.3.2discrete-point grammar 离散语法11.4discrete point test 分立性测试11.6.4disjunction 分离关系 5.5.2displacement 移位 1.3.2dissimilation 异化(作用) 3.2.4distinctive feature 区别性特征 2.10distinguisher 辩义成分 5.5.2distribution 分布 3.1.2;12.3.3do-insertion rule do 添加规则12.4.3domain 范围;领域 1.7.1;3.3;3.3.4;12.4.5dorsal 舌背音;舌中音 2.10dorsum 舌背(音)2.2double comparative 双重比较 3.2.3Doughty 11.4.1Dow nes 7.1.1download 下载10.2.4drama 戏剧9.5drill-and-practice software 操练软件10.1.3D-structure D结构 4.3.3dual 双数 4.1.1;6.3.2dualistic view 二分观点7.2.1;7.2.3duality 二重性 1.3.2Durkheim,E 12Eearly Modern English 早期现代英语9.5.1economy 经济性;简洁性8.3.2;10.3.2ejective 爆发音 2.2electronic mail 电子邮件10.2.4Elizabethan English 伊利莎白时期英语9.5.1ellipsis 省略(法)12.4.3elliptical sentence structure 省略句子结构9.4.2Ellis, J. 2.5.2;11.4.1;11.4.3embedded element 嵌入成分9.2.1emic 位学的 1.9.5emotive 感情的 1.4;1.5.4;4.4.2emphasis 强调 3.1.2empirical 经验主义的12.3.3empirical data 经验主义的语料10.3.5empirical validity 经验效度11.6.3empiricism 经验主义12.4.1empty category, EC 空范畴12.4.6enabling skills 使成技能化11.6.4encoding 编码8.3.1end rhyme 末端韵9.3.6endocentric construction 内向结构 4.3.3;4.2.3entailment 蕴涵 5.4;8.2.3entry condition 入列条件12.2.3epenthesis 插音;增音 2.9.2;2.9.3equipollent opposition 均等对立12.1.2equivalence 相等 5.5.2equivalence reliability 相等信度11.6.3error analysis 错误分析11.5EST 科技英语12.4.6ethnicity identity 民族认同7.2.2ethnography of communication 交际民族学7.1.1etic 非位的;素的 1.9.5evaluation 评估12.4.2;10.4.3;11.3.2event process 事件过程12.2.3example-based machine translation 基于例句的机器翻译10.2.2 exchange error 交换错误 6.4.1exchange sequence 交际序列9.5.1exchange structure 交际结构9.5.1exhaustive 穷尽的;彻底的12.4.3existent 存在物12.2.3existential 存在句4.4.2existential process 存在过程12.2.3existential quantifier 存在数量词 5.5.2exocentric 外向的 3.2.3exocentric construction 外向结构 4.2.3;4.3.3 experiential 经验的 4.4.2experiential function 经验功能12.2.3experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学 6 explanatory adequacy 解释充分性12.4.2explicit grammar instruction, EGI 明显的语法教学法11.2 expression minimization 表达最底程度8.3.3expressive 表达的 1.5.4;4.4.2extended standard theory, EST 扩展标准理论12.4.5 extensive 引申的;扩展的12.2.3extent-condition format 程度条件格式8.3.1external evaluation 外部评估11.3.2;11.6external qualifier 外部修饰语5.5.2extrinsic sources of error 外在的错误来源11.6.3eye movement 眼部移动 6.2.5Fface validity 卷面效度11.6.3facilitation 便利;促进11.5.4Fasold 7.1.2;7.2.2;7.2.4feasibility 可行性11.2.5feature 特征 5.5.2feedback 反馈10.4.2felicity condition 适宜性条件;恰当条件8.1.1feminine 阴性10.3.5fiction 小说9.4.4;9.5.1figurative language 比喻性语言;象征性语言9.2.2figures of speech 修辞手段;修辞格9.4.4Fillmore, C.J. 12.5.1finite element 有定成分12.2.3finite 有定的;有限的 4.4.2finite state grammar 有限状态语法12.4.3Firbas, J. 12.1.3first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者9.4.1Firth, J.R. 7.1.1;12.2Firthian phonology 弗斯音系学12.2.3Fishman 7.1.1flap 闪音 2.4.3flexibility 灵活性;变通性11.6.4floppy disk 软盘10.1.2Flower 6.4.2focus 焦点;中心 2.9.2Fodor 5.2.2folk etymology 俗词源学;民间词源 3.3.3foregrounded features 突出特征9.4.4foregrounding 突出;前景话9.2.1;9.2.3foreign language teaching 外语教学11form 形式 3.1.1;3.3.2;7.2.2;11;11.4.1;12.2.3formal difference 形式差异12.3.1formalization 形式化12.3.3;12.4.7formation 形成 3.2formative 构形成分;构词成分3.2.1free form 自由形式3.1.2free indirect speech, FIS 自由间接言语9.4.2free indirect thought, FIT 自由间接思想9.4.2free morpheme 自由语素 3.2.1;4.3.1free root morpheme 自由词根语素 3.2.2free variant 自由变体 2.8.3free verse 自由韵文9.3.4French 法语 3.3;4.1.1;9.5.1;10.2.3frequency effect 频率效应 6.2.1Freud 12fricative (摩)擦音 2.4.3;2.4.5;2.9.1friction 摩擦 2.4.3front 舌面前;舌前的 2.5.1fully automatic high quality translation, FAH Q T 全自动高质量翻译10.2.1function word 功能词 3.1.2function 功能 1.5;4.1;4.4.2functional grammar 功能语法11.3.3;12.2.3functional linguistics 功能语言学11.2.4functional sentence perspective, FSP 功能句子观12.1.3 functions of language 语言功能12.2.3fusion 溶合 3.3.1fuzzy 模糊的10.3.5GGao 7.1.4Garrett 6.4.1;7.2.2;10.1.3gender difference 性别差异7.2.3gender 4.1.1;10.3.5;12.2.3general linguistics 普通语言学12.3.3generalisation 概括 1.3.2;12.4.2generative grammar 生成语法12.4;12.4.6generative semantics 生成语言学12.5.1genitive 属格;所有格 4.1.1genre 体裁;语类9.4.1;10.3.5German 德语 3.1.2;10.2.3given (information) 已给信息4.4.2;9.4.1;12.1.3global task 整体任务11.6.4glottal 喉音 2.4.4;2.4.5glottal stop 喉塞音 2.2goal 目标12.2.3Gomulicki 6.3.2government theory 支配理论12.4.6government 支配 4.1;4.1.3;4.3.3;8.2.3grammatical analysis 语法分析 4.4.1grammatical function 2.12;4.2.3;4.6.2grammatical structure 语法结构11.2.2gradable antonymy 分等级的反义关系 5.3.2gradual opposition 渐次对立12.1.2grammar 语法 3.1.1;3.2.4;11.4.1;12.2.3;12.3.3;12.4.2 grammatical category 语法范畴12.3.3grammatical concept 语法概念12.3.1grammatical description 语法描写12.4.3grammatical form 语法形式9.2.1grammatical marker 语法标记 5.5.2grammatical meaning 语法意义 3.1.2;3.2.4grammatical organization 语法组成9.4.4grammatical pattern 语法类型11.2.2grammatical process 语法过程12.3.1grammatical rule 语法规则8.3.3grammatical sentence pattern, GSP 语法句形12.1.3 grammatical structure 语法结构9.2.1;9.2.3;12.3.1 grammatical subject 语法主语 4.4.2grammatical system 语法系统12.3.1grammatical word 语法词 3.1.2;9.4.2graphitic form 文字形式 2.3.2Greek 希腊语 3.3.1;4;4.1.1;7.2.2;11.2.1Greenberg et al 7.1.2Gregersen 7.2.2Grice 8;8.2;8.2.2;8.3.1;9.5.1Gricean maxim Grice准则8.3.1;9.4.2group 词组12.2.3guttural 腭音 2.10Hhalf-rhyme 半韵9.3.6Hall, R. 2.11;12.3.3Halle, Morris 12.5.1Halliday, M.A.K 4.4.2;7.1.1;10;11.2.4;11.3.3;12.2;12.2.3 hard palate 硬腭 2.2;2.4.4Harris 7.2.1Hartley 1.8Hatzfeld, Helmet 9.1Hayes 6.4.2head 中心词;中心成分4.2.3headed construction 中心结构 4.2.3heptameter 七音步诗行9.3.3hierarchical structure 等级结构 4.2.2hierarchical system 等级系统12.4.3hierarchy 等级体系 1.3.2;3.1.1;3.1.2;12.3.3Higgins 10.1.3high 高(元音)2.5.1Hill, A 12.3.3historical linguistics 历史语言学 1.9.1;10.3.5Hockett, Charles 2.8.2;4.2.3;3;12.3.3Holmes 10.3.5holophrastic stage 单词句阶段12.4.1homonym 同音/形异议词12.2.1Hopi Hopi语7.1.1;7.1.2horizontal relation 链状关系 4.2.1Horn scale 霍恩阶8.3.3Horn, Lawrence 8.3.2Householder 8.3.2Hu 11.2Huang, Yan 8.3.3human cognitive system 人类认知系统12.4.2human language 人类语言 1.3;12.4.1human speech 人类言语 6.4.1human translation 人译10.2;10.2.6Humboldt, Wilhelm 7.1.1Hutchins 10.1.3Hymes, D. H. 1.9.3;7.1.1;11.2.5;11.3.3hypercorrection 矫枉过正11.5.4hyponym 下义词 5.3.2;5.4hyponymy 下义关系 5.3.3hypothesis 假设11.2.3hypothesis-deduction 假设-演绎12.4.2Iiamb 抑扬格9.3.3iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行9.3.3IC analysis 直接成分分析法4.2.2;12.4.2ICALL (intelligent CALL) 智能计算机辅助语言学习10.1.2 ideational (function) 概念功能 1.4;4.4.2;12.2.3identifying 认同的12.2.3idiom 成语;习语 2.1.3;10.3.5idiomatically-governed 习语支配的7.1.3ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子12.4.4illocutionary act 话中行为;施为性行为8.1.2illocutionary force 言外作用;施为作用8.1.2imaginative (function) 想象功能 1.4;12.2.3immediacy assumption 即时假定 6.2.5immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法4.2.2;4.3.1 imperative rule 祈使规则12.4.4imperative 祈使语气;命令的 4.4.2implicate 意含8.2.2;8.2.3implication 蕴涵;含义 5.5.2;8.2.1;8.2.3;8.3.2 implication connective 蕴涵连接 5.5.2implicature 含义;言外之意7.1.3;8.2implied meaning 蕴涵意义8.2.1implosive 内破裂音;内爆音 2.2inanimate 无生命的 4.2.1inclusiveness relation 内包意义 5.3indefinite 不定的,无定的 3.1.2indicative 陈述式;陈述语气 4.4.2indirect object 间接宾语 6.2.4;12.1indirct speech, IS 间接言语9.4.2indirect thought, IT 间接思想9.4.2Indo-European languages 印欧语言 1.9.3;3.1.2;12.3.1 inference 推论;推理 5.5.2;6.3.1;8.3.1;9.4.4inference drawing 推论 6.3.1inferential communication 推论交际8.3.1infinitive不定式 3.1.2;4.1.2infix 中缀 3.2.1inflection 屈折(变化)3.1.2;3.2.3inflectional affix 屈折词缀 3.2.1inflectional morphology 屈折形态学 3.2.3inflective endings 屈折结尾 3.1.2information retrieval 信息检索 1.8.4;10.4information structure 信息结构10.4.3informative (function) 信息功能 1.5.1;12.2.3 innateness 先天性12.4.7innateness hypothesis (语法)天赋假设12.4.1input 输入10.4.2;11.4.2;12.4.1input hypothesis 语言输入说11.4.2instrumental (function) 工具功能1.4;12.2.3 integrative test 综合性测试11.6.4intensifier 强调成分7.2.2intensive 强调的;增强的12.2.3interactional (function) 交互功能 1.4;12.2.3 interdental 齿间音 2.4.4interface 界面 1.8.4interference 干扰11.5.4interjection 感叹词 1.4;3.1.3;9.5.1interlanguage 中介语11.4.3;11.5.2interlingua 国际语10.2.2interlingual approach 语际法10.2.2interlocutor 会话者8.1.2internal evaluation 内部评估11.3.2;11.6.2internal structure 内部结构4.2.2international phonetic alphabet, IPA 国际音标 2.10;2.3.2;2.3.2 internet 互联网10.2.4interpersonal 人际的 1.4;4.4.2interpersonal function 人际功能 1.5;1.5.2;12.2.3interpretation 解释12.4.7interrogative sentence 疑问句 4.4.2;4.3.1;7.2.2intonation 语调2.11intra-linguistic relation 语言内关系 5.3intransitive 不及物的 4.3.2intrinsic sources of error 错误的内源11.6.3invariable word 不变词 3.1.2invention 新创词语 3.3.1inversion 倒置,倒装 3.1.2IPA chart 国际音标图 2.4.4;2.5.2IPS symbol 国际音标符号 2.8.3irony 讽刺;反话9.4.2isolated opposition 孤立对立12.1.2Italian 意大利语 3.3.1JJakobson, Roman 1.4;4.4.2Japanese 日语 3.3.1;3.3.1;10.2.3jargon 黑话;行语 1.1Jesperson, Otto 2.3.2;7.2.2Johnson & Johnson 10Johnson 6.4Jones, Daniel 2.3.2;2.5.2;2.8.2;7.1.3KKatz, John 4.3.2;5.5.2Kaufer 6.4.2Kay, Paul 7.1.2;10.2.3Kennedy and Graeme 10.3Kenyon, J.S. 2.5.3kernel sentence 核心句12.4.3keyword关键词10.4.3Kintsch 6.3.2Kjelmer 10.3.5Knott,T.A. 2.5.3knowledge 知识 6.4.2;10.2.2known information 已知信息12.1.3Krashen 11.4.2Kruszewski, Mikolaj 2.8.2Kuno, Susumo 4.3.3Llabel 标示;标记4.2.2labial 唇音 2.10labiodental 唇齿音 2.4.4;2.4.5Labov, William 7.2.2Ladefoged 2.5.3Lado 11.6.3Lakoff 7.2.2;12.5.1Lakoff & Johnson 7.1.3Lancaster 10.4language 语言1;6;7.1;7.2;10;12.3.1language acquisition device, LAD 语言习得机制12.4.1 language attitude 语言态度7.2.3language choice 语言选择7.2.3language comprehension 语言理解 6.2;3.1;6.4language data 语言素材10language learning 语言学习 1.2;11;11.4;7.2.4language maintenance 语言维护7.2.3language processing 语言处理 6.3.1;6.4language structure 语言结构12.4.7language system 语言系统 2.1;12.4.1language teaching 语言教学7.1.4;7.2.4;11;12.2.3;12.3.2 language universal 语言普遍性12.4.1language use 语言使用7.1.1;7.2.2langue 语言(系统) 1.9.3;8.3.2Larsen-Freeman 11.2larynx 喉头 2.2lateral 边音;旁流音 2.4.3;2.4.5Latin 拉丁语 3.1.2;3.3.1;3.3.2;4.1.1;4.2.3;11.2.1Latin grammar 拉丁语法 1.9.1;4.1.2;11.2.1lax vowel 松元音2.5.3Leech, G. 5;10.3.2;10.3.4length 长度;音长 2.1.2;2.5.1;2.5.4;12.2.2Lepschy, G. C. 12.3.3letter 字母 2.3.1level 层,级,平面 1.3.2Levinson, Stephen 8.3.3lexeme 词位;词素 3.1.1lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义 6.2.2lexical change 词汇变化(3.3)lexical level 词汇层12.2.2lexical meaning 词汇意义 3.1.2;3.2.4lexical morphology 词汇形态学 3.2.3lexical studies 词汇研究10.3.5lexical word 词汇词 3.1.2lexicogrammar 词汇语法 3.1.1;1.1;12.2.3lexicon 词汇;词典 3.2.3;4.3.2;4.3.3;12.4.5;12.5.1lexis 词9.2.3;9.4.4liaison 连音;连续 3.1.4limerick 打油诗9.3.4line 诗行9.3.6linear phonology 线性音系学 2.11linear structure 线形结构4.2.2linguistic university 语言普遍性7.1.2linguistic behaviour 语言行为12.2.3linguistic behaviour potential 语言行为潜势12.2.3linguistic competence 语言能力11.2.3;11.6.3;12.4.1;12.4.2 linguistic context 语言语境;上下文12.2.2linguistic data 语言素材10.3.1;12.4.2linguistic description 语言描写12.3.2;12.4.3linguistic determinism 语言决定论7.1.1linguistic facts 语言事实12.4.3linguistic relativity 语言相对性7.1.1linguistic sexism 语言性别歧视7.2.2linguistic structure 语言结构12.2.3;12.3.1 linguistic theory 语言理论11.7linguistic unit 语言单位12.2.3linguistic universal 语言普遍性10.2.2;12.4.1;12.4.7 linguistic variation 语言变异7.2.2;7.2.3linguistics 语言学1;4;11;12.3.1;12.4.3lip rounding 圆唇化 2.5.1;2.5.2literal language 本义语言9.2.2;9.2.3literary stylistics 文学文体学9loan translation 翻译借词 3.3loanblend 混合借词 3.3.1loanshift 转移借词 3.3.1loanword 借词 3.3.1local area networks, LAN 局域网10.1.3 locutionary act 发话行为,表述性言语行为8.1.2 logical component 逻辑成分12.4.5logical connective 逻辑连词5.5.2logical form component 逻辑式成分 4.3.3logical form representation 逻辑式表达12.4.5 logical formula 逻辑公式 5.5.2logical function 逻辑功能12.2.3logical semantics 逻辑语义学5.5.2logical structure 逻辑结构 5.5.2logical subject 逻辑主语 4.4.2logophoricity 词照应 4.3.3London School 伦敦学派12.2;12.2.3Long & Robinson 11.4.1long vowed 长元音2.11.1;3.2.4;3.3.2loss of sound 语音脱落 3.3.2loudness 响度 2.12low 底;下 2.5.1Luhn 10.4.3Luo Changpei 12.2.3Lyons, John 1.6;5.5.2Mmachine translation 机器翻译1.8.4;10.2;12.2.3 macrolinguistics 宏观语言学 1.8macroproposition 宏观命题 6.3.2macrostructure 宏观结构 6.3.2main clause 主句12.2.3Malinowski, Bronislaw 1.5.5;4.4.2;7.1.1;12.2.2man-machine symbiosis 人机共生10.2.1manner maxim 方式准则8.2.1manner of articulation 发音方式 2.4.3;2.4.5marked 标记的 5.3.2;8.3.2;8.3.3;10.3.5masculine 阳性10.3.5matalinguistic 元语言学的4.4.2material (process) 物质过程 4.4.2;12.2.3mathematical principles 数学原理12.4.3Mathesius, V. 12.1.1maxim 准则8.2.2maximal onset principle 最大节首辅音原则 2.11.3McArthur, Tom 10.3.1McCawley, J. 8.3.2;12.5.1meaning potential 意义潜势7.1.1;11.3.3;12.2.3meaning shift 转移 3.3.3meaning 意义1.3.2;1.7.5;5.0;5.1;8;12.2.3;12.2.3;12.3.1;12.3.3;12.4.3mental (processs) 思维过程;心理过程 4.4.2;12.2.3mentalism 心灵主义12.4.7message 信息1.4;9.4.1Mesthrie 7.2.2metafunction 元功能11.2.4;12.2.3;5.4metalinguistic 元语言的 1.4;8.3.2metaphor 隐喻7.1.3;9.2.2metathesis 换位(作用) 3.3.2metonymy 换喻;转喻9.2.2metre 韵律9.3metrical patterning 韵律格式9.3.3microcomputer 微机10microprocessor 微处理器10mid 中(元音) 2.5.1;2.5.1Milic, Louis 9.1Milroy 7.2.2mind 思维 6minimal attachment theory 最少接触理论 6.2.3minimal pair 最小对立体 2.8.1;2.8.2minimalist program 12.4.6minimum free form 最小自由形式3.1.2;12.2.3mirror maxim 镜像准则8.3.3mistake 错误11.5.1modal subject 语气主语 4.4.2modal verb 情态动词12.2.3modality 情态12.2.3modern French 现代法语9.5.1modification 修饰 4.3.2;6.4;10.3.2;12.5.1modifier 修饰语 4.2.3monomorphemic 单语素的 3.2.1monophonemic 单音位的 3.2.4monophthong 单元音 2.5.2monosyllabic 单音节的 2.12;2.11.1;3.2.4Motague grammar 蒙太古语法 5.5.2mood 语气 4.4.2;8.1.1;12.2.3morph 形素;词素形式12.3.3morpheme 语素;词素;形素 1.3.1;3.1.1;3.2.1;3.2.4;4;4.3.1;12.4.3 morpheme-exchange error 词素交错误 6.4.1morphemic shape 词素形状 3.2.4morphemic structure 词素结构 3.2.4morphemic transcription 词素标音 3.2.4morphological change 形态变化 3.3.3morphological rule 形态规则 3.2.1morphology 形态学 1.7.3;3.2.1;3.2.3;3.2.4morpho-phonemic component 形态音位成分 4.3.1 morphophonemics 形态音位学 3.2.4morphophonology 形态音系学 3.2.4morpho-syntactical change 形态句法变化 3.3.3mother tongue 母语;本族语7.1.2;11.2.3;11.5.2;11.5.4;12.4.1 motivation 动因;动机 1.2;7.1.4move (移动) 4.3.3M-principle M原理8.3.3MT 机器翻译10.2MT quality 机译质量10.2.3multilateral opposition 多边对立12.1.2multi-level phonology 多层次音系学 2.11multilingualism 多语制;多语现象7.2.3Nnarratee 被叙述者9.4.1narrator 叙述者9.4.1narrator's representation of speech acts, NRSA 言语行为的叙述者表达9.4.2narrator's representation of speech, NRS 言语的叙述者表达9.4.2 narrator's representation of thought acts, NRTA 思维行为的叙述者表达9.4.2narrator's representation of thought, NRT 思维的叙述者表达9.4.2 narrow transcription 窄式音标 2.6.2;2.8.3narrowing 狭窄化 3.3.3nasal 鼻音 2.11.1;2.4.5nasal cavity 鼻腔 2.2;2.4.3nasal sound 鼻音 2.2;3.2.4nasal stop 鼻塞音 2.4.3nasal tract 鼻道 2.6nasality 鼻音性 2.6nasalization 鼻音化 2.9.1;2.9.2Nash, Walter 9.5.3native speaker 操本族语者11.5.2natural language 自然语言 5.5.2naturalistic data 自然语料10.3.5near-adult grammar 近成人语法12.4.1negation 否定;否定结构 3.1.2;5.5.2;8.3.2;12.4.3negative 否定的 3.1.2;4.3.1negative interference 负面干扰11.5.4negative marker 否定标记 3.1.3negative transfer 负转移11.5.4neogrammarian 新语法学家12network 网络 4.4.2network computer 网络计算机10.2.4neutralizable opposition 可中立对立12.1.2new information 新信息9.4.1new stylistics 新文体学9.1Nida, Eugene 1.5.4;7.1.1;7.1.3;7.1.4node 节 4.3.3nominal group 名词词组 3.1.2nominalization 名词化 4.3.1nominative 主格 4.1.1non-authentic input 非真实语料的输入11.4.2non-contrastive analysis 非对比性分析11.5.4non-conventionality 非规约性8.2.3non-detachability非可分离性8.2.3non-linear phonology 非线性音系学 2.11non-linguistic entity 非语言实体5.3non-pulmonic sound 非肺闭塞音 2.2non-reciprocal discourse 非交替性语篇11.4.2non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词8.3.3nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段12.4.1nonverbal cues 非言语提示 1.2norm 规范 5.3.2notation system 标写系统 2.3.2;2.5.3notion 意念11.3.3notional-functional syllabus 意念功能教学大纲11.3.3 noun phrase 名词短语4.2.3;4.3.1;6.2.3noun 名词 2.11;3.1.2;4.1;4.1.1;4.1.3;4.2.1;12.4.4;12.4.5 number system 数字系统12.2.3number 数字 4.1.1;11.4.3;12.4.3OO'Barr & Atkins 7.2.4object 宾语 4.1.3;4.2.1object-deletion 宾语省略 4.3.1objective case 宾格 3.3.3objectivity 客观性11.6.3;12.3.3obligatory 强制性12.3.3;12.4.3observational adequacy 观察充分性12.4.2abstruction 阻塞 2.4.1;2.5.1OCR scanner 光学字符阅读器扫描仪10.2.1octametre 八音步诗行9.3.3Ogden 5.1Ohmann 11.2.3Old English 古英语 2.3.1;3.3.2one-place predicate 一位谓语 5.5.2on-line translation 在线翻译10.2.4onomatopoeia 拟声词 1.3.1;9.3.5。
语料库语言学群言集一书收录了对14位国际知名语料库...
5） What kind of questions should an analyst think of?（分析者应关注哪些研究选题？）6） What are the strengths and weaknesses of corpus analysis?（语料库分析的强项和弱点有哪些？）7） What is the future of Corpus Linguistics?（语料库语言学的未来将会怎样？）这些问题涉及语料库语言学的核心学科属性，从学科起源、语料库自身特点和研究者素质谈起，一直延伸至语料库语言学的未来发展方向。
问题1和问题2探讨的是语料库语言学在语言学史上的位置，包括它自身的学科特性和方法论意义。
受访的14位学者中，有些认为语料库是计算机时代的产物，语料库语言学的历史可以追溯到20世纪60年代美国布朗大学的美国书面英语语料库项目。
然而，更多的学者倾向于将采集真实语言素材、运用量化统计方法描写和分析语言的历史追溯到20世纪上半叶，特别是以Bloomfield和Boas等为代表的美国结构主义学者所开展的语言描写研究。
应当说，就语料库语言学的研究理念而言，语料库语言学并非是在机读语料库出现之后才产生的，但机读语料库和相关语料库分析工具的出现大大促进了语料库语言学的发展。
问题3关注的是语料库作为语言资源（resource）的这一属性。
语料库的海量规模往往为人津津乐道，然而除去“体量巨大”这一优势，语料取样代表性的价值更为关键。
可是“代表性”（representativeness）这一概念着实难以界定。
不同学者对取样代表性的认识分歧不小，受访者们对这一问题的回答，很大程度上是各自学术背景的投射。
从事语言教学研究、翻译研究和语法研究的学者，对教学型语料、翻译或多语语料以及通用语言事实的需求各不相同，因此对语料库的代表性理解自然不同。
可见，语料库取样代表性有其相对性，很大程度上取决于研究目的。
xii问题4和问题5涉及的是语料库语言学的研究（research）属性，或者说学科性。
语料库常用术语解释
Frank Liang
Example： Start or begin？在口语中哪个更常用？
我们的老师经常说Let’s begin！之类的话，对吗？
Frank Liang
我们再回到前面提到的问题，如何检索analyze的各种屈折形式？使用“或者”符号，如： There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 book_NN1 on_II the_AT desk_NN1 . Special corpora are not balanced (except within the scope of their given purpose) and, if used for other purposes, give a distorted view of the language segment.
How many words must a learner know in order to participate in everyday conversation?
Materials developed with a corpus can therefore be more authentic and can illustrate language as it is really used.
但有人在BNC等语料库中查到，在口语中，start更 在操作界面上，提取多次序列时，先确定序列中所含词数N（如三词序列，四次序列等），计算机自动读取文本，统计每个N序列出现
的频数。
0个或多个任意数目的字母、数字及两者的组合
常用。 正则表达式区分大小写、全角和半角，输入时要格外小心。
但是，另外一些文本可能使用analyse，或者我们还需要检索它的曲折形式，如analyzed、analyzing、analyzes、analysed、analysing 、analyses等，分别检索就很麻烦了。 \ban\b 匹配an，不匹配a、and或sand There_EX is_VBZ a_AT1 book_NN1 on_II the_AT desk_NN1 . Special corpora are not balanced (except within the scope of their given purpose) and, if used for other purposes, give a distorted
语料库 入门
何谓语料库检索
Concordancers are developed to produce concordance lines of a specific string of text.
Wordsmith Tools
AntConc
Many others
语义韵semantic prosody
• “快速导航”翻译成“fast guide” 对不对？ • 上海世博会英文网站
• 在口头表达、写作或翻译中如何确定某些用 法是地道的？ • 学习者一般要有多大词汇量才能读懂英文报 纸？ • 哪些是商务英语中最常用的单词和短语? • 某种考试中，哪些单词、词组或其他语言现 象出现的频率特别高？ • 如何通过量化统计来分析文学作品的写作风 格？
• 有专门的软件根据词形还原表，自动对文本进行 词形还原。
语料库语言学常用术语
• Keywords 关键词
– Keywords are words whose normalized frequency in one corpus (observed corpus) is significantly higher or lower than that in another comparable corpus (reference corpus). – Positive keywords and negative keywords
语料库语言学常用术语
• Token形符: an individual word • Type类符: word form. 指不重复计算 的形符数。"I see a cat and a dog" contains seven tokens but only six types (the type 'a' occurs twice).
语言学专业术语
语言学专业术语语言学专业术语语言学及应用语言学陈倩雯李学娇徐玮琳殷彦明邓利洁acquisition习得Active articulator 积极发音器官Affixation（词缀）Allophones音位变体Alphabet 字母anthropological linguistics人类语言学Antonymy(反义关系)applied linguistics应用语言学applied sociolinguistics应用社会语言学Aspect体associative联想Bilingual corpus 双语语料库Bound Morphemes (粘着词素)Broad transcription 宽式标音Case-格category范畴Category-范畴Clause-小句\从句Clean text policy 干净文本原则Cluster 词簇、词丛Colligation 类联接、类连接、类联结Collocate n./v. 搭配词；搭配Collocation 搭配、词语搭配Cognitivegrammars-认知语法Collocation(搭配）Compound vowel 韵母compounding（复合）computational linguistics计算语言学concept概念Consonant 辅音Construction-句子结构contextual analyses语境分析context语境contrastive analysis对比分析Conversion（转换）Corpus Linguistics 语料库语言学Corpus 语料库Comparable corpora 类比语料库、可比语料库corpus linguistics语料库语言学derivation（派生）Derivational affixes (派生词缀)Descriptivegrammars-描写语法descriptive linguistics描写语言学diachronic linguistics历时语言学Discourse analysis-话语分析Discoursegrammar-语篇语法Discourse-语篇experimental psycholinguistics实验心理语言学Free morphemes (自由词素)Free variation 自由变体Functional grammars-功能语法functional linguistics功能语言学Gender-性General (purpose) corpus 通用语料库Longitudinal/Developmental corpus 跟踪语料库、发展语料库、历时语料库general linguistics普通语言学generative semantics生成语言学genre体裁语类Genre-语类Grammardescription-语法描写Head vowel 韵头historical linguistics历史语言学Hyponymy (上下义关系)Idiom(习语，成语）inflection (构形法)Initial consonant声母Intonation 语调intonation语调Intonology语调学label标记Laryngeals 喉音Lexeme(词位）Logogram-语标Metaphor（隐喻）metaphor隐喻metonymy转喻metre韵律Monolingual corpus 单语语料库Multilingual corpus 多语语料库morpheme(词素)Morpheme(词素）Narrow transcription 窄式标音NLP/Natural Language Processing 自然语言处理Nominative 主格Number-数Object-宾语Paradigmatic relations-聚合关系Parallel corpus 平行语料库、对应语料库Parole linguistics 言语语言学Pedagogic corpus 教学语料库Segmentation 切分、分词Special purpose corpus 专用语料库、专门用途语料库、专题语料库Passive articulator 消极发音器官Pedagogical grammar-教学语法Phonology 音位学Phrase-短语Predicate-谓语prefix（前缀）Register-语域Rhyme scheme 韵律Semiotics-符号学Sequentialrelations-序列关系Signified-能指Signifier-所指structuralist linguistics 结构主义语言学Subject-主语Suffix（后缀）Syllable 音节Synchronic corpus 共时语料库synchronic linguistics 共时语言学Syntactic function-句法功能Syntagmaticrelations-组合关系Syntax-句法T ail vowel 韵尾Tense时The essential vowel in a compound vowel 韵腹The Expansion of Meaning（词义的扩大）The narrowing of meaning（词义的缩小）Tokenization 分词Transcription 转写Translational corpus 翻译语料库Web as Corpus 网络语料库Wildcard 通配符Tone 声调Tonetics声调学Turn话轮Urrterance-Voiced consonant 浊辅音Voiceless consonant 清辅音Vowel 元音Word class(词性）Word definition 单词界定Word form 词形Word family 词族Word list 词表XML/Extensible Markup Language 可扩展标记语言Word order-词序Word-formation(构词）。
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Plain text
纯文本
POSgram
赋码序列、码串
POS sequence
赋码序列、码串
POS tagging/Part-of-Speech tagging
词性赋码、词性标注、词性附码
POS tagger
词性赋码器、词性赋码工具
Prefab
预制语块
Probabilistic
（基于）概率的、概率性的、盖然的
同现词列、框合结构
Concord
索引（行）（简略形式）
Concordance (line)
索引（行）
Concordance plot
（索引）词图
Concordancer
索引工具
Concordancing
索引分析
Context
语境、上下文
Context word
语境词
Contextual prosody
NLP/Natural Language Processing
自然语言处理
Node (word)
节点（词）
Normalization
标准化、（翻译）规范化、泛化
Normalized frequency
标准化频率、标称频率、归一频率
Observed corpus
观察语料库
Ontology
知识本体、本体
随机的
Stop list
停用词表、过滤词表
Stop word
停用词、过滤词
Synchronic corpus
共时语料库
Syntagmatic
横组合（关系）的
T score
T值
T-universals
目标语型共性（特征）
元元信息
MF/MD approach/multi-feature/multi-dimensional analysis
多特征/多维度分析法
Misuse
误用
Monitor corpus
（动态）监察语料库
Monolingual corpus
单语语料库
Multilingual corpus
多语语料库
Multimodal corpus
Discourse prosody
话语韵律
Documentation
文检报告、备检文件、说明文档
EAGLES/Expert Advisory Groups on Language Engineering Standards
EAGLES文本规格
Empirical linguistics
实证语言学
Empiricism
句法标注的语料库、树库
Parser
句法分析器
Parsing
句法标注、句法分析
Pattern/patterning
型式、模式
Pattern grammar
型式语法
Pattern matching
模式匹配
Pedagogic corpus
教学语料库
Phraseology
短语、短语学
Phraseological unit/sequence
美国信息交换标准码
Associates (of keywords)
（主题词的）联想词
AWL/academic word list
学术词表
Balanced corpus
平衡语料库
Base list/baselist
底表、基础词表
Bigram
二元组、二元序列、二元结构
Bi-text/bitext
双语合并文本、双语分行对齐文本（一句源语一句目标语对齐后的文本）
源语型共性（特征）
Samplen./v.
样本；取样、采样、抽样
Sampling
取样、采样、抽样
Sanitization
净化
Search term
检索项
Search word
检索词
Segmentation
切分、分词
Semantic association
语义联想
Semantic preference
语义倾向、语义趋向
Annotated text/corpus
标注文本/语料库、赋码文本/语料库
Annotation
标注（名词）
Annotation scheme
标注方案
ANSI/American National Standards Institute
美国国家标准学会
ASCII/American Standard Code for Information Exchange
文内标注、行内标注
Interlanguage
中介语、过渡语
Inter-coder agreement/reliability
标注者间一致性/信度
Introspection/introspective
内省（式）（的）
Intuition
直觉
Key keywords
关键主题词
Keyness
主体性、关键性
Keywords
Regex/RE/RegExp/regular expressions
正则表达式、正则式
Register variation
语域变异
Relative frequency
相对频率
Representative/representativeness
代表性（的）
Rule-based
基于规则的
S-universals
Probabilistic grammar
概率语法、概率性语法、盖然语法
Probability
概率
Query
查询、检索
Range
分布（范围）、跨度
Rationalism
理性主义
Raw frequency
原始频数、生频数
Raw text/corpus
生文本/生语料
Reference corpus
参照语料库
Lexical profile
词汇分布概貌
Lexical richness
词汇丰富度
Lexico-grammar
词汇语法
Lexis
词语、词项、词语学
Log-likelihood ratio
对数似然比、对数似然率
Longitudinal/developmental corpus
跟踪语料库、发展语料库、历时语料库
一次词
Header/corpus head
文本头、头标、头文件
Hidden Markov model (HMM)
隐马尔科夫模型、隐马模型
Idiom principle
习语原则、成语原则
Idiomaticity
习语性、地道程度
Implicitation
隐化
Index/indexing
（建）索引
In-line annotation
Open choice principle
开放选择原则
Orthographic
Orthography
正字法
Overuse
过多使用、超用、使用过度、过度使用
Paradigmatic
纵聚合（关系）的
Parallel corpus
平行语料库、对应语料库
Parole linguistics
言语语言学
Parsed corpus
Bi-hapax
两次词
Bilingual corpus
双语语料库
Bootcamp debate/discourse/discussion
（新手）训练营大辩论/话语/大探讨
CA/Contrastive Analysis
对比分析
Case-sensitive/case sensitivity
大小写敏感、区分大小写
语境韵律
Contingency table
连列表、联列表、列连表、列联表
Co-occurrence/Co-occurring
共现、同现
Corpus Linguistics
语料库语言学
Corpus,pl. corpora
语料库
Corpus-based
基于语料库的
Corpus-based translation studies
Lexical bundle
词束
Lexical density
词汇密度
Lexical frequency profile
词频概貌
Lexical grammar
词汇语法
Lexical item
词项、ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ语项目
Lexical patterning
词语型式、词汇型式
Lexical priming
词汇触发理论、词汇启动理论
共选（机制）
Co-text
共文
Data mining
数据挖掘
DDL/Data Driven Learning
数据驱动学习
Dependency
（句法）依存关系
Dice coefficient
Dice系数
Disambiguation
消歧
Diachronic corpus
历时语料库
Discourse
话语、语篇
CLAWS词性赋码系统
Clean text policy
干净文本原则
Cluster
词簇、词丛
Colligation
类联接、类连接、类联结
Collocaten./v.
搭配词；搭配
Collocability
搭配强度、搭配力
Collocation