2013南京大学英语语言学考研真题
13南大真题回忆
12 文学1.填空题10个10分，考的不是很偏，文学史看好的话问题不是很大，不过我一个吃不准，另一个根本没见过。
__________poetry stands up for the civil liberties of the self in the new worldIn the Poetics ,Aristole set down a detailed analysis of _______whose heroes are high-born individuals whosepersonalities develop out moral choices under extreme pressures.2.选段，15题30分，都是教材上的这个我就不多说了，看好了书问题不大3.问答题，三道题每题20分，不同于以往的是这次三题全是必做。
南大很喜欢考近现代作家，尤其是短篇小说。
1) Doris Lesing 的A woman on a Roof 。
分析天气背景对人物行为的影响，男性对女性的态度。
2）分析Hemingway 's A Clean, Well-Lighted Place 的point of view ,其合理性在哪3）列了一串作家，让你选两位，就写作风格主题技巧等任选一方面写一篇比较的小eassy.列的作家包括霍桑、马克吐温、华兹华斯、乔伊斯、艾米丽迪金森等，好像还有，我记不全了，4诗歌分析20分。
出的是Elizabeth Bishop 的Late Air5.论述题，主要是围绕维多利亚时代和20世纪小说结尾的不同处理展开的。
基础英语阅读由去年的两篇变为一篇。
第一篇讲的现代建筑衰落的原因，第二篇没记错的话选自Virginia Woolf的Common Reader，陶洁50篇里看到过前半部分。
第二篇有四五页之多，大量的无用信息，提醒大家以后做阅读先看问题，否则耽误时间。
残念让写gallop的近义词楼主不可原谅地填了个caper上去。
2013年南京大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2013年南京大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解I.Phrase Translation1.WHO【答案】世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)2.CBD【答案】中央商务区(Central Business District)3.YOG【答案】青奥会(Youth Olympic Games)4.IMF【答案】国际货币基金组织(International Monetary Fund)5.ISO【答案】国际标准化组织(International Standard Organization)6.OPEC【答案】石油输出国组织(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 7.UNESCO【答案】联合国教科文组织(United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization)8.Euromart【答案】欧洲共同市场(European Common Market)9.Guiness Book of Record【答案】吉尼斯世界纪录10.negative population growth【答案】人口负增长11.the European Economic Community【答案】欧洲经济共同体(the European Economic Community)12.World Intellectual Property Organization【答案】世界知识产权组织13.greenhouse effect【答案】温室效应14.gentleman’s agreement十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台圣才电子书【答案】君子协定15.I-steel【答案】工字钢；工字形钢16.和平过渡【答案】peaceful transition17.市场准入【答案】market access18.网民【答案】netizen19.工业园区【答案】industrial park20.绿色食品【答案】green food21.泡沫经济【答案】bubble economy22.脱口秀【答案】talk show23.售后服务【答案】after-sales service24.技术下乡【答案】spread technological knowledge to farmers25.海峡两岸关系协会【答案】Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits26.老字号【答案】a time-honored brand;an old and famous shop or enterprise27.战略伙伴关系【答案】strategic partnership28.留守儿童【答案】left-behind children;stay-at-home children29.政府职能转变【答案】the transformation of government functions30.第三产业【答案】tertiary industryII.Passage translationSection A Chinese to EnglishThe collapse of belief we have been witnessing throughout the twentieth century comes with globalism.The postmodern condition is not an artistic movement or a cultural fad or an intellectual theory—although it produces all of those and is in some ways defined by them.It is what inevitably happens as people everywhere begin to see that there are many beliefs,many kinds of belief,many ways of believing.Postmodernism is globalism;it is the half-discovered shape of the one unity that transcends all our differences.In a global—and globalizing-era,all of the old structures of political reality,all the old ways of saying who we are and what we are for and what we are against, seem to be melting away into air.How to have an identity in such a world?Nationalism becomes semiobsolete before it even completes its conquest;national governments everywhere are challenged from front and rear,past and future.They are forced to do battle against threats to their fragile sovereignties that are posed by international organizationsand movements and economic forces.The weaker national sovereignty as an absolute principle,the less secure we are in defining ourselves according to national citizenship.【参考译文】我们目睹了整个二十世纪里全球主义带来的信仰的崩溃。
南京大学外国语学院《963英语语言学》历年考研真题及详解专业课考试试题
目 录2014年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题（回忆版）2013年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题（回忆版）2012年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题（回忆版）2009年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题及详解2008年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题及详解2007年南京大学463英语语言学考研真题及详解2006年南京大学463英语语言学考研真题及详解2003年南京大学英语语言学考研真题2002年南京大学英语语言学考研真题2001年南京大学英语语言学考研真题2000年南京大学英语语言学考研真题2014年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题（回忆版）第一题，术语区分题。
四组术语，24分。
1.phoneme vs. allophone2.homonymy vs. homophony3.illocutionary act vs. perlocutionary actnguage switch vs. L1 transfer第二题，选择题，考察的都是基础知识，10小题，共30分。
第三题，分析题。
给出几个句子，要求先填写名词前的冠词或复数后缀-s；然后总结出使用冠词或复数后缀-s的一般模式（common pattern）。
第四题，分析题，考察的知识点是歧义（ambiguity）。
给出两句话，要求先回答这两句话有无歧义，并写出每句话的不同理解，再分析这两句话产生歧义的原因是否相同。
1.The children play near the bank.2. The professor said on Monday that he would give an exam.显然，第一句话中的bank涉及lexical ambiguity, 而第二句话中的on Monday既可修饰said，又可修饰would give an exam，属于grammatical/structural ambiguity。
第五题，分析题，考察隐喻。
南京大学MTI真题与答案
南京大学2015年翻译硕士MTI真题与答案FIFAIOCWWWGNP网上交易平台中国国家旅游局Local area network知识产权转基因食品科学发展观2. 句子翻译-亚洲各国就像一盏盏明灯，只有串联并联起来，才能让亚洲的夜空才能灯火辉煌。
-中央政府号召各地方利用当地优势和特点开发出口型拳头产品。
-为了进一步发展开放型经济，上海出台了一系列措施吸引外资，建立企业，包括中外合资企业、中外合作企业和外商独资企业。
3.篇章翻译英到中The scientific interest of American history centered in national character and in the workings of a society destined to become best in which individuals were important chiefly as types. Although this kind of interest was different from that of European history it was at least as important to the world. Should history ever become a true science it must expect to establish its laws not from the complicated story of rival European nationalities but from the economical evolution of a great democracy. North America was the most favorable field on the globe for the spread of a society so large uniform and isolated as to answer the purposes of science. There a single homogeneous society could easily attain proportions of three or four hundred million persons under conditions of undisturbed growth. In Europe or Asia undisturbed social evolution had been unknown. Without disturbance evolution seemed to cease. Wherever disturbance occurred permanence was impossible. Every people in turn adapted itself to the law of necessity.科学上对于美国历史的兴趣集中于他的民族性（国民性格）和在社会工作上注定（肯定会）成为最好的在主要的注意个人的运转方式。
2013年1月研究生英语学位考试真题及答案详解
2013年1月研究生英语学位考试真题及答案详解A卷Part I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 20 points )Section A (1 point each)1. A The man shouldn’t care what Sandra said.B The man shouldn’t listen to Sandra.C The man should talk openly with Sandra.D The man should get back home early.2. A A boss and an employee.B A lawyer and a client.C A shop assistant and a customerD A bus driver and a passenger.3. A The woman helped to do part of the experiment.B The woman proposed some good ideas in the experiment.C The woman was grateful for the success of the experiment.D The woman recommended some useful books for the experiment.3. A It is very neat. B It is a messC It is very pleasant.D It is a hell.4. A He got the camera at a very low price.B The camera is very expensive.C The camera is worth nothing.D He does not like the camera.5. A Because it provides free service.B Because it is the best store of its kind.C Because it has great variety of goods.D Because it has high quality goods there.6. A Because he is going to find a new job.B Because he has to work over time in the office.C Because he is going to move to a new town.D Because his job is too demanding for him.7. A Because he is very inspiring.B Because he is very brave.C Because he made some great achievements.D Because he is a successful ruler.8. A He is very stern with his employees.B He works very hard himself.C He is very satisfied with his employees.D He makes excessive demands on his employees.Section B (1 point each)9. A Because his mother wanted him to learn.B Because he preferred the violin to the piano.C Because he heard a friend of his play it.D Because he thought the violin was for classical music.10.A He joined the Army Orchestra.B He stopped playing the violin.C He played more than 100 concerts a year.D He played classical music for American soldiers.12. A Everyone needs music. B People are born musical.C Children love music more than adults.D Music is the product of human civilization.13. A In developed countries. B In developing countriesC In European countriesD In Asian countries.14. A They teach and convey cultural values in schools.B They work as volunteers in developing countries.C They help take care of the AIDS patients.D They take care of their own grandchildren at home.15. A They can no longer perform their jobs well.B They don’t want to work any longer.C They have to give up their jobs to youngsters.D No boss would like to hire older employees.Section C (1 point each)16. Sam Maloof is the best-known ________of hand-made furniture.17. According to Sam Maloof, a successful chair or table contains something of _____________________18. Where are the 65 pieces of Mr. Maloof’s furniture shown?19. What did People Magazine call Sam Maloof in 1968?20. How much does a piece of Maloof’s furniture cost today?Part II. Vocabulary ( 10 minutes, 10 points)Section A (0.5 point each)21. The focus on profitability pushes the systems unreasonably large, rendering them more vulnerable to terrorist attacks.A declaringB verifyingC makingD indicating22. The 8.5-ton Shenzhou III spaceship has been substantially improved in terms of the life-support systems.A technologicallyB considerablyC structurallyD internally23. According to the American judicial system twelve people constitute a jury.A composeB overthrowC disposeD surpass24. With so many trivial matters to attend to, he can hardly get down to reading for the test.A participate inB cater toC indulge inD see to25. The decently dressed son and the humble-looking father formed a striking contrast.A astonishingB humiliatingC noticeableD fleeting.26. Nowadays the prevention against SARS has assumed new significance and attracted much attention.A carried onB taken onC worked onD embarked on27. At the economic forum, each speech by a distinguished guest has to be translated simultaneously.A once in a whileB at the same timeC in a broad senseD as soon as possible.28. Studies of the role of positive thinking in our daily lives have yielded interesting results.A specific=definiteB activeC creativeD confident.29. This training course is intended to improve the competence of English of the staff.A proficiencyB graspC efficiencyD competition30. Students are supposed to set aside enough time for recreations and sports.A set apartB leave outC go aboutD put upSection B (0.5 point each)31. Some of the old customs has continued ____ politeness although they are no longer thought about now.A in the way ofB in the eyes ofC in the face ofD in the form of32. One of the chief functions of slang words is to consolidate one’s ___ with a group.A identificationB specificationC introductionD superstition33. Given the other constitutional grounds elaborated by the justices, the association ____ that schools should continue to test, if they so choose.A preserveB safeguards B maintains D conserves34. Finding out information about these universities has become amazingly easy for any one with the Internet ____A entranceB admissionC accessD involvement35. Lack of exercise as well as unhealthy dietary habits can increase the risk of ____A mobilityB moralityC maturityD mortality36. On this bridge many suicide attempts are ____; lives can be saved.A impulsiveB responsiveC destructiveD speculative37. Abraham Lincoln was born on a small farm where the forests were ____ by wild animals.A residedB inhabitedC segregatedD exhibited38. Some teenagers are so crazy about video games as to play them many hours________, if possible.A on purposeB on hand .C on creditD on end39. Authorities of wildlife have spent millions of dollars on the protection of nature ____A reservesB preservativesC conservativesD reservations.40. The young lady is Mr. Smith’s step-daughter, her ____ parents having died in an accident.A ecologicalB psychologicalC physiologicalD biologicalPart III. Cloze Test (10 minutes, 1 point each)No one knows for sure whether the type of tea (you drink) makes a difference in health, but experts say all kinds of teas probably have some health 41 . Each contains high levels of antioxidants (抗氧化剂), 42 affect the process by which oxygen interacts with a substance to change its chemical 43 . But, the way (tea is processed) can change antioxidant levels 44 color and taste.Green tea is made by picking the leaves and quickly heating them to stop oxidization. Green tea typically has a 45 , fresh taste. Black tea is processed to fully oxidize and ferment (发酵) the leaves and create a stronger taste. Some experts suggest that this 46 some variation in health effects between black and green teas. The more rare white tea is considered the finest of teas because it 47 the youngest buds from the plants, which are still covered with whitish hairs when they’re picked. White and green teas have 48 amount of caffeine. But even black tea contain only about half as much caffeine as coffee.Herbal teas are something 49 different. They are made from the leaves, flowers or roots of various plants. Herbal teas can vary widely 50 their health effects.41. A advantages B benefits C merits D profits42. A where it B that C which D when it43. A elements B ingredients C fragment D composition44. A as well as B as it is C as far as D as it were45. A faint B mild C tender D gentle46. A joins in B hands in C results in D gives in47. A composes of B makes out C makes up D consists of48. A less B the least C more D the most49. A entirely B inevitably C enormously D irresistibly50. A in case of B in proportion to C in exchange for D in terms ofPart IV Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 pint each)Passage OneSingletons, referring to those who live alone, are being comforted by well-meaning friends and family and told that not having a partner is not the end of the world. So, it would seem that they can say, yes, it is not. But no, in fact, it is the end.A gloomy study has just been released that says that the international trend towards living alone is putting an unprecedented strain on our ecosystem.For a number of reasons---- relationship breakdown, career choice, longer life spans, smaller families---- the number of individual households is growing. And this is putting intolerable pressure on natural resources, and accelerating the extinction of endangered plant and animal species. And there is worse news. Running a refrigerator, television, cooker, plumbing system just for selfish little you is a disastrous waste of resources on our over-populate d planet. “The efficiency of resource consumption” is a lot higher in households of two people or more, simply because they share everything. Well imagine that . Just when you thought living alone was OK, you would find that all the time you were the enemy of mankind. Every time you put the kettle on the stove for a cup of coffee you were destroying Mother Earth. Indeed, it is not just your mother who is a bit worried by your continuing single status ---- you are letting down the entire human race by not having a boyfriend or girlfriend. The trouble is that society has a group instinct and people panic and hit out when they see other people quietly rebelling and straying away from the “standard” of family and coupledom.The suggestion is that singledom should be at best a temporary state. Unless you are assimilated into a larger unit, you can never be fully functional.Try “communal living.” There are all these illustrations of young attractive people having a “green time,” laughingly bumping into ea ch other. It looks like an episode of the TV series Friends.And the message is clear: Togetherness is good, solitude is bad, and being single on your own is not allowed.51. Well-meaning friends and family members often tell those who live alone that _____A they should end their singledom as soon as possible.B they should live together with other singletons.C singledom is an acceptable life-style.D singledom can shorten one’s life-span.52. Which of the following may NOT be the reason for the increasing number of households as mentioned in the passage?A Many people get divorced because of unhappy marriage.B Now people can afford to support a household individually.C Some people have to sacrifice family life for their careers.D Many people live much longer than before.53. The author thinks living alone is disastrous mainly because singledom is _________A harmful to people’s life.B destructive to our ecosystem.C dangerous to plants and animals.D unworkable in our society54. It is implied in the passage that singletons are usually _______A self-reliantB self-consciousC self-sufficientD self-centered55. When seeing others living alone, some people panic because they think singledom is ____A abnormalB diversifiedC unimaginableD disgusting56. The author suggests that singletons should ___________A find boy friends or girl friends.B live with their parents and other family members.C live together and share more with their friends.D watch more episodes of the TV series Friends.Passage TwoIn 1999 when MiShel and Carl Meissner decided to have children, they tackled the next big issue; Should they try to have a girl? It was n o small matter. MiShel’s brother had become blind from a hereditary condition in his early 20s, and the Meissners had learned that the condition is a disorder passed from mothers to sons. If they had a boy, he would have a 50 percent chance of having the condition. A girl would be unaffected. The British couple’s inquiries about sex selection led them to Virginia, U.S., where a new sperm-separation technique, called MicroSort, was experimental at the time. When MiShel became pregnant she gave birth to a daughter. Now they will try to have a second daughter using the same technique.The techniques separates sperm into two groups--- those that carry the X-chromosome (染色体) producing a female baby and those that carry the Y-chromosome producing a male baby.The technology was developed in 1990s, but the opening of laboratory in January 2003 in California marked the company’s first expansion. “We believe the number of people who want this technology is greater than those who have access to it.” Said Keith L.Blauer, the company’s clinical director.This is not only a seemingly effective way to select a child’s gender. It also brings a host of ethical and practical considerations ----especially for the majority of families who use the technique for nonmedical reasons.The clinic offers sex selection for two purposes: to help couples avoid passing on a sex-linked genetic disease and to allow those who already have a child to “balance” their family by having a baby of the opposite sex.Blaucer said the company has had an impressive success rate: 91 percent of the women who become pregnant after sorting for a girl are successful, while 76 percent who sort for a boy and get pregnant are successful.The technique separates sperm based on the fact that the X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome.A machine is used to distinguished the size differences and sort the sperm accordingly.57. Why did MiShel and Carl decide not to have a boy?A Because they might give birth to a blind baby.B Because Carl might pass his family’s disease to his son.C Because the boy might become blind when he grows up.D Because they wanted a daughter to balance their family.58. When MiShel gave birth to her first girl, the new sperm-separation technique ____A had already been well-developed.B had not been declared successful.C was available to those who wanted it.D had been widely accepted in the medical world.59. Which of the following is the author’s primary conce rn regarding the application of the new technology?A The expansion of the new technology may not bring profits to the companies.B Most people who use the technology will not have a baby as they want.C The effect of the new technology still needs to be carefully examined.D Increasing use of the technology may disturb the sex balance in the population60. According to Mr. Blauer, by using the new technology, ______A 91% of the women successfully give birth to girls.B 76% of the women get pregnant with boys.C it is more successful for those who want to have girls.D it is more successful for those who want to have boys.61. The sperm-separation technique is based on the fact that the chromosomes responsible for babies’ sex_____A are of different shapesB are of different sizesC can be identifiedD can be reproduced62. We can infer from this passage that the new technology_________A may not guarantee people a daughter or a son as they desire.B is used by most families for nonmedical reasons.C has brought an insoluble ethical dilemma for mankind.D will lead to a larger proportional of females in the population.Passage ThreeWithout question there are plenty of bargains to be had at sales time ----particularly at the top-quality shops whose reputation depends on having only the best and newest goods in stock each season. They tend, for obvious reasons, to be the fashion or seasonal goods which in due course become the biggest bargains.It is true that some goods are specially brought in for the sales but these too can provide exceptional value.A manufacturer may have the end of a range left in his hands and be glad to sell the lot off cheaply to shops; or he may have a surplus of a certain material which he is glad to make up and get rid of cheaply; or he may be prepared to produce a special line at low cost merely to keep his employees busy during slack period. He is likely to have a good many “seconds” available and if their defects are trifling these may be p articularly good bargains.Nevertheless, sales do offer a special opportunity for sharp practices and shoppers need to be extra critical. For example the “second” should be clearly marked as such and not sold as if they were perfect. The term “substandard,” incidentally, usually indicates a more serious defect than “seconds.” More serious is the habit of marking the price down from an alleged previous price which is in fact fictitious. Mis-description of this and all other kinds is much practiced by the men who run one-day sales of carpets in church halls and the like. As the sellers leave the district the day after the sale there is little possibility of redress. In advertising sales, shops may say “only 100 left” when in fact they have plenty more; conversely they may say “10,000at half-price” when only a few are available at such a drastic reduction. If ever the warning “let the buyer beware” were necessary it is during sales.63. Which kind of goods can be among the best bargains?A Cheapest goodsB Newest goodsC Seasonal goodsD Goods in stock64. The second paragraph deals with all of the following types of goods EXCEPT ____A surplus goodsB low-cost goodsC the end lot goodsD exceptionally valued goods65. In order to maintain his business during a bad time, a manufacturer may ____A have his goods produced at low cost.B sell his goods at a very low price.C have his employees sell his goods.D try to produce high quality goods.66. The passage s uggests that “seconds”____________A are of better quality than “substandard goods”B attract buyers as particularly good bargains.C are defective but marked as perfect.D are goods with serious defects67. The word “redress” ( the un derlined word in the last paragraph) probably means ____A dressing againB change of addressC compensation for something wrong.D selling the same product at different prices.68. During sales shoppers should ____A find the best bargains at every opportunity.B beware of being cheated.C buy things that are necessary.D pay more attention to the price.Passage FourHow many of today’s ailment, or even illnesses, are purely psychological? And how far can these be alleviated by the use of drugs? For example a psychiatrist concerned mainly with the emotional problems of old people might improve their state of mind somewhat b y the use of anti-depressants but he would not remove the root cause of their depression ----- the feeling of being useless, often unwanted and handicapped by failing physical powers.One of the most important controversies in medicine today is how far doctors, and particularly psychologists, should depend on the use of drugs for “curing” their patients. It is not merely that drugs may have been insufficiently tested and may reveal harmful side effects as happened in the case of anti-sickness pills prescribed for expectant mothers but the uneasiness of doctor who feel that they are treating the symptoms of a disease without removing the disease itself. On the other hand, some psychiatrists argue that in many cases such as chronic depressive illness it is impossible to get at the root of the illness while the patient is in a depressed state. Even prolonged psychiatric care may have no noticeable effect whereas some people can be lifted out of a depression by the use of drugs within a matter of weeks. These doctors feel not only that they have no right to withhold such treatment, but that the root cause of depression can be tackled better when the patient himself feels better. This controversy is concerned, however, with the serious psychological illnesses. It does not solve the problem of those whose headaches, indigestion, backache, etc. ar e due to “nerves”. Commonly a busy family doctor will ascribe them to some physical cause and as a matter of routine prescribe a drug. Once again the symptoms are being cured rather than the disease itself.It may be true to say, as one doctor suggested recently, that over half of the cases that come to the ordinary doctor’s attention are not purely physical ailments. If this is so, the situation is serious indeed.69. The author thinks that drugs used for treating psychological ills ______A could be ineffective in some cases.B usually have harmful side effects.C can greatly alleviate the illnesses.D can remove the root causes.70. The controversy mentioned in the passage focuses on ___A whether psychologists should use drugs to cure their patients.B how psychologists should treat their patients.C the fact that all of the drugs have harmful side effects.D the extent to which drugs should be used to fight psychological illness.71. The passage indicates that psychologists _____A find it impossible to remove a psychological diseaseB feel dissatisfied at treating their patients with drugs.C believe that the root cause of a disease can be ignored.D can do nothing if the patient is in a depressed state .72. When treating patients with psychological problems, some doctors feel that they ____A are at a loss for treatment.B have no right to use drugs.C have to cure their patients by any means.D should use drugs to treat the symptoms.73. A family doctor would normally consider a headache or backache as a result of ____A a more serious diseaseB some emotional problem.C a physical disorderD prolonged work74. Regarding the situation of psychological problems the author feels ____A concernedB hopelessC surprisedD disappointedPassage FiveThose who make the rules for financial institution probably should take a modified oath. Their pledge would be: First, do no harm. Second, if the reforms put before m e) are unclear, don’t approve them. Charles Morris may not have intend ed his new book Money, Greed, and Risk to cast such a dim light on the regulators, but it does. In fact, it may serve as a wake-up call for true believers in our current regulatory structure, most of which was erected in the 1930s and most of which Morris seems to favor, despite the stupid results it has caused.Morris, a former Chase Manhattan banking executive, outlines in great detail, again and again, how regulators, lawmakers, firms and many of the customers marched straight into mortgage, currency, thrift (互相储蓄) and other investment disasters. His discussion of Regulation Q, an attempt by Congress in the 1960s to rescue ailing savings and loans by regulating interest rates, reveals not only Congressional economic illiteracy, but also the deep harm such foolish thinking can do to the real economy.After some 260 pages listing the foolish things of Wall Street, regulators and lawmakers, Morris draws some pessimistic conclusions: “One constant in all the crises is that the regulatory responses come only after a crisis hits its peak.” For example, it “took the S&L crisis of the 1980s to bring honest accounting to thrifts, and it wasn’t until the banking sector suffered huge losses in real estate and foreign loans that regulators began to enforce strict capital standards.”So, what is the point of regulation? Morris, who is excellent at recounting tales of regulation gone bad, asserts that regulation is absolutely necessary, that it is the essential plumbing in our economic house. Nevertheless, Mr. Morris should have noticed that plumbing requires plumbers, and while a good one can keep a house functional, a rotten plumber can turn a minor drip into a ruinous flood.75. The passage is primarily concerned with ___A recommending Morris’s new book.B criticizing Morris’ attitude to regulations.C describing current economic situations.D commenting on financial regulators.76. Which of the following is true of Money, Greed and Risk?A It discusses the importance of plumbing in keeping a house functional.B It describes a great number of financial disasters in detail .C It analyses the reasons for regulating the banking industry.D It emphasizes the flaws in the financial system of the 1930s.77. Regulation Q is quoted in the passage mainly to ____A demonstrate what kind of examples Morris has cited in his book.B illustrate that misguided policies can be very harmful to economy.C support Morris’s statement a bout the incompetence of Congressmen and bankers.D refute Morris’s conclusion about the foolishness of the government regulations.78. The government regulations often fail to bring the desired result partly because ____A the regulators do not understand economy well.B the regulations are enforced before a crisis hits its peak.C banking executives do not believe in the current regulatory structure.D the standards for financial institutions are not consistent.79. According to the passage, which of the following is true of Morris?A He needn’t have recounted so many financial disasters.B He has little faith in the present-day regulatory system.C He has failed to point out that regulators are more to blame than unwise regulations.D His book will undermine the readers’ faith in the current regulatory structure.80. The author’s attitude towards Morris’s new book can best be described as ____A scornfulB appreciativeC satiricalD criticalPart V Translation (30 minutes, 20 points)What’s strange about man is that he has yet to learn to settle disputes by some means other than war. Not only does war take a heavy toll of lives, but leads to increased tension. The use of sophisticated weapons is apt to bring about disasters to human health, although the reluctance to eliminate weapons of mass destruction on the part of the big powers will not necessarily end up with conflicts. The chances are that man will have his own civilization destroyed if the notion of the survival of the fittest still applies to the international community. We can’t help wondering how many years it will take for the world to eliminate war once for all.运用世界领先的技术将使中国有可能摆脱贫穷。
2010年南京大学英语专业语言学真题试卷_真题无答案
2010年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分46, 做题时间90分钟)1. 区分题1.Distinguish the following pairs of terms. Clarify the differences with appropriate examples.(20/150)homonymy vs. polysemySSS_TEXT_QUSTI2.entailment vs. presuppositionSSS_TEXT_QUSTI3.surface structure vs. deep structureSSS_TEXT_QUSTI4.endophoric reference vs. exophoric referenceSSS_TEXT_QUSTI2. 单项选择题1.For each group of items in the following, point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest and explain the reason in ONE sentence.SSS_SINGLE_SELAex p ensiveBre p eatCs p ringDcons p iracy[Focus on the pronunciation of "p"]2.SSS_SINGLE_SELAco n siderateBto n icityCpoi n tlessDi n consistency[Focus on the pronunciation of "n"]3.SSS_SINGLE_SELAnumber sBclassroom sCisland sDlaptop s [Focus on the pronunciation of "s"]4.SSS_SINGLE_SELA competentB principalC individualD animate[Focus on the location of the stress]5.SSS_SINGLE_SELA /f/B /p/C /d/D /g/[Focus on the classification of consonants]6.SSS_SINGLE_SELA provideB supplyC offerD accuse[Focus on transitivity]7.SSS_SINGLE_SELAre ceiveBen ableCre vol utionaryDpro ceed [Focus on the type of morphemes]8.SSS_SINGLE_SELA aboardB beyondC beneathD without[Focus on word types]9.SSS_SINGLE_SELA parent/childB teacher/studentC tree/forestD buyer/seller[Focus on the type of semantic relation]10.SSS_SINGLE_SELA locutionary actB illocutionary actC perlocutionary actD elocutionary act[Focus on Austin"s trichotomy of speech act theory]11.SSS_SINGLE_SELA Quality MaximB Method MaximC Quantity MaximD Relation Maxim[Focus on Grice"s Cooperative Principle]12.SSS_SINGLE_SELA Content of discourseB Mode of discourseC Tenor of discourseD Field of discourse[Focus on Halliday"s Register Theory]3. 分析题1.Use the method of binary cutting(as used in the IC Analysis)to analyze the morphological or syntactic structure of thefollowing.(12/150)inconsistency(4/150)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI2.The scholar also argues that the spread of English is nothing neutral.(8/150)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI3.What is metaphor? How does cognitive linguistics interpret it differently from traditional rhetoric? Use a few examples toillustrate how the farmer contributes to our understanding of language.(20/150)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI4.What do Brown and Levinson(1987)mean by "positive face" and "negative face"? Study the following utterances and decide which type of face is being attended to in each utterance. Support each of your decisions with a brief explanation.(20/150)(1)Come here,Johnny.(2)Passengers please refrain from smoking.(3)I just want to ask you if I can use your bike.(4)You must be tired after the long flight. Shall we talk about the contract tomorrow?SSS_TEXT_QUSTI5.Academic writing is supposed to be formal in style. However, colloquialisms of various kinds abound in Chinese learners" theses. Study the following excerpt from a postgraduate student"s B. A. thesis. Point out those linguistic forms that are too colloquial to be appropriate. What might be the major causes for the use of the inappropriate language style? What advice do you have for teachers of English?(22/150)Presidents" inaugural address is an art that maybe includes all the skills of public speaking. How do American Presidents make their addresses attractive and persuasive? Do they have some skills or secrets of success on public speaking? Yes, I think so. I think many people who have great talent in public speaking make concerted effort to construct such a perfect text. That is to say, they check wording and phrasing, use all kinds of figuresof speech as long as they need. So inaugural addresses show their especial charm to appeal to millions of fellow citizens.In this research, I"ll try to prove that rhetoric techniques are frequently used in the speeches and play indispensable roles in making a good inaugural address. But it"s obviously a "mission impossible" to study the whole family of rhetoric techniques in inaugural addresses. So I"ll only choose one important and active member in the rhetoric family—metaphor, because it"s used most frequently in presidents" inaugural addresses, and I"ll use three American presidents" inaugural addresses as my samples.I hope that through my research I can find out the usage of metaphors in those addresses, and what effects they make respectively on the theme the addressers want to deliver. And I also hope that **parison and contrast among the three different speeches will give us some clues about the change of American"s political, economic, municipal, and diplomatic tactics in different periods.SSS_TEXT_QUSTI6.What is euphemism? Define it briefly in your own words. Then, study the following euphemistic expressions carefully and write out theirnon-euphemistic equivalents in the third column.(16/150)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI7.The following statements are some items listed in a questionnaire designed to investigate Chinese high school students" motivation in learning English. Read these statements and fulfill three tasks:1)provide your definition of motivation in language learning;2)categorize the statements in relation to different types of motivation; and 3)based on your definition of motivation, add atleast TWO more items to the questionnaire(You can write the items in Chinese).(16/150)1．我学英语是因为英语是必修课。
南京大学英语专业考研真题
南京大学英语专业考研真题(2008-12-05 12:12:47)标签：杂谈南京大学英语专业考研真题Part A Vocabulary and Reading (50/150)Read the passage below and then complete the tasks that follow:Language and Cultural IdentityC. Kramschpara.1 It is widely believed that there is a natural connection between the language spoken by members of a social group and that group's identity. By their accent, their vocabulary, their discourse patterns, speakers identify themselves and are identified as members of this or that speech and discourse community. From this membership, they draw personal strength and pride, as well as a sense of social importance and historical continuity from using the same language as the group they belong to.para.2 But how to define which group one belongs to? In isolated, homogeneous communities like the Trobrianders studied by Malinowski, one may still define group membership according to common cultural practices and daily face-to-face interactions, but in modem, historically complex, open societies it is much more difficult to define the boundaries of any particular social group and the linguistic and cultural identities of its members.para.3 Take ethnicity for example. In their 1982 survey conducted among the highly mixed population of Belize (formerly British Honduras), Le Page and Tabouret-Keller found out that different people ascribed themselves to different ethnicities as either 'Spanish', 'Creole', 'Maya' or 'Belizean', according to which ethnic criterion they focused on — physical features (hair and skin), general appearance, genetic descent, provenance, or nationality. Rarely was language used as an ethnically defining criterion. Interestingly, it was only under the threat of a Guatemalan takeover as soon as British rule would cease, that the sense of a Belizean national identity slowly started emerging from among the multiple ethnic ascriptions that people still give themselves to this day.para.4 Group identity based on race would seem easier to define, and yet there are almost as many genetic differences, say, between members of the same White, or Black race as there are between the classically described human races, not to speak of the difficulty in some cases of ascertaining with 100 percent exactitude a person's racial lineage. For example, in 1983 the South African Government changed the racial classification of 690 people: two-thirds of these, who had been Coloreds, became Whites, 71 who had been Blacks became Coloreds, and 11 Whites were redistributed among other racial groups! And, of course, there is no necessary correlation between a given racial characteristic and the use of a given language or variety of languagepara.5 Regional identity is equally contestable. As reported in the London Times of February 1984, when a Soviet book, Populations of the World, claimed that the population of France consisted of 'French, Alsatians, Flemings, Bretons, Basques, Catalans, Corsicans, Jews, Armenians, Gypsies and "others'", Georges Marchais, the French Communist leader, violently disagreed: 'For us', he said, 'every man and woman of French nationality is French. France is not a multinational state: it is one nation, the product of a long history....'para.6 One would think that national identity is a clear-cut either/or affair (either you are or you are not a citizen), but it is one thing, for example, to have a Turkish passport, another thing to ascribe to yourself a Turkish national identity if you were born, raised and educated, say, in Germany, are native speaker of German, and happen to have Turkish parents.para.7 Despite the entrenched belief in the one language = one culture equation, individuals assume several collective identities that are likely not only to change over time in dialogue with others, but are liable to be in conflict with one another. For example, an immigrant's sense of self that was linked in his country of origin perhaps to his social class, his political views, or his economic status becomes, in the new country, overwhelmingly linked to his national citizenship or his religion, for this is the identity that is imposed on him by others, who see in him now, for example, only a Turk or a Muslim. His own sense of self, or cultural identity, changes accordingly. Out of nostalgia for the 'old country', he may tend to become more Turkish than the Turks and entertain what Benedict Anderson has called 'long distance nationalism'. The Turkish he speaks may become with the passion of years somewhat different from the Turkish spoken today in the streets of Ankara; the community he used to belong to is now more an 'imagined community' than the actual present-day Turkey.para. 8 The problem lies in equating the racial, ethnic, national identity imposed on an individual by the state's bureaucratic system, and that individual's self-ascription. Group identity is not a national fact, but a cultural perception, to use the metaphor with which we started this book. Our perception of someone's social identity is very much culturally determined. What we perceived about a person's culture and language is what we have been conditioned by our own culture to see, and the stereotypical models already built around our own. Group identity is a question of focusing and diffusion of ethnic, racial national concepts or stereotypes. Let us take an example,para. 9 Le Page and Tabouret-Keller recount the case of a man in Singapore who claimed that he would never have any difficulty in telling the difference between an Indian and a Chinese. But how would he instantly know that the dark-skinned non-Malay person he saw on the street was an Indian (and not, say a Pakistani), and that light-skinned non-European was a Chinese (and not, say, a Korean), unless he differentiated the two according to the official Singaporean 'ethnic' categories: Chinese, Malay, Indian, Others? In another context with different racial classifications he might have interpreted: differently the visual clues presented to him by people on the street. His impression was focused by the classificatory concepts prevalent in his society, a behavior that Benjamin Whorf would have predicted. In turn this focus may prompt him, by a phenomenon of diffusion, to identify all other 'Chinese' along the same ethnic categories, according to the stereotype 'All Chinese look alike to me'.para.10 It has to be noted that societies impose racial and ethnic categories only on certain groups: Whites do not generally identify themselves by the color of their skin, but by their provenance or nationality. They would find it ludicrous to draw their sense of cultural identity from their membership in the White race. Hence the rather startled reaction of two Danish women in the United States to a young African-American boy, who, overhearing their conversation in Danish, asked them 'What's your culture?' Seeing how perplexed they were, he explained with a smile 'See, I'm Black. That's my culture. What's yours?' Laughingly they answered that they spoke Danish and came from Denmark. Interestingly, the boy did not use language as a criterion of group identity, but the Danish did.para.11 European identities have traditionally been built much more around language and national citizenship, and around folk models of 'one nation = one language', than around ethnicity or race. But even in Europe, the matter is not so simple. For example, Alsatians who speak German, French and Germanic Piatt mayalternatively consider themselves as primarily Alsatians, or French, or German, depending on how they position themselves vis-à-vis the history of their region and their family biography. A youngster born and raised in France of Algerian parents may, even though he speaks only French, call himself Algerian in France, but when abroad he might prefer to be seen as French, depending on which group he wishes to be identified with at the time.para.12 Examples from other parts of the world show how complex thelanguage-cultural identity relationship really is. The Chinese, for example, identify themselves ethnically as Chinese even though they speak languages or dialects which are mutually unintelligible. Despite the fact that a large number of Chinese don't know how to read and write, it is the Chinese character-writing system and the art of calligraphy that are the major factors of an overall Chinese group identity.Task 1: For each of the following items, study the reading passage and choose A, B or C that best completes the statement (30/150):(1) In the sentence "By their accent, their vocabulary, their discourse patterns, speakers identify themselves and are identified as members of this or that speech and discourse community," the phrase "discourse community" means:A) communal group B) cultural group C) discourse group(2) When the author states: "[The modern, historically complex, open societies it is much more difficult to define the boundaries of any particular social group and the linguistic and cultural identities of its members," he implies that an open society is:A) a society of many peopleB) a society of diverse discoursesC) a society of multi-ethnic structure(3) "[T]he sense of a Belizean national identity" means a sense ofA) language B) belonging C) history(4) When the author declares that "there is no necessary correlation between a given racial characteristic and the use of a given language or variety of language," he thinks that the relationship between a language and a culture isA) complex B) fixed C) uncertain(5) Georges Marchais said, "every man and woman of French nationality is French. France is not a multinational state: it is one nation, the product of a long history...." He probably regarded "'French" asA) a historical symbol of a stateB) a primary token of a national identityC) a product of a long historyTask 2: The following are definitions of the words contained in the above reading passage. Find these words in the paragraphs as marked in the parentheses (20/150):略海天海天教育海天考研Part B Proofreading (30/150)EXAMPLEWhen ∧ museum wants a new exhibit, (1) __a__it never buys things in finished form and hangs them (2) _neveron the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitPart C Translation (40/150)Translate the following passage into Chinese: (20/150)Folktales played a very important role in the social and cultural life of the Plains Indians. Farmers and nomadic hunters alike enjoyed gathering around the fire, especially on wintry nights, to hear the tales of the storyteller. The talents of a good storyteller and the novelty of the tale had the power to figuratively transport hard working Indians to another world.Even today, American Indians believe in the enormous power of the spoken word. As in the past, the imaginative storyteller, typically an old man or an old woman, builds up a reputation as a performer. They enhance their stories by adding gestures, voice changes and songs. He or she might occasionally adapt a particular tale to suit a specific cultural group or tribe. For example, there are usually many different versions of every good tale. Therefore, whenever a story is retold it is likely to be varied, but only within the limits of the tradition established for that particular tale. The storyteller is always mindful of his own, as well as the cultural background of the listener.Translate the following passage into English: (20/150)略Part D Writing (30/150)The following is excerpted from a letter that appeared in the Letter-to-the-Editor column of China Daily: (30/150)Editor:I just graduated from university with a BA in English, but looking back at my university education, I have to say that I have wasted four years of my life. When I entered the university four years ago, I had the highest English score in the city where I grew up. However, on a job interview a few days ago, the personnel manager of a joint venture company said my English was not good enough.It is my university that is to blame. I have never found my classes helpful; they often repeat what I learned in high school. What's more, the teachers often mispronounce words and use ungrammatical sentences or simply use Chinese throughout the class. Some of them often arrive in class unprepared. They have no interest in us or in teaching; they are probably only interested in making money and publishing their papers.In comparison, my high school teachers were committed They had been well trained and were very strict with us. They gave me more help than those university professors. Even today, if I write an English essay, most of the words and sentence patterns I use would be those I learned during my high school years.All in all, I do not think our government should fund a university undergraduate English program if most of the students are not satisfied. If it is a waste of time for us, it must be a waste of resources for our country.Zhu Fan, Nanjing海天海天教育海天考研This controversial letter has generated a lot of discussion in China Daily, and you would like to join the discussion, too. Complete the following tasks on your answer sheets:(1) (4 / 150) Suppose you are going to write a letter for the Letter-to-the-Editor column of China Daily to express your agreement or disagreement with Zhu Fan, and the letter is about 400 words long. In the introductory paragraph (the first paragraph), you will begin with a sentence that introduces the topic. Write down the sentence that begins this paragraph.(2) (5 /150) Write down the last sentence of the introductory paragraph, that is, the thesis statement that expresses your main idea.(3) (4 x 2/ 150) Suppose you have two body paragraphs that support the thesis statement. Write down the topic sentence for each of them. You may begin it with "First,..." or "Second,...."(4) (4 x 2/150) For each topic sentence you write in (3), give one concrete example that illustrates the point you make in the topic sentence. Each example should not exceed two sentences. (There will be a penalty for using more than two sentences for an example.)(5 / 150) Based on what you write down in (2), (3) and (4), write a conclusion paragraph that contains two or three sentences. (There will be a penalty for using more than three sentences.)Part A Vocabulary and Reading (50/150)Read the passage below and then complete the tasks that follow:Language and Cultural IdentityC. Kramschpara.1It is widely believed that there is a natural connection between the language spoken by members of a social group and that group's identity. By their accent, their vocabulary, their discourse patterns, speakers identify themselves and are identified as members of this or that speech and discourse community. From this membership, they draw personal strength and pride, as well as a sense of social importance and historical continuity from using the same language as the group they belong to.para.2 But how to define which group one belongs to? In isolated, homogeneous communities like the Trobrianders studied by Malinowski, one may still define group membership according to common cultural practices and daily face-to-face interactions, but in modem, historically complex, open societies it is much more difficult to define the boundaries of any particular social group and the linguistic and cultural identities of its members.para.3 Take ethnicity for example. In their 1982 survey conducted among the highly mixed population of Belize (formerly British Honduras), Le Page and Tabouret-Keller found out that different people ascribed themselves to different ethnicities as either 'Spanish', 'Creole', 'Maya' or 'Belizean', according to which ethnic criterion they focused on — physical features (hair and skin), general appearance, genetic descent, provenance, or nationality. Rarely was language used as an ethnically defining criterion. Interestingly, it was only under the threat of a Guatemalan takeover as soon as British rule would cease, that the sense of a Belizean national identity slowly started emerging from among the multiple ethnic ascriptions that people still give themselves to this day.para.4 Group identity based on race would seem easier to define, and yet there are almost as many genetic differences, say, between members of the same White, or Black race as there are between the classically described human races, not to speak of the difficulty in some cases of ascertaining with 100 percent exactitude a person's racial lineage. For example, in 1983 the South African Government changed the racial classification of 690 people: two-thirds of these, who had been Coloreds, became Whites, 71 who had been Blacks became Coloreds, and 11 Whites were redistributed among otherracial groups! And, of course, there is no necessary correlation between a given racial characteristic and the use of a given language or variety of languagepara.5Regional identity is equally contestable. As reported in the London Times of February 1984, when a Soviet book, Populations of the World, claimed that the population of France consisted of 'French, Alsatians, Flemings, Bretons, Basques, Catalans, Corsicans, Jews, Armenians, Gypsies and "others'", Georges Marchais, the French Communist leader, violently disagreed: 'For us', he said, 'every man and woman of French nationality is French. France is not a multinational state: it is one nation, the product of a long history....'para.6 One would think that national identity is a clear-cut either/or affair (either you are or you are not a citizen), but it is one thing, for example, to have a Turkish passport, another thing to ascribe to yourself a Turkish national identity if you were born, raised and educated, say, in Germany, are native speaker of German, and happen to have Turkish parents.para.7 Despite the entrenched belief in the one language = one culture equation, individuals assume several collective identities that are likely not only to change over time in dialogue with others, but are liable to be in conflict with one another. For example, an immigrant's sense of self that was linked in his country of origin perhaps to his social class, his political views, or his economic status becomes, in the new country, overwhelmingly linked to his national citizenship or his religion, for this is the identity that is imposed on him by others, who see in him now, for example, only a Turk or a Muslim. His own sense of self, or cultural identity, changes accordingly. Out of nostalgia for the 'old country', he may tend to become more Turkish than the Turks and entertain what Benedict Anderson has called 'long distance nationalism'. The Turkish he speaks may become with the passion of years somewhat different from the Turkish spoken today in the streets of Ankara; the community he used to belong to is now more an 'imagined community' than the actual present-day Turkey.para. 8 The problem lies in equating the racial, ethnic, national identity imposed on an individual by the state's bureaucratic system, and that individual'sself-ascription. Group identity is not a national fact, but a cultural perception, to use the metaphor with which we started this book. Our perception of someone's social identity is very much culturally determined. What we perceived about a person's culture and language is what we have been conditioned by our own culture to see, and the stereotypical models already built around our own. Group identity is a question of focusing and diffusion of ethnic, racial national concepts or stereotypes. Let us take an example,para. 9 Le Page and Tabouret-Keller recount the case of a man in Singapore who claimed that he would never have any difficulty in telling the difference between an Indian and a Chinese. But how would he instantly know that the dark-skinned non-Malay person he saw on the street was an Indian (and not, say a Pakistani), and that light-skinnednon-European was a Chinese (and not, say, a Korean), unless he differentiated the two according to the official Singaporean 'ethnic' categories: Chinese, Malay, Indian, Others? In another context with different racial classifications he might have interpreted: differently the visual clues presented to him by people on the street. His impression was focused by the classificatory concepts prevalent in his society, a behavior that Benjamin Whorf would have predicted. In turn this focus may prompt him, by a phenomenon of diffusion, to identify all other 'Chinese' along the same ethnic categories, according to the stereotype 'All Chinese look alike to me'.para.10 It has to be noted that societies impose racial and ethnic categories only on certain groups: Whites do not generally identify themselves by the color of their skin, but by their provenance or nationality. They would find it ludicrous to draw their sense of cultural identity from their membership in the White race. Hence the rather startled reaction of two Danish women in the United States to a young African-American boy, who, overhearing their conversation in Danish, asked them 'What's your culture?' Seeing how perplexed they were, he explained with a smile 'See, I'm Black. That's my culture. What's yours?' Laughingly they answered that they spoke Danish and came from Denmark. Interestingly, the boy did not use language as a criterion of group identity, but the Danish did.para.11 European identities have traditionally been built much more around language and national citizenship, and around folk models of 'one nation = one language', than around ethnicity or race. But even in Europe, the matter is not so simple. For example, Alsatians who speak German, French and Germanic Piatt may alternatively consider themselves as primarily Alsatians, or French, or German, depending on how they position themselves vis-à-vis the history of their region and their family biography. A youngster born and raised in France of Algerian parents may, even though he speaks only French, call himself Algerian in France, but when abroad he might prefer to be seen as French, depending on which group he wishes to be identified with at the time.para.12 Examples from other parts of the world show how complex the language-cultural identity relationship really is. The Chinese, for example, identify themselves ethnically as Chinese even though they speak languages or dialects which are mutually unintelligible. Despite the fact that a large number of Chinese don't know how to read and write, it is the Chinese character-writing system and the art of calligraphy that are the major factors of an overall Chinese group identity.Task 1: For each of the following items, study the reading passage and choose A, B or C that best completes the statement (30/150):(1)In the sentence "By their accent, their vocabulary, their discourse patterns, speakers identify themselves and are identified as members of this or that speech and discourse community," the phrase "discourse community" means:A) communal group B) cultural group C) discourse group(2)When the author states: "[The modern, historically complex, open societies it is much more difficult to define the boundaries of any particular social group and the linguistic and cultural identities of its members," he implies that an open society is:A)a society of many peopleB)a society of diverse discoursesC)a society of multi-ethnic structure(3)"[T]he sense of a Belizean national identity" means a sense ofA) languageB) belongingC) history(4)When the author declares that "there is no necessary correlation between a given racial characteristic and the use of a given language or variety of language," he thinks that the relationship between a language and a culture isA) complexB) fixedC) uncertain(5)Georges Marchais said, "every man and woman of French nationality is French. France is not a multinational state: it is one nation, the product of a long history...." He probably regarded "'French" asA)a historical symbol of a stateB)a primary token of a national identityC)a product of a long historyTask 2: The following are definitions of the words contained in the above reading passage. Find these words in the paragraphs as marked in the parentheses (20/150):略Part B Proofreading (30/150)EXAMPLEWhen ∧ museum wants a new exhibit,(1) __a__it never buys things in finished form and hangs them (2) _neveron the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it.(3) exhibit.pb{}.pb textarea{font-size:14px; margin:10px; font-family:"宋体";background:#FFFFEE; color:#000066}.pb_t{line-height:30px; font-size:14px; color:#000; text-align:center;}/*分页*/.pagebox{overflow:hidden; zoom:1; font-size:12px;font-family:"宋体",sans-serif;}.pagebox span{float:left; margin-right:2px; overflow:hidden; text-align:center; background:#fff;}.pagebox span a{display:block; overflow:hidden; zoom:1; _float:left;}.pagebox span.pagebox_pre_nolink{border:1px#ddd solid; width:53px; height:21px; line-height:21px; text-align:center; color:#999; cursor:default;}.pagebox span.pagebox_pre{color:#3568b9; height:23px;}.pagebox span.pagebox_pre a,.pagebox span.pagebox_pre a:visited,.pagebox span.pagebox_next a,.pagebox span.pagebox_next a:visited{border:1px #9aafe5 solid; color:#3568b9;text-decoration:none; text-align:center; width:53px; cursor:pointer; height:21px; line-height:21px;}.pagebox span.pagebox_pre a:hover,.pagebox span.pagebox_prea:active,.pagebox span.pagebox_next a:hover,.pagebox span.pagebox_nexta:active{color:#363636; border:1px #2e6ab1 solid;}.pageboxspan.pagebox_num_nonce{padding:0 8px; height:23px; line-height:23px; color:#fff; cursor:default; background:#296cb3; font-weight:bold;}.pageboxspan.pagebox_num{color:#3568b9; height:23px;}.pagebox span.pagebox_num a,.pagebox span.pagebox_num a:visited{border:1px #9aafe5 solid; color:#3568b9;text-decoration:none; padding:0 8px; cursor:pointer; height:21px;line-height:21px;}.pagebox span.pagebox_num a:hover,.pagebox span.pagebox_numa:active{border:1px #2e6ab1 solid;color:#363636;}.pageboxspan.pagebox_num_ellipsis{color:#393733; width:22px; background:none;line-height:23px;}.pagebox span.pagebox_next_nolink{border:1px #ddd solid; width:53px; height:21px; line-height:21px; text-align:center; color:#999; cursor:default;}Part C Translation (40/150)Translate the following passage into Chinese: (20/150)Folktales played a very important role in the social and cultural life of the Plains Indians. Farmers and nomadic hunters alike enjoyed gathering around the fire, especially on wintry nights, to hear the tales of the storyteller. The talents of a good storyteller and the novelty of the tale had the power to figuratively transport hard working Indians to another world.Even today, American Indians believe in the enormous power of the spoken word. As in the past, the imaginative storyteller, typically an old man or an old woman, builds up a reputation as a performer. They enhance their stories by adding gestures, voice changes and songs. He or she might occasionally adapt a particular tale to suit a specific cultural group or tribe. For example, there are usually many different versions of every good tale. Therefore, whenever a story is retold it is likely to be varied, but only within the limits of the tradition established for that particular tale. The storyteller is always mindful of his own, as well as the cultural background of the listener.Translate the following passage into English: (20/150)略。
2010年南京大学英语专业语言学真题试卷_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
2010年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷(总分46, 做题时间90分钟)1. 区分题1.Distinguish the following pairs of terms. Clarify the differences with appropriate examples.(20/150)homonymy vs. polysemySSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, that is, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. When two words are identical in sound, they are homophones, such as rain/reign. When two words are identical in spelling, they are homographs, such as tear v. /tear n. When two words are identical in both sound and spelling, they **plete homonyms, such as fast adj. /fast v. Polysemy refers to the phenomenon that the same one word may have more than one meaning. Such a word is called a polysemic or polysemous word. The **monly used a word is, the more likely it has acquired more than one meaning. For example, the word table has many meanings, such as(1)a piece of furniture.(2)orderly arrangements of facts, figures, etc.解析：(考查同音／同形异义现象与一词多义现象)2.entailment vs. presuppositionSSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y. Analyzing the relation of entailmentin terms of truth condition, we come to the following conclusions: If X is true, Y is necessarily true. If X is false, Y may be true or false. For example, X: He has been to France. Y: He has been to Europe. Similar to entailment, presupposition is a semantic relationship or logical connection. Analyzing the relation of presupposition in terms of truth condition, we can conclude: If X is true, Y must be true. If X is false, Y is still true. For example, X; John"s bike needs repairing. Y; John has a bike.解析：(考查语义学中的蕴涵与预设)3.surface structure vs. deep structureSSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：There are two levels of syntactic structure. The one formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head"s sub-categorization properties, is called deep structure. The other one, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure. The organization of the **ponent of the grammar can be depicted below; The XP Rule ↓ DEEP STRUCTURE←(Sub-categorization restricts choices of complements) ↓ Transformations ↓ SURFACE STRUCTURE For example; Would **e tomorrow? Deep structure;/Surface structure;/解析：(考查句法学中的表层结构与深层结构)4.endophoric reference vs. exophoric referenceSSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：An endophoric reference refers to something inside the text in which the reference is found. It includes two types; anaphoric reference and cataphoric reference. An anaphoric reference refers to something within a text that has been previously identified. For example, in "Susan dropped the plate. It shattered loudly" , the word "it" refers to the phrase "the plate". A cataphoric reference refers to something within the text that has not yet been identified. For example, in "He was very cold. David promptly put on his coat" , the identity of the "he" is unknown until the individual is referred to as "David". An exdophoric reference refers to language outside of the text in which the reference is found. For example, the meaning of the phrase "the Queen" may be determined by the country in which it is spoken. Because there are many Queens throughout the world, and the location of the speaker provides the extra information that allows an individual Queen to be identified.解析：(考查言内照应与言外照应)2. 单项选择题1.For each group of items in the following, point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest and explain the reason in ONE sentence.SSS_SINGLE_SELAex p ensiveBre p eatCs p ringDcons p iracy[Focus on the pronunciation of "p"]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:B解析：The pronunciation of "p" is aspirated in B, while in the other three words, "P" is unaspirated because it is after the sound /s/. (考查字母p在音位／s／后的发音)2.SSS_SINGLE_SELAco n siderateBto n icityCpoi n tlessDi n consistency[Focus on the pronunciation of "n"]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:D解析：The pronunciation of "n" is transformed into the sound // when it is followed by the sound /k/, while in the other three words, it is pronounced as /n/. (考查字母n在音位／k／前面的软腭化)3.SSS_SINGLE_SELAnumber sBclassroom sCisland sDlaptop s [Focus on the pronunciation of "s"]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:D解析："s" in D is pronounced as /s/, while in the other three words are all pronounced as /z/.(考查字母s在名词复数中的发音)4.SSS_SINGLE_SELA competentB principalC individualD animate[Focus on the location of the stress]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:C解析：The stress in C is on the third syllable, while in the other three words, they are on the first syllable.(考查单词的重音)5.SSS_SINGLE_SELA /f/B /p/C /d/D /g/[Focus on the classification of consonants]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:A解析：The sound /f/ is a fricative, while the other three sounds are all stops.(考查辅音的分类)6.SSS_SINGLE_SELA provideB supplyC offerD accuse[Focus on transitivity]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:C解析：Offer can be followed by two objects; the direct object and the indirect object, while the other three words cannot be followed by two objects.(考查动词的及物性)7.SSS_SINGLE_SELAre ceiveBen ableCre vol utionaryDpro ceed [Focus on the type of morphemes]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:B解析：Able in B is a free morpheme, while the morphemes in the other three words are all bound morphemes.(考查粘着语素和自由语素的区别) 8.SSS_SINGLE_SELA aboardB beyondC beneathD without[Focus on word types]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:A解析：A is an adverb, while the other three words are used as prepositions.(考查词类)9.SSS_SINGLE_SELA parent/childB teacher/studentC tree/forestD buyer/seller[Focus on the type of semantic relation]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:C解析：Tree/forest have a semantic relationship of hyponymy, while the others are antonymy.(考查语义关系)10.SSS_SINGLE_SELA locutionary actB illocutionary actC perlocutionary actD elocutionary act[Focus on Austin"s trichotomy of speech act theory]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:D解析：A, B and C are the three senses of Austin"s Speech Act Theory, while D is not. (考查奥斯汀的言语行为理论)11.SSS_SINGLE_SELA Quality MaximB Method MaximC Quantity MaximD Relation Maxim[Focus on Grice"s Cooperative Principle]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:B解析：A, C and D are the three maxims in Grice"s Cooperative Principle, but B is not.(考查格赖斯的合作原则的四条准则)12.SSS_SINGLE_SELA Content of discourseB Mode of discourseC Tenor of discourseD Field of discourse[Focus on Halliday"s Register Theory]该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:A解析：B, C, and D are aspects of Halliday"s Register Theory, while A is not.(考查韩礼德的语域理论)3. 分析题1.Use the method of binary cutting(as used in the IC Analysis)to analyze the morphological or syntactic structure of thefollowing.(12/150)inconsistency(4/150)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：inconsistency 1 st cutting; in/consistency 2 nd cutting;in/consist//ency 3 rd cutting; in/con///sist//ency2.The scholar also argues that the spread of English is nothing neutral.(8/150)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：The scholar also argues that the spread of English isnothing neutral. 1 st cutting: The school/also argues that the spread of English is nothing neutral. 2 nd cutting; The school/alsoargues//that the spread of English is nothing neutral. 3 rd cutting; The school/also argues//that///the spread of English is nothing neutral. 4 th cutting; The school/also argues//that /// the spread of English////is////nothing neutral. 5 th cutting; The school/alsoargues//that///the spread /////ofEnglish////is////nothing/////neutral. 6 th cutting:The//////school/also//////argues//that///the//////spread/////of/Engli sh////is//// nothing/////neutral.3.What is metaphor? How does cognitive linguistics interpret it differently from traditional rhetoric? Use a few examples toillustrate how the farmer contributes to our understanding of language.(20/150)SSS_TEXT_QUSTI该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 2答案:正确答案：In traditional rhetoric, metaphor refers to the process of transferring qualities from one thing to another. In a metaphor, words like like and as do not appear. A metaphor makes a comparison between two unlike elements, and **parison is implied rather than stated.(4 points) In cognitive linguistics, metaphor involves**parison of two concepts in that one is constructed in terms of the other. It"s often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain. The target domain is the experience being described by the metaphor and the source domain is the means that we use in order to describe the experience.(4 points) Therefore, we can say that in traditional rhetoric, metaphor emphasizes the transfer of qualities, and the omission of words like like and as; whereas in cognitive linguistics, it emphasizes the different functions of the two domains.(2 points) For example, the sentence We"re wasting our time here. This sentence is based on a metaphor " Time is money" in which the target domain, TIME, is conceptualized in terms of the source domain of MONEY. Thus, we can understand abstract experiences in terms of more concrete ones. In cognitive linguistics, metaphors are represented by a simple formula; X is Y, in which X is the target domain and Y is the source domain. Take "Inflation is backing us into a corner" as another example. Regarding inflation as an entity allows human beings to refer to it, quantify it, identify it, treat it as a case, act with respect to it, and even believe that we understand it. It can help us deal with our experience.(10 points)解析：考查暗喻(隐喻)的定义，及其在认知语言学与传统修辞学中的不同。
2013年考研英语一真题及答案
2013年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语一真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishPeople are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. [A]grants [B]submits [C]transmits [D]delivers2. [A]minor [B]objective [C]crucial [D] external3. [A]issue [B]vision [C]picture [D]external4. [A] For example [B] On average [C]In principle [D]Above all5. [A]fond [B]fearful [C]capable [D] thoughtless6. [A] in [B] on [C]to [D] for7. [A] if [B] until [C] though [D] unless8. [A] promote [B] emphasize [C]share [D]test9. [A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10. [A] chosen [B] studied [C] found [D] identified11. [A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12. [A] inspired [B] expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13. [A] assigned [B] rated [C] matched [D] arranged14. [A] put [B] got [C] gave [D] took15. [A] instead [B] then [C] ever [D] rather16. [A] selected [B] passed [C] marked [D] introduced17. [A] before [B] after [C] above [D] below18. [A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19. [A] achieve [B] undo [C] maintain [D] disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulText 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her, P riestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would be described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so, advances in technology have all owed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that –and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year – about 64 items per person – and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes – and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D] lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D] provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D] internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D] goes against human nature29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciation[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no meansuniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knock ed out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principle s that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact wit h law enforcement. That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute. The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion of federal executive power”. The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities, even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter. In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with.Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree, according to Paragraph4?[A] Fede ral officers’ duty to withhold immigrants ‘information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Section IV WritingPart A51. Directions:Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.You should include the details you think necessary.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail, Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)参考答案Section I Use of English1. A. grants2. D. external3. C. picture4. A. For example5. B. fearful6. B. on7. A. if8. D. test9. D. success10. A. chosen11. D. otherwise12. C. conducted13. B. rated14. D. took 15. B. then16. C. marked17. A. before18. C. drop19. B. undo20. C. necessarySection II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1 (In the 2006)21. B. insensitivity to fashion22. D. shop for their garment more frequently23. A. accusation24. D. pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing25. C. criticism of the fast-fashion industryText 2 (An old saying)26. B. lower their operational costs27. D. internet browser developers28. C. will not benefit consumers29. A. DNT may not serve its intended purpose30. D. skepticismText 3 (Now utopia)31. B. our faith in science and technology32. A. sustained species33. D. our immediate future is hard to conceive34. C. draw on our experience from the past35. C. the ever-bright prospects of mankindText 4 (On a five to three)36. C. overstepped the authority of federal immigration37. C. states’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement38. D. stood in favor of the states39. A. outweighs that held by the states40. D. The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part B41. E. These issues all have root causes in human behavior...42. F. Despite these factors...43. B. However, the numbers are still small...44. G. During the late 1990s...45. C. The idea is to force social to integrate...Section III Translation46. 然而，看着无家可归者绘制出的花园图片时，人们会突然意识到，尽管这些花园风格多样，它们都显示了人类除了装饰和创造性表达之外的其他各种基本诉求47. 一块神圣的和平之地，不管它有多么粗糙，它都是一种人类本能的需求，和庇护所相反，那只是动物的本能需求。
2021年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题和答案
2021年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题和答案2021年南京大学外国语学院《963英语语言学》考研全套目录•南京大学外国语学院《963英语语言学》历年考研真题及详解•全国名校英语语言学考研真题详解说明：本部分收录了本科目近年考研真题，提供了答案及详解，并对常考知识点进行了归纳整理。
此外提供了相关院校考研真题，以供参考。
2．教材教辅•丁言仁《英语语言学纲要》笔记和课后习题详解•丁言仁《英语语言学纲要》配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】•陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解•陈新仁《英语语言学实用教程》（第2版）配套题库【考研真题精选＋章节题库】说明：以上为本科目参考教材配套的辅导资料。
•试看部分内容2014年南京大学963英语语言学考研真题第一题，术语区分题。
四组术语，24分。
1.phoneme vs. allophone2.homonymy vs. homophony3.illocutionary act vs. perlocu tionary actnguage switch vs. L1 transfe r第二题，选择题，考察的都是基础知识，10小题，共30分。
第三题，分析题。
给出几个句子，要求先填写名词前的冠词或复数后缀-s；然后总结出使用冠词或复数后缀-s的一般模式（com mon pattern）。
第四题，分析题，考察的知识点是歧义（a m b i g u i t y）。
给出两句话，要求先回答这两句话有无歧义，并写出每句话的不同理解，再分析这两句话产生歧义的原因是否相同。
1.The children play near the bank.2. Th e p ro f e sso r sai d o n M o n day th at h e wo u l d gi vean exam.显然，第一句话中的bank涉及lexical ambiguity, 而第二句话中的on Monday既可修饰said，又可修饰would gi ve an ex am，属于gramm atical/structural ambiguity。
南京大学文学院2012年至1995年考研真题(语言文学基础)
南京大学2006年硕士入学考试语言文学基础试题【语言文学基础】一、填空题（每空1分，计32分）1在我国，意象这一词首先在（）中被明确使用。
2作家的创作才能主要包括艺术表现的能力、艺术发现的能力和（）三方面。
3德国接受美学把文本分为（）和（）。
4“子曰：‘贤哉回也！一箪食，一瓢饮。
在陋巷，人不堪其忧，回也不改其乐。
贤哉回也！”出自《论语》中（）篇。
5“春风知别苦，不遣柳条青。
”出自（）一诗。
6张炎《词源》云：“如七宝楼台，眩人眼目，拆碎下来，不成片断。
”此乃批评南宋词家（）之语。
7王士祯的名句”十日雨丝风片里，浓春烟景似残秋。
”源自戏剧（）。
8严复诗云：“可怜一卷《茶花女》，断尽支那荡子肠。
”《茶花女》所指乃林纾与王寿昌合译的（）。
9小说《新中国未来记）的作者是（）。
10叶绍钧在五四时期写的小说（），后改名《一生》。
11诗歌《相信未来》的作者是（）。
12秦仲义这个人物形象出自老舍的剧作（）。
13长篇小说《檀香刑》的作者是（）。
14（）认为文艺是“影子的影子”而且不利于正义和德行。
所以对待人下了逐客令。
15欧洲最早的一部流浪汉小说是无名氏的（）。
16（）反对机械地模仿法国古典主义。
主张写“市民悲剧”。
17《毛猿》是美国表现主义剧作家（）的代表作。
18语言符号的音和义之间的关系是（）关系。
19屈折语的“屈折”是指（）。
20“人称”作为动词的语法范畴表示的是（）。
21狭义的借词或外来词一般是指（）。
22《论语•子罕》：“子在川上曰：‘逝者如斯夫，不舍昼夜！’”其中“夫”的读音是（）。
23《左传•隐公元年》“公语之故，且告之悔中“语”的意思是（）。
24《战国策•赵策四》“赵主之子孙侯者，其继有在者乎”中“继”的意思是（）。
25《庄子•逍遥游》“鹏之徙于南冥也，水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里，去以六月息者也”中“扶摇”的意思是（）。
26“义”的繁体字是（）。
27语拼音方案的主要用途。
一是给汉字注音，二是便于（）。
[考研类试卷]2010年南京大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2010年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、区分题1 Distinguish the following pairs of terms. Clarify the differences with appropriate examples.(20/150)homonymy vs. polysemy2 entailment vs. presupposition3 surface structure vs. deep structure4 endophoric reference vs. exophoric reference二、单项选择题5 For each group of items in the following, point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest and explain the reason in ONE sentence.（A）ex<u>p</u>ensive（B）re<u>p</u>eat（C）s<u>p</u>ring（D）cons<u>p</u>iracy[Focus on the pronunciation of "p"]（A）co<u>n</u>siderate（B）to<u>n</u>icity（C）poi<u>n</u>tless（D）i<u>n</u>consistency[Focus on the pronunciation of "n"]（A）number<u>s</u>（B）classroom<u>s</u>（C）island<u>s</u>（D）laptop<u>s</u>[Focus on the pronunciation of "s"] （A）competent（B）principal（C）individual（D）animate[Focus on the location of the stress]（A）/f/（B）/p/（C）/d/（D）/g/[Focus on the classification of consonants] （A）provide（B）supply（C）offer（D）accuse[Focus on transitivity]（A）re<u>ceive</u>（B）en<u>able</u>（C）re<u>vol</u>utionary（D）pro<u>ceed</u>[Focus on the type of morphemes]（A）aboard（B）beyond（C）beneath（D）without[Focus on word types]（A）parent/child（B）teacher/student（C）tree/forest（D）buyer/seller[Focus on the type of semantic relation]（A）locutionary act（B）illocutionary act（C）perlocutionary act（D）elocutionary act[Focus on Austin's trichotomy of speech act theory] （A）Quality Maxim（B）Method Maxim（C）Quantity Maxim（D）Relation Maxim[Focus on Grice's Cooperative Principle]（A）Content of discourse（B）Mode of discourse（C）Tenor of discourse（D）Field of discourse[Focus on Halliday's Register Theory]三、分析题17 Use the method of binary cutting(as used in the IC Analysis)to analyze the morphological or syntactic structure of the following.(12/150)inconsistency(4/150)18 The scholar also argues that the spread of English is nothing neutral.(8/150)19 What is metaphor? How does cognitive linguistics interpret it differently from traditional rhetoric? Use a few examples to illustrate how the farmer contributes to our understanding of language.(20/150)20 What do Brown and Levinson(1987)mean by "positive face" and "negative face"? Study the following utterances and decide which type of face is being attended to in each utterance. Support each of your decisions with a brief explanation.(20/150)(1)Come here, Johnny.(2)Passengers please refrain from smoking.(3)I just want to ask you if I can use your bike.(4)You must be tired after the long flight. Shall we talk about the contract tomorrow?21 Academic writing is supposed to be formal in style. However, colloquialisms of various kinds abound in Chinese learners' theses. Study the following excerpt from a postgraduate student's B. A. thesis. Point out those linguistic forms that are too colloquial to be appropriate. What might be the major causes for the use of the inappropriate language style? What advice do you have for teachers of English?(22/150)Presidents' inaugural address is an art that maybe includes all the skills of public speaking. How do American Presidents make their addresses attractive and persuasive? Do they have some skills or secrets of success on public speaking? Yes, I think so. I think many people who have great talent in public speaking make concerted effort to construct such a perfect text. That is to say, they check wording and phrasing, use all kinds of figures of speech as long as they need. So inaugural addresses show their especial charm to appeal to millions of fellow citizens.In this research, I'll try to prove that rhetoric techniques are frequently used in the speeches and play indispensable roles in making a good inaugural address. But it's obviously a "mission impossible" to study the whole family of rhetoric techniques ininaugural addresses. So I'll only choose one important and active member in the rhetoric family—metaphor, because it's used most frequently in presidents' inaugural addresses, and I'll use three American presidents' inaugural addresses as my samples.I hope that through my research I can find out the usage of metaphors in those addresses, and what effects they make respectively on the theme the addressers want to deliver. And I also hope that the comparison and contrast among the three different speeches will give us some clues about the change of American's political, economic, municipal, and diplomatic tactics in different periods.22 What is euphemism? Define it briefly in your own words. Then, study the following euphemistic expressions carefully and write out their non-euphemistic equivalents in the thirdcolumn.(16/150)23 The following statements are some items listed in a questionnaire designed to investigate Chinese high school students' motivation in learning English. Read these statements and fulfill three tasks: 1)provide your definition of motivation in language learning; 2)categorize the statements in relation to different types of motivation; and3)based on your definition of motivation, add at least TWO more items to the questionnaire(You can write the items in Chinese).(16/150)1．我学英语是因为英语是必修课。
[考研类试卷]2012年南京大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2012年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、区分题1 Distinguish the following pairs of terms. Clarify the differences with appropriate examples.metaphor vs. metonymy2 generalized conversational implicature vs. particularized conversational implicature3 coordination vs. subordination4 inflectional morpheme vs. derivational morpheme二、单项选择题5 For each group of items in the following,point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest and explain the reason in ONE sentence.(24/150)（A）repub<u>l</u>ic（B）conso<u>l</u>ation（C）mu<u>l</u>tiple（D）p<u>l</u>umber[Focus on the pronunciation of "l"]（A）recko<u>n</u>（B）recog<u>n</u>ition（C）rethi<u>n</u>king（D）resig<u>n</u>ation[Focus on the pronunciation of "n"]（A）a<u>s</u>piration（B）bu<u>s</u>iness（C）ari<u>s</u>en（D）re<u>s</u>ilience[Focus on the pronunciation of "s"] （A）admirable（B）advertising（C）adamant（D）addictive[Focus on the location of the stress]（A）/w/（B）/n/（C）/m/（D）/b/[Focus on the classification of consonants]（A）peddle（B）edit（C）resurrect（D）realize[Focus on the device of word formation] （A）misplace（B）empower（C）unbutton（D）displease[Focus on the type of affix]（A）however（B）therefore（C）whereas（D）nevertheless[Focus on word types]（A）mother/father（B）fairly/rather（C）top/bottom（D）local/global[Focus on the type of semantic relation] （A）cabin/aircraft（B）lens/glasses（C）mouse/computer（D）entrance/park[Focus on myronymy]（A）we（B）it（C）now（D）here[Focus on deixis]（A）Honesty Maxim（B）Approbation Maxim（C）Agreement Maxim（D）Sympathy Maxim[Focus on Leech's Politeness Principle]三、分析题17 Use the method of binary cutting(as used in the IC Analysis)to analyze the morphological or syntactic structure of the following.(12/150)representational(4/150)18 What happened next was astonishing to all present at the meeting.(8/150)19 Analyze the following sentences as required.(20/150)<u>The door</u> was knocked open by <u>a young man</u> with <u>abrick</u>.(Analyze the underlined parts of the sentence in terms of semantic roles and discuss how this sentence differs from" The young man knocked the door open with a brick".)20 On daily occasions, noise can be a big headache.(Discuss the conceptual metaphor used in this sentence and supply a sentence with a metaphor of the same type. Then, think of another possible conceptual metaphor for NOISE.)21 A smile on your face will make your appearance more welcome.(Rewrite the sentence with "you" as the subject. Discuss the difference(s)between the original sentence and the new one.)22 If yon waste time <u>today</u>, you will repent <u>tomorrow</u>.(Are the underlined words in the sentence deictic in this context? Why yes(or why not)?)四、简答题23 What are the four conditions that the performance of speech acts is supposed to satisfy if it is to be felicitous? Discuss how the following two instances of speech act performance may "deviate"from the rules or conditions.(20/150)(1)Thank for not smoking.(used as a public sign)(2)I really appreciate your effort to share my secret with my enemy!24 By definition,tautology like"Business is business"involves meaningless repetition. However, we do often find the use of it in real-life communication. Can yon think of twomore examples and discuss the possible contexts in which they might be heard? What do their users intend to convey? How are the tautological ways of saying different from their non-tautological equivalents?(22/150)25 Read the following poem carefully. What syntactic deviations are employed in it? What stylistic effect might result from the deviations? What cohesive devices are used? Who does "thou"refer to? How effective is its use?(16/150)My friend—Emily Dickinson My friend must be a Bird—Because it flies! Mortal,my friend must be,Because it dies'.Barbs has it, like a Bee!Ah, curious friend!Thou puzzlest me!26 Second language(L2)learners may correct themselves from time to time during their L2oral production. Listed below are some instances of self-correction(or self-repair)inL2speeches. Each instance is followed by the speaker's own retrospective account of the reasonfor the repair. Study these instances and fulfill the following tasks.(16/150)Task 1)Categorize these self-correction instances into some meaningful types. Name each type,briefly define it, and specify the instances that belong to it. For example, there are some instances(2,6,and 9)that exemplify Error Repairs as a type of self-repairs:Error Repairs: The L2 speakers correct themselves when they realize that they have made(or are making)language errors.Instance 2; The speaker corrects a phonological error.1. Uhm well there's a big dining table for forty person. And then we've also got er well it's well the dining table occupies half of the room.Retrospection: I thought, I did not tell you first how big the room was, so I said that the dining table occupies half of the room,and then I said what I originally wanted to say.2. We could arrange er more smallertabia[teibi]table[teibl] if you would like that better.Retrospection; I mispronounced the word" table," and I corrected it.3. There are very wide choice of er main courses er er steak er er several kinds of steak. Retrospection: I wanted to say it more precisely that we do not only have one kind of steak but several kinds of steak.4. You have to we have to make a contract.Retrospection: I realized that it is stupid to say that you have to make a contract, it's up to us to do it.5. In this urn in this part of the town er there are many vegetarians. Er this is because the university is here and vegetarians like it er like this restaurant.Retrospection: I noticed that" it" could also mean the university, so I wanted to make it clear that it is the restaurant that the vegetarians like and not the university.6. Will er have to pay er five er sorry er twenty-five percent. Retrospection; Here I said "five "instead of" twenty-five "accidentally.7. It doesn't it's not a problem.Retrospection: First I wanted to say "it does not matter" but I realized that in a business deal you cannotsay" it does not matter. "8. Thirty-five per... people.Retrospection: First I wanted to say " persons" but I had used " persons " several times before,so I said"people. " 9. I think it a very nice it's a very niceRetrospection: I left out "is, "and I corrected it.10. Uhm our fish fish meals er foods are very good too.Retrospection: I corrected"fish meals"for"fish food'" because I was not sure you can say "fish meals"and"fish foods"sounded a bit better.11. We have some er er v ... maybe you have vegetarians in your group. Retrospection; Here the idea of vegetarians suddenly popped up, and I abandoned what I was going to say because I would not have been able to list any more types of food anyway.27 Task 2)Analyze these self-correction instances and answer the following two questions: What feature can the self-correction phenomenon reveal about the process of L2 speech production? How does it influence L2 oral production?。
[考研类试卷]2011年南京大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2011年南京大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、名词解释1 Define the following terms. Support your definition with one or two appropriate examples.Ambiguity2 metalanguage3 minimal pair4 neologism5 euphemism二、单项选择题6 The word "edit" is formed through the process of______.（A）blending（B）back-formation（C）compounding（D）derivation7 By______, it is sometimes meant that the form of a word or sign partially or fully conveys the meaning of the word or sign.（A）arbitrariness（B）creativity（C）duality of structure（D）iconicity8 Assimilation occurs in the articulation of the word "______".（A）invincible（B）inconvenience（C）inherent（D）inadequate9 Deletion occurs in the articulation of all the words below except "______". （A）debt（B）rhetoric（C）style（D）flight10 The primary stress of the word "______" falls on the first syllable. （A）comparable（B）resistible（C）considerable（D）negotiable11 All the following words except "______" are dynamic verbs.（A）boost（B）discourage（C）unpack（D）concern12 The proverb "Modest dogs miss much meat" exemplifies the use of______. （A）alliteration（B）consonance（C）assonance（D）rhyming13 As a presupposition trigger, "continue" belongs to the category of______. （A）factive verbs（B）iterative verbs（C）implicative verbs（D）change-of-state verbs14 The expression "first priority" is generally considered to be a case of______. （A）redundancy（B）tautology（C）contradiction（D）inconsistency15 All the following words except "______" are performative verbs.（A）warn（B）advise（C）understand（D）remind三、分析题16 Analyze the structure of the following by means of binary cutting.(12/150) deinstitutionalization17 The person I met yesterday is my boss.18 In most cases, a sentence with a prepositional phrase indicating transfer can be naturally transformed into a double-object construction, as in:He gave a book to Mary. →He gave Mary a book.However, when the following three sentences undergo the same transformation, they sound rather unnatural(possibly for different reasons), as marked by the question mark. Explain why.(15/ 150)(1)He sent a book to London. →? He sent London a book.(2)He sang a song to his dead lover. →? He sang his dead lover a song.(3)He gave a book to the fans who followed him around the world for over three months. →? He gave the fans who followed him around the world for over three months a book.19 Study the following collection of words carefully. Point out what types of semantic relations are involved among these words. Put the words into different groups according to the different semantic relations involved(Note that some words can be found in more than one group). Add ONE word of your own to each semantic group, wherever possible.(18/ 150)vessel van deck boat wing subwayengine truck metro jet sail vehicle20 Study the following headlines carefully. Specify the type of rhetorical device used in each and the presupposed information in(1)and(3).(20/150)Mercury. Once Coveted, Now Orphaned21 U. S. and South Korea Begin Joint Naval Exercises22 Fashion Goes, Keds Stay.23 Digital Domain: When the Software Is the Sportswriter24 In China, Cultivating the Urge to Splurge25 Domestic Lives; An Empty House Where Time Stands Still26 Read the following two pairs of sentences. Compare Sentences A and B and answer the following two questions: 1)How are Sentences A and Sentences B different? and2)Which sentence(Sentence A or Sentence B)in each pair do you prefer to use in academic writing? Why?(15/150)(1)A. It may be said that the commitment to some of the social and economic concepts was less strong than it is now.B. The commitment to some of the social and economic concepts was less strong than it is now.(2)A. Recent work on the religious demography of Northern Ireland seems to show a separating out of protestant and catholic, with the catholic population drifting westwards and vice versa.B. Recent work on the religious demography of Northern Ireland shows a separating out of protestant and catholic, with the catholic population drifting westwards and vice versa.27 Below is a questionnaire aimed at investigating the learner autonomy among college EFL learners(i. e. , to what extent can college students take an autonomus role in their English learning). Go over the items in the questionnaire and try to categorize them in the following table. Do you think these categories(or aspects of the learner autonomy)are adequate? If not,add TWO more categories together with specific items.(20/150) 英语学习情况问卷调查请根据下面每个数字所代表的含义，选出其中一个数字填在句子开头的括号里。
研究生学位英语考试真题+答案（2013.1）
研究生学位英语考试真题+答案（2013.1）2013年1月研究生英语学位课统考真题AGENERAL ENGLISH QUALIFYING TEST FOR NON-ENGLISH MAJORGRADUATE STUDENTS(GETJUN2710)PAPER ONEPART ⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSIONSection ADirections: In this section, you will hear nine short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be read only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. A. He has better hearing than others.B. He doesn't care what the woman may say.C. He is eager to know the news.D. He doesn't believe what the woman said.2. A. She thinks the camera is the latest style.B. She thinks the camera is multi-functional.C. She thinks the camera is small and fashionable.D. She doesn't think there's anything new with the camera.3. A. She asks the man to postpone the invitation.B. She tells the man to take a raincoat with him.C. She refuses the invitation because it is raining hard.D. She wants the man to pay the dinner check.4. A. The manager will report to the company.B. The manager will make trouble for the man.C. The manager will get into trouble.D. The manager will fire the man.5. A. She's not courageous enough.B. She didn't have enough time.C. She was afraid of the monster.D. She didn't like the game.6. A. He's broke. B. He's sick.C. He's very tired.D. He has something to do at home.7. A. Stock trading is not profitable.B. The stock market is always unstable.C. Stock trading is easier than the man said.D. Stock trading is not as easy as the man thinks.8. A. James is warm-hearted.B. James is a car technician.C. James knows the woman's car very well.D. James is very skillful in car repairing.9. A. Jake would do stupid things like this.B. The man's conclusion is not based on facts.C. The man shouldn't be on a date with another girl.D. Jake didn't tell the man's girlfriend about his date.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear two mini-talks. At the end of each talk, there will be some questions. Both the talks and the questions will be read to you only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must choose the best answer from the four choices given by marking thecorresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Mini-talk One10. A. In 1984. B. In 1986. C. In 1992. D. In 1996.11. A. Almost 25 billion dollars. B. Almost 2.5 billion dollars.C. Almost 25 million dollars.D. Almost 2.5 million dollars.12. A. Her family. B. Her mother. C. Her father. D. Herself.Mini-talk Two13. A. It covers an area of more than 430 hectares.B. It took more than 16 years to complete.C. The lakes and woodlands were all built by human labor.D. The two designers of the park were from Britain.14. A. 7 kilometers. B. 9 kilometers.C. 39 kilometers.D. 93 kilometers.15. A. Baseball, football and volleyball.B. Basketball, baseball and football.C. Basketball, football and hockey.D. Chess, baseball and table tennis.Section CDirections: In this section you will bear a short lecture. Listen to the recording and complete the notes about the lecture. You will hear the recording twice. After the recording you are asked to write down your answers on the Answer Sheet. You now have 25 seconds to read the notes below.16. The new exhibit is called " ______ ."17. The Family of Man show was designed to express the connections that ______.18. The new exhibit was held at ______.19. The new exhibit is divided into several parts:"Children of Man,""Family of Man,""Cities of Man,""Faith of Man", and"______"20. The theme that comes out is really the unity of mankind that ______.PART ⅡVOCABULARYSection ADirections: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the underlined one. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.21. If a country turned inward and insulated itself, the result would be a diminished standard of living.A. worshipedB. splitC. innovatedD. isolated22. The values and beliefs will dictate the direction of your pursuit as well as your life.A. ruleB. shapeC. alterD. complicate23. Studies have proved that smart people tend to be smart across different kinds of realms.A. realitiesB. fieldsC. occupationsD. courses24. Humans are beginning to realize that raising food animals contributes substantially to climate change.A. physicallyB. materiallyC. considerablyD. favorably25. This peer-reviewed journal has a specific emphasis on effective treatment of acute pain.A. urgentB. severeC. sternD. sensitive26. One way to maintain social stability is to crack down on crime while creating more jobs.A. clamp down onB. settle down toC. look down uponD. boil down to27. The city council decided to set up a school devoted exclusively to the needs of problem children.A. forcefullyB. externallyC. reluctantlyD. entirely28. City residents have a hard time trying to avoid contact with hazardous chemicals in daily life.A. dangerousB. prevalentC. novelD. invasive29. The most important aspect of maintaining a healthy diet is whether you can stick to it.A. insist onB. dwell onC. coincide withD. adhere to30. I tried to talk my daughter into dining out in a nearby restaurant that evening, but in vain.A. to my surpriseB. on her ownC. to no effectD. to some extentSection BDirections: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.31. We won't have safe neighborhoods unless we're always ______ on drug criminals.A. toughB. roughC. thoroughD. enough32. The challenge for us is to ______ these new states in building a more prosperous future.A. participateB. engageC. commitD. contribute33. Forty-five years of conflict and ______ between East and West are now a thing of the past.A. convictionB. compatibilityC. collaborationD. confrontation34. Few people know the shape of the next century, for the genius of a free people______ prediction.A. deniesB. defiesC. repliesD. relies35. These countries are ______ concluding a free trade agreement to propel regional development.A. on the verge ofB. in the interest ofC. on the side ofD. at the expense of36. We'll continue along the road ______ by our presidents more than seventy years ago.A. given outB. made outC. wiped outD. mapped out37. When you win, your errors are ______; when you lose, your errors are magnified.A. expandedB. obscuredC. cultivatedD. exaggerated38. Although in her teens, the eldest daughter had to quit school to help ______ the family.A. provide forB. head forC. fall forD. go for39. Carbon ______ refers to the total set of greenhouse gases emissions caused by an organization.A. fingerprintB. footstepC. footprintD. blueprint40. There is no question that ours is a just cause and that good will ______.A. vanishB. wanderC. witherD. prevailPART ⅢCLOZE TESTDirections: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose onesuitable word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.When people search online, they leave a trail that remains stored on the central computers of firms such as Google, Yahoo and Microsoft. Analyzing what we're looking for on the Web can offer a remarkable (41) into our anxieties and enthusiasms. UK writer and Internet expert John Battelle wrote on his blog, "This can tell us (42) things about who we are and what we want as a (43) ." Google's experimental service Google Trends, for example, compares the numbers of people searching for different words and phrases from 2004 to the present. According to these graphs, sometimes people's interests are obviously (44) the news agenda: when the Spice Girls announce a reunion, there's an immediate (45) to find out more about them. Other results are strikingly seasonal: people go shopping online for coats in winter and short pants in summer.The most fascinating possibility is that search data might help (46) people's behavior. When we search online for a certain brand of stereo system, we are surely indicating we're more (47) to buy that brand.Perhaps we search for a political candidate's name when we are thinking about (48) him or her. Maybe we even search for "stock market crash" or "recession" just before we start (49) our investments. This information could clearly be useful to a smart marketer--it's already how Google decides which (50) to show on its search results pages--or to a political campaign manager.41. A. investigation B. insight C. consideration D. prospect42. A. extraordinary B. obvious C. mysterious D. sensitive43. A. culture B. nation C. person D. mass44. A. reduced to B. resulting in C. backed up by D. driven by45. A. rush B. push C. charge D. dash46. A. presume B. preoccupy C. predict D. preserve47. A. liking B. alike C. like D. likely48. A. fighting against B. voting forC. believing inD. running for49. A. withdrawing from B. depositing inC. turning downD. adding to50. A. notices B. papersC. advertisementsD. statementsPART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSIONDirections: In this part of the test, there are five short passages. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer from the four choices given and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneNew York's WCBS puts it in a way that just can't be better expressed: "It was an accident waiting to happen."15-year-old Alexa Longueira was wandering along the street in Staten Island, obliviously tapping text messages into her phone as she walked. Distracted by her phone, she failed to notice the open manhole (下水道窨井) in her path, and plunged into it, taking an unprepared bath of raw sewage along with receiving moderate injuries. Longueira called the dive "reallygross, shocking and scary."It's not all Longueira's fault. The manhole shouldn't have been left uncovered and unattended, and no warning signs or hazard cones had been set up near the work site.A worker with New York's Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), who was preparing to flush the sewage, helped her out, and the department later issued a formal apology for the incident.Nonetheless, observers are harshly divided over who is to blame here. The DEP is certainly at fault for failing to secure the manhole, but to what extent should the girl be held accountable for failure to be aware of her surroundings? If she had stepped into traffic and been hit by a car, would her reaction (that is: anger and a potential lawsuit) be any different?Detachment from one's environment due to electronic gadgets is a growing problem--and a hazardous one. The government is even trying to get involved, with multiple laws on the books across the country outlawing cell phone use and text messaging while operating a motor vehicle in the wake of serious accidents involving distracted drivers. New York Senator Kruger even tried to criminalize the use of handheld devices (including phones, music players, and game players) by pedestrians while they are crossing streets in major New York cities, due to concerns over the number of auto vs. pedestrian accidents.Following a substantial outcry, that legislation appears never to have been formally introduced. But did Kruger have a point?What interested me, at least, is the end of the stow above that Longueira lost a shoe in the sewage. But since other things are not reported as lost, I'm guessing she appears to have managed to keep her grip on her phone during the accident.51. By "It was an accident waiting to happen" , New York's WCBS meant that______.A. the accident should have been avoidableB. this kind of accidents happen frequentlyC. somebody was glad to see what would happenD. an open manhole is sure a trap for careless pedestrians52. When the girl fell into the open manhole, she ______.A. was seriously hurtB. was frightenedC. took a bath in the raw sewageD. cried help to the DEP worker53. According to the author, who was to blame for the accident?A. The girl herself.B. The DEP worker.C. Both of them.D. Nobody.54. According to the passage, which of the following is illegal in the U.S.?A. Talking on a cell phone while driving.B. Text messaging while walking across a street.C. Operating music players while driving.D. Operating game players while walking across a street.55. The phrase "in the wake of"(Para.5) is closest in meaning to "______".A. in view ofB. on condition ofC. as far asD. with regard to56. The author found it funny that the girl had ______.A. lost a shoe in the sewage in the accidentB. reported nothing lost after the accidentC. got a firm hold of her phone during the accidentD. managed to keep herself upright in the manholePassage TwoAccording to a study, intellectual activities make people eat more than when just resting. This has shed new light on brain food. This finding might also help explain the obesity epidemic of a society in which people often sit.Researchers split 14 university student volunteers into three groups for a 45-minute session of either relaxing in a sitting position, reading and summarizing a text, or completing a series of memory, attention, and alert tests on the computer. After the sessions, the participants were invited to eat as much as they pleased.Though the study involved a very small number of participants, the results were stark. The students who had done the computer tests downed 253 more calories or 29.4 percent more than the couch potatoes. Those who had summarized a text consumed 203 more calories than the resting group.Blood samples taken before, during, and after revealed that intellectual work causes much bigger fluctuations in glucose(葡萄糖) levels than rest periods, perhaps owing to the stress of thinking.The researchers figure the body reacts to these fluctuations by demanding food to restore glucose--the brain's fuel. Glucose is converted by the body from carbohydrates (碳水化合物) and is supplied to the brain via the bloodstream. The brain cannot make glucose and so needs a constant supply. Brain cells need twice asmuch energy as other cells in the body.Without exercise to balance the added intake, however, such "brain food" is probably not smart. Various studies in animals have shown that consuming fewer calories overall leads to sharper brains and longer life, and most researchers agree that the findings apply, in general, to humans.And, of course, eating more can make you fat."Caloric overcompensation following intellectual work, combined with the fact that we are less physically active when doing intellectual tasks, could contribute to the obesity epidemic currently observed in industrialized countries," said lead researcher Jean-Philippe Chaput at Laval University in Quebec City, Canada. "This is a factor that should not be ignored, considering that more and more people hold jobs of an intellectual nature," the researcher concluded.57. The passage mainly tells us that ______.A. consuming fewer calories can lead to sharper brainsB. thinking consumed more calories than restingC. resting more can make people fatD. brain cells need more energy than other cells in the body58. It is implied that to avoid obesity, people who have to sit long should ______.A. think more and eat lessB. increase the intake of vitaminsC. skip some mealsD. eat less potatoes59. The word "stark" in the 3rd paragraph is closest in meaning to "______".A. negativeB. obscureC. absoluteD. ambiguous60. According to the research, which of the following activities consumed the most calories?A. Relaxing in a sitting position.B. Reading professional books.C. Summarizing a text.D. Completing tests on the computer.61. According to the passage, eating less may make people ______.A. smarterB. less intelligentC. more emotionalD. live a shorter life62. One of the reasons for the obesity epidemic currently observed in industrialized countries is that in these countries ______.A. people take different exercisesB. fewer people watch their weightC. fewer people hold physical jobsD. foods are much cheaperPassage ThreeOne of the simple pleasures of a lazy summer day is to be able to enjoy a refreshing slice of watermelon either at the beach, at a picnic, or fresh from the farmer's market. Delicious and nutritious, watermelon is one of those guilt-free foods we can all enjoy: one cup of watermelon packs only about 50 calories! Watermelons are not only cooling treats for when the mercury starts to rise; they are also loaded with healthy nutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin C, lycopene (番茄红素 ), and etc. Vitamins Aand C and lycopene are antioxidants, which are substances that work to help get rid of the harmful effects of substances.Research has suggested that a diet high in fruits and vegetables that have plenty of antioxidants can reduce the risk of heart disease, some cancers, and some other dangerous diseases.A cup of watermelon provides 25% of the recommended daily value of vitamin C and 6% of the recommended daily value of vitamin A. Additionally, researchers have found that lycopene, a nutrient most traditionally associated with tomatoes, is found in equal or greater quantities in watermelon. Watermelons also provide significant amounts of vitamin B6 and vitamin B1, both of which are necessary for energy production. In combination with the minerals and vitamins already described, theseB vitamins add to the high nutrient richness of watermelon. Due to its high water content (watermelon is 92% water by weight) and low calorie count, watermelon is a good choice to satisfy your hunger while you try to eat a healthy diet. Think of them as nature's answer to the heavily marketed "vitamin water" craze.Besides the textured, watery flesh of the fruit, watermelon seeds are also widely eaten as a snack. They are rich in iron and protein and are often pressed for oil or roasted and seasoned.So if you are planning on dining outdoor this summer, or simply looking for a quick and convenient refreshment to serve to unexpected company or reckless children, reach for watermelon. The kids will enjoy its crisp taste and messy juices, the adults will enjoy its refreshing flavors, and everyone will benefit from its nutritious value.63. We don't feel guilt even if we eat more watermelon because ______.A. it is deliciousB. it is nutritiousC. it contains low caloriesD. it contains antioxidants64. The phrase "when the mercury starts to rise" (Para. 1) probably means "______".A. in summer eveningsB. on sunny daysC. when people are thirstyD. when it is getting hot65. How many cups of watermelon can satisfy the daily need for vitamin C?A. 1.B. 2.C. 3.D. 4.66. By saying "Think of them as nature's answer to the heavily marketed" vitamin water "craze", the author means ______.A. watermelon can take the place of vitaminsB. with watermelon, people don't have to buy vitamin waterC. natural foods are much better than the manufactured onesD. the vitamin water has been over-advertised67. Watermelon seeds are often ______.A. fried in oilB. stored for seasonsC. prepared with spiceD. pressed before being cooked68. The best title of the passage is ______.A. Watermelon--the Most Enjoyable RefreshmentB. The Wonders of WatermelonC. The Nutrients in WatermelonD. Watermelon--the Best Summer Food for ChildrenPassage FourInitial voyages into space introduced questions scientists had never before considered. Could an astronaut swallow food in zero gravity? T o keep things simple, astronauts on the Project Mercury ate foods squeezed out of tubes. It was like serving them baby food in a toothpaste container.But these early tube meals were flavorless, and astronauts dropped too many pounds. "We know that astronauts have lost weight in every American and Russian manned flight," wrote NASA scientists Malcolm Smith in 1969. "We don't know why." Feeding people in space was not as easy as it looked.Floating around in space isn't as relaxing as it might sound. Astronauts expend a lot of energy and endure extreme stresses on their bodies. Their dietary requirements are therefore different from those of their gravity-bound counterparts on Earth. For example, they need extra calcium to compensate for bone loss. 'A low-salt diet helps slow the process, but there are no refrigerators in space, and salt is often used to help preserve foods," says Vickie Kloeris of NASA. "We have to be very careful of that." By the Apollo missions, NASA had developed a nutritionally balanced menu with a wide variety of options. Of course, all the items were freeze-dried or heat- treated to kill bacteria, and they didn't look like regular food.Today, the most elaborate outer-space meals are consumed in the International Space Station (ISS), where astronauts enjoy everything from steak to chocolate cake. The ISS is a joint venture between the U.S. and Russia, and diplomatic guidelines dictate the percentage of food an astronaut must eat from each country. NASA's food laboratory has 185 different menu items, Russiaoffers around 100, and when Japan sent up its first crew member in 2008, about 30 dishes came with him. Due to dietary restrictions and storage issues, astronauts still can't eat whatever they want whenever they feel like it.In 2008, NASA astronaut and ISS crew member Sandra Magnus became the first person to try to cook a meal in space. It took her over an hour to cook onions and garlic in the space station's food warmer, but she managed to create a truly delicious dish: grilled tuna (金枪鱼) in a lemon-garlic-ginger sauce---eaten from a bag, of course.69. Which of the following is true about the early space meals?A. They had to be eaten from a bag.B. They tasted better than they looked.C. They could not make eating as easy as possible.D. They were not nutritious enough for astronauts.70. It seems that astronauts' weight loss ______.A. was an unusual problem among astronautsB. was what puzzled the early scientistsC. caused new problems in space flightsD. drew the attention of the general public71. According to Vickie Kloeris, serving a low-salt diet in space ______.A. is easier said than doneB. is not absolutely necessaryC. has worked as expectedD. will be the future trend72. In the International Space Station,______.A. there is enough space to store enough foods for astronautsB. there is a selection of flavored foods from a dozencountriesC. astronauts in general prefer foods from their own countriesD. astronauts' need to eat their favorite foods can't always be met73. It can be learned that Sandra Magnus' cooking in space ______.A. left much to be desiredB. wasn't worth the effortC. was quite satisfactoryD. has inspired the others74. The passage mainly introduces ______.A. the variety of food options in spaceB. the dietary need of astronauts in spaceC. the problems of living in the space stationD. the improvement of food offered in spacePassage FiveIs it possible to be both fat and fit--not just fit enough to exercise, but fit enough to live as long as someone a lot lighter? Not according to a 2004 study from the Harvard School of Public Health which looked at 115,000 nurses aged between 30 and 55. Compared with women who were both thin and active, obese (overweight) but active women had a mortality rate that was 91% higher. Though far better than the inactive obese (142% higher), they were still worse off than the inactive lean (5% higher). A similar picture emerged in 2008 after researchers examined 39,000 women with an average age of 54. Compared with active women of normal weight, the active but overweight were 54% more likely to develop heart disease.That's settled, then. Or is it? Steven Blair, a professor ofexercise science at the University of South Carolina, describes the official focus on obesity as an "obsession ... and it's not grounded in solid data".Blair's most fascinating study, in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2007, took 2,600 people aged 60 and above, of various degrees of fatness, and tested their fitness on the exercise device, rather than asking them to quantify it themselves. This is an unusually rigorous approach, he claims, since many rival surveys ask participants to assess their own fitness, or ignore it as a factor altogether."There is an 'association' between obesity and fitness," he agrees, "but it is not perfect. As you progress towards overweight, the percentage of individuals who are fit does go down. But h ere's a shock: among class Ⅱ obese individuals [with a body mass index between 35 and 39.9], about 40% or 45% are still fit. You simply cannot tell by looking whether someone is fit or not. When we look at these mortality rates in fatpeople who are fit, we see that the harmful effect of fat just disappears: their death rate during the next decade is half that of the normal weight people who are unfit." One day--probably about a hundred years from now--this fat-but-fit question will be answered without the shadow of a doubt. In the meantime, is there anything that all the experts agree on? Oh yes: however much your body weighs, you'll live longer if you move it arounda bit.75. It can be learned that the 2008 research ______.A. posed a challenge to the 2004 studyB. confirmed the findings of the 2004 studyC. solved the problems left behind by the 2004 studyD. had a different way of thinking from the 2004 study。
2013语言学真题
第一题，与去年相同，依然是术语区分1.fricative vs. affricate2.meronymy vs. hyponymy3.positive face vs. negative face4.sense vs. reference相比之下，今年该题偏简单，第一个不清楚，后三个都是很基本的概念，平时复习注意总结，结合例子用自己的语言表达出来即可。
第二题，依然是二分法1.internationalization2. The weather in Chicago today is no good for watching cridket.第三题，选择，要求找出四个选项中与其他三个选项不同的那个选项，并用一句话解释，共10道题，每题3分，该题大部分都是刘新仁那本语言学第二、第三章的内容，语音，重读，因素，词类，构词法基本各一题。
另外还考了一道semantic relation,这个基本近几年每年都考，这个是重点，也容易理解，这几分一定得拿到手，因为基本上没人失分。
最后一道是语用学里的，Speech act theory.第四题，简答题，给了5个新闻标题，要我们分析，what rules are there when we write elliptical English newspaper headlines?(1) 3 Arrested in New Orleans Hospital(2)Blast Kills 53 in Iraq Holy city(3)Mission Applauded as Shuttle Returns(4)U.S. at odds with Allies on Mideast Conflicts(5)Optimism on Both Sides of Gay-marriage Debate然后再为今天的考试写一个新闻标题第五题，简答题。
irregulat verbs "go" "come" ,their past-tense are "went" "came".再举出两个这样的例子，然后总结它们的共同特征。
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刚刚考完，作为今年的酱油党，将考题抄在了即将卸任的准考证上，与大家分享一下，希望大家努力，努力。
我查资料是也看到了不少学长学姐的经验贴，在茫然时点燃了明灯，所谓“前人栽树，后人乘凉”，我也做点贡献O(∩_∩)O哈！
第一题，与去年相同，依然是术语区分
1.fricative vs. affricate
2.meronymy vs. hyponymy
3.positive face vs. negative face
4.sense vs. reference
相比之下，今年该题偏简单，第一个不清楚，后三个都是很基本的概念，平时复习注意总结，结合例子用自己的语言表达出来即可。
第二题，依然是二分法
1.internationalization
2. The weather in Chicago today is no good for watching cridket.
第三题，选择，要求找出四个选项中与其他三个选项不同的那个选项，并用一句话解释，共10道题，每题3分，该题大部分都是刘新仁那本语言学第二、第三章的内容，语音，重读，因素，词类，构词法基本各一题。
另外还考了一道semantic relation,这个基本近几年每年
都考，这个是重点，也容易理解，这几分一定得拿到手，因为基本上没人失分。
最后一道是语用学里的，Speech act theory.
第四题，简答题，给了5个新闻标题，要我们分析，what rules are there when we write elliptical English newspaper headlines?
(1) 3 Arrested in New Orleans Hospital
(2)Blast Kills 53 in Iraq Holy city
(3)Mission Applauded as Shuttle Returns
(4)U.S. at odds with Allies on Mideast Conflicts
(5)Optimism on Both Sides of Gay-marriage Debate
然后再为今天的考试写一个新闻标题
第五题，简答题。
irregulat verbs "go" "come" ,their past-tense are "went" "came".再举出两个这样的例子，然后总结它们的共同特征。
并从这些特征研究英语构词法。
第六题，简答题。
两种动词，drive，finish. ，其中drive可以跟for+ time, finish 跟in +time,反之不对，分析这两种动词，并用这两个词造两个复杂的句子。
第七题，两个笑话，要用语言学术语分析它们为什么可笑。
（1）baby pig ----piglet
然后 baby toy 应该是？——toilet 这个应该是overgeneralization
(2)A : William has asked me for a loan of five pouds. Should I be doing right in lending it to him?
B: Certainly.
A: Why?
B: Because otherwise he would try to borrow it from me. 这个我实在。
第八题，Charterizing learners' English peoficiercy often calls for a meticulous analysis of their output, written or spoken, in terms of accuracy, complexity, fluency, and idiomaticity. How can the four items be measured specifically? 这个题吧，我自己觉得答的，所以大家自己研究研究啦。