中小企业融资约束与金融支持研究外文文献翻译2015年译文3000多字
企业资金管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
企业资金管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)An Analysis of Working Capital Management Results Across IndustriesAbstractFirms are able to reduce financing costs and/or increase the fund s available for expansion by minimizing the amount of funds tied upin current assets. We provide insights into the performance of surv eyed firms across key components of working capital management by usi ng the CFO magazine’s annual Working CapitalManagement Survey. We discover that significant differences exist b etween industries in working capital measures across time.In addition.w e discover that these measures for working capital change significantl y within industries across time.IntroductionThe importance of efficient working capital management is indisputa ble. Working capital is the difference between resources in cash or readily convertible into cash (Current Assets) and organizational commi tments for which cash will soon be required (Current Liabilities). Th e objective of working capital management is to maintain the optimum balance of each of the working capital components. Business viabilit y relies on the ability to effectively manage receivables. inventory.a nd payables. Firms are able to reduce financing costs and/or increase the funds available for expansion by minimizing the amount of funds tied up in current assets. Much managerial effort is expended in b ringing non-optimal levels of current assets and liabilities back towa rd optimal levels. An optimal level would be one in which a balance is achieved between risk and efficiency.A recent example of business attempting to maximize working capita l management is the recurrent attention being given to the applicatio n of Six Sigma®methodology. Six S igma®methodologies help companies measure and ensure quality in all areas of the enterprise. When used to identify and rectify discrepancies.inefficiencies and erroneous tra nsactions in the financial supply chain. Six Sigma®reduces Days Sale s Outstanding (DSO).accelerates the payment cycle.improves customer sati sfaction and reduces the necessary amount and cost of working capital needs. There appear to be many success stories including Jennifertwon’s(2002) report of a 15percent decrease in days that sales are outstanding.resulting in an increased cash flow of approximately $2 million at Thibodaux Regional Medical Cenrer.Furthermore bad debts declined from 3.4millin to $6000000.However.Waxer’s(2003)study of multiple firms employing Six Sig ma®finds that it is really a “get rich slow”technique with a r ate of return hovering in the 1.2 – 4.5 percent range.Even in a business using Six Sigma®methodology. an “optimal”level of working capital management needs to be identified. Industry factors may impa ct firm credit policy.inventory management.and bill-paying activities. S ome firms may be better suited to minimize receivables and inventory. while others maximize payables. Another aspect of “optimal”is the extent to which poor financial results can be tied to sub-optimal pe rformance.Fortunately.these issues are testable with data published by CFO magazine. which claims to be the source of “tools and informati on for the financial executive.”and are the subject of this resear ch.In addition to providing mean and variance values for the working capital measures and the overall metric.two issues will be addressed in this research. One research question is. “are firms within a p articular industry clustered together at consistent levels of working capital measures?For instance.are firms in one industry able to quickl y transfer sales into cash.while firms from another industry tend to have high sales levels for the particular level of inventory . The other research question is. “does working capital management perform ance for firms within a given industry change from year-to-year?”The following section presents a brief literature review.Next.the r esearch method is described.including some information about the annual Working Capital Management Survey published by CFO magazine. Findings are then presented and conclusions are drawn.Related LiteratureThe importance of working capital management is not new to the f inance literature. Over twenty years ago. Largay and Stickney (1980) reported that the then-recent bankruptcy of W.T. Grant. a nationwide chain of department stores.should have been anticipated because the co rporation had been running a deficit cash flow from operations for e ight of the last ten years of its corporate life.As part of a stud y of the Fortune 500s financial management practices. Gilbert and Rei chert (1995) find that accounts receivable management models are used in 59 percent of these firms to improve working capital projects.wh ile inventory management models were used in 60 percent of the compa nies.More recently. Farragher. Kleiman and Sahu (1999) find that 55 p ercent of firms in the S&P Industrial index complete some form of a cash flow assessment. but did not present insights regarding account s receivable and inventory management. or the variations of any curre nt asset accounts or liability accounts across industries.Thus.mixed ev idence exists concerning the use of working capital management techniq ues.Theoretical determination of optimal trade credit limits are the s ubject of many articles over the years (e.g. Schwartz 1974; Scherr 1 996).with scant attention paid to actual accounts receivable management.Across a limited sample. Weinraub and Visscher (1998) observe a tend ency of firms with low levels of current ratios to also have low l evels of current liabilities. Simultaneously investigating accounts rece ivable and payable issues.Hill. Sartoris.and Ferguson (1984) find diffe rences in the way payment dates are defined. Payees define the date of payment as the date payment is received.while payors view paymen t as the postmark date.Additional WCM insight across firms.industries.a nd time can add to this body of research.Maness and Zietlow (2002. 51. 496) presents two models of value creation that incorporate effective short-term financial management acti vities.However.these models are generic models and do not consider uni que firm or industry influences. Maness and Zietlow discuss industry influences in a short paragraph that includes the observation that. “An industry a company is located in may have more influence on th at company’s fortunes than overall GNP”(2002. 507).In fact. a car eful review of this 627-page textbook finds only sporadic information on actual firm levels of WCM dimensions.virtually nothing on industr y factors except for some boxed items with titles such as. “Should a Retailer Offer an In-House Credit Card”(128) and nothing on WC M stability over time. This research will attempt to fill this void by investigating patterns related to working capital measures within industries and illustrate differences between industries across time.An extensive survey of library and Internet resources provided ver y few recent reports about working capital management. The most relev ant set of articles was Weisel and Bradley’s (2003) article on cash flow management and one of inventory control as a result of effect ive supply chain management by Hadley (2004).Research Method The CFO RankingsThe first annual CFO Working Capital Survey. a joint project with REL Consultancy Group.was published in the June 1997 issue of CFO (Mintz and Lezere 1997). REL is a London. England-based management co nsulting firm specializing in working capital issues for its global l ist of clients. The original survey reports several working capital b enchmarks for public companies using data for 1996. Each company is ranked against its peers and also against the entire field of 1.000 companies. REL continues to update the original information on an a nnual basis.REL uses the “cash flow from operations”value located on firm cash flow statements to estimate cash conversion efficiency (CCE). T his value indicates how well a company transforms revenues into cash flow. A “days of working capital”(DWC) value is based on the d ollar amount in each of the aggregate.equally-weighted receivables.inven tory.and payables accounts. The “days of working capital”(DNC) repr esents the time period between purchase of inventory on acccount fromvendor until the sale to the customer.the collection of the receiva bles. and payment receipt.Thus.it reflects the companys ability to fin ance its core operations with vendor credit. A detailed investigation of WCM is possible because CFO also provides firm and industry val ues for days sales outstanding (A/R).inventory turnover.and days payabl es outstanding (A/P).Research FindingsAverage and Annual Working Capital Management Performance Working capital management component definitions and average values for the entire 1996 –2000 period .Across the nearly 1.000 firms in the survey.cash flow from operations. defined as cash flow from operations divided by sales and referred to as “cash conversion ef ficiency”(CCE).averages 9.0 percent.Incorporating a 95 percent confide nce interval. CCE ranges from 5.6 percent to 12.4 percent. The days working capital (DWC). defined as the sum of receivables and invent ories less payables divided by daily sales.averages 51.8 days and is very similar to the days that sales are outstanding (50.6).because the inventory turnover rate (once every 32.0 days) is similar to the number of days that payables are outstanding (32.4 days).In all ins tances.the standard deviation is relatively small.suggesting that these working capital management variables are consistent across CFO report s.Industry Rankings on Overall Working Capital Management Perfo rmanceCFO magazine provides an overall working capital ranking for firms in its ing the following equation:Industry-based differences in overall working capital management are presented for the twenty-s ix industries that had at least eight companies included in the rank ings each year.In the typical year. CFO magazine ranks 970 companies during this period. Industries are listed in order of the mean ove rall CFO ranking of working capital performance. Since the best avera ge ranking possible for an eight-company industry is 4.5 (this assume s that the eight companies are ranked one through eight for the ent ire survey). it is quite obvious that all firms in the petroleum in dustry must have been receiving very high overall working capital man agement rankings.In fact.the petroleum industry is ranked first in CCE and third in DWC (as illustrated in Table 5 and discussed later i n this paper).Furthermore.the petroleum industry had the lowest standar d deviation of working capital rankings and range of working capital rankings. The only other industry with a mean overall ranking less than 100 was the Electric & Gas Utility industry.which ranked secon d in CCE and fourth in DWC. The two industries with the worst work ing capital rankings were Textiles and Apparel. Textiles rank twenty-s econd in CCE and twenty-sixth in DWC. The apparel industry ranks twenty-third and twenty-fourth in the two working capital measures ConclusionsThe research presented here is based on the annual ratings of wo rking capital management published in CFO magazine. Our findings indic ate a consistency in how industries “stack up”against each other over time with respect to the working capital measures.However.the wor king capital measures themselves are not static (i.e.. averages of wo rking capital measures across all firms change annually); our results indicate significant movements across our entire sample over time. O ur findings are important because they provide insight to working cap ital performance across time. and on working capital management across industries. These changes may be in explained in part by macroecono mic factors Changes in interest rates.rate of innovation.and competitio n are likely to impact working capital management. As interest rates rise.there would be less desire to make payments early.which would stretch accounts payable.accounts receivable.and cash accounts. The ra mifications of this study include the finding of distinct levels of WCM measures for different industries.which tend to be stable over ti me. Many factors help to explain this discovery. The improving econom y during the period of the study may have resulted in improved turn over in some industries.while slowing turnover may have been a signal of troubles ahead. Our results should be interpreted cautiously. Our study takes places over a short time frame during a generally impr oving market. In addition. the survey suffers from survivorship bias –only the top firms within each industry are ranked each year and the composition of those firms within the industry can change annua lly.Further research may take one of two lines.First.there could bea study of whether stock prices respond to CFO magazine’s publication of working capital management rating.Second,there could be a study of which if any of the working capital management components relate to share price performance.Given our results,there studies need to take industry membership into consideration when estimating stock price reaction to working capital management performance.对整个行业中营运资金管理的研究格雷格Filbeck.Schweser学习计划托马斯M克鲁格.威斯康星大学拉克罗斯摘要:企业能够降低融资成本或者尽量减少绑定在流动资产上的成立基金数额来用于扩大现有的资金。
研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献
研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献在研究中小企业融资问题时，寻找相关的英文文献是获取国际经验和最佳实践的重要途径。
以下是一些值得参考的英文文献，涵盖了中小企业融资的理论背景、现状分析、政策建议以及案例研究等方面。
“Financing Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Global Perspective”, by P.K. Agarwal, A.K. Dixit, and J.C. Garmaise. This book provides an comprehensive overview of the issues and challenges related to financing small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) around the world. It presents an analytical framework for understanding the different dimensions of SME financing and outlines best practices and policy recommendations for improving access to finance for these businesses.“The Financing of SMEs: A Review of the Literature and Empirical Evidence”, by R. E. Cull, L. P. Ciccantelli, and J. Valentin. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on the financing challenges faced by SMEs, exploring the various factors that influence their access to finance,including information asymmetries, lack of collateral, and limited access to formal financial markets. The paper also presents empirical evidence on the impact of different financing strategies on SME performance and outlines policy recommendations for addressing these challenges.“The Role of Microfinance in SME Finance: A Review of the Literature”, by S. Hossain, M.A. Iftekhar, and N. Choudhury. This paper focuses on the role of microfinance in financing SMEs and explores the advantages and disadvantages of microfinance as a financing option for SMEs. It also outlines the potential for microfinance to play a greater role in supporting SME development in emerging markets and provides policy recommendations for achieving this objective.“The Political Economy of SME Finance: Evidence fromCross-Country Data”, by D.J. Mullen and J.R. Roberts. This paper examines the political economy of SME finance, exploring the relationship between government policies, market institutions, and SME financing constraints. Usingcross-country data, the paper finds evidence that government policies can have a significant impact on SME access to finance and that countries with better market institutions are more successful in supporting SME development. The paper provides policy recommendations for improving SME financing in different political and institutional settings.“Financing SMEs in Developing Countries: A Case Study of India”, by S. Bhattacharya, S. Ghosh, and R. Panda. This case study explores the financing challenges faced by SMEs in India and identifies the factors that limit their access to finance, including government policies, market institutions, and cultural traditions. It also presents an in-depth analysis of the various financing options available to SMEs in India, such as informal credit markets, microfinance institutions, and banks, and outlines policy recommendations for enhancing access to finance for these businesses.这些文献提供了对中小企业融资问题的多维度理解，并提供了实用的政策建议和案例研究，有助于更好地解决中小企业的融资需求。
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文
金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
中小企业的融资问题外文翻译（可编辑）
中小企业的融资问题外文翻译外文翻译the Financing problems of Small and medium sized enterprisesMaterial Source: ////0>. Author: ModiglianiA thriving SME sector is crucial to spurring growth and reducing poverty in developing and transition economies. But financial institutions often avoid small and medium sized enterprises, sensing?understandably?that the transaction costs of financing them will be excessively high. What Small and medium sized enterprises need is not to be left without access to capital, but approached on a new model that combines early-stage equity investment and performance-enhancing technical assistance, writes Bert van deer Avert, CEO of Small Enterprise Assistance Funds SEAF. This US- and Dutch-based NGO manages a network of 14 commercially driven investment funds worldwide with total assets of $140 million, and has developed a unique “equity plus assistance” approach to Small and medium sized enterprises investing.Small and medium sized enterprises Sara widely credited with generating the highest rates of revenue and employment growth in virtually all economies. In transition and developing countries open to foreign direct investment, they also tend to pay disproportionately more in taxesand social security contributions than either their larger and smaller counterparts. Larger enterprises, especially multinationals, often find a way to reduce their tax obligations through transfer pricing, royalty payments, and negotiated tax holidays. Microenterprises, on the other hand, often fall in the informal sector, neither paying taxes nor making social security contributions.Yet if Small and medium sized enterprises constitute a critical dimension of growth and development and are often well positioned to achieve high revenue and profit growth, why have private and public financing institutions alike tended to avoid investing in them?The reasons are multiple and, for the most part, understandable. For private investors, the amount of work required to invest relatively small sums into several SMEs seems unattractive compared to the work needed to support fewer investments in larger companies. Moreover, investing in local Small and medium sized enterprises also often involves working with entrepreneurs who are less familiar with conventional financing relationships, business practices, and the English language than principals of larger firms. Accordingly, most private capital would much prefer to invest in a few large-asset There are broader issues to be considered as well, including the lack of transparency in local legal systems and governments that make investing in these countries difficult at best. enterprises in fields such as pharmaceuticals,telecommunications or privatized industry rather than in smaller companies with relatively few assets, low capitalization and a perceived greater vulnerability to market conditions. Public development institutions can also encounter high administrative costs in making small and medium sized enterprises investments. These can be coupled with perceptions that local Small and medium sized enterprises entrepreneurs may not be trustworthy, and that working with them might bring fewer visibly “developmental” benefits than targeting more poverty-focused fields such as microfinance Local commercial banks too are often biased in favor of large corporate borrowers with considerable assets. This has meant that even the lines of credit local banks receive from development institutions for on-lending to Small and medium sized enterprises are often under-utilized. Small and medium sized enterprises entrepreneurs’ lack of experience in accounting and other areas of financial documentation make it difficult for banks or other potential sources to assess their creditworthiness and cash flows, again hindering the provision of financing. Combined, these factors have largely left what should be the most dynamic sector of the economy in developing countries lacking the capital it needs to realize its potential.SEAF believes that the investment levels it takes, coupled with its focused efforts on increase value after investments, and allows it to invest at relatively attractive multiples. This offers an array ofpotential exit possibilities. By contrast, many conventional Emerging market private equity investors have had disappointing records in achieving exits over the last four years. SEAF’s approach to early-stage investing in SMEs thus may one day be seen as one of the more appropriate means of investing in developing countries. In the meantime, SEAF is achieving its developmental objectives by rapidly increasing the revenues, productivity, and employment growth of its investee Small and medium sized enterprises.The financial sector infrastructure will need to change to accommodate the substantial financing requirements of new activities and industries. Going forward, while financial institutions would need to transform to remain innovative and responsive to demands of their customers, efforts need to be directed to facilitate financing by non-banks for high-risk ventures. These include financing for knowledge-intensive and technology-intensive start-up enterprises where only ideas intangible collateral are principal assets. As such, these knowledge-intensive and technology-intensive enterprises will need alternative forms of financing to complement traditional financing sources. These alternative modes of financing include among others, venture capital and credit enhancements such as financial guarantee insurance and agriculture insurance.The financial infrastructure that supports Small and medium sizedenterprises in Serbia is undeveloped. Up to now, small and medium sized enterprises and entrepreneurs have financed their operations out of their own resources because financial markets in Serbia were isolated and lacked the support of international financial institutions. The local financial sector in the former Yugoslavia was designed to support large scale, socially owned enterprises ? otherwise known as the “Pillars of Development.” B anks, especially large-scale socially owned banks, had a redistributive function imposed on them by the state, and they dealt solely with large-scale, socially owned enterprises. In addition, the Fund for Development of the Republic of Serbia disbursed its funds to the same target group. Capacity to repay the banks or the Fund was not a criterion for credit approval.Economists have not always fully appreciated the importance of a healthy financial system for economic growth or the role of financial conditions in short-term economic dynamicsAs a matter of intellectual history, the reason is not difficult to understandDuring the first few decades after World War II, economic theorists emphasized the development of general equilibrium models of the economy with complete markets; that is, in their analyses, economists generally abstracted from market "frictions" such as imperfect information or transaction costsBut without such frictions, financial markets have little reason to existFor example, with complete markets and if we ignore taxes, we know that whether acorporation finances itself by debt or equity is irrelevant the Modigliani-Miller theorem.The former economic and political system did not support the development of financial instruments for Small and medium sized enterprises. Cooperation with SMEs focused on a few selected companies, while sole traders were almost completely excluded from credit transactions with the banking sector. SME owners and citizens completely lost their trust in the banks and channeled their savings into the grey economy, to banks abroad, or kept their savings at home. Only payments effected through the National Payment Bureau functioned properly for Small and medium sized enterprises.译文中小企业的融资问题资源来源:////. 作者:詹姆斯?沃尔芬森中小企业的蓬勃发展对促进经济增长,减少发展中国家的贫穷和经济转型具有重要意义。
中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献
中小企业融资渠道中英文对照外文翻译文献Title: Financing Channels for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: A Comparative Analysis of Chinese and English LiteratureIntroduction:Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in driving economic growth, job creation, and innovation. However, they often face challenges in accessing finance due to limited assets, credit history, and information transparency. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of financing channels for SMEs, comparing existing literature in both Chinese and English.1. Overview of SME Financing Channels:1.1 Bank Loans:Traditional bank loans are a common financing option for SMEs. They offer advantages such as long-term repayment periods, lower interest rates, and established banking relationships. However, obtaining bank loans may be challenging for SMEs with insufficient collateral or creditworthiness.1.2 Venture Capital and Private Equity:Venture capital (VC) and private equity (PE) attract external investments in exchange for equity stakes. These financing channels are particularly suitable for high-growth potential SMEs. VC/PE investors often provide not only financial resources but also expertise and networks to support SMEs' growth. However, SMEs may face challenges in meeting the stringent criteria required by VC/PE firms, limiting accessibility.1.3 Angel Investment:Angel investors are wealthy individuals who provide early-stage funding to SMEs. They are often interested in innovative and high-potential ventures. Angel investments can bridge the funding gap during a company's initial stages, but SMEs need to actively seek out and convince potential angel investors to secure funding.1.4 Government Grants and Subsidies:Governments offer grants and subsidies to support SMEs' business development and innovation. These resources play a pivotal role in ensuring SMEs' survival and growth. However, the application process can be cumbersome, and the competition for these funds is usually high.1.5 Crowdfunding:Crowdfunding platforms allow SMEs to raise capital from a large poolof individual investors. This channel provides opportunities for SMEs to showcase their products or services and engage directly with potential customers. However, the success of crowdfunding campaigns depends on effective marketing strategies and compelling narratives.2. Comparative Analysis:2.1 Chinese Literature on SME Financing Channels:In Chinese literature, research on SME financing channels focuses on the unique challenges faced by Chinese SMEs, such as information asymmetry, high collateral requirements, and insufficient financial transparency. Studiesemphasize the importance of government policies, bank loans, and alternative financing channels like venture capital and private equity.2.2 English Literature on SME Financing Channels:English literature encompasses a broader range of financing channels and their implications for SMEs worldwide. It highlights the significance of business angel investment, crowdfunding, trade credit, factoring, and peer-to-peer lending. The literature also emphasizes the role of financial technology (fintech) in expanding SMEs' access to finance.3. Recommendations for SMEs:3.1 Enhancing Financial Literacy:SMEs should invest in improving their financial literacy to understand different financing options and strategies. This knowledge will help them position themselves more effectively when seeking external funding.3.2 Diversifying Funding Sources:To mitigate financing risks, SMEs should explore multiple channels simultaneously. A diversified funding portfolio can help SMEs access different sources of capital while reducing dependence on a single channel.3.3 Building Relationships:Developing relationships with banks, investors, and relevant stakeholders is crucial for SMEs seeking financing. Strong networks and connections can provide valuable support and increase the likelihood of securing funding.Conclusion:Access to appropriate financing channels is crucial for the growth and development of SMEs. This analysis of financing channels for SMEs, comparing Chinese and English literature, highlights the diverse options available. By understanding the strengths and limitations of each channel, SMEs can make informed decisions and adopt strategies that align with their unique business requirements. Governments, financial institutions, and other stakeholders should continue to collaborate in creating an enabling environment that facilitates SMEs' access to finance.。
中小企业的财务风险管理外文文献翻译2014年译文3000字
中小企业的财务风险管理外文文献翻译2014年译文3000字Financial Risk Management for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs)Financial risk management is an essential aspect of business management。
particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)。
SMEs face numerous financial risks。
including credit risk。
market risk。
liquidity risk。
and nal risk。
which can significantly impact their financial stability and growth prospects。
Therefore。
the effective management of financial risks is crucialfor SMEs to survive and thrive in today's competitive business environment.One of the primary challenges for SMEs in managing financial risks is their limited resources and expertise。
Unlike large ns。
SMEs often lack the financial resources and specialized staff to develop and implement comprehensive risk management strategies。
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《中小企业融资问题研究国内外文献综述》
中小企业融资问题研究国内外文献综述目录中小企业融资问题研究国内外文献综述 (1)（一）国外研究现状 (1)（二）国内研究现状 (2)参考文献 (4)融资是一个企业赖以生存与发展所必不可少的环节，但是目前中小企业正在面临融资成本过高、融资渠道较狭窄和融资风险较高等融资问题。
因此，无论是在学术界还是企业运营管理中都得到了普遍的关注。
通过在知网、百度学术、谷歌学术等学术网站进行检索发现，国内外学者针对中小企业融资问题的研究成果较为丰富。
（一）国外研究现状在最近几年的时间里，自从互联网金融被越来越多人所熟知，全球的很多专家学者都基于互联网金融，对中小企业的融资工作开展了更深一步的分析和研究。
Jiang Miao（2020）分析了互联网金融融资模式的典型模式——众筹模式，分别介绍了众筹模式的概念、融资流程以及存在的风险，在此基础上提出了中小企业如何运用众筹模式提高融资效率，以及在融资过程中加强风险控制。
Kaya Orçun和Masetti Oliver（2019）总结出在互联网金融的背景下，中小企业赖以生存的最关键因素之一是信用，研究表明，信誉差的中小企业比信誉好的企业更容易失去银行贷款。
Loha Hashimya（2021）认为互联网金融平台通过大数据等手段和发布借贷相关信息，可以降低资金双方融资成本和信息不对称程度，减少逆向选择的可能性，从而提高了融资效率。
Richard和Micheline（2019）以为小微企业融资难的主要起因在于信息不对称，因为小微企业的规模较小、体制不完善、缺乏信誉，将导致银行无法衡量小微企业的信贷风险，因此小微企业很难获取银行的贷款。
他们提出了财务抑制假说，认为这是产生民间金融出现的根本原因。
Okwiri（2019）提出在地区经济环境中，除了正规融资这种方式之外，民间融资的方式可以作为补充，只不过不同融资方式的监督手段需要有差异性。
他认为，非正规金融在正式金融无法运行的地区可以产生效果的主要原因就是“熟人借款”。
中小企业融资和企业家外文翻译(可编辑)
中小企业融资和企业家外文翻译（可编辑）中小企业融资和企业家外文翻译外文翻译原文Financing SMEs and EntrepreneursMaterial Source: ////0>.Author: ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENTIntroductionSmall and medium-sized enterprises SMEs are the backbone of all economies and are a key source of economic growth, dynamism andflexibility in advanced industrialised countries,as well as in emerging and developing economies。
SMEs constitute the dominant form of business organisation, accounting for over 95% and up to 99% of enterprises depending on the country。
They are responsible for between 60-70% net job creation in OECD countries。
Small businesses are particularly important for bringing innovative products or techniques to the market。
Microsoft may be a software giant today, but it started off intypical SME fashion, as a dream developed by a young student with the help of family and friends.Only when Bill Gates and his colleagues had a saleable product were they able to take it to the marketplace and look for investment from more traditional sources.While not every small business turns into a multinational, they all face the same issue in their early days ? finding the money to enablethem to start and build up the business and test their product or service.Why is it harder for them to borrow money from banks or to find private investors than for larger firms?And why is it easier for small businesses to raise money in some countries than in others?These are important questions given the fact that small businesses, and particularly innovative SMEs, become increasingly vital to economic development and job creation as the knowledge-based economy develops.This Policy Brief looks at the extent of the SME “financing gap”, and what governments can do to make it easier for them to obtain the funding they need to start, grow and prosper, and thus contribute to creating jobs and economic growth.SMEs are vital for economic growth and development in both industrialised and developing countries, by playing a key role in creating new jobs.Financing is necessary to help them set up and expand their operations, develop new products, and invest in new staff or production facilities.Many small businesses start out as an idea from one or two people, who invest their own money and probably turn to family and friends for financial help in return for a share in the business.But if they are successful, there comes a time for all developing SMEs when they need newinvestment to expand or innovate further.That is where they often run into problems, because they find it much harder than largerbusinesses to obtain financing from banks, capital markets or other suppliers of credit.This “financing gap” is all the more important in a fast-changing knowledge-based economy because of the speed ofinnovation.Innovative SMEs with high growth potential, many of them in high-technology sectors, have played a pivotal role in raising productivity and maintaining competitiveness in recent years.But innovative products and services, however great their potential, need investment to flourish.If SMEs cannot find the financing they need, brilliant ideas may fall by the wayside and this represents a loss in potential growth for the economy.The “bagless” vacuum cleaner and the “wind-up” radio or flashlight whic h need nobatteries are now common household items, but nearly failed to see the light of day because their inventors could not find financial backing to transform their ideas into production.Already, differences are emerging between countries in terms of how easy it is for innovative SMEs to grow and develop.This sector has been very dynamic in the United States and a few other countries, but has lagged in many continental European countries and Japan, to the detriment of job creation and competitiveness.图 1Note: In many cases of debt in OECD countries, this problem is limited to a sub set of SMEs, mostly start-ups and very young firms. Data is based on the responses of 20 OECD and 10 non-OECD economies.Source: OECD SME and Entrepreneurship Financing Survey.While the SME financing gap is more pervasive in emerging markets, business financing overall is not a problem in OECD countries Figure 1, where banks are adopting strategies to cope with reducing the risk of lending to SMEs and where there are well-established systems for raising money through banks and capital markets.Many countries that do not report an overall financing gap for SMEs say that they do have a financing problem when it comes to innovative SMEs, precisely because they do not fit the mould applied in traditional SME financing.Since innovative SMEs tend to be newcomers to the market, or seeking financing for a new type of product or service, and usually havenegative cash flows and untried business models, they represent a higher risk to banks and cannot be assessed in the same manner as traditional SMEs or large firms.One fundamental problem in dealing with the SME financing gap islack of basic information about just how big such a gap may be.Often the only evidence is in the form of complaints from SMEs themselves and this is difficult to use in analysis or for comparison.Moreover, thedefinition of an SME varies between countries and financial institutions, some only compile figures by size of loan, not by size of the company borrowing, and some do not keep regular statistics of SME lending atall.And this is just in OECD countries ? outside the OECD area, information is even scarcer.The difficulties that SMEs encounter when trying to access financing can be due to an incomplete range of financial products and services, regulatory rigidities or gaps in the legal framework, lack of information on both the bank’s and the SME’s side.Banks may avoid providing financing to certain types of SMEs, in particular, start ups and very young firms that typically lack sufficient collateral, or firms whose activities offer the possibilities of high returns but at a substantial risk of loss.SMEs tend by their very nature to show a far more volatile patternof growth and earnings, with greater fluctuations, than larger companies.Their survival rate is lower than for larger companies ? one analyst found that manufacturing firms with fewer than 20 employees were five times more likely to fail in a given year than largerfirms.Thus, SMEs are at a particularly severe disadvantage when trying to obtain financing relative to larger and more established firms.It can also be difficult for potential creditors or investors to distinguish the financial situation of the company from that of its owners.The entrepreneur may have re-mortgaged his or her house to acquire the start-up funds for the company, for example.If there are two cars in the driveway, can one or both be considered part of the company’s assets? If the owner dies, is there someone to ta ke over the business, or will it die with him or her?In order to assess the success of such actions, governments need to be able to measure the size of the SME financing gap and evaluate theimpact of government actions.OECD and non-OECD governments have asked the OECD to take the lead in establishing international benchmarks to facilitate comparisons of the relative performance of markets in providing financing to SMEs and entrepreneurs and to shed light on outstanding financing gaps and issues.译文中小企业融资和企业家资料来源: ////. 作者:经济合作与发展组织在先进的工业化国家,中小企业不仅是所有经济的中坚力量,也是经济增长的关键,也是一种新兴经济体和发展中的经济。
《中小企业融资问题研究国内外文献综述1800字》
中小企业融资问题研究国内外文献综述1国外研究现状在西方经济学的研究对象中，国外许多专家和学者针对企业融资的问题进行了大量的实证研究和理论分析。
中小企业的融资在国外研究者的研究中，被归类于中小企业选题中，针对中小企业的融资，不同的专家和学者，从不同视角提出了不同的论点：Meyers在分析中小企业的融资方式后，提出中小企业在融资过程中的信息不对称问题比较明显。
比如在创业早期阶段，中小企业中的很多企业并未获得外部审计的财务报告，企业盈利能力难以预测和估算。
因此，中小企业在融资时，为快速满足资金筹措需求，会优先选择内部融资渠道，如果选择外部融资渠道，就需要优先选择债务融资方式。
Storey在分析金融机构与中小民营企业的融资冲突时, 提出中小企业以银行等金融机构的贷款作为最大的债务性融资渠道。
但因为中小企业自身的资质和发展水平偏低，金融机构提供给中小企业的贷款融资支持力度偏低。
Hairs&Raviv认为企业融资结构是中小企业收入流分配和企业控制权分配的依据，其指出，中小企业之所以很难得到金融信贷支持，主要源于在信息不对称的信贷市场中，中小企业存在道德风险及逆向选择问题。
Félix Corredera-Catalán等表示中小企业在制度、管理等方面存在的问题导致其在成长的不同阶段面对的融资问题不同。
对于中小企业融资问题的梳理，可从融资和负债角度出发，而不仅限于融资方面。
Liang Kaier认为融资渠道受制、融资制度不完善、政府关注度不高等都是中小企业难的主要原因。
融资难已经威胁到中小企业的生存与发展。
Barthelmess Benedik等表示中小企业融资需要面对的问题并不仅仅是融资本身，还包含中小企业自身的生存与发展条件问题，融资只是为中小企业注资，保障资金链，但其最终要解决的是，依赖于什么获得市场竞争实力。
2国内研究现状国内在针对中小企业融资困境问题展开分析时，主要从现实角度分析中小企业融资难的原因。
中小企业营运资金管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中小企业营运资金管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Effects of working capital management on SME profitability AbstractThe objective of the research presented here is to provide empirical evidence about the effects of working capital management on the profitability of a sample of small and medium-sized Spanish firms. With this in mind, we collected a panel of 8,872 SMEs covering the period 1996-2002. The results, which are robust to the presence of endogeneity, demonstrate that managers can create value by reducing their firm’s number of days accounts receivable and inventories. Equally, shortening the cash conversion cycle also improves the firm’s profitability.IntroductionThe corporate finance literature has traditionally focused on the study of long-term financial decisions. Researchers have particularly offered studies analyzing investments, capital structure, dividends or company valuation, among other topics. But the investment that firms make in short-term assets, and the resources used with matu rities of under one year, represent the main share of items on a firm’s balance sheet.In fact, in our sample the current assets of small and medium-sized Spanish firms represent 69.48 percent of their assets, and at the same time their current liabilities represent more than 52.82 percent of their liabilities.Working capital management is important because of its effects on the firm’s profitability and risk, and consequently its value (Smith, 1980). On the one hand, maintaining high inventory levels reduces the cost of possible interruptions in the production process, or of loss of business due to the scarcity of products, reduces supply costs, and protects against price fluctuations, among other advantages (Blinder and Manccini, 1991). On the other, grant ing trade credit favors the firm’s sales in various ways. Trade credit can act as an effective price cut (Brennan, Maksimovic and Zechner, 1988; Petersen and Rajan, 1997), incentivizes customers to acquire merchandise at times of low demand (Emery, 1987), allows customers to check that the merchandise they receive is as agreed (quantity and quality) and to ensure that theservices contracted are carried out (Smith, 1987), and helps firms to strengthen long-term relationships with their customers (Ng, Smith and Smith, 1999). However, firms that invest heavily in inventory and trade credit can suffer reduced profitability. Thus, the greater the investment in current assets, the lower the risk, but also the lower the profitability obtained.On the other hand, trade credit is a spontaneous source of financing that reduces the amount required to finance the sums tied up in the inventory and customer accounts. But we should bear in mind that financing from suppliers can have a very high implicit cost if early payment discounts are available. In fact the opportunity cost may exceed 20 percent, depending on the discount percentage and the discount period granted (Wilner,2000; Ng, Smith and Smith, 1999). In this respect, previous studies have analyzed the high cost of trade credit, and find that firms finance themselves with seller credit when they do not have other more economic sources of financing available (Petersen and Rajan, 1994 and 1997).Decisions about how much to invest in the customer and inventory accounts, and how much credit to accept from suppliers, are reflected in the firm’s cash conversion cycle, which represents the average number of days between the date when the firm must start paying its suppliers and the date when it begins to collect payments from its customers. Some previous studies have used this measure to analyze whether shortening the cash conversion cycle has positive or negative effects on the firm’s profitability. Specifically, Shin and Soenen (1998) analyze the relation between the cash conversion cycle and profitability for a sample of firms listed on the US stock exchange during the period 1974-1994. Their results show that reducing the cash conversion cycle to a reasonable extent increases firms’ profitability. More recently, Deloof (2003) analyzes a sample of large Belgian firms during the period 1992-1996. His results confirm that Belgian firms can improve their profitability by reducing the number of days accounts receivable are outstanding and reducing inventories. Moreover, he finds that less profitable firms wait longer to pay their bills.These previous studies have focused their analysis on larger firms. However, the management of current assets and liabilities is particularly important in the case ofsmall and medium-sized compan ies. Most of these companies’ assets are in the form of current assets. Also, current liabilities are one of their main sources of external finance in view of their difficulties in obtaining funding in the long-term capital markets (Petersen and Rajan, 1997) and the financing constraints that they face (Whited, 1992; Fazzari and Petersen, 1993). In this respect, Elliehausen and Woken (1993), Petersen and Rajan (1997) and Danielson and Scott (2000) show that small and medium-sized US firms use vendor financing when they have run out of debt. Thus, efficient working capital management is particularly important for smaller companies (Peel and Wilson, 1996).In this context, the objective of the current work is to provide empirical evidence about the effects of working capital management on profitability for a panel made up of 8,872 SMEs during the period 1996-2002.This work contributes to the literature in two ways. First, no previous such evidence exists for the case of SMEs.We use a sample of Spanish SMEs that operate within the so-called continental model, which is characterized by its less developed capital markets (La Porta, López-de-Silanes, Shleifer, and Vishny, 1997), and by the fact that most resources are channeled through financial intermediaries (Pampillón, 2000). All this suggests that Spanish SMEs have fewer alternative sources of external finance available, which makes them more dependent on short-term finance in general, and on trade credit in particular. As Demirguc-Kunt and Maksimovic (2002) suggest, firms operating in countries with more developed banking systems grant more trade credit to their customers, and at the same time they receive more finance from their own suppliers. The second contribution is that, unlike the previous studies by Shin and Soenen (1998) and Deloof (2003), in the current work we have conducted tests robust to the possible presence of endogeneity problems. The aim is to ensure that the relationships found in the analysis carried out are due to the effects of the cash conversion cycle on corporate profitability and not vice versa.Our findings suggest that managers can create value by reducing their firm’s number of days accounts receivable and inventories. Similarly, shortening the cash conversion cycle also improves the firm’s profitability.From this point, the work is structured as follows: in Section 2, we describe the sample and variables used; in the third section, we present the analyses carried out and our findings; finally, we end by discussing our main conclusions.Data and Variablesi. DataWe obtained the data used in this study from the AMADEUS database. This database was developed by Bureau van Dijk, and contains financial and economic data on European companies.The sample comprises small and medium-sized firms from Spain. The selection of SMEs was carried out according to the requirements established by the European Commission’s recommendation 96/280/CE of 3rd April, 1996, on the definition of small and medium-sized firms. Specifically, we selected those firms meeting the following criteria for at least three years: a) have fewer than 250 employees; b) turn over less than €40 million; and c) possess less than €27 million of total assets.In addition to the application of those selection criteria, we applied a series of filters. Thus, we eliminated the observations of firms with anomalies in their accounts, such as negative values in their assets, current assets, fixed assets, liabilities, current liabilities, capital, depreciation, or interest paid. We removed observations of entry items from the balance sheet and profit and loss account exhibiting signs that were contrary to reasonable expectations. Finally, we eliminated 1 percent of the extreme values presented by several variables. As a result of applying these filters, we ended up with a sample of 38,464 observations.In order to introduce the effect of the economic cycle on the levels invested in working capital, we obtained information about the annual GDP growth in Spain from Eurostat.ii. VariablesIn or der to analyze the effects of working capital management on the firm’s profitability, we used the return on assets (ROA) as the dependent variable. We defined this variable as the ratio of earnings before interest and tax to assets.With regards to the independent variables, we measured working capitalmanagement by using the number of days accounts receivable, number of days of inventory and number of days accounts payable. In this respect, number of days accounts receivable (AR) is calculated as 365 ×[accounts receivable/sales]. This variable represents the average number of days that the firm takes to collect payments from its customers.The higher the value, the higher its investment in accounts receivable.We calculated the number of days of inventory (INV) as 365 ×[inventories/purchases]. This variable reflects the average number of days of stock held by the firm. Longer storage times represent a greater investment in inventory for a particular level of operations.The number of days accounts payable (AP) reflects the average time it takes firms to pay their suppliers. We calculated this as 365 ×[accounts payable/purchases]. The higher the value, the longer firms take to settle their payment commitments to their suppliers.Considering these three periods jointly, we estimated the cash conversion cycle (CCC). This variable is calculated as the number of days accounts receivable plus thenumber of days of inventory minus the number of days accounts payable. The longer the cash conversion cycle, the greater the net investment in current assets, and hence the greater the need for financing of current assets.Together with these variables, we introduced as control variables the size of the firm, the growth in its sales, and its leverage. We measured the size (SIZE) as the logarithm of assets, the sales growth (SGROW) as (Sales1 –Sales0)/Sales0, the leverage (DEBT) as the ratio of debt to liabilities. Dellof (2003) in his study of large Belgian firms also considered the ratio of fixed financial assets to total assets as a control variable. For some firms in his study such assets are a significant part of total assets. However our study focuses on SMEs whose fixed financial assets are less important. In fact, companies in our sample invest little in fixed financial assets (a mean of 3.92 percent, but a median of 0.05 percent). Nevertheless, the results remain unaltered when we include this variable.Furthermore, and since good economic conditions tend to be reflected in a firm’sprofitability, we controlled for the evolution of the economic cycle using the variable GDPGR, which measures the annual GDP growth.iii. Description of sampleTable II offers descriptive statistics about the variables used for the sample as a whole. These are generally small firms, with me an assets of more than €6 million; their return on assets is around 8 percent; their number of days accounts receivable is around 96 days; and their number of days accounts payable is very similar: around 97 days. Together with this, the sample firms have seen their sales grow by almost 13 percent annually on average, and 24.74 percent of their liabilities is taken up by debt. In the period analyzed (1996-2002) the GDP has grown at an average rate of 3.66 percent in Spain.Table IIDescriptive StatisticsROA measure return on assets, AR number of days accounts receivable, INV number of days of inventory, AP number of days accounts payable, CCC cash conversion cycle, ASSETS value of assets in thousand euros, SGROW sales growth, DEBT financial debt level, and GDPGR annual GDP growth. Variable Obs. Mean SD Median 10th Perc. 90th Perc.ROA 38464 0.0792 0.0834 0.0678 0.0041 0.1768 AR 38464 96.8299 55.7682 96.2962 22.0945 165.2533 INV 38452 77.2140 70.0499 59.3042 6.8692 166.6171 AP 38371 97.8090 57.3568 93.8075 24.5344 174.9668 CCC 38371 76.3117 90.6413 64.7704 -19.6907 190.2017 ASSETS 38464 6955.1090 4461.3940 13308 2718.5 5541 SGROW 32674 0.1299 0.3105 0.0862 -0.0928 0.3492 DEBT 35237 0.2474 0.1839 0.2306 0.0098 0.5021 GDPGR 38464 0.0366 0.0075 0.0420 0.0240 0.0430ConclusionsWorking capital management is particularly important in the case of small and medium-sized companies. Most of these companies’ asset s are in the form of current assets. Also, current liabilities are one of their main sources of external finance. In this context, the objective of the current research has been to provide empirical evidence about the effects of working capital management on the profitability of a sample of small and medium-sized Spanish firms. For this purpose, we collected apanel consisting of 8,872 SMEs covering the period 1996-2002.According to previous studies focus on large firms (Shin and Soenen, 1998; Deloof, 2003), the analyses carried out confirm the important role of working capital management in value generation in small and medium-sized firms. We find a significant negative relation between an SME’s profitability and the number of days accounts receivable and days of inventory. We cannot, however, confirm that the number of days accounts payable affects an SME’s return on assets, as this relation loses significance when we control for possible endogeneity problems.Finally, SMEs have to be concerned with working capital management because they can also create value by reducing their cash conversion cycle to a minimum, as far as that is reasonable.So urce: Pedro J. García, Pedro Martínez,2007. “Effects of Working Capital Management on SME Profitability ” . Inter national Journal of Managerial Finance. Vol. 3, No. 2.pp. 164-177.译文：营运资金管理对中小企业盈利能力的影响摘要这里提供的研究的目的是提供有关营运资金管理对示例的中小型西班牙公司盈利能力的影响的实证证据。
韩德睿-会计102-外文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系：经济系专业：会计学姓名：韩德睿学号： 1005180222 外文出处：SME and Entrepreneurship Financing: The Roleof Credit Guarantee Schemes and Mutual Guarantee Societies in supporting finance for small and medium-sized enterprises附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文中小企业与创业融资：信用担保计划及互助担保社团在给予小型和中小型企业金融支持中的作用最终报告内容提要1.在许多国家，信用担保计划（CGSs）代表了一个解决中小企业融资缺口的重要政策工具，同时也缓解了公共财政的负担。
因为没有足够的担保抵押能力，有限或者空的信用记录，以及经常缺乏必要的专业知识去编制精细复杂的财务报表，中小企业和创业企业通常被限制获得信贷。
公司与潜在放贷人之间存在的信息不对称，意味着后者对借款者来说具有默认情况下的高风险属性，而且，在没有足够的抵押品的情况下，最终导致一个对信贷需求部分或否定的反应。
信用担保机制是一种常用的针对这种市场失灵情况的办法。
通过给予一部分所要求的贷款担保保护，CGS可以降低贷款人的风险，并且有利于向那些有信用约束的企业提供融资。
2.在一些经合组织国家，信用担保计划已经成为决策者在近来的金融危机中改善中小企业和企业家融资渠道的工具。
在一些非经合组织国家，信用担保制度也成为拓展信贷市场，改善金融包容性的机制，并迅速的发展起来。
公共担保工具的扩展，以及对私人担保计划的扶持，通过提供资金或共同担保，引发了对对监测和评估的更大需求。
同时，也有必要去区分从广泛使用的信用担保产生并成为他们的日常运作的反周期工具，进而成为金融体系的结构要素所带来的特定挑战。
3.目前的研究目的是通过几个方面的调查如所有制结构和资金，法律和监管框架，以及包括服务类型，资格标准，担保分配处理和信贷风险管理在内的计划的运作特点，来提高对信用担保的作用，影响和可持续性的认识。
《2024年中小企业融资问题研究——以某公司为例》范文
《中小企业融资问题研究——以某公司为例》篇一一、引言随着中国经济的快速发展，中小企业已成为推动经济增长的重要力量。
然而，融资难、融资贵一直是困扰中小企业发展的难题。
本文以某公司为例，深入研究中小企业融资问题的现状、原因及解决对策，旨在为中小企业融资提供有益的参考。
二、某公司融资现状及问题某公司是一家中小型制造企业，主要从事机械制造和销售。
近年来，该公司面临严重的融资问题，主要表现在以下几个方面：1. 融资渠道狭窄：某公司主要依赖银行贷款进行融资，但银行贷款审批严格，周期长，难以满足企业短期、急需的资金需求。
2. 融资成本高：由于信用状况、抵押物不足等原因，某公司在银行贷款过程中需支付较高的利息和手续费，增加了企业的经营成本。
3. 融资政策支持不足：尽管政府出台了一系列支持中小企业融资的政策，但实际执行中仍存在诸多障碍，导致政策效果不尽如人意。
三、中小企业融资问题原因分析中小企业融资问题的产生，既有企业自身的原因，也有外部环境的因素。
具体包括：1. 企业自身原因：中小企业的规模小、信用状况不佳、财务管理不规范等，导致银行贷款审批困难。
此外，部分企业缺乏有效的抵押物，难以获得银行的信任。
2. 外部环境因素：银行对中小企业的贷款政策不够灵活，审批流程繁琐；政府支持政策落实不到位，企业难以享受政策红利；社会信用体系不健全，增加了企业的融资难度。
四、解决中小企业融资问题的对策建议针对某公司及中小企业的融资问题，提出以下对策建议：1. 拓宽融资渠道：鼓励中小企业通过发行债券、股权融资等方式拓宽融资渠道。
同时，引导中小企业利用互联网金融、供应链金融等新型金融工具进行融资。
2. 降低融资成本：政府应加大对中小企业的政策支持力度，降低企业的融资成本。
例如，提供贷款贴息、税收优惠等政策支持。
3. 完善信用体系：建立健全社会信用体系，提高中小企业的信用状况。
同时，加强银行与中小企业之间的信息沟通，降低信息不对称带来的融资难度。
中小企业融资问题英文参考文献(精选122个最新)
近年来，随着中小企业的飞速发展，中小企业融资问题，已经成为一些中小企业进一步发展所面临的“瓶颈”。
在我国经济体制转型和经济结构调整的特殊历史时期,中小企业融资问题不仅表现得较为突出,也更为复杂。
下面是搜索整理的中小企业融资问题英文参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。
中小企业融资问题英文参考文献一：[1]XUE-FENG JI. Analysis on Financing Problems of SME in Internet Finance Mode[P]. 2nd International Conference on Advanced Education and Management Engineering (AEME 2017),2017.[2]Xiao-juan GUO. Difficulties and Countermeasures on the Financing of SMEs[P]. 4th International Conference on Economics and Management (ICEM 2017),2017.[3]Jing Zhang,J. Ke. The Financing Efficiency of Enterprises Listed on SMEs Board[P]. 3rd International Conference on Society Science and Economics Development (ICSSED 2018),2018.[4]Wan-rong ZHANG. A Study on Financing Difficulties of SMEs in China[P]. 4th International Conference on Economics and Management (ICEM 2017),2017.[5]Zhao-Hui CHEN,Zhi-Juan ZHOU. Problems and Suggestions on the Mode of Intellectual Property Financing of Small and Medium-sized Technological Enterprises[P]. 4th International Conference on Social Science (ICSS 2017),2017.[6]YU SHI. 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On the legal settlement mechanism of SME financing under the background of "one belt and one road"[P]. Proceedings of the 2019 5th InternationalConference on Humanities and Social Science Research (ICHSSR 2019),2019.[56]Cen Yu. Internet Lending and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Financing[P]. Proceedings of 2016 2nd International Conference on Humanities and Social Science Research (ICHSSR 2016),2016.[57]Huiping Zhang. Research on Financing Problems of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Jilin Province[P]. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Economics, Management, Law and Education (EMLE 2017),2017.[58]Luhao Liu. Analysis on Financing Difficulty of Chinese SMEs and Countermeasures Concerned: From the Perspective of Supply Chain Finance[P]. Proceedings of the 2017 7th International Conference on Education and Management (ICEM 2017),2018.[59]Shuangnan He. Financing Policy of SMEs in China and Abroad in a Comparative Perspective[P]. 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《2024年中小企业融资困境及其金融支持研究》范文
《中小企业融资困境及其金融支持研究》篇一一、引言中小企业作为我国经济发展的重要力量，对于推动就业、促进创新、保持市场活力等方面起着举足轻重的作用。
然而，长期以来，中小企业面临着融资难、融资贵的问题，严重制约了其健康发展。
本文将就中小企业融资困境的现状、原因及金融支持措施进行深入研究和分析。
二、中小企业融资困境的现状1. 融资渠道狭窄中小企业的融资渠道相对单一，主要依赖于银行贷款、股权融资和债券融资等传统方式。
然而，由于企业规模小、信用等级较低，往往难以获得银行的贷款支持，股权和债券融资的门槛也较高，使得许多中小企业难以获取资金支持。
2. 融资成本高由于中小企业的信用风险较高，银行在提供贷款时往往要求较高的利率和抵押物，增加了企业的融资成本。
此外，企业还需要承担评估、担保等费用，进一步加重了企业的负担。
3. 政策支持不足尽管政府出台了一系列支持中小企业发展的政策措施，但部分政策落实不到位，企业在申请过程中仍面临诸多困难。
同时，政府对中小企业的金融支持力度仍需进一步加大。
三、中小企业融资困境的原因分析1. 信用体系不健全我国信用体系建设尚处于初级阶段，对中小企业的信用评估机制不健全，导致银行在为中小企业提供贷款时存在较大风险。
此外，部分中小企业存在财务信息不透明、失信等问题，也影响了其融资能力。
2. 银行信贷政策偏向大企业由于大企业具有较高的信用等级和稳定的盈利能力，银行在信贷政策上往往偏向大企业。
而中小企业的信贷需求往往难以得到满足。
3. 资本市场准入门槛高尽管资本市场为中小企业提供了股权和债券融资的途径，但由于准入门槛较高，许多中小企业难以达到要求。
此外，即使成功上市或发行债券，也需要承担较高的信息披露成本和市场监管压力。
四、金融支持措施研究1. 完善信用体系建立完善的信用评估机制和信用信息共享平台，提高中小企业的信用透明度。
同时，加大对失信行为的惩戒力度，提高中小企业的信用意识。
2. 优化银行信贷政策鼓励银行加大对中小企业的信贷支持力度，降低贷款利率和抵押物要求。
中小企业融资约束与金融支持研究外文文献翻译2015年译文3000多字
中小企业融资约束与金融支持研究外文文献翻译2015年译文3000多字•本文旨在研究金融限制和政策支持的相关性。
金融限制是指政府或其他机构对特定行业或企业的融资活动实施的限制。
政策支持则是指政府采取措施来促进某些行业或企业的发展。
这两者之间存在着密切的联系。
过去几十年来，金融限制和政策支持一直是研究的热点。
许多学者和政策制定者都致力于探究这两者之间的关系，并提出了各自的看法。
然而，这个问题仍然存在着争议和不确定性。
一些学者认为，金融限制对于政策支持的效果有着负面影响。
因为金融限制会限制企业的融资渠道，从而影响企业的发展。
但是，另一些学者则认为，金融限制可以促进政策支持的实施。
因为金融限制可以使政府更加集中地投资于某些行业或企业，从而更加有效地实施政策支持。
针对这个问题，我们需要进一步的研究和实践。
我们需要更加深入地探究金融限制和政策支持之间的关系，以及它们对企业和整个经济的影响。
只有这样，我们才能更好地制定政策和措施，促进经济的发展和增长。
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《金融支持实体经济发展探析国内外文献综述2500字》
金融支持实体经济发展研究国内外文献综述一、国外研究现状国外对于金融促进经济发展的关系研究较多，对于实体经济与金融业共同发展的细分领域内容也在逐步丰富。
Gurley and Shaw（1995）提出，经济的发展必须依靠于金融的发展，金融业可以为投资者提供更多的资金，使其可以更加顺利地进行投资，从而为经济增长提供支持。
在金融支持下，国家资金流动不畅的问题会更加少见，经济发展会得到更多的金融支持。
Goldsmith（1969）在分析金融发展与经济增长关系方面，先对金融结构进行了分析，认为一国的金融结果是一国现存的金融工具与金融机构之和，这些金融机构主要包括金融中介机构中各种分支机构的集中程度等。
改革开放初期，金融压制政策开始实行，极大地干预了金融市场及金融体系的发展，使得国内资本市场和国内经济发展都受到了抑制。
于是学术界开始深入研究金融发展与经济增长的关系。
比如Shaw（1973）认为金融深化是金融发展理论的核心，并指出发展中国家的金融还不成熟，财政政策等对市场经济的干预过度，导致市场经济发展也受到了不利影响，不利于市场参与者的收入及财富水平的提升，对此，需要加强资源的优化配置，这可以利用计划、配额、许可证、法令、特权等手段来实现。
总之，要想促进金融市场的自由化，进一步促进经济的快速发展，可以减少政府的市场干预。
Mckinnon认为金融自由化理论的前提是金融市场完全竞争，但这种完全竞争基本上不存在，因此，金融自由化理论是一种理想化的理论观点，需要结合实际加以利用。
Stigliz and Hermans（1994）等提出了金融约束论，即金融部门一定程度的干预方能促进金融深化，发展中国家经济发展较为落后，其要想促进经济的快速发展，也需要官方实施一些控制手段，使金融和生产两个部门可以更好地发展。
进入到21世纪，世界范围内发生了不少的经济危机，实体经济与虚拟经济的联系不再紧密，金融发展与经济增长的关系开始更多进入视野，科研成果也相继出现。
[原创]研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献
![[原创]研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/d2af560ee87101f69e3195f1.png)
研究中小企业融资要参考的英文文献英文图书和期刊类文献：[1]Allen N.Berger,Gregory F.Udell,“Relationship Lending and Lines of Credit in Small FirmFinance,”Journal of Business,Vol.68,no.3.(1995),pp.351-381．[2]Aghion,P.,Incomplete contracts approach to financial contracting,Review of Economics Studies,1992,Vol.59,p473-494．[3]Albertode，M.&JulioPindado.Determinants of capital structure:new evidence from Spanish Panel data[J].Journal of Corporate Finance，2001，(7):77-99．[4]A.N.Berger，ler，M.A.Petersen，R.G.Rajan，J.C.Stein，2001，“Does Function Follow Organizational Form?Evidence from the Lending Practices of Large and Small Banks”,Board of Governors of Federal Reserve SystemWorking Paper．[5]Azam,J.P.,B.Biais,M.Dia and rmal and Formal Credit Marketsand Credit Rationing in Cote D’Ivoire,Oxford Review of Economic Policy,2001,17(4),520-532.[6]Bernanke,B.S.,M.Gerler.Inside the Black Box:The Credit Channel ofMonetary Policy Transmission[J].Journal of EconomicPerspectives,1995,(9);27-48．[7]Barbosa,E.&Moraes,C.,Determinants of the Firm’s Capital Structure:theCase of the Very Small Enterprises,Working Paper from Econpapers，2003,366-358。
中小企业融资研究文献综述及外文文献资料
本文档包括改专题的：外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献The Role of Banks in Small and Medium Enterprises Financing: A Case Studyfrom KosovoAbstractIn this study we investigate the impact of firm and entrepreneurship characteristics in small and medium enterprises (SME-s) investment finance through debt (bank loan). Data are gathered from interviews based on a self-organized questionnaire with 150 SME-s in Kosovo. Based on the econometric model of linear regression, key factors are identified which influence the investment growth financed by debt. The results indicate that there is mutual correlation among the firm's age, size, business plan, sector, number of owners, sources of financing and the investment growth financed from banks in Kosovo. Therefore, findings in this work suggest that the access to external sources of financing through bank loan is an important factor that influences the investment growth. The paper provides some important conclusions and implications for policymakers and entrepreneurs.Keywords: SME, entrepreneurship, financing through debt, investment, Kosovo1. IntroductionIt is explicitly accepted that SME-s present a pivotal element in the economic activity in both, developed and developing countries (Acs & Audretsch, 1990; Johnson & Loweman, 1995). Numerous authors from academic and professional world designate SME-s as generators of both, economic growth and overall social development (Audretsch & Klepper, 2000; World Bank Group, 2005; McMillan & Woodruff, 2002).The discussion of the relevant literature related to the access of SME-s to finance, as well as to investment finance is of particular importance (Krasniqi, 2007). According to Beck et al. (2007), the SME-s access to, and cost of, finances is quite often characterized as a major difficulty, up to the extent of 35 percent. It should alsobe stressed that the small firms come with more difficulty to loans, since they encounter higher transaction costs and higher premium risks, for they are more fragile and they offer lower collaterals (Beck et al., 2006). Audretsch and Elston (2006) also stress that small firms confronted higher financial difficulties than large ones. Similar conclusions can be found among other authors who have worked in this direction (Beck et al., 2006; Oliveira & Fortunato, 2006).Brinckmann et al. (2011) finds that small firms have higher limitations to access external sources of financing than bigger firms, and, thus, they become more dependent on internal funds for financing their investment needs. A major obstacle in financial markets to the access on finances by SME-s is also the asymmetry of information. Thus, based on Zhao et al. (2006), one from the major difficulties for accessing finance is the asymmetry of information among lenders and debtors; for instance, borrowers have private information on the firm that lenders do not possess. Because of their small size, short history and inconsistent accounting data, the issue of asymmetric information for SME-s becomes more serious (Deakins et al., 2008; EBRD, 1999; Pissardies et al., 2003; Klapper et al., 2002).Difficulties of this kind are expressed also among SME-s of Kosovo, as one from the last countries in transition. In spite of the fact that the SME sector in Kosovo is relatively new, it constitutes 98% of all the firms, thus representing a huge potential for generation of new jobs and for economic development of the country. Based on data of the World Bank (2010), the major obstacle to the development of SME-s in Kosovo is access to bank loans. Only 10% of investments made by SME-s are financed through bank loans, and above 85% of investments are financed from private sources (World Bank, 2010).Objective of this work is to empirically investigate the role and importance of the firms and entrepreneurship characteristics that influence the investment growth through debt finance (loans) in Kosovo. Therefore, the research question in this study is: How does the investment growth impact the performance of SME-s, by discussing the firm and entrepreneurship characteristics of the investment growth of SME-s in Kosovo?The organization of the work is as following: Part one discusses the context of the research, part two the theoretical aspect and the summary of literature. In part three we provide the research methodology and model. Part four contains the results and empirical findings. And, part five deals with the conclusions.2. Theory and Literature ReviewUntil now, there is no single and unique theoretical model that explains the financing of SME-s, which influences the performance of investments, their growth and development. The theoretical principles underlying capital structure can generally be describes in terms of the static trade off theory by Modigliani and Miller (1958), the pecking order theory (Myers & Majluf, 1984), managerial theory of investments (Marris, 1963; Baumol, 1967), agency theory by Jensen and Meckling (1976) and extended by Stiglitz and Weiss (1981).According to neoclassical theory of investments (M-M), which affirms the attitude on the irrelevance of the capital structure for the value of the firm, internal and external sources of financing are perfect substitutes. In the world of the perfect functioning of the market, the choice between financing through capital or debt is irrelevant. Therefore, the cost of capital and the market value of the firm are independent from the value of the firm (Modigliani & Miller, 1958). The theory of M-M is based on the following premises: there are no taxes, there are no transaction costs, there are no bankruptcy costs, the equal cost of debt for companies and for investors, symmetrical information in the market, there is no influence of debt in the profit of the company before interest and taxation.Modigliani and Miller (1958) modify their theory by introducing the tax on profit. In this case, the value of the firm is positively related to debt. After introducing the tax on profit in their analysis, they ascertain that the financial leverage increases the value of the firm, since the interest decreases the tax base (it is deduced from the business profit), and, therefore, we have savings which have the value of the interest. From this ascertainment, the value of the firm grows bigger, as the financial leverage increases, which means that the highest value of the firm is achieved if the burden of debt becomes 100%. In this way the firm attains absolute advantage, given that it isdefended from taxes.Scott (1972) emphasizes that 100% tax shield does not exist in reality, because of distress costs. Debt leads to legal obligation to pay interest and principal. If a firm cannot meet its debt obligation, it is forced in to bankruptcy an incurs associated costs (Fatoki & Asah, 2011). This theory, in fact, does not take into the consideration all the other factors, such as: the costs of the bankruptcy of the firm, the costs of the agency, the impact of debt in profit, the asymmetry of information, and, therefore, this theory is challenged by other theories (Harris & Raviv, 1991).Thus, the static trade off theory, which is based on the M-M theory and is its complementary, except savings from the tax on profit, incorporates into the discussion also the cost of bankruptcy, such as: judicial taxes, attorney costs, administrative costs, and, also, the agency costs (the firms managers damage the interests of the creditors by working in the interest of shareholders), and this can reduce the value of the firm (Jensen and Meckling, 1976). This theory is, in fact, the dominant theory regarding the determination of the financial structure of the firm, and it is founded on the premise that it is the firm that chooses how much it will be financed from debt, and how much from the capital, by balancing the cost of profits. According to this theory, the optimal level of the structure of capital is the one which equates the profit and costs from debt.According to pecking order theory, the firm initially prefers internal sources of financing to external ones, and, regarding external sources, they prefer debt to capital (Donaldson, 1961). Thus, initially we have the use of accumulated profit, amortization, debt, and, finally, the equity capital. According to this theory, the firms finance their investment requirements based on a hierarchic order. This can direct also to existence of the asymmetry of information between managers (insiders) and investors (outsiders). As a result of this, managers have more information then investors (Myers & Majluf, 1984).Based on the agency theory, Stiglitz and Weiss (1981) present the problem that, as a consequence of asymmetrical information, occur between managers and shareholders, on one hand, and the problem among shareholders, managers andcreditors, on the other. They argue that only SME-s knows the real financial structure of their own, the real strength of their investment projects and the tendencies for settling up the debt, and, therefore, the firm possesses superior private information (Mazanai & Fatoki, 2012).3. Hypothesis3.1 Business PlanAccording to Guffey, the business plan is a necessary requirement at the beginning of business, and it is used as an important element to acquire financial support during application to banking institutions (Guffey, 2008). An increase in the level of skills of those who are looking for credits in the compilation of business plans, will increase their opportunities to have properly prepared documentation, and to have a clear idea on the course of their business. According to Maziku (2012), the asymmetric information between the debt-seeking SME-s and the bank, is reflected in the incapability of the majority of SME-s to provide consistent financial data and real business plans, which increases the operational cost during the decision making for permitting the loans by the a bank (Maziku, 2012). Thus, the business plan does not have an impact only in reduction of operational costs, but it is also a key instrument in the decision making regarding the use of banking loans by the firms (Zhang, 2008; Madura, 2007). This is valid particularly for start-up businesses.Therefore, the following hypothesis is generated:H1: SME-s which have business plans are more likely to use bank loans than SME-s without written business plans.3.2 The Growth of the FirmThe growth of SME-s depends on the level of investments. The growth of SME-s can be measured in different ways, including the growth of sales, profits, or number of employees (McPerson, 1996). We measure this variable through the growth of the number of employees.The ability of SME-s to grow depends on a large measure from their potential to invest in the restructuring and innovations. All these investments require capital, that is, they require access to finance (Mazanai & Fatoki, 2012). According to Ganbold(2008), in a research of the World Bank, one among the key difficulties in the growth of the firm is access to financial services, which reflects in economic growth, employment generation, and reduction of poverty in the developing countries (Ganbold, 2008). Based on the theory of firm growth (Jovanovic, 1982), new enterprises grow faster, which means that these have to invest more.Therefore, the following hypothesis is generated:H2: SME-s that grow faster invest more than those with low level of growth.3.3 GenderIn the professional literature there are contradictory opinions regarding the impact that gender of the owner of the firm has into the access to finance. While a group of thinkers assert that gender of the owner has an impact into the capital structure of the firm, the other group denies this, ascertaining that gender doesn't have any impact into the determination of the capital structure.On one hand, Abor (2008) argues that businesses owned by female owners use the debt (loans) less for different reasons, including discrimination and aversion to risk. Watson et al. (2009) emphasize that a key factor in determining the capital structure in businesses owned by female owners is their propensity towards not accepting risk from the desire to keep things under control. Female clients are more hesitant to seek loans, since they feel discriminated and discouraged (Kon & Storey, 2003).On the other hand, Coleman (2000) find that there ar no important differences in the use of debt (banking loan) between female and male owners, and that gender is not an important predictor of the financial leverage of the firm. Whereas, Irving and Scott (2008), analyzing 400 SME-s, and based on the questionare prepared by Barclays Bank, in the most surprising way ascertain that female have easier access to finance then male. Therefore, based on the findings reported above, the following hypothesis is generated:H3: The male owners of firms are more likely to use bank loans then the female owners of firms.3.4 Sources of FinancingThe larger participation of investment finance from internal sources of SME-s increases the probability for acquiring of bank loans, since the internal sources carry the opportunity cost of financing of the project. Thus, SME-s provide higher level of trust to banks, since, in the case of failure, the unexpected burden falls on SME-s themselves. In their research conducted in 16 countries of OECD, Japelli and Pagano (1994) ascertain that banks don't finance 100% of the property value in any of these countries, but they do that with a certain coeficient loan/property. This is not equal for all the countries, and it differs from country to country, starting from the minimum financing of 50% in Turkey and Greece, up to 95% in Denmark.Thus, authors Lee and Ratti (2008) and Ahn et al. (2006) reports negative relationship between debt and investments. This relationship is stronger among smaller firms. As the debt (loans) grows, the cash flow is increasingly used for settling up the loan and its interest. Consequently, firms fulfill their obligations to creditors with more difficulties, and, on the other hand, the possibility for new investments is reduced.Therefore the following hypothesis is generated:H4: The higher the internal sources of SME-s, the higher probability to acquire bank loans for investment finance.3.5 EducationEducation is one of the important factors that influence the growth of the firm. Therefore, the high level of human capital (education and experience) has a positive impact in the growth of the firm. The owners of the firm who are of young age and low level of education are more active in using the external sources of financing, in spite of the fact that higher education reduces the fear for refusing the loans. In the meantime the owners of more mature age and with higher education, the so called "wiser" ones, can be found as less interested for external sources of financing (V os et al., 2007). Therefore, the majorities of owners of SME-s prefer to keep the control and do not apply for external capital (Curran, 1986; Jarvis, 2000).Thus, the internal capital is the major source of financing the SME-s (Ou & Haynes, 2003). Rand (2007) finds also negative influence between education ofowners-managers and access to credit, arguing that owners-managers with higher education can understand easier that their requirements for credits can be refused. Therefore, these owners-managers are for this reason discouraged and hesitate to apply for loans. In their study on new firms, Hartarska and Gonzales Vega (2006) find that education does not have an important role in the decision-making of the banks for lending.Therefore, the following hypothesis is generated:H5: Owners/managers with high level of education use less bank loans for financing the investment requirements.4. Methodology4.1. Sources of DataThe organization of data gathering from the questionnaire was developed in the period March-July, 2012, and data processing based on the answers was conducted in November and December 2012. On this occasion, a database was developed, which includes characteristics of SME-s in general, and characteristics related to investments and their financing in particular. Data processing was conducted with the STATA software.The questionnaire is specially designed for this scientific research with 150 SME-s in Kosovo, and it includes years 2010 and 2011. The sample selection is made randomly, from database at the Agency for Businesses Registration in the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Kosovo, and it is stratified in three basic sectors, in order to reflect eventual changes among the production, trade and service firms. Interviews were conducted directly (face to face) with owners/managers, or financial managers of the firms.4.2 QuestionnaireThe questionnaire consisted of 4 major sections. The first section included data on the owner/manager of the firm, and general data about the firm (location, the year of establishment, type of activity, and qualification of owners/managers). Second section included the orientation regarding the development in the future as well as investments, and here are presented data regarding volume of investments, sources ofinvestment, the use of bank loans in realization of investments, conditions of financing, activities that are conducted during the realization of investments, and investment plans for the future. The third section covers information regarding business activities of the firms inside and outside of the country, that is, whether a certain firm imports or exports merchandise. The fourth section includes data regarding the business plans of the firms: possession of the business plan, its impact on the decisions of the banks. Information gathered from the questionnaire was important for determining the variables in the econometric model of linear regression.5. Survey ResultsBased on the results, we conclude that the regression linear model mentioned above is specified good, given that Adj R-squared 0.36, which shows that the variation in independent variables explains the variation in dependent variable for more than 36%. In addition, the statistical F-test, shows that all the independent variables, jointly, which are statistically significant, are different from zero.Also, the correlation analysis shows that the problem of correlation in independent variables is not present in our data, given that there no higher coefficients in our estimation. Also, the dependent variable has a normal distribution and does not represent a statistical problem that requires treatment.Based on the table 2, in which the results of the linear regression are presented, from nine independent variables, six are statistically significant with impact on the dependent variable, or on the investment growth.According to results, the variable business plan, is statistically significant and with positive sign. This means that the firms that have business plans, on average have investment growths that are bigger than those of the firms that do not have business plans. Similar ascertainments can be found among other authors who emphasize that the business plan serves as a mean for increasing financing from external sources (Zhang, 2008).The variable trade is statistically significant and with negative impact in the investment growth when compared with the firms that belong to the service sector. This has the meaning that services on average invest more than other sectors. Inaddition the variable production is also statistically significant and with negative impact on the increase of investments when compared with the firms that belong to the sector of services. This has the meaning that when compared with the services, the sector of production invests less than other sectors. Similar ascertainments for the case of Kosovo can be found in the work of the author Krasniqi (2010).The next variable no_own, which indicates the number of owners, is statistically significant and with positive impact, which means that the greater the number of owners, the greater will be the investments. We have also size_emp as a variable that shows the size of the firm expressed by the number of employees, and is statistically significant and with inverse impact on the growth of investments. This means that smaller firms have larger investment growths. This finding clearly reflects that as the number of employee's grows, the firms grow slowlier. This is in full accordance with findings of other authors (Audretsch & Klepper, 2000; Caves, 1998). These results are the same with other studies that oppose the Gibrat Law (Krasniqi, 2006; Harris & Trainor, 2005).The firm_age as an independent variable is statistically significant and with negative sign, which means that new firms grow faster than older firms. This ascertainment is in accordance with findings of many authors who ascertain that younger firms grow faster than the older ones, and, therefore, have higher investment growth (Woldie et al., 2008; Storey, 1994; Barkham et al., 1996).The gender of the owner of the firm in the presented model, as a variable is not statistically significant, which means that the owners of the businesses of both genders have the same probability to obtain bank loans for SME-s investments. These results are in accordance with the studies conducted by Kalleberg and Leicht (1991), who, in a study conducted with 300 firms in three sectors, ascertain that female owners were as successful as male owners. We find similar ascertainment in the study of 298 businesses in United Kingdom, which emphasizes that gender, is not a determinant for financing the business (Johnson & Storey, 1993). Coleman (2000) emphasizes that there are no important differences in the use of debt (bank loans) between males and females, and that gender is not an important predictor for financial leverage of thefirm.Finally, education represents a variable which is not statistically significant and has negative sign, which means that the level of education of the managers/owners doesn't impact external sources of financing (bank loans) for SME-s investments. This is explained by the fact that Kosovan SME-s suffer from permanent lack of capital, and on average the time frame of establishment is short and the means that are accumulated from the profits are insufficient for financing the investments. Therefore, the only alternative that remains to them is financing from banking credits, taking into the consideration that the capital market does not function in Kosovo, which causes that the possibility to use other forms of external financing is very difficult. Similar results can be found at Krasniqi (2010).6. ConclusionsIn this study we have investigated empirically the key factors of the firms and entrepreneurship which influence the increase of investment growth through bank loans. The data gathered by the self organized questionnaire with 150 SME-s in the entire territory of Kosovo for the years 2010 and 2011 are used to test the impact of certain factors in the increase of investments through the use of financial means from debt (bank loans). Based on the statistical analysis and the method of linear regression, key factors are identified as indicators that influence the growth of investments of SME-s in Kosovo.The findings of this work stress that the business plan is a factor with statistical importance which has positive influence in the access to the bank loans for financing the SME-s investment. This means that the firms that posses business plan and use it for seeking bank loans necessary for financing investments, on average have higher growth of investments than the firms who do not have a business plan.The variables trade and production are statistically significant, but they have negative influence in the growth of investments. This means that the firms that use bank loans for investment in the sector of trade and production, on average, have lower chance to grow, than firms in the service sector. This is an indicator that shows that the sector of services is more attractive in the aspect of investments of Kosovanfirms, than other sectors of the economy, and this results from faster returns of investments and, consequently, faster settling up of the bank loans.The next variable named as the number of owners also results positive and significant in the statistical aspect, which means that the larger the number of owners, the greater the investments. This is explained by the fact that in Kosovo firms have started to use other forms of organization that influence the growth of business and of firm, through larger number of owners who use investment as another opportunity for the growth and development of the firm.The size of the firm expressed by the number of employees results with inverse influence in the growth of investments, and is statistically significant. The meaning of this is that smaller firms have bigger growth of investment on average than other firms. This result is in accordance with other studies that oppose the Gibrat's Law for the case of Kosovo (Krasniqi, 2010). Similar results are attained regarding the variable the age of the firm, which is statistically significant and has a negative sign, which means that the younger firms invest more on average than older firms.Empirical evidence and findings in this work can be used as recommendations for a broad spectrum of users. The problems of asymmetric information between owners-managers and creditors (banks) are of particular importance. This represents a clear signal for policy makers to create conditions for favorable environment for stimulating the sources of external financing of SME-s in Kosovo, such as: the creation of the guarantee fund for SME-s, the increase of banking supply through licensing of new banks in the financial market, which will increase the competition between the existing banks, and which will, in turn, enable the improvement of the conditions of financing of SME-s, with the reduction of the interest, reduction of managerial costs, increase of the grace period, softening of the conditions for collateral, longer periods of use of financial means, particularly for SME-s that have longer investment plans. Also, in the institutional aspect, initiatives should be undertaken for the creation of conditions for development of entrepreneurial capabilities, and for other forms of cooperating networks of firms that will facilitate the growth of businesses in general, and investment growth in particular.二、文献综述中小企业融资研究文献综述摘要长时间以来，融资难问题都是制约中小企业长期稳定发展的最主要因素之一，各国学者对于中小企业的融资问题从本国范围和世界范围内进行了深入的研究,在此对国内外学者的研究成果进行了文献综述，主要内容包括：中小企业融资现状和制度环境分析；分别从内、外部原因以及信息不对称等原因分析中小企业融资难问题；第三部分是关于应对中小企业融资难问题的对策研究；最后给出关于中小企业融资难问题的建议。
金融管理专业外文翻译--中小企业融资难的原因及其解决途径分析
外文原文：Sme financing causes and solutionsAbstractAs a new financing lease financing tools ,In recent years in our country's modern economy is developing rapidly .However, most of the lease financing companies in actively explore the market at the same time .The risk of financing lease knowledge and understanding but will stay on the surface .Risk control work also at groping stage .Construction perfect, system risk control system necessary and urgent .The author financing lease in a systematic, on the basis of risk .According to its own work experience, The system is presented countermeasures .To help enterprises to renew the idea .Do risk control work . Keywords: financing lease risk risk controlSome financing causes and solutionsLynn M.FisherSince the reform and opening up, the Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises are the rapid development of China's national economy, improve the contribution, small and medium-sized enterprises in promoting economic growth and create jobs, increase farmers' income, the transfer of rural surplus labor force is playing more and more important, etc. However, in recent years, the development of small and medium-sized enterprises facing great difficulties. Especially the influence to the further development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China is the most important factor to same financing channel is narrow, financing, financing number structure unreasonable, financing cost is high. If less than 30% of the industrial sector contribution of state-owned enterprise occupied 70% of bank loan, but creates 70 percent of the GDP of the non-state-owned enterprises only 30% of the bank loans. If this phenomenon is not sufficient to improve, small and medium-sized enterprises will be difficult, sustained and rapid development of the whole national economy will directly influence the development.1. Some financing reason analysisFrom the above we can see the present financing, financing China has restricted the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. The reason is that both small and medium-sized enterprise itself, also have bank management system, there are more reasons of national policy.1.1 Enterprise itself.(1)The small scale of capital, small and medium-sized enterprises information idea indifference. Small and medium-sized enterprises operating in small scale, production technology, product structure behind a single level and low technology, to resist the risk ability is poor, fluctuating prices of raw materials or products, management risk is bigger. Add small and medium-sized enterprise credit is not high, credit, bank lending non-americans options. Many small and medium-sized enterprise information disclosure awareness, financial management level is low, the lack of objective information and transparent. In addition, individual small and medium-sized enterprise still malicious smoke escape capital, default, shell, suspended creditor bank, causing serious harm to the loss of credit funds of the small and medium-sized enterprises, the overalllevel of credit.(2)Some financial system is not perfect, the internal control system is not perfect, the accounting information distortion, Banks and enterprises information asymmetry, for some financing difficulty increases. Assess, some financial system is not perfect 50%, many small and medium-sized enterprise quality management, low lack of financial management knowledge, major financial decision-making by their heads to decide, management is very chaotic. At the same time, in order to cope with the inspection and supervision department also prepare two sets, and even more so, enterprise, to provide accurate accounting information, the bank also cannot find the reality of the enterprise to increase the risk of bank loan business.1.2 bank reasons(1) The policy system of bank loan and unbalanced directly affect the direct financing channels. Our financial institutions with four commercial bank, the banking industry and the high altitude monopoly, consistent four bank lending to state-owned enterprises only wish. This is mainly in the ownership of state-owned Banks and enterprises, the differences between the bank and the enterprise system barriers. In addition, the provisions of the state bank is overdue, bad debts of non-performing loans, so the bank implements process for four years of small and medium-sized enterprises of a more cautious lenders nature and carefully. The securities listed in the strict request, "mainboard market" listed company is mainly for large state-owned enterprises, domestic enterprises, especially the non-state technology enterprises ", "the second-board market, fund and other forms of financing is still in the early stage of building, medium and small-sized enterprises direct financing channels to achieve.(2)Information asymmetry affect the relationship between Banks and enterprises. As the provider of bank capital and can't attend the daily operation and management of funds, and the user (some) of information asymmetry between will bring the contradictions and problems. Usually, the small and medium-sized enterprises in the management of state owned more than bank information, therefore, has advantages of small and medium-sized enterprises in the process of contract in the event of using the capital or damage the interests of process, bank of bank risk of excessive. Due to the small and medium-sized enterprises and large enterprises in operation ability, mortgage guaranteetransparency and the difference, and the size of the loan to the management cost differences, lack of small and medium-sized enterprises for domestic Banks provide more financing services.(3) Lack of small and medium-sized enterprises and the matching of the small and medium sized financial institutions. At present, the bank is still lack of organizational system for some financing service policy Banks, while China's existing in the small and medium-sized commercial Banks such as urban rural credit cooperatives, share-holding commercial Banks, urban commercial Banks, but because they are not RongZiQuan policy and its problems haven't solved, cannot satisfy some loans. Some small and medium sized financial institutions from the start, not from the state-owned enterprise system, management level is not high, the development ability is insufficient, thus reduced the financial support to small and medium-sized enterprises. The financial system reform is relatively backward, from the planned economy continued financial structure unreasonable problems still not completely effectively solve the small and medium-sized Banks, and private Banks.(4)Of small and medium-sized enterprises through issuing stocks and bonds are not unblocked financing channels. Our company law shall apply for stock market conditions of the registered capital of a joint stock limited company shall not be less than RMB 5 million yuan, the shareholders of a listed company amount not less than RMB 3000 yuan, public issuance of shares reached more than 25% of the total shares of the company, the company exceeds RMB total share capital of the four billion yuan, the proportion of shares for 10% above, etc, these hard conditions of small and medium-sized enterprises will be rejected, hindering some financing through capital market. The law also provides a limited liability company bonds shall be not less than 60 million yuan net worth it, a joint stock limited company shall not be less than 3,000 yuan net, and have strong enterprise guarantee, are not allowed to issue, this series of private enterprise of small and medium-sized enterprises also limit conditions by issuing bonds financing of space.1.3 Government departmentsGovernment support to small and medium-sized enterprises. Government retains a planned economy, long-term since, the national policy support to enterprises, although these years national policy change, but did not happensubstantial changes. Especially the country executes large state-owned enterprises at present to the preferential policies for small and medium-sized enterprises, and still can't enjoy the preferential policy.In China, although the difference of small and medium-sized enterprises to reduce rates, two or three year from shall be exempted from income tax preferential tax policy, etc, but due to the small and medium-sized enterprises are small-scale taxpayers, in the process of operation, shall enjoy the preferential policy. Finally often actual2 to solve our some financing waysDue to the financing, enterprises, banking and government tripartite, therefore, to solve the difficulty in financing some, needs the joint efforts of the three.2.1 Regulate internal management of small and medium-sized enterprises, improve the comprehensive quality of enterprises(1) To clarify the rights, establish enterprise joint-stock system. Actively promote enterprise property rights system reform, the only enterprise of property rights, the operator to clarify their behavior and the future development of the enterprise, the enterprise is responsible for the credit can be established. According to the requirements of the modern enterprise system and its own characteristics, the small and medium-sized enterprises energetically promoting some, joint-stock system reform. Through the property rights transfer, lease, auction share-holding system, etc, speeding up the reform of the small and medium-sized enterprises go enliven pace. In the process of reform, strengthen the voluntary contribution to encourage employees to enterprise staff GuanQieDu assets for the enterprise development, opening up new financing channels.(2)To standardize enterprise financial system and improve financial management level. According to the relevant provisions of the state, establishing and perfecting the enterprise's financial and accounting systems, don't do the books, establish and improve the system of financial statements, and improve enterprise financial status of transparency and the credibility of the financial statements. Pay the debt and bank actively establish enterprise, payment of the credit system, improve the level of trust companies.(3)To strengthen internal management, improve enterprise's credit rating. Normally, A level above the level of credit enterprise, financial institutions toconsider its financing application, so enterprises to establish A good corporate image, eliminate the bad credit histories, enhances the enterprise prestige degree of reimbursement, vigorously develop products market. Also established a credit rating system of evaluation indexes, and actively cooperate with the government departments concerned, constructing credit system as soon as possible.2.2 Financial institutions of self-improvement(1) The financial departments should according to the requirements of the development of market economy, the reasonable allocation of financial capital, should not go to guide the market with the ownership.In financial regulations, fully utilize rate of market of leverage, the financial market regulation. According to the requirements of small and medium-sized enterprises such as credit amount is small, short time, high frequency characteristics, can properly raising interest rates, booth low cost, make oneself of the credit of small and medium-sized enterprises also forgave unnecessary travel and folk usury of borrowing. In addition, commercial Banks should develop more updates of financial services for small and medium-sized enterprises, improve service efficiency, the credit for the small and medium-sized enterprises to provide relevant information and advisory services, to help small and medium-sized enterprise financial management system of health.(2) Various financing for common development. Continue to expand the scale of China's stock market, establish the gem, as soon as possible, the enterprise property market directly in state-owned enterprises listed at the same time, allowed conditions for listing of small and medium-sized enterprises into the capital market. Also solve a listed company of its shares in listed state-owned, can realize the circulation problems, shares of stock, promoting the circulation of the gem market as soon as possible. Gem mainly depends on the development of the enterprise, such as potential small and medium-sized enterprises into state-owned enterprises create conditions as soon as possible. (3)Cultivating and developing bond financing market, develop China investment fund market, promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises of scientific research innovation ability. In order to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises should straighten out the issuance examination system, gradually relaxing restrictions, expand the scale of perfect bond issued amount secured credit rating system, support theoperation efficiency and repay ability of small and medium-sized enterprises through the issuance of bonds. Also should include convertible bonds issuance of corporate bonds, and actively explore the asset securitization, real estate mortgage securitization, etc. Vigorously promote the open-end fund of the development of securities investment funds, the abundant fund variety, guide savings to investment. While developing venture investment funds.(4)Establishing and perfecting the bank for small and medium-sized enterprises, specialized service system for small and medium-sized enterprise service. For small and medium-sized enterprise development services to the small and medium sized financial institutions, accelerate the establishment of small and medium sized financial institutions. The small and medium sized financial institutions general understanding of local basic-level, can use local information about the production status of small and medium-sized enterprises, so that small and medium sized financial institutions in providing financial support to small and medium-sized enterprises, with information and transaction costs low. The small and medium sized financial institutions and the common development of small and medium-sized enterprises can promote each other, the two complement each other.2.3 government should take effective measures to increase the financing for small and medium-sized enterprises.(1)The government departments for solving the problem of small and medium-sized enterprises financing take a series of policy measures, the people's bank of China on May 6, 1998 by about the improvement of financial services, support the development of national economy, the requirements of the guiding opinions of commercial bank of small and medium-sized enterprises, establish credit loans to small and medium-sized enterprise service, On June 20, 1998 by about further improve financial services for small and medium-sized enterprises, and puts forward the opinion of supporting the development of small and middle-sized enterprises 8 measures, On 19 October 1998, by about expanding in small loan interest rate fluctuation range of notice, decided to expand in small loans floating range, On November 17, 1999, issued on strengthening and improving the financial services for small businesses, puts forward the Suggestions to further strengthen and improve the small financial services 10 measures, Also, the small and medium-sized enterprises established in 2003, the promotion of small and medium-sized enterprises through it marksand to promote the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in China formally standardized and legalized track. Above measure to help small and medium-sized enterprises to obtain funds sources of small and medium-sized enterprises, support plays a positive effect.(2) Improve our some funding support policies. The government department mainly preferential tax and financial subsidies, loans to aid financially support. The preferential tax is the country through lower rates, tax breaks and improve the depreciation of fixed assets, etc. To reduce the tax burden of small and medium-sized enterprises, But subsidies are encouraged by the government of small and medium-sized enterprises of small and medium-sized enterprises, promoting the employment of absorbing science and technology progress and encourage small and medium-sized enterprises to export, the financial aid, The government help small and medium-sized enterprises obtain loans have loan guarantee, loans, the government directly of preferential loans, etc.Anyhow, want to effectively solve the problem of small and medium-sized enterprises, the financing needs of government, enterprises and the joint efforts of the tripartite bank financing channels, creating a diversified, social credit and perfect social economic environment for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and provide a relaxed financing environment.中文译文：中小企业融资难的原因及其解决途径分析摘要融资租赁作为一种新型的融资工具，近年来在我国现代经济领域发展迅猛。
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文献出处：Miller F G. The research on the financing restriction and policy-supporting [J]. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 2015，26(3): 15-26.原文The research on the financing restriction and policy-supportingMillers.In the recent ten years, the development of economy of the countries worldwide has shown that the small- and medium-sized enterprises have played inactive role in promoting the sound development of the economy, enlarging the employment, fostering the advancement of the technology, developing the international trade and enhancing the vitality of the market. However, in the process of the development of the small- and medium-sized enterprises, they has-been restrained by the financing that has reined in the enlargement of production scale, promoting the technology level, developing new products and exploiting the new market. Because of the shortage of “Blood”, a lot of the small- andmedium-sized enterprises have been immersed in a vicious cycle, that is, they can’t get the funds for the operation and development with the bad performance of the operation, and in turn being short of sufficient funds leads to the lower benefits. The restraints of financing have a severe impact on the subsistence and development of the small- and medium-sized enterprises.It is a problem that exits in the countries worldwide. It not only causes the sweeping concerns in the theoretical circles, but also the countries and the regional governments in the world actively explore the methods to solve it at the practical level.Up to now, they have accumulated much precious experience. Among the developed countries, Japan has the most small- and medium-sized enterprises, ands the country that achieves most success in playing role in supporting the development of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. Especially, the finance r support for political considerations is most remarkable.The countries and regions, for example, Japan, choose the finance support for political considerations as the core of policies towards small- and medium-sizedenterprises on the base of the following two aspects: on the one hand, the small-and medium-sized enterprises have been persecuted by the shortage of funds thatis the core problem. The reason is that most of the small- and medium-sizedenterprises set up and invested by the individual funds and the limited scale of the funds leads to the inherent shortage of the support of them funds. At the same time, the commercial banks refuse to provide the small- and medium-sized enterprises with small funds, big operational risks and high-cost of loan because of“asymmetry of the information” and “risks of morality”. In addition, the directfinancing needs an enterprise with good credit to guarantee, which also hinders the channel of the direct financing. For the above-mentioned factors, the small- andmedium-sized enterprises are facing the great loopholes of the financing. On the other hand, given the fundamental principles of the operations of the market economy, the government is very cautious about applying the economic or administrative mechanisms. Instead of too much direct intervene of the government, which spoils the efficiency of the operations of the market and hinders the equal competition among a variety of the economic main bodies, the government makes up for the loopholes of funds by instituting the finance system for the political considerations, which can not only minimize spoiling the efficiency of the market, but also better reflect the appropriate intervene of the government in the market economy and perfectly supply the necessary public products needed by the operations of the market economy. The experience is worthy of our study and reference. The article makes an attempt to analyze the reasons of restraints of the financing of the small- and medium-sized enterprises with the analysis method of supply and demand of the western economics and the related principles of the information economics, which puts emphasis on the study of the methods and experience in solving the problem, that is, restraints of the financing of the small-and medium-sized enterprises, and puts forward some inspirations for us.First part mainly talks about the outline of the related theories of the small and medium-sized enterprises and restraints of the financing. In this part, firstly, it introduces the theories in the world of the economy. “Optimal Scale Theory” ofStigler, “Optimum Scale Theory”and the demonstrations of the economists like Karlsson, Aacchus, Sarek, Grossman in the aspect of the advancement of the technology, the entrepreneurial spirit, the preference of the consumers ad the cost of the supervision, all of which show the rationality and inevitability of the existence of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. Then, “Loopholes of Finance” of the small- and medium-sized enterprises or the restraints of the financing can analyze in the supply and demand’s perspective and explain with the related theories of the information economics. In the supply and demand’s perspective, when there is an equal interest rate in the curve of the demand of the external financing and in the curve of the supply of the external financing, there is only an equilibrium, that is the balance between supply and demand. When it is affected by the restraints of the finance or the tightening of the loans, at that time the interest rate is severely controlled, there will have a big loophole of the financing. The information economics believe that the distributions of the information among the economic main bodies not symmetrical. The asymmetry of the information includes the asymmetry in advance and the ex-post asymmetry. In the credit market, the asymmetry in advance may lead to the converse choice of the bank and the ex-post asymmetry the risks of morality of the enterprise. All the above factors gear up the risks of the bank credit and have an impact on the indirect financing of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. In the western developed countries or regions, this is an effective way to solve the restraints of the financing of the small- and medium-sized enterprises is to develop the finance support system for the political considerations. It shows that the special functions of the finance support system for the political considerations by way of practice, which can make up for the function defects made by the market in the process of the allocation of the resources.Second part mainly talks about the background, reasons of the formation of the restraints of the financing of the Japanese small- and medium-sized enterprises and the influence on the Japanese economic development. Firstly, it explains the following functions of the small- and medium-sized enterprises in the economic life in Japan. They recruit a lot of workforce to maintain the stability of the society.As the foundation of the large-sized enterprises, they form the perfect economic and industrial chains. They also are the important force to meet the needs of the public in the social production. Moreover, they promote the development the export-oriented economy of Japan. Subsequently, it analyzes the reasons of the formation of the restraints of the financing in the different period of the economic development in the small- and medium-sized enterprises and it points out that the restraints have an bad impact on the growth of the economy, the enlargement of employment and the export.Third part mainly talks about the structure of the finance support for political considerations of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. It explains that it has undergone the process of the development and the perfection and briefly introduces the finance institutions for poetical considerations provided by Japanese government such as Public Life Finance Treasury, Finance Treasury For Small-And Medium-Sized Enterprises and Central Finance Treasury For Commercial and Industrial Communication and credit guarantee of the small- and medium-sized enterprises and credit insurance system, which lays a solid foundation for further summarizing the experience in solving the restraints of the financing of the small-and medium-sized enterprises.Fourth part mainly talks about the characteristics of the finance support for political considerations of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. It outlines that Japan institutes the finance support for political considerations of the small- and medium-sized enterprises, which shows the remarkable characteristics of institution after legislation. It forms their own system; the source of funds has their own specific characteristics, and financing for political considerations and commercial financing in the nongovernmental sector together institute the financing system of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. Application of the different ways is the effective one to solve the problem. The support of finance of the small- and medium-sized enterprises plays role in maintaining the effective competition of the industrial policies.Fifth part mainly talks about we use the Japanese experience for reference when we build the finance support system of the small- and medium-sized enterprises in our country. It mainly analyzes the current situation of the financing of the small- andmedium-sized enterprises, the current situation of the building the finance support system of the small- and medium-sized enterprises and the common and special reasons of the restrains of financing of the small- and medium-sized enterprises in our country. With the Japanese experience for reference, we put forward the plans of building the finance support system of the small- and medium-sized enterprises.In a word, if we want to change the disadvantageous status and solve the financing of the small- and medium-sized enterprises, we must depend on the sound service system of socialization of the small- and medium-sized enterprises. By way of practice, it shows that the institution of finance support system for political considerations can effectively solve the core problem that restrains the subsistence and development of the small- and medium-sized enterprises, that is, the restraints of the financing. But if you want to root out the problem, you not only develop finance support system for political considerations, but also institute the finance system that combines the finance for political considerations, the finance for commercial considerations with the finance for co-operative considerations. You must establish the harmonious mechanism between direct financing and indirect financing, enlarging the channel of direct financing and developing the multi-level capital market to make cooperate between the monetary market, capital market and insurance market, which together institute the financing system of small- and medium-sized enterprises.译文中小企业融资约束与金融支持研究作者：米勒斯近几十年来各国经济发展表明，中小企业在促进经济健康发展、扩大就业、促进技术进步、发展国际贸易、增强市场活力等方面，起到了十分积极的作用。