高三名词性从句

名词性从句讲解
在英语中，名词可以在句中充担主语、宾语、表语、同位语，个别时候还可以充担宾补，故而，我们把在句中充担主语、宾语、表语和同位语的句子统称为“名词性从句”。

根据它们在句子中的语法功用，我们把名词性从句分为四种，即：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

Ⅰ）主语从句
①经常用来引导主语从句的词有：
从属连词：that（只起引导词的作用，在句中不充担任何成分，无意义。

），whether（在句中作状语，体现选择概念，意为“是否”。

whether … or … 意为“无论…… 还是……”，“不管…… 还是……”。

）
连接代词：who(ever)（在句中用作主语和表语，意为“谁”，“无论何人”。

），whom(ever)（在句中用作宾语，意为“谁”，“无论何人”。

），whose （在句中用作定语，体现所属概念，意为“谁的”。

在省略状态下，也可以用作主语或表语等成分。

whosesoever意为“不管是谁的”，这一用法已经很少见。

），which(ever)（在句中用作主语、宾语、表语和定语，意为“哪一个”，“无论哪一个”。

），what(ever)（在句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语，意为“什么，多么”，“无论什么”。

what引导名词性从句时，不少时候并无确切的含义，要根据具体的语境来翻译，一般译作“所…… 的”，例如：所看到的，所听到的，所想到的，所说的，所做的等等。

）
连接副词：when(ever)（在句中被用作状语，体现时间概念，意为“何时”，“无论何时”。

）where(ever)（在句中被用作状语，体现方位概念，意为“哪里”，“无论何处”。

），how(ever)（在句中被用作状语，体现程度或方式概念，意为“多少，多么，怎么样”，“无论多少，无论多么，无论怎么样”。

），why（在句中被用作状语，体现原因概念，意为“为什么”。

）
That you’re coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time.
It is natural that they (should) have different views.
Whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.
Whether this reading material can be used for listening has not been decided yet.
It was uncertain whether he would come (or not).
It matters little whether we will go or stay.
It hasn’t been decided who will go to attend the meeting instead of Mr.Black.
Whoever gets the job will have a lot of work to do.
Whoever you are will be punished breaking the law.
Whomever / Whoever you invite will be welcome.
It is unknown who / whom he will invite to the party to-night.
■在口语中，或者作介词宾语，介词又不置于其前时，经常使用who(ever)代替whom(ever)。

It was uncertain whose speech would be best of the ten.
Whose won the first prize hasn’t been announced at the conference.
Whosesoever books are overdue will be fined.
Whichever (of you) comes in first will receive a gift.
What he does doesn’t agree with what he says.
What I am afraid of is their taking him to Ravenna.
What he referred to in his article was unknown to the general readers.
Whatever I have is at your service.
When she’ll be back depends much on the weather.
It hasn’t been decided when and where they will hold the class meeting.
Why he did it will remain a puzzle for ever.
How that was done was a mystery.
It depends upon however hard she tries.
②主语从句较长时，常常后移，在其原有位置上使用形式主语it。

注意：用于下列三个句型的主语从句，其谓语部分通常使用“（should）+ 原形动词”。

在it be （im）possible that-clause中，谓语部分除用should之外，还常可使用would，might，could等情态动词。

It be strange（unusual，necessary，natural，important，possible，impossible等）that-从句
It be a pity（a shame，no wonder等）that-从句
It be suggested（ordered，required，proposed，desired，arranged等）that-从句
It is necessary / important that your son (should)eat both meat and vegetable to keep healthy.
It was unusual that he (should) go to school so early.
It was natural that she (should) think so.
It is a great pity that Tom (should) be so careless.
It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by 12.
③whether引导主语从句且置于主语位置上时，不能使用if来替代；若主语从句后移时，有时可以使用if来引导。

Whether they will win or lose the game is all the same to us.
It doesn’t matter whether / if she comes back next week.
④一般来说，主语从句用作主语时，主句中的谓语部分使用单数形式，但如果存在两个或两个以上的主语从句用作主语时，主句中的谓语部分通常使用复数形式。

“To see is to believe”has the same meaning as “seeing is believing”.
What he says doesn′t agree with what he does.
What he says and what he does do not agree.
what引导的主语从句有时也要注意前后在数上的呼应一致。

What we need is a lot of money.
What we need are a lot of books.
⑤通常情况下，由whoever，whomever引起的名词性从句可以改变成anyone / anybody who，从而构成一个含有定语从句的复合句；由what引起的名词性从句可以改变成the thing(s)which / that从而构成一个含有定语从句的复合句；
由whatever引起的名词性从句可以改变成anything that从而构成一个含有定语从句的复合句。

Whoever / Anybody who wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.
Give the dictionary to whoever / anybody who wants it.
Give it to whomever / whoever / anyone who you like.
What / The thing that we are discussing is of great importance. Whatever / Anything that she did was right.
⑥尽管that在名词性从句中不充担任何语法成分，也没有自己独特的含义，但是，除个别宾语从句之外，that在名词性从句中不得省略。

另外，所有名词性从句，尽管具有疑问的语气，都要使用陈述语序，而且主、从句中的时态要前后呼应一致。

⑦下列句型中只能使用形式主语it，主语从句不能前移，以免句子失去平衡：
1）it doesn’t matter + wh-clause
2）it be + pp.+ that-clause
3）it happen / occur(to sb.)+ that-clause
4）含主语从句的复合句是一个疑问句时
It doesn’t matter whether he likes it or not.
It is said that the highway will be open to traffic next year.
It happened / occurred to her that she had forgotten to lock the door.
Is it likely that it will snow in the afternoon?
⑧“it be + pp.+ that-clause”句型
在“it be + pp.+ that-cl ause”句型中，that-clause是一个主语从句，后移，在其位置上使用形式主语it。

这一句型的构成形式有两种：1）当本句型中使用suggest，propose，request，desire，arrange等表示“命令、主张、建议、要求、宁愿、决定、安排”之类的动词时，that-clause 中的谓语部分经常使用“should + 原形动词”，should有时可以省略。

It is suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next Monday.
It was arranged that all the boys (should) go by bike and all the girls on foot.
It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by 12 o’clock.
It was ordered that the defense works be finished in five weeks.
2）当本句型中使用say，think，believe，find，decide，report，announce，hope，suppose，admit，point out，see，consider等动词时，that-clause中的谓语部分使用陈述语气。

it is reported that …据报道…… it is said that …据说……
it is hoped that …有希
望……it is supposed that …据推测说……
it must be pointed out that … 必须指出…… it is (well)known that … 众所周知……
it is believed that …据
信……it is announced that …据宣布……
以此类推，如此等等。

It is reported that thousands of people have been killed in the earthquake.
It is said that Mary will return soon.
It is hoped that there will be a good harvest this autumn.
It must be pointed out that every teacher and every student is not allowed to go into the unfinished labs.
It is well known that Hang Zhou is very famous for its beautiful scenery.
It is believed that our country will be more and more powerful and beautiful.
It was supposed that Mr.Black had been separated from his wife.
3）有些句型可以改换为：be + pp.+ 动词不定式结构
It is believed that the conference will be held next week.
→The conference is believed to be held next week.
It is believed that Jackson will be in charge of the firm.
→Jackson is believed to be in charge of the firm.
It is reported that the war is going on.
→The war is reported to be going on.
■注意转换时要保持从句中原有的时态和语态含义不变：
It is considered that John Baird invented the first television.
→John Baird is considered to have invented the first television （使用动词不定式的完成式表示“已发生”）
It is said that the English novel has been translated into Chinese.
→The English novel is said to have been translated into Chinese.
（使用动词不定式的完成被动式表示“已被”）
Ⅱ）表语从句
①经常用来引导表语从句的词有：
that，whether，because，who(ever)，whom(ever)，whose，which(ever)，what(ever)，when，where，why，how等，意义和用法与主语从句类似。

It seems that there are people from all over the world living here.
What makes the matter worse is that I haven’t a single copy.
My idea of a university is still what it was ten years ago, a centre of cultural life and a resource for the entire community.
This is why today over 40﹪of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language.
The question is who can operate the newly-developed machine.
The first question was whether Holmes had arrived yet.
I think it’s because you’re doing too much.
That was why he had been late for class.
The car is where you parked it.
The last time we had great fun was when we were visiting the Water Park.
The art centre is what used to be the Shoe Factory and where millions of shoes were made.
Actually, girls can be whatever they want to be just like boys, whether it is a pilot, an astronaut or a general manager.
②与“命令，主张，建议，要求，愿望，决定”等相关的表语从句，其谓语部分经常使用“（should）+ 原形动词”。

His suggestion was that Mr.Black and his assistant (should) be sent to the area.
The order is that the defense works (should) be completed in two weeks.
Her proposal is that I should spend my vacation at the bathing beach this summer.
My request was that you help me out when in trouble.
The requirement was that something be done to prevent the rivers from being polluted.
③because引起的表语从句体现“原因”，而why引起的表语从句说明“结果”。

当前面有reason出现时，表语从句经常使用that来引导，而不再使用because。

He is late for the meeting; it’s because his car broke down on the way back.
His car broke down on the way back; that’s why he is late for the meeting.
The reason why he is late for the meeting is that his car broke down on the way back.
Ⅲ）宾语从句
①及物动词、动词短语、部分系表结构以及介词都可以后带一个宾语从句。

介词的宾语从句通常是由疑问词引导的，只有少数固定搭配的短语里面使用that引导的宾语从句，如：in that（在于……，因为……），but that（只是……，要不是……），except that（除了……，除外……）等。

经常引导宾语从句的词有：that，whether，if，what(ever)，which(ever)，who(ever)，whom(ever)，whose，how，when，where，why等，意义和用法与主语从句和表语从句类似。

She promised that she would come and see him sometimes,and that she would never forget him.
Some children want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from what their parents speak at home.
Please remind me when he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.
I wonder if / whether I can get some advice from you.
We often go to the country for our holidays because it does not cost much to enjoy what is beautiful in the country.
Susan hasn’t changed. I don’t think she looks any different from how she did three years ago.
--- Did Mr.Smith attend the meeting?
--- Yes. He listened so carefully and was interested in whatever we discussed.
Pick out which toy you would like to have.
I’ll take whichever fits the sockets.
Who do you think he is?
I don’t know who / whom he gave it to.
They should enjoy complete freedom to marry whomever they might desire.
He didn’t know why he had answered in that fashion.
The student was praised for what he had done.
He usually goes to school by bike except when it rains.
I knew little about him except that he was an American.
I would have come to see you but that I had something urgent to do then.
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.
We’re delighted (that) you get good grades in school.
We aren’t sure whether / if we can persuade him out of smoking.
②有些宾语从句可以前置。

That I suffered in secret no one ever knew but I. （宾语从句前置）
--- I’d like to invite you to a concert this evening.
--- Thank you,but whether I’ll have time I’m not sure at the moment. （宾语从句前置）
③引导宾语从句的that不能省略的情况：
1）that引导的宾语从句之前有一个间接宾语时；
She reminded me that I had a meeting to attend that evening.
2）that引导的宾语从句与主要谓语动词之间有插入成分时；
I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
I believed, too, that I had never listened so attentively.
3）that引导的宾语从句后移，在其位置上使用形式宾语it时；
I took it for granted that they were not coming.
4）that引导的宾语从句做部分介词（如：except，but等）的宾语时；
The Swede stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly.
5）用and，but等连接两个或者两个以上宾语从句时，为了避免歧义，第一个that可以省略，但其余的不能省略。

Abraham Lincoln told his people that the living must finish the work of those dead; that they must fight for freedom for all--- Negroes and Whites; that America must strengthen government of the people, by the people and for the people.
④“命令，主张，建议，要求，愿望，决定”等动词之后的宾语从句，其谓语部分经常使用“（should）+ 原形动词”。

Someone suggested that the chairman (should) make the decision at once.
The doctor insists that his patients (should) discuss the matter.
Yesterday the railway workers in France demanded that their pay (should) be raised from the following week.
The commander ordered that his men (should) march 50 kilometers during the night.
He asked that she (should) leave.
注意：
1）suggest 作“说明了，暗示出”解释时，宾语从句的谓语部分要使用陈述语气。

（其主语一般不是表示“人”的名词或代词。

）
On the boy′s pale face there was a half-smile that seemed to suggest that he was happy to have given his life for his country.
2）insist 不作“坚决主张（主张某种动作或行为）”而作“坚持认为，坚持说（陈述某种观点或意见）”解释时，宾语从句的谓语部分要使用陈述语气。

The Arab insisted that he had never seen the camel.
He insisted that Mary was not to blame.
She insisted that she was right.
3）ask作“问”解释时，宾语从句（多由疑问词而不是that来引导）的谓语部分要使用陈述语气。

H e asked whose dictionary this was.
⑤特殊的插入语：
英语中有一类动词，如think，believe，guess，suggest，expect，suppose，imagine等，用在疑问句中，如果后带一个由疑问词（或疑问词所修饰限制的名词）引导的宾语从句时，常常把引导宾语从句的疑问词提至句首。

我们称之为“干涉性”插入语。

When and where do you think we will hold the League meeting?
Who do you suggest (should) be sent to work in the fire-stricken area?
Who do you suppose telephoned today?
Which team do you believe will win the football match?
What do you guess they will do next?
Why can you imagine people speak against her?
疑问词（或疑问词所修饰限制的名词）提至句首时，宾语从句的其它成分语序不变，若疑问词（或疑问词所修饰限制的名词）用作主语时，上述动词之后所放置的应该是宾语从句的谓语部分：
What do you think has happened to Jenny?
Who did you suggest （should ）go with us tomorrow?
这类插入语在陈述句中也总是置于引导从句的疑问词（或疑问词所修饰限制的名词）之后：
He asked me what I thought should be considered doing first.
We asked the teacher which group he believed would be chosen to complete the task.
⑥whether与if用法之异同：
1）whether 和if都可用来引导宾语从句，尤其是主要谓语动词为：see，ask，learn，tell，know，wonder，doubt，find out等时。

Go and see whether / if he can come.
I asked him whether /if he knew her.
We doubt whether / if it is true.
2）当宾语从句前置时，用whether而不用if来引导。

Whether it is true or not, I can′t say.
3）尽管二者都可引导宾语从句，但在表示一个选择概念时，用whether而不用if。

He wondered whether he should wait or go on.
4）尽管二者都可引导宾语从句，但如果用if代替whether会产生意义分歧时，两者不可换用。

试比较：
Let us know whether she is coming. 告诉我们她是否要来。

Let us know if she is coming. 告诉我们她是否要来。

/ 如果她要来，请告诉我们。

5）在多重复句中，如果句中本身已有一个if引导的条件从句，为避免重复，最好改用whether。

B ill asked whether, if I got the job, I would move to New York.
6）引导主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句时用whether；引导条件状语从句时用if。

Whether he comes or not has nothing to do with us.
It matters little whether / if we will go or not.（主语从句后移时，可用if来引导。

）
The question whether we should have another meeting must be decided.
The question is whether we can get there in time.
We will not go there if it rains tomorrow.
7）whether 之后可以直接跟or not，而if 则不能。

We didn′t know whether / if he was ready or not.
I don′t care whether or not（不能说if or not）your car breaks down.
8）名词之后只能用whether（即whether能引导一个同位语从句）。

The question whether he should come himself or not must be decided.
9）介词之后只能用whether；动词不定式之前只能用whether（构成“疑问词 + 不定式结构”）。

I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll lend him the money.
It depends on whether he will come.
She has not decided whether to go or not.
10）whether经常与or连用引导一个让步状语从句，意为“无论……还是……”。

Whether he drives or takes the train, he should be here on time.
Whether we go or whether we stay, the result is the same.
常可使用简略说法：
We will take the next offer, whether good or bad.
Almost all can enjoy, whether boys or girls, men or women, young or old.
⑦一般来说，若宾语从句之后还带有宾补时，这个宾语从句需要后移，在其原来位置上使用形式宾语it。

动词love，like，dislike，hate，appreciate，see to，take … for granted（这类动词很少在后面直接带that引导的宾语从句）等后带宾语从句时，先使用it作为媒介，然后再带上that引导的宾语从句。

They make it clear to the public that the government has decided to take measures to prevent all the rivers and lakes from being polluted.
We think it important that all the citizens should get well educated.
I hate it (that) you speak to others with your mouth full.
We like it (that) you help others out when they are in trouble.
I would appreciate it if you call back this afternoon for the doctor’s appointment.
He took it for granted that we had arrived and finished the work ahead of time.
She’ll see to it (that) he goes ahead. （see to it that-clause 意为：“负责做到，设法做到，注意做到”）
⑧直接引语和间接引语
直接引述别人的话，引述内容加有双引号，叫“直接引语”；转述别人的话，叫“间接引语”。

间接引语在很大程度上就是一个宾语从句。

例如：John said,“I like reading adventure stories.”（direct speech）
John said (that) he liked reading adventure stories.（indirect speech）
A.句型的转变
⊙带有动词不定式的复合宾语结构常见的有：
ask sb.(not) to do (…) tell sb.(not) to do (…)
order sb. (no t) to do (…) warn sb. (not) to do (…)
want sb.(not) to do (…) advise sb. (not) to do (…)等等。

1. He said,“I have been to Beijing twice.”
→He said (that) he had been to Beijing twice.
2. Tom said,“Our team is to win the game.”
→Tom said (that) their team was to win the game.
3. He says,“I am the hardest student in the class.”
→He says(that) he is the hardest student in the class.
4. He asks,“ Does my little brother study hard ? ”
→He asks whether / if his little brother studies hard.
5. He asked,“ Are you a student? ”
→He asked if I was a student.
6. He said,“ Where has Tom gone? ”
→He asked where Tom had gone.
7. He said to me,“ What are you doing? ”
→He asked me what I was doing.
8. “ Make sure the door is shut,”she said to her little son.
→She told her little son to make sure the door was shut.
9. “ Don′t smoke in the room,”he said to me.
→He warned me not to smoke in the room.
10. “Do be careful,” he said to us.
→He asked us to be careful.
B.人称和时态的转变
一般来讲，间接引语中的人称变化要与主句中的主语保持人称和数的呼应与一致。

例如：
1.“We run this restaurant to make friends,” says the manager,Hu Ming.
→Hu Ming, the manager, says(that)they run that restaurant to make friends.
2. “ We are unhappy about this,” said the students′parents.
→The students′parents said that they were unhappy about that.
3. “ The teacher has already told me that I should spend more time on study,” says John.
→John says that the teacher has already told him that he should spend more time on study.
4. “ We don′t have the money to hire enough waiters or waitresses, so we do most of the work ourselves ,” says Ms.Green.
→Ms. Green says that they don′t have the money to hire enough waiters or waitresses, so they do most of the work themselves.
5. “ I will never forget this interesting lesson,” said Paul.
→Paul said(that)he would never forget that interesting lesson.
6. “ We like skiing,” Steve said to Joe.
→Steve told Joe that they liked skiing.
◎由直接引语到间接引语的时态变化，一般应遵循时态前提的原则。

一般现在时→一般过去时现在进行时→过去进行
时现在完成时→过去完成时
一般过去时→过去完成时过去完成时→过去完成
时一般将来时→过去将来时
现在完成进行时→过去完成进行时（等等）
◎下列情况保持不变：
1）主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时。

“ We often get up at 5:30 ,”says Jack.
→Jack says that they often get up at 5:30.
2）直接引语的内容是客观真理性的东西。

He said,“Light travels faster than sound.”
→He said(that)light travels faster than sound.
3）某些情态动词或类情态动词保持不变，如：must，could，might，should，would，ought，would rather， had better等等，因为这些词本身并没有时态变化。

Mother said,“ You had better finish your homework first.”
→Mother said to me that I had better finish my homework first.
4）过去进行时有时不再变化（结合实际情况）。

She said,“ When I saw him he was playing on the playground.”
→She said that when he saw him he was playing on the playground.
5）一般过去时的句子中含有表示具体时间的状语时，时态可不变化。

She said,“She was born in 1990.”→She said that she was born in 1990.
⊙that 引导的宾语从句如果是两个或两个以上时，从第二个that开始不能省略。

⊙如果是选择问句、反意疑问句，变为间接引语时，构成whether … or，whether…or not 形式，这时引导词经常使用whether，不常用if。

例如：1）He said,“Did Mary leave for Shanghai today or yesterday?”
→He asked whether Mary had left for Shanghai that day or the day before.
2）He said to me,“ You are listening to music,aren′t
you?”→He asked me whether I was listening to music or not.
⊙直接引语如果是一般问句，变为间接引语时，要使用whether或if来引导。

主句中的谓语动词是said时，要改为asked。

没有间接宾语的，可以加上一个间接宾语，如me，him，her，us等等。

C.指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的转变
⊙如果在当地转述，here不必变为there，动词come不必变为go。

如果在当天转述，yesterday，tomorrow 等时间状语也不必再作变化。

①He said, “They must finish the work this week.”
→He said that they must finish the work that week.
②He said, “These students are my classmates.”
→He said that those students were his classmates.
③He said, “We should start off now.”
→He said that they should start off then.
④She said,“I have an important meeting to attend today.”
→She said that she had an important meeting to attend that day.
⑤He said,“I met a friend of mine in the street yesterday.”
→He said that he had met a friend of his in the street the day before.
⑥She said,“We will go for an outing tomorrow.”
→She said that they would go for an outing the next / following day.
⑦He said,“We came here three years ago.”
He said that they had been there three years before.
D.语序
疑问句的直接引语变为间接引语时，须使用陈述语序。

（宾语从句中，即便有疑问语气，也须使用陈述语序。

）
1)Heasked,“When will you take exams?”
→He asked when I would take exa ms.
2)Heasked,“How long have you lived here?”
→He asked how long I had lived there.
Ⅳ）同位语从句
同位语从句是一个句子对一个名词所表示的内容进行更具体、更详尽地说明。

这类名词常见的有：fact，news，information，word，idea，order，suggestion，advice，proposal，decision，hope，truth，question，problem，doubt，belief，warning，plan，project，fear等。

①同位语从句经常使用that来引导，有时也可使用when，where，how，whether，what等疑问词来引导。

I don not know the fact that he stole a horse from the farm.
We expressed the hope that they would come and visit China again.
The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.
The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.
The difficulty lies in the fact that we have no money.
②如果主句的谓语动词较短或中间插入有其它成分，同位语从句与它所说明的名词经常是可以间隔开来的。

Word came that the experiment was a great success.
They have no idea at all where he has gone.
③表示“命令、主张、建议、要求、请求、决定、意愿”等的名词后的同位语从句中的谓语部分常使用虚拟语气，即：（should）＋原形动词。

The order soon came that all the people (should) leave the city at once.
I agreed to their proposal that the meeting be put off till the next week.
④同位语从句与定语从句的区别
The news that he won the prize is not true.
The fact that we lack enough phones needs to be considered.
I have no idea when she will be back.
Then arose the question where we should get food and water.
You have no idea how I spent the week，waiting for the result of the entrance examination.
The question whether we ought to call in a specialist was answered by the doctor.
There is great doubt whether Tom can succeed.。