英汉翻译理论与实践Introduction
翻译理论与实践unit 1 introduction
3. English advantages
• • • •
nouns, esp. abstract nouns passive voice prep., adj., and others logic
• 12. Part of his good mood was an awareness of the approach of a new season, and part that he had thought it over and
Short & long sentences
• 在五种基本句型中，在有名词出现的地方一般可以扩展成 名词从句﹑ 动词不定式短语﹑ 动名词短语等 。 • 7：他跟谁都不招呼一声就走了，真是奇怪。 • 译：It’s very funny his going without saying goodbye to anyone. • 8：报告取消了，我们都感到很遗憾。 • 译：We all thought it a pity that the report had been cancelled.
• • • •
《中国翻译》（2013年第1期：韩素音翻译竞赛） 译言网 中国翻译协会网站 Language Tips
3. 胎又瘪了。 译：We’ve got another flat tire. cf: The tire turns flat again. 4.人不可貌相，海水不可斗量。 译1：It is impossible to judge people from their appearance, and impossible to measure the ocean by pints. (杨宪益、戴乃迭译) • 译2：We can’t judge people from their appearance, just as we can’t measure the ocean by pints. • • • • •
英语论文：未来学校(节选)英汉翻译实践报告
英语论文：未来学校（节选）英汉翻译实践报告英语论文：《未来的学校》（节选）英汉翻译实践报告本文是一篇英语论文，本报告认为，斯坦纳阐释翻译理论不仅可以指导文学翻译，在充分发挥译者主体性的前提下，对科技类文本的重要分支即建筑类文本汉译实践也有着十分重要的指导意义，对实现建筑类文本译文的技术操作性、文化适应性和受众广泛性有着不可取代的参考价值。
笔者希望通过本次汉译实践探索，对国内今后建筑类文本汉译起到一定的参考和推动作用。
Chapter ⅠIntroduction1.1 The Background of the Report1.1.1 The Description of the Translation ReportThis translation material is chosen from Future Schools co-authored by famous architects Dr. Sharon Wright and Nick Mirchandani. The book is an architectural book published by RIBA Publishing on August 28, 2015. There are 176 pages and 8 parts in this book, which are: 1. The meaning of “campus”; 2. Streamlined campus architecture; 3. Case study; 4. Different types of campus buildings; 5. Campus landscape; 6. Collaboration with existing schools: expansion and transformation; 7. Local interventions ndash; saving budgets; 8. Changing the accommodation environment. Dr. Sharon Wright enjoys reputation in the fields of sociology, social policy and criminology, and now teaches in the School of Applied Social Science, University of Stirling. He has been focusing on the studentsrsquo; pressure and sufferings under the authorities and published The Studentrsquo;s Companion to Social Policy in 2012 which has gone viral since its publication. His rich experiences and professional capacity has won him reputation in the field of education, his works are influencing many young people to be more free and independent.It is emphasized in the book that the campus buildings and landscape are vital for students learning at different stages in the background of globalization. The existing campus buildings around the world are chosen as cases, their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages are summarized and analyzed so that can make reasonable and creative idea for the future campus building, which provides references for the planning and design of other campuses.1.1.2 The Unique Significant Meaning of the ReportCampus is the hall of education. At present, the attraction of campus is not only determined by the faculty. The campus landscape has become one of the main attractions of enrollment. （张江雪，2003）In the theories of environmental behavior and psychology, the cultivation and development of human behavior and thinking patterns are closely related to the environment. No matter how old the students are, the focus of the demand for campus landscape is inseparable with the “people-oriented” concept. As important places for educational activities, colleges and universities are relatively densely populated. In recent years, colleges continue expanding enrollment, so the population is increasing rapidly in the limited campus. Under the “people-oriented” concept, the construction of a harmonious ecological campus has become an increasingly urgent problem.1.2 The Nature and Characteristics of the ReportThis translation material is rich in popular science, pictures; precise words,rigorous language, and is worth learning. Theoretically, the campus landscape is a kind of urban landscape with the following characteristics: (1) mainly make up with large number of import plates in small regular mosaic shape; (2) mainly of linear road corridors and few banded corridors. Campus landscape design has the principles of safety, functionality and accessibility.（李田胜，1996）Campus landscape, as an important part of the overall development of campus environment, not only plays an important role in shaping the good image of the school, but also in forming the perfect personality of students and promoting their physical and mental health development.Campus landscape can be regarded as a large silent classroom, which has imperceptible influence on shaping studentsrsquo; healthy character. Gibreth, the founder of ergonomics, once said that people design things they use in their daily work, life and surroundings by taking their own characteristics and habits into account. As far as campus landscape design is concerned, “people-oriented” is to fully examine the personality characteristics, behavior of teachers and students (of the people), with the needs of them as the standard (by the people), designed to meet their needs of various activities and respect for their psychological needs (for the people).The author hopes to get translation experience and overcome obstacles, and sum up practical experience with the combination of architectural English and hermeneutic translation theory in translating it into Chinese so as to contribute to the field of architectural English translation.Chapter ⅡTranslation Theory2.1 The Origin of HermeneuticsThe term “hermeneutics” derives from Hermes, a Greek mythological figure whose duty is to convey the commands of God to the people. Because God and the people spoke different languages, he had to translate and interpret Godrsquo;s message, not simply retell it. Aristotle was the first person to interpret the term “hermeneutic theory”, whic h he regarded as a tool for understanding the original text.It is a long period from classical interpretation to modern hermeneutics. Modern hermeneutics originates from Germany and can be divided into two categories: methodological hermeneutics represented by Schleiermacher and Dilthey and ontological hermeneutics represented by Heidegger and Gadamer. It refers to the theory or philosophy of understanding and interpreting the meaning of text. This is not only an edge discipline and a new research method, but also a philosophical trend of thought. From classical hermeneutics in ancient Greece to modern hermeneutics represented by Schleier Mach, Heidegger, Gadamer and George Steiner, modern hermeneutics not only challenges the dual opposition of “author first” or “text first”, but also explores the translatorrsquo;s subjectivity at the early stage, which guided the translation theory in a clear new direction. （刘畅，2016）Traditional ly, the translator is defined as “servant”.（许钧，2003）With the “cultural turn” in translation studies, the focus of the translation process begins to shift from a closed and static language to a dynamic context and culture. The emerge nce of hermeneutics has fastened the shift. Hermeneutics is known as “a newfrontier science and lsquo;meta theoryrsquo;” that guides social science research.（章国锋，2002）Schleier Mach and George Steiner, the British translation theorist, advocated the translatorrsquo;s subjectivity and endowed the translator with a series of rights, such as the right to choose the text, the individual understanding of the translation and the “creative treason” of the translator. Therefore, t he translator can fully play the dominate role in translation. The main characteristics of the translatorrsquo;s subjectivity are the translatorrsquo;s own humanistic quality, aesthetics, creativity and cultural consciousness.（査明建，2003）Translators should try to approach the original authorrsquo;s original horizon, so as to comprehend the authorrsquo;s original intention.（谢天振，2000）2.2 The Development of HermeneuticsGeorge Steiner, in his masterpiece After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation, points out that language interaction is the center of analysis, emphasizing the understanding of the cognitive and emotional meaning of language which is of great significance to language communication. On the nature of language and translation, he proposes four steps: 1. trust; 2. aggressive; 3. incorporation; 4. restitution. Before translating, the translator must experience the process of “trust” that is, believing in the value of the source text, and the translatorrsquo;s understanding and analysis of the source text is the process of “aggressive”. In translation, we break code, understand it like anatomy, isolate the shell, and expose the kernel（Steiner,2001）“Aggressive” is aimed to absorb the elements of the source text, break through the constraints of language, culture, history and other factors and easy to understood. The imbalance in the process of inhalation is also necessary, so translation finally needs to provide compensation to restore balance. By “restitution”, the translation can reveal the advantages of the source text. This process breaks through the traditional boundaries between literal translation, free translation and fiction, making the translation plays a role through understanding and interpretation.（Steiner, 2001）Only through such a complete translation process, can a good translation be presented. It can be shown in the figure below:Chapter ⅢThe Description of the Translation Process (9)3.1 The Preparation of the Translation (9)3.1.1 Making the Translation Plan (9)3.1.2 Choosing the Translation Tool (9)Chapter ⅣCase Study (15)4.1 Trust, Aggression and Incorporation of Translation (15)4.1.1 Words and Phrases (15)4.1.2 Making the Text Meaningful (23)Chapter ⅤReflection on the Translatorrsquo;s Subjectivity (37)5.1 The Reasons for the Marginalization of Translatorrsquo;s Cultural Status (37)5.1.1 The Shielding of Translation from the Traditional View of Translation (37)5.1.2 Dynamic Equilibrium of “One Person, Three Bodies” (37)Chapter ⅤReflection on the Translatorrsquo;s Subjectivity5.1 The Reasons for the Marginalization of Translatorrsquo;s CulturalStatus5.1.1 The Shielding of Translation from the Traditional View of TranslationIn China, the traditional view of translation has always regarded translation as a linguistic transformation and cultural expression, focusing on the source text itself rather than the translator. This shift in the conceptual center leads to the direct destruction of the literature contained in the translatorrsquo;s creativity, which is also the direct reason why it is blocked in the process of translation. （王友贵，2007 ）The narrow and limited understanding of translation in the traditional translation culture is not only a great “cover” for the translatorrsquo;s subjectivity, but also may have an impact on the quality of translation.5.1.2 Dynamic Equilibrium of “One Person, Three Bodies”It is impossible for the translator to maintain absolute neutrality in the process of translation, which is often due to the translatorrsquo;s own recognition. The process of translation can be divided into three parts: pre-translation, translation and post translation. The concept of procedural distinction implies various intercultural communicative behaviors in the process of translation, which can be traced back to Holz Manttari, a German scholar, who proposed the concept of communicative translation, advocating the replacement of “translation” by “translation activities” in a dynamic way, thus raising translation activities from the static level.Chapter ⅥConclusion6.1 Problem and DeficiencyThrough this translation project, the author has a certain understanding of the campus landscape translation in western campus landscape text. Valuable conclusions are summarized as well through the exploration and summary of the translatorrsquo;s subjectivity. However, there are still some problems in the report.First, this translation report is excerpted from Future Schools, which is only a translation of the native campus landscape in modern England; But Britain is the pioneer of the industrial revolution, its architectural design has been leading the world for decades, and this report has deeply discussed its value, so it has a certain reference value.Secondly, the author only emphasizes the translation of campus landscape texts in this translation practice report, but there are various types of architectural texts, covering a wide range of areas, including bridges, housing, water towers, caves and so on. This translation material is only a small branch of architectural texts. Considering that the author focuses on the content of campus landscape and its impact on education, it also has a certain value.The sample size of the survey on the translatorrsquo;s subjectivity is small, and it is not closely related to the relevant knowledge of statistics. There may be many omissions in the experimental methods. At the same time, it only discusses the application of translatorrsquo;s subjectivity in the translation of landscape texts on campus, without dialectical analysis of the consequences of overexertion of translatorrsquo;s subjectivity, without emphasizing the importance of the original and the reader. Therefore, if we want to draw a scientific and valuable conclusion, we still need a lot of data and investigation, which is also a deficiency of this report.reference(omitted)。
翻译理论与实践教学课件
02 翻译技巧与实践
CHAPTER
理解与表达
理解
准确把握原文含义，包括词汇、语法 、语境等，是翻译的基础。
表达
将理解后的信息用目标语言表达出来 ，要求准确、流畅、符合目标语言习 惯。
直译与意译
直译
按照原文的词句、结构进行翻译，保留原文形式和意义。
意译
不拘泥于原文形式，以传达原文意义为主，更注重译文的流畅性和自然度。
03 翻译教学策略与方法
CHAPTER
翻译教学目标的设定
提高学生翻译技能
01
通过系统的翻译训练，帮助学生掌握基本的翻译技巧和方法，
提高翻译水平。
培养跨文化意识
02
引导学生理解不同文化背景下的语言差异，培养跨文化交流的
能力。
培养职业道德素养
03
强调翻译的准确性和规范性，培养学生的职业道德素养和责任
04 翻译实践案例分析
CHAPTER
文学翻译案例
总结词
注重语言艺术和文化内涵
VS
详细描述
文学翻译案例主要涉及诗歌、小说、戏剧 等文学作品，强调语言的美感和文化内涵 的传递。在翻译过程中，需要关注原文的 艺术风格、修辞手法和情感色彩，力求在 译文中保留原作的艺术魅力。
商务翻译案例
总结词
注重专业性和准确性
采用传统的讲授、练习和讨论相结合 的教学方法，确保学生掌握基本的翻 译知识和技能。
案例教学法
通过分析真实的翻译案例，让学生了 解实际翻译过程中遇到的问题和解决 方法。
合作学习法
组织学生进行小组合作，共同完成翻 译任务，培养学生的协作能力和团队 精神。
信息技术应用
利用现代信息技术手段，如在线学习 平台、智能翻译软件等，提高教学效 率和学生的学习效果。
英汉互译理论和实践(共104张PPT)精选
“no-no” in today’s market place.此句 中的no-no词典(cídiǎn)上根本查不到，经 推敲，结果译为“无人问津”较为合适。 误译：织物整理剂在今日的市场无人问津。
4. Who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl. 原译：近朱者赤，近墨者黑。
5. We’d like to express our appreciation to you for all you’ve done for us in the trade. 原译：我们对于你们在这笔交易中为我们所做的一切表示由衷的 感谢。
第十五页，共104页。
第十六页，共104页。
第十七页，共104页。
第二节 翻译(fānyì)标准
汉朝和唐朝——“文”与“质”之争。 主张“文”的翻译家强调翻译的修辞和
通顺(tōngshùn)，强调翻译的可读性。 主张“质”的翻译家强调翻译的不增不
减，强调翻译中的忠实性。 该争论的实质是意译和直译之争。
第十八页，共104页。
清代翻译家严复 信（faithfulness）; 达(expressiveness); 雅（elegance）。
他曾如此阐述“译事三难：信、达、雅。求 其信，已大难(dànán)矣！顾信矣，不达，虽 译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。”（（《天演论》 （Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays）序 言，1896年）
第四页，共104页。
第五页，共104页。
1、简单(jiǎndān)语句的译文虽然生硬，但基本可读。 例2 原文：I can see three different types of
翻译理论与实践(英译汉)
——余光中
要想提高学生的翻译能力，最重要的是引导学生通过对比来研究两种语 言的特点。……我们的学生，母语就掌握得不好，外语更差，他们的汉
语和英语都是分开学的，从来没有作过比较，以为汉语可以这么说，英
语也可以这样说，而往往意识不到英语不一定能像汉语那样说，而有其
特有的说法。要解决这个问题，最好的办法就是引导学生进行两种语言
a. a. The criminal was hanged. b. b. Clark used to be an army officer, but he is in prison now. c. c. Hadn’t the dam been built, there would have been a terrible
Modern English is both analytical and synthetical, while Chinese is typically synthetical.
synthetic language V.S. analytic language
世界上的语言大致可以分成两类：综合型语言 （synthetic language）和分析型语言(analytic language)。所谓综合型语言是指这种语言主要通过词 本身的形态变化来表达语法意义，包括格、数、时等， 如拉丁语、俄语、德语和古英语。现代英语是从古英语 发展而来的，仍然保留着综合型语言的某些特征，但已 逐渐向分析型语言演变过渡。所谓分析型语言是指这种 语言中的语法关系主要不是通过词本身的形态来表达， 而是通过虚词、词序等手段来表示，汉语就是以分析型 为主的语言。
flood.
2. Lexical difference
2. articles and quantity words 冠词与量词
英汉翻译理论与实践课件
英汉语言的对比
一、 英汉思维差异
1. 抽象思维与形象思维 Play is infinitely openended in its expression; one person‟s drudg ery can be another‟s ecstasy. 娱乐本身永远都是因人而异的；有人觉得单 调乏味，而有人则可能如醉如痴。
中外翻译理论比较
东西双方探讨的问题基本相同。双方都讨论翻译的
可能与不可能的问题,也讨论直译与意译的问题。
但是双方也有不同之处。西方谈翻译理论，偏重
于可能与不可能的问题,以及可能的程度。基本
上是同一语系的语言之间的互相翻译。
中国偏重于直译与意译之争。这是由于从佛经 的翻译到现代科学文学著作的翻译，都有其特殊的 文化和历史背景。
欧美翻译理论
欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。 从大的方面来看，可以分为两大派：一派是 翻译可能论，一派是翻译不可能论。 还有直译与意译的争论。这种争论在欧洲也 有很长的历史，但在中国尤其突出。
中国翻译历史
中国的翻译理论和实践在世界上有显著的 地位。《礼记》已有关于翻译的记载。《周 礼》中的“象胥”，就是四方译官之总称。 后来，佛经译者在“译”字前加“翻”,成为 “翻译”一词，一直流传到今天。
严复所译作品多系西方政治经济学说，如赫胥黎的《天演论》、亚当斯密的
林琴南采取与他人合作的方式西方的文化科学的介绍， 。变法、辛亥 革命、五四运动等政治运动，都是同国外新思想、新文化的引进有密切的关系。
推动了中国社会的进步
三、五四运动至新中国成立时期
形式来说，白话文代替了文言文，白话文在译本中占了统治地
这一时期比较有成就的翻译家有成仿吾、郁达夫、曹靖云、
翻译理论与实践基础知识回顾课件
翻译理论的主要流派
总结词
翻译理论的主要流派包括语言学派、文学学派、文化 学派和社会学派。
详细描述
语言学派强调语言结构和功能的分析，关注语言之间 的对等和转换。文学学派关注文学作品的翻译，强调 译文的文学性和艺术性。文化学派则关注文化背景和 内涵的传递，强调文化之间的交流和理解。社会学派 则将翻译置于社会语境中考虑，关注翻译的社会功能 和影响。这些流派各有侧重，但都是为了提高翻译的 质量和效果，帮助读者更好地理解和欣赏原作。
01
02
03
增词
在译文中增加一些原文中 没有的词句，以使译文更 加流畅、自然，补充原文 中隐含的译文更加简洁、 明了，避免冗余和重复。
词类转译
改变原文中某些词的词性 ，以适应目标语的表达习 惯和语法规则，使译文更 加地道、自然。
03
语言与文化差异
语言结构差异
翻译理论与实践基础 知识回顾课件
目录
CONTENTS
• 翻译理论概述 • 翻译技巧与实践 • 语言与文化差异 • 翻译中的常见问题与对策 • 翻译工具与技术 • 翻译实践案例分析
01
翻译理论概述
翻译的定义与性质
总结词：翻译是一种跨语言、跨文化的交际活动，是 将一种语言的信息用另一种语言表达出来，以实现信 息的传递和交流。翻译的性质包括语言性、文化性和 交际性。
总结词
文化意象是指在不同文化背景下形成的特定形象或概念，对于翻译者来说，如何 处理这些文化意象是翻译过程中的一大挑战。
详细描述
在翻译过程中，对于一些具有特定文化背景的词汇或表达方式，需要进行适当的 解释或转换，以避免因文化差异造成的误解。例如，“龙”在中西方文化中的含 义截然不同，翻译时需要特别注意。
汉英翻译理论与实践
汉英翻译理论与实践（理论与实践部分）前言模块-1：绪论第一章接近汉英翻译：翻译基本概念与程序【内容层次为（下同）：a. 语言知识/ 翻译基础知识；b. 翻译理论/ 技能/ 技术；c. 精译练习；d. 泛译练习/双语阅读；e. 补充阅读】第二章作为相关学科的汉英语言对比：词、句层面模块-2：汉英翻译基础：句子层次第三章汉英翻译常用译法（1）：句法翻译法第四章汉英翻译常用译法（2）：词语、习语汉英翻译第五章汉英翻译常用译法（3）：转类、重复、加减、正反和变通处理第六章汉英翻译常用译法（4）：汉语长句英译及拆句与合句第七章汉英翻译常用译法（5）：英语小句应用于汉英翻译第八章汉英翻译常用译法（6）：英语句子风格与汉译英交际修辞模块-3：汉英翻译基础：语篇层次第九章汉英语篇翻译概论：以认知语言学语篇观为基础第十章实践汉英语篇翻译：汉英语篇翻译实例分析（包括翻译补偿）模块-4：实用文体汉英翻译：以功能为取向第十一章功能翻译理论：基本翻译原则第十二章新闻汉英翻译：文体特点与翻译第十三章科技汉英翻译：文体特点与翻译第十四章商务汉英翻译：文体特点与翻译第十五章旅游汉英翻译：文体特点与翻译第十六章基于功能分析的翻译评析：翻译恰当性和翻译错误模块-5 文学汉英翻译：研读、评析与试笔第十七章文学翻译传统与理论第十八章汉英文学翻译赏析：散文（基于句法翻译法；基于功能翻译理论）第十九章汉英文学翻译赏析：小说（基于句法翻译法；基于功能翻译理论）第二十章汉英文学翻译试笔模块-6 汉英翻译理论与实践（汉英翻译实验部分）I.1、翻译技术与资源【实验指导书按单元编写，含实验目的及翻译环境条件、实验构成/过程、实验报告。
】2、汉英翻译基本技巧（1）3、汉英翻译基本技巧（2）4、汉英翻译基本技巧（3）5、汉英翻译基本技巧（4）6、汉英语篇翻译II.1、新闻汉英翻译2、科技汉英翻译3、商务汉英翻译4、旅游汉英翻译5、文学汉英翻译参考译文参考文献。
英汉翻译理论与实践Introduction
汉语: 主题显著的语言 (topic-prominent language), 采用主题述题(topic-comment) 的句式 “ 话语 --- 说明结构” 汉语句子建立在意念主轴 (thought-pivot) 上 英语: 主语显著的语言 (subject-prominent language), 几乎都 采用主语- 谓语(subject-predicate) 的句式 “ 主语 --- 谓语结构” 英语句子建立在形式( 或主谓) 主轴(form-pivot) 上
千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭。 孤舟蓑笠翁，独钓寒江雪。
Written by Liu Zong-yuan Translated by Qian Zhong-shu
钱钟书：化境说—理想 sublimed adaptation “文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’。把作品从一国文字转变成 另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强 的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于‘化 境’。” 所谓“化境”，就是原作向译文的“投胎转世”，文字形 式虽然换了，而原文的思想、感情、风格、神韵都原原 本本地化到了译文的境界里了，丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹， 让读者读译作就完全像在读原作一样。
…on one sunny morning in June,… 六月的一天早上，天气晴朗…… Believe you can and you’re halfway there.— Theodore Roosevelt
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Catford: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language.(TL). 奈达Nida: 所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的 对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次是文体上。 Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
《 英汉互译(一)》第1课教案
广西师范学院《英汉互译（一）》课程教案编号: 15-1 开课单位：外语系授课教研室：翻译写作课程名称：《英汉互译（一）》授课教师：唐旭光教材：《新编英汉互译教程》，授课对象：06级英语专业2、3、5班《英汉互译（一）》第一讲翻译简论与主要翻译方法（A Brief Discussion of Translation and Major Translation Approaches）1. IntroductionTranslation studies started along with translation practice. Translation theories developed flourishingly in the 20th century, especially in the second half of the last century.In fact, translation, which is a very complex phenomenon, is related to different disciplines, such as linguistics, psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, communication theory, literary criticism, aesthetics, and semiotics. As translation study is a cross-discipline and cross-culture subject involving many aspects of human knowledge, the lack of a fully acceptable theory of translation should not come as a surprise. Meanwhile, quite a number of translation approaches and strategies have become universally acceptable and widely applicable. They are, of course, the fruits of many translation theorists and translation practitioners at home and abroad.2.The Origin of TranslationLanguage makes it possible for people to communicate with one another freely so as to complete important tasks in human life. Translation makes it possible for people from different languages to communicate with one another so as to complete important tasks in their life.Theodore Savory points out, “Translation is almost as old as original authorship and has a history as honorable and as complex as that of any other branch of literature”(申雨平, 2002:4).In Zhou Dynasty there were different forms of address for translators in different places. “Translators are called Ji in the east, Xiang in the south, Didi in the west, andYi in the north(东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译)”（陈福康, 2000:3）.3. Function of TranslationIt has helped people to better communicate with one another, and in the mean time it has facilitated the development of culture and civilization of all nations, such as the Sutra translation （佛经翻译）in China and the Bible translation in Western countries.Actually, translation, as a means to bridge different cultures, has been playing a very important role in promoting global economic and cultural development, and China in particular benefits a great deal from translation, which is obvious to all.4. Nature of translationOne school of theorists maintain that any interpretation is translation. Translation thus defined includes intra-lingual rewording（语言内的重新措辞）, inter-lingual （语言之间的翻译或语际翻译）translation and inter-semiotic transmutation（符号转换）.But most scholars who are interested in translation maintain that translation is a communicative activity which entails a most adequate or identical reproduction in a target language of a written message or text in a source language.5. Definition of translation in our textbook as follows: Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text. In terms of its nature or character, translation is both an art and a science as well, since it calls for a good command of at least two languages, a flexible application of their rules, and some knowledge of at least two cultures, as well as a good grasp of the necessary translation theories.6. Other scholars’ viewpoints about the translation1). The traditional viewpoint about the nature of translation is that translation is an art only. This viewpoint is still maintained by Xu Yuanchong（许渊冲）, a well-known professor at Beijing University, and a few other scholars.2). Professor Liu Zhongde vigorously advocates that translation is a science as well as an art mainly because of the following reasons:Firstly, like any other art and science, translation requires a good grasp and a flexible use of the necessary specialized knowledge and skills.Secondly, like any other art and science, translation calls for independent, honest and creative effort.Thirdly, just like any other art and science, translation demands that the translator be very careful about and highly responsible for his or her work.7. Principle for translationThe 13 statements on page 81). A translation must reproduce the words of the SLT(Source Language Text).2). A translation must reproduce the ideas (meaning) of the SLT.3). A translation should read like an original work.4). A translation should read like a translation.5). A translation should reflect the style of the original.6). A translation should possess the style of the translator.7). A translation should retain the historical stylistic dimension of the SLT.8). A translation should read as a contemporary piece of literature.9). A translation may add to or omit from the original.10). A translation may never add to or omit from the original.11). A translation should let the readers of the SLT and the target language text (TLT) have essentially the same response.12). A translation should convey what the SLT author intends to convey.13). A translation should satisfy the need of the client.Evidently, though each of the above statements is right in a certain sense, yet it is not adequate or comprehensive enough to serve as a translation principle. Some of the principles proposed by various translation theorists can find their expression in the statements given above. Interlinear translation is an illustration of the first statement. Yan Fu’s three-character principle can be a combination of statements 2, 3 and 6. Nida’s functional equivalence is best express ed in statement 11.8. Yan Fu’s Considerations for translation?Strictly speaking, a translation theory in its true sense in China originated from Yan Fu(严复). He proposed the famous triple principle for translation, namely, faithfulness(信), expressiveness(达) and elegance(雅).1). His faithfulness means that the translated text should be faithful to the original text, ie, the version should keep the content or ideas of the original.2). His expressiveness means that the translated text should be expressive and coherent without anything awkward. In other words, his expressiveness requires that the version should be fluid, smooth, and easy to read and understand.3). His elegance demands that the translated text should be exquisite and that its style ought to be very graceful.9. Professor Liu Zhongde argues against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original styleHe argued eloquently against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original style. We all know that not all works are characterized by the elegant style. Different writers display different styles. For instance, Lenin wrote in a bold style, and Hemingway wrote in a simple, symbolic style. Even the same writer shows different styles on different occasions for different purposes. Naturally, different works demonstrate different styles. Thus, it is impossible & absolutely wrong to achieve the effect of elegance in the translated text if the style of the original is not elegant.10. The compiler of the textbook in favor of “closeness”1). We are in favor of Professor Liu’s triple translation principle. He changed Yan Fu’s “elegance” into “closeness”, which represents his contribution to the translation theory. His “closeness” is central in meaning. It is suitable for translation of all types of texts with different styles.2). If the original text is characterized by the elegant style, the translator should do his utmost to render it into a graceful text in the target language whose style is close to the original elegant style.If the original style is highly technical with a wealth of technical terms, thetranslator ought to employ plenty of corresponding technical terms in the target language and make the translated style as close to the original technical style as possible.3). If the original style is colloquial with a lot of informal words and colloquial sentences, the translator should translate it into a text with an informal style as close as possible to the original one by using many colloquial words and informal sentences.If the original style is ornate, the translator should follow suit and make effort to render the translated style as close to the original as possible.If the original text contains some vulgar words and sentences, the translator is not entitled to replace them with elegant words or sentences, and he should reproduce the original by using some corresponding vulgar words and sentences in the receptor language. Translators are duty-bound to do so, for the simple reason that they are translators.4). As we know, Yan Fu’s triple translation principle is highly concise and well rhymed and quite easy to learn by heart, which is one of the reasons why it is still very popular in China today.Professor Liu’s triple principle is similar to Yan Fu’s in that it is equally concise and easy to remember.Though Professor Liu’s triple principle is n ot rhymed, yet it is very forceful and impressive, for the Chinese character “切” is uttered in the falling tone, carrying the implication that faithfully conveying the original style or rendering the translated style as close to the original as possible is absolutely necessary and worth the translator’s great effort.11. Nida’s principle for translationEugene A. Nida and Taber stated emphatically (1969:12): “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.His dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle, according to which the translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the target language text wording will produce the same impact on the target text audience as the original wording does upon the source text audience. Later on, Nida changed “dynamic equivalence” into “functional equivalence”, because it seemed much more satisfactory to use the expression “functional equivalence” in describing the degree of adequacy of a translation.12. The literal translation approachProfessor Liu Zhongde (1994: 172) defines literal translation as follows: “In the process of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of the original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible.”ExamplesHe is said to be a rough diamond.人们说他是一块浑金璞玉。
翻译理论与实践(全套)精品PPT课件
导学——课程要求
Tests: 60% There will be only one test: a final. But there may also be
Main Language points: 1. Comparative studies of language family 2. Comparative studies of word building in English and
Chinese 3. Comparative studies of syllable
Exercise
5
第三章：词语的翻译
教学目的：旨在帮助学生了解词义的多样性 （引申、褒贬）；并掌握词语翻译的选词技巧。
教学内容： 1. 词义的选择 2. 词义的引申 3. 词义的褒贬 4. 翻译练习
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第四章：句子翻译技巧（上）
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。
教学内容： 1. 翻译的定义、分类 2. 翻译的标准 3. 翻译的过程：理解——表达——校对 4. 中、西译史
练习
4
第二章：英汉语言现象对比
Teaching aims: to learn about the similarities and differences of Chinese and English in word forming and vocabulary so as to translate them accurately.
二、教学过程：
1. 增译法 2. 省译法 3. 词类转换 4. 正说反译、反说正译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
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第五章：句子翻译技巧（下）
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。
《翻译理论与实践》课件
语言中蕴含的情感色彩是语用意义的重要组成部分，译者需要关注原文的情感色彩，并在译文中进行适 当的表达，以实现语用意义的完整传递。
语用等效与翻译策略
语用等效原则
在翻译过程中，译者应遵循语用等效原则，确保译文在目 标语言中产生与原文相同的效果，包括语言功能、语用意 义和修辞效果等方面。
翻译策略的选择
总结词
遵循法律文件的严谨性
详细描述
商务合同的翻译实践需遵循法律文件的严谨性。译者应仔 细核对原文，确保译文的准确性和完整性，避免因疏忽而 产生的法律风险。同时，在遇到法律术语时，译者应进行 深入研究，确保译文的准确性和专业性。
新闻报道的翻译实践
总结词
时效性是新闻报道的生命线
详细描述
新闻报道的翻译实践要求时效性极强，因为新闻报道需要 及时传递给目标语读者。在翻译过程中，译者应快速准确 地完成翻译工作，确保新闻报道的时效性不受影响。
为实现语用等效，译者需要根据具体情况选择合适的翻译 策略，如直译、意译、增译、减译等，以准确传达原文的 语用意义。
语用等效的评价
评价译文是否达到语用等效，需要考虑译文在目标语言中 的可接受度、表达的自然度以及读者反馈等因素，以确保 翻译质量。
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翻译中的语言规范与风 格
语言规范与翻译
语言规范
在翻译过程中，需要遵循目标语言的语法、词汇和表 达习惯，以确保译文准确、流畅。
VS
异化
以源语文化为归宿，保留原文的异国情调 和文化特色，让译文读者了解不同文化。
增译与减译
增译
在翻译过程中，根据目标语的语言习惯和表达方式，增加一些词语或短语，以使译文更加完整、流畅 。
减译
在翻译过程中，删减原文中一些不必要的词语或短语，使译文更加简洁、明了。
翻译理论与实践TranslationtheoriesandPractice
翻译理论与实践（汉译英）Translation Theories and Practice (Chinese-English Translation )Teaching Notes for Senior College Students（2005年9月）刘国忠2578706*************.cnTopics at first:1. 解读汉译英《教学大纲》2. 解读汉译英《考试大纲》3. 汉译英学习指导①重要性②特性③实践性汉译英精典教材：1. 《英汉翻译教程》张培基喻天根《汉英翻译教程》吕瑞昌喻天根上海外语教育出版社 1980.92.《汉英翻译基础》陈宏薇上海外语教育出版社 1998/23.《英汉互译实用教程》宋天锡等国防工业出版社2000/14.《实用翻译教程》（英汉互译）增订本冯庆华上海外语教育出版社2002/55.《实用汉英翻译教程》曾诚外语教学与研究出版社2002/46.《翻译教学：实务与理论》刘宓庆中国对外翻译出版公司2003/1•汉译英主要内容：•一、汉译英实务教学•二、历届TEM8汉译英试卷评析•三、汉译英练习与评析•—汉英翻译强化训练汉译英实务教学主要内容一、汉英词语对比二、汉英句法基本差异（一）汉英句子的主语比较三、汉英句法基本差异（二）汉语谓语动词的分析和翻译四、被动语态的翻译五、汉译英中的主谓定位六、汉译英中的句子整合问题增补内容：七、如何避免翻译中的Chinglish八、汉英翻译中的文化传递九、公示语的翻译十、历届TEM8汉译英试卷评析十一、汉译英练习与评析—汉英翻译强化训练汉译英学习指导（一）如何保证翻译课的教学效果1.以―正当程序‖保证翻译质量无论英译汉，还是汉译英，译文都需要准确、通顺，这是翻译的基本要求。
表达准确的基础是对原文的准确理解：译者必须准确地理解原文的每个词、每句话和作者的意图。
表达通顺的基础是对译入语的熟练运用。
我们在做汉译英时，存在一个天然的劣势：由于英语不是我们的母语，做到表达的准确和通顺相当困难。
英汉翻译introduction
What is translation?(1)
The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject field, the product ( the text that has been translated) or the process ( the act of producing the translation, otherwise known as translating) Categories of translation are as follows:
times for eaClass participation, 5%; Class discussion, 5%; Homework & research, 40% Final examination, 50% (if there will be no exam, homework & res. will take 90%)
A Course in EnglishChinese Translation
(basic ideas、skills and practice)
Course Description
Purpose：basic ideas，basic skills，translation ability Textbook and references (books to read)：
What is a text?(2) A text in linguistics
Text Paragraph Sentence Clause Phrase Word realized in
翻译理论与实践(全套)PPT课件
导学——课时安排
课时安排：
教学内容
导学
第一章：翻译概述
第二章：英汉语言对比 第三章：词语的翻译
第四章：句子翻译技巧（上） 第五章：句子翻译技巧（下） 第六章：常见文体的翻译
注：可能 因授课实际情况，课时安排会做适当调整。
课时 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
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导学——学法指导
译者素养：
➢译者的素质： 外语素质 语言敏感度 心理素质
导学——课程要求
Tests: 60% There will be only one test: a final. But there may also be
several short quizzes through the term. Attendance: 20%
Daily attendance will be recorded. Each time a student will get 2.5 points. 1point for attendance, 1 point for being on time, and 0.5 point for participating in discussion and interacting positively with fellow classmates.
二、教学过程：
1. 增译法 2. 省译法 3. 词类转换 4. 正说反译、反说正译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
7
第五章：句子翻译技巧（下）
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在汉英翻译时做到通顺、准确。
二、教学过程：
1. 重译法 2. 语态变换法 3. 词序调整法 4. 拆译法 5. 翻译练习1、2、3、4
We should take considerable ( or a good portion of ) responsibility for the problems that arouse. 19
英汉翻译理论与实践
分句法与合句法
分句法
分句法是指将英文中的一个长句拆分成 两个或多个短句进行翻译，以使译文更 加符合汉语的表达习惯。例如，“He is a good singer and dancer”可以拆分 成“他是一个好歌手”和“他是一个好 舞者”。
VS
合句法
合句法是指将英文中的两个或多个短句合 并成一个长句进行翻译，以使译文更加流 畅、紧凑。例如，“She is a doctor and she is also a writer”可以合并翻译 为“她既是一名医生，也是一名作家”。
意译
意译是按照原文的含义和精神进行翻译，不拘泥于原文的词序和结构。在意译时，需要摆脱原文的语 言束缚，用自然、流畅的语言表达原文的含义，同时保持译文的完整性和连贯性。
增译与减译
增译
增译是指在翻译过程中，根据原文的含义和语境，增加一些 必要的词语、短语或句子，以使译文更加完整、流畅和准确 。增译通常用于弥补原文的省略、补充背景信息、解释文化 概念等。
句子结构问题
总结词
句子结构问题是英汉翻译中的重要问题之一。
详细描述
由于英汉两种语言的句子结构存在较大差异，因此在进 行英汉翻译时，需要进行必要的句子结构调整。例如， 英语中常用长句和复合句，而汉语中则常用短句和简单 句。在进行英汉翻译时，需要将英文的长句和复合句拆 分成汉语的短句和简单句，或者将汉语的短句和简单句 整合成英文的长句和复合句。
商务翻译
总结词
商务翻译涉及商业、法律、合同等领域的文 本，要求准确、专业、规范。
详细描述
商务翻译要求译者具备相关领域的专业知识 ，能够准确理解并表达原文的含义。在翻译 过程中，译者需特别注意语言的严谨性和规 范性，以确保译文的准确性和合法性。同时 ，商务翻译还强调译文的流畅性和易读性，
翻译理论与实践讲义
翻译理论与实践讲义翻译理论与实践讲义第一章绪论Definition of translation1. Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). --Catford2. To translate is to change into another lang uage, remaining the sense.‖ -- Dr. Samuel Johnson3. Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. --EugeneA. Nida 尤金奈达1. Her mother died of difficult labor.2. This is a very good price.3. Millet made a portrait of Lady Chesterfield, which flatter her.4. He always lives ahead of his salary.第二章翻译的过程1. 阅读并分析原文（analysis ）2. 将原文转为译入语（transfer ）3. 对译文进行修订（proofreading）2.1 阅读并分析原文2.1.1 原文的意图一.语法结构的选择二.形式对意义的表达例如诗歌等三、语义分析（semantic analysis ）a. 词的概念意义（conceptual meaning）和关联意义（associative meaning ）①chair the board meeting②seat oneself in a wooden chaira sharp knife a sharp child a sharp turn sharp eyesb. 把握意义关系，注意同反义、褒贬义、多歧义关系。
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Jeremy Munday著，李德凤等译，2007，《翻译学导论——理论与实践》北京： 商务印书馆
翻译概论
什么是翻译？ 成为一名译员，应该具备哪些素质？
Great minds discuss ideas; Average minds discuss events; Small minds discuss people.
重。
汉语：实词（名词、动词、形容词、代词、副词、数词和量 词）
虚词（连词、介词、助词、叹词）
英语：实词（Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Numeral, Pronoun) 虚词（Preposition, Conjunction, Article, Interjection)
西欧之所以有今天的文明，要“归功于翻译者”。 Kelly，1979
季羡林：中华文化之所以能常葆青春，万灵之药就 是翻译。翻译之为用大矣哉！（林煌天，1997 序）
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英汉语言对比
一. 词语语义对比： 1. 汉语: “历史悠久”
英语: “融汇百川” 2. 汉英词汇对应的依据:
客观世界大体相同 人的生理结构一样
——《高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲》
单击此译概论 英汉语言的差异 笔译基本技巧 商务英语翻译 考试
翻译概论
1 翻译的定义（definition） 2 翻译的目的（purpose） 3 翻译的意义（meaning） 4 翻译的标准 （criteria） 5 翻译的条件 （conditions） 6 翻译的分类 （classification） 7 翻译的方法 （methods） 8 翻译的步骤 （steps）
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.
一流智慧碰撞思想，中等智慧就事论事，三流智慧说 三道四。
伟人谈经论道，凡人就事论事，小人论人长短。 上智谈想法，中智谈事件，下智论人是非。 大智论道，中智论事，小智论人。 智者论知；众者论事；愚者论人。 君子论理，常人谈事，小人议人。/伟人论道，庸人议
事，小人嚼舌。
…on one sunny morning in June,… 六月的一天早上，天气晴朗…… Believe you can and you’re halfway there.—
The craft of translator is … deeply ambivalent; it is exercised in a radical tension between impulses to facsimile and impulses to appropriate recreation.
— George Steiner
译者的技艺是一个深刻的矛盾体。这种技艺是在两 种冲动的极度张力之间形成的：一方面是依样画 葫芦的冲动，另一方面又有适当再创作的冲动。
成为一名译员，应该具备哪些素质？
扎实的语言功底 广博的言外知识 敏锐的感受能力 敬业乐业的精神 ……
尤金·奈达Eugene Nida：翻译是“人们所能从事的 最复杂的脑力劳动”。
3. 汉英词汇不对应的原因: 文化 (自然环境、 社会历史、 思维方式 、
宗教信仰、 风俗习惯等）
表现为：词汇空缺、词汇冲突
“I” ( 我的意思 )
译成中文有：“我，奴辈，鄙人，卑职，晚辈，晚 生，在下，老夫，老朽，老子，你大爷我＂等等 意思。
二. 词汇的语法对比 同: 1.词类数量大致相等,类别基本对应。 2.名词、动词、形容词三大类开放性词类在词汇中占较大比
参考书目：
张培基，2008，《英汉翻译教程》，上海：上海外语教育出版社 刘季春，2008，《实用翻译教程》，广州：中山大学出版社 沈素萍，2007，《商务英语翻译师考试培训教材（笔译/口译全二册）》，北
京：中国社会科学出版社
李明，卢红梅，2010，《商务英汉翻译教程》，上海：上海外语教育出版社 邹力，2005，《商务英语翻译教程（笔译/口译）》，北京：水利出版社 中国翻译编辑部，2010，《名家评点翻译佳作》，南京：译林出版社 刘宓庆，1998，《文体与翻译》 ，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司 马会娟，苗菊，2009，《当代西方翻译理论选读》，北京：外语教学与研究出
异: 1. 从词类划分比较:
汉语没有冠词, 英语没有量词 2. 从数量上比较:
副词: 汉语中少, 为虚词 英语中多, 为实词
介词: 汉语中少, 30个左右 英语中多, 数不胜数 (包括简单介词、复合介词、 短语介词）
连词： 有类似不同
从词类使用的频率上分析
* 汉语多用动词而英语多用名词 * 英语中代词、介词、连词的使用频率高 * 汉语的数词使用得多, 因为汉语的成语及缩略 语靠数词构成 * 汉语的量词使用频率高, 正如英语的冠词一样
英汉翻译理论与实践
第一节 概论
单击此处添加标题
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翻译概论 英汉语言的差异 笔译基本技巧 测试
教学目标： 通过课程教学，使学生初步了解翻译基础理论 和汉、英两种语言的异同，并掌握常用的翻译 技巧，能运用翻译的理论和技巧，将英美报刊 上的文章以及一般文学原著译成汉语，或将中 文报刊、杂志上的文章和一般文学作品译成英 语，速度为每小时250-300个英文单词，译文 忠实原意，语言流畅。要求学生既掌握基本的 翻译理论，又具备较高的翻译实践能力。
Theodore Roosevelt
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Catford: The replacement of textural material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language.(TL).
奈达Nida: 所谓翻译，是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的 对等语再现原语的信息，首先在语义上，其次是文体上。