2022年考研考博-考博英语-辽宁大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：24

2022年考研考博-考博英语-辽宁大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析
AB卷（带答案）
一.综合题(共15题)
1.
单选题
Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to think of price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both “normal” and having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competing for the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large firm will also act with full consideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Each large firm will thus avoid significant price-cutting, because price-cutting would be prejudicial to the common interest in a stable demand for products. Most economists do not see price-fixing when it occurs because they expect it to be brought about by a number of explicit agreements among large firms; it is not.
Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United States. These economics employ intentional price-fixing, usually in an overt fashion. Formal price-fixing by cartel and informal price-fixing by agreements covering the members of an industry are commonplace. Were there something peculiarly efficient about the free market and inefficient about price-fixing, the countries that have avoided the first and used the second would have suffered drastically in their economic development. There is no indication that they have.
Socialist industry also works within a framework of controlled prices. In the early 1970s, the Soviet Union began to give firms and industries some of the flexibility in adjusting prices that a more informal evolution has accorded the capitalist system. Economists in the United States have hailed the change as a return to the free market. But Soviet firms are no more subject to prices established by a free market over which they exercise less influence than are capital firms; rather, Soviet firms have been given the power to fix prices.
1.The primary purpose of the passage is to（）.
2.The author's attitude toward "Most economists in the United States” (Para, 1) can best be described as
（）.
3.It can be inferred from the author's argument that a price fixed by the seller “seems pernicious” (Para, 1) be cause
（）.
4.The suggestion in the passage that price-fixing in industrialized societies is normal arises from the author’s statement that price-fixing is（）.
问题1选项
A.refute the theory that the free market plays a useful role in the development of industrialized societies
B.suggest methods by which economists and members of the government of the Unite States can recognize and combat price-fixing by large firms
C.show that in industrialized societies price-fixing and the operation of the free market are not only compatible but also mutually beneficial
D.argue that price-fixing, in one form or another, is an inevitable part of and benefit to the economy of any industrialized society
问题2选项
A.spiteful and envious
B.scornful and denunciatory
C.critical and condescending
D.ambivalent but deferential
问题3选项
A.people do not have confidence in large firms
B.people do not expect the government to regulate prices
C.most economists believe that consumers as a group should determine prices
D.most economists associate fixed prices with communist and socialist economies
问题4选项
A.a profitable result of economic development
B.an inevitable result of the industrial system
C.the result of a number of carefully organized decisions
D.a phenomenon common to industrialized and non-industrialized societies
【答案】第1题:D
第2题:C
第3题:C
第4题:B
【解析】1.主旨大意题。

文章第一段指出美国的大多数经济学家都被自由市场的魅力所迷惑，事实上，在所有工业化社会中，价格固定都是正常的，因为工业体系本身提供了它所需要的价格固定，这是它自身发展的毫不费力的结果。

随后文章对定价进行了详细的分析，因此D选项“认为以某种形式的价格固定是任何工业化社会经济的必然组成部分，并对其有益”符合题意。

2.观点态度题。

由文章第二段中的Moreover, those economists who argue that allowing the free market to operate without interference is the most efficient method of establishing prices have not considered the economies of non-socialist countries other than the United States.（此外，那些认为让自由市场在不受干扰的情况下运行是确定价格的最有效方法的经济学家，没有考虑到美国以外的非社会主义国家的经济）可知作者对美国大多数经济学家的观点是不赞成的，但其后并没有明确指出是自由市场好还是定价市场好，因此作者的态度是批评与谦虚的，选C。

3.推理判断题。

由文章第一段中的Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does not accord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter, established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious.（因此，没有不符合自由市场要求的东西是好的或正常的。

一个由卖方决定的价格，或者就此而言，由除消费者总数以外的任何人确定的价格，似乎是有害的）可知C选项“大多数经济学家认为消费者群体应该决定价格”符合题意。

4.细节事实题。

由文章第一段中的In fact, price-fixing is normal in all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixing that it requires.（事实上，在所有工业化社会中，价格固定都是正常的，因为工业体系本身提供了它所需要的价格固定，这是它自身发展的毫不费力的结果）B选项“工业体系的必然结果”符合题意。

2.
单选题
In the present economic（）we can make even greater progress than previously. 问题1选项
A.air
B.mood
C.area
D.climate
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词辨析。

A选项air “空气，大气”；B选项mood“情绪，语气，心境，气氛”；C选项area“区域，地区，面积，范围”；D选项climate“气候，风气，思潮，风土”，句意：在目前的经济环境下，我们可以取得比以前更大的进步。

climate除表示气候，风土外，还可指（社会）风气，一般（社会）趋势。

如：political climate政治风气。

因此D选项正确。

3.
单选题
It bestows the ability to overcome laziness, temptations and negative habits, and to carry out actions, even if they require effort, are unpleasant and tedio us or contrary to one’s habit.
问题1选项
A.monotonous
B.interesting
C.entertaining
D.equitable
【答案】A
【解析】考查同义形容词辨析。

A选项monotonous“单调的，千篇一律的，因单调令人厌烦的”；B选项interesting“有趣的，有意思的”；C选项entertaining“令人愉快的，有趣的”；D选项equitable“公平的，公正的”。

句意：它赋予人们克服懒惰、诱惑和消极习惯的能力，并且能够采取行动，即使这些行
动需要付出努力，是令人不快的、乏味的或与自己的习惯相反的。

Tedious“沉闷的；冗长乏味的”，A选项与该词意思最相近，因此A选项正确。

4.
单选题
Comets are still regarded with awe by some people.
问题1选项
A.wonder
B.concern
C.resentment
D.detachment
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。

awe意为“敬畏，惊叹”；wonder意为“惊异，惊叹”；concern意为“涉及，关系到”；resentment意为“愤恨，不满”；detachment意为“超然，公正，独立”。

句意：一些人仍然敬畏彗星。

5.
翻译题
6. Instead of being approached by human personnel, the bank foyer is staffed by a robot, which serves as the bank lobby manager, and is able to communicate with customers to meet their needs and solve their problems. The difference between a traditional self-service bank and the unmanned bank is the intelligent self-service equipment which is able to access various banking services within the branch.
【答案】【参考译文】
6.在银行大厅迎客的不是人类员工，而是作为银行大堂经理配备的一个机器人，它能与客户交流互动以满足其需要并解决其问题。

传统的自助银行和无人银行之间的区别在于智能自助服务设备，它能够访问分支机构内的各种银行服务。

6.
单选题
The awards added luster to the author's reputation.
问题1选项
A.expression
B.distinction
C.passion
D.formality
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词辨析。

luster意为“光泽，光彩”；expression意为“表示，表达，表露”；distinction 意为“ 区别，优秀，荣誉”；passion意为“热情，激情”；formality意为“礼节，形式”。

句意：这些奖项为作者的声誉增添了光彩。

7.
单选题
The Space Age（）in October 1957 when the first artificial satellite was launched, by the Soviet Union.
问题1选项
A.initiated
B.originated
C.embarked
menced
【答案】D
【解析】考查动词辨析。

initiate意为“开始，发起，创始”，指首创某事，但并不意味着将某事进行到底；originate意为“起源于，来自，产生”；embark意为“上船，着手，从事”一般开始指新的、困难的会令人激动的事；commence意为“开始发生，开始，着手”，尤指重大的事件及历史时期的开始。

句意：1957年10月苏联第一颗人造卫星的发射开启了太空时代。

8.
翻译题
Deepen educational cooperation in an all-round way to promote long-term development. Education is fundamental to a country’s enduring prosperity. It is necessary for us all to intensify exchanges and cooperation between educational and academic institutions, expand linkages between institutions of higher learning and carry out youth, cultural and sports exchanges in diverse forms. In particular, we should increase educational assistance to less developed countries, promote two-way flow of educational resources and raise the educational level of our region.
Strengthen international cooperation in disaster reduction and relief in the spirit of helping those in need and assisting those in difficulty. As natural disasters know no national boundaries, they must be managed by cooperative efforts. In recent years, we have laid a good foundation of cooperation in responding to the sudden strike of the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami and other major disasters. We should step up cooperation in developing a disaster early-warning system, sharing disaster information and reduction technology and enhancing disaster reduction capacity building to bring about harmony between social and economic development and the preservation of natural resources and the ecological environment.
【答案】【参考译文】全面深化教育合作以促进长期发展。

教育是一个国家长治久安的基础。

我们都有必要去加强教育和学术机构之间的交流与合作，扩大高等院校之间的联系并以多种形式开展青年、文化和体育交流。

我们尤其应该增加对欠发达国家的教育援助，促进教育资源的双向流动并提高我们的教育水平。

本着助危为安的精神，加强国际减灾救灾合作。

自然灾害无国界，应对自然灾害需要各方共同的努力。

近年来，我们在应对印度洋大地震、海啸和其他重大灾害的突然袭击中已经奠定了一个良好的合作基础。

我们应加强灾害预警系统建设、灾害信息和减灾技术共享、减灾能力建设等方面的合作，实现经济社会发展与自然资源和生态环境保护的和谐统一。

9. 单选题
It soon becomes clear that the interior designer's most important basic concern is the function of the particular（）.
问题1选项
A.circumstances
B.environment
C.surroundings
D.space
【答案】D
【解析】考查名词辨析。

circumstance意为“环境，境遇”，往往指人力无法控制、驾驭的事件和事态的总和；environment意为“环境，外界”,指对人的成长、情感、观念、伦理、道德、品行等产生影响的环境;surrounding意为“环境，周围的事物”，偏重于生活、居住的周围环境；space意为“(可利用的) 空地，空间”。

句意：很快就清楚了，室内设计师最重要的基本关注点是某一特定空间的功能。

10.
单选题
The cat’s happy expression bore testimony that it had eaten the cream.
问题1选项
A.doubt
B.proof
C.experience
D.revelation
【答案】B
【解析】考查同义名词辨析。

A选项doubt“怀疑，质疑”；B选项proof“证明，验证”；C选项experience“经验，经历，体验”；D选项revelation“启示，揭示”。

句意：那只猫快乐的表情证明它
吃了奶油。

Testimony“证据，证词”，由此可知B选项与该词意思最相近，因此B选项正确。

11.
单选题
Standing on the rim of the Grand Canyon, gazing across this giant wound in the Earth’s surface, a visitor might assume that the canyon had been caused by some ancient convulsion. In fact, the events that produced the canyon, far from being sudden and cataclysmic, simply add up to the slow and orderly process of erosion.
Many millions of years ago, the Colorado Plateau in the Grand Canyon area contained 1,000 more feet of rock than it does today and was relatively level. The additional material consisted of some 14 layered fonnations of rock. In the Grand Canyon region these layers were largely worn away over the course of millions of years.
Approximately 65 million years ago the plateau’s flat surface in the Grand Can yon area bulged upward from internal pressure; geologists refer to this bulging action as upwarping; it was followed by a general elevation of the whole Colorado Plateau, a process that is still going on. As the plateau gradually rose, shallow rivers that meandered across it began to run more swiftly and cut more definite courses. One of these rivers, located east of the upwarp, was the ancestor of the Colorado. Another river system called the Hualapai, flowing west of the upwarp, extended itself eastward by cutting back into the upwarp; it eventually connected with the ancient Colorado and captured its waters. The new river then began to carve out the 277-miIe-long trench that eventually became the Grand Canyon. Geologists estimate that this initial cutting action began no earlier than 10 million years ago.
Since then, the canyon forming has been cumulative. To the corrosive force of the river itself have been added other factors. Heat and cold, rain and snow, along with the varying resistance of the rocks, increase the opportunities for erosion. The canyon walls crumble; the river acquires a cutting tool, tons of debris; rainfall running off the high plateau creates feeder streams that carve side canyons. Pushing slowly backward into the plateau, the side canyons expose new rocks, and the pattern of erosion continues.
1.What does the passage mainly discuss?
2.In the first sentence the author refers to the Grand Canyon as a “wound” to indicate that （）.
3.Which of the following conclusions about the Grand Canyon can be drawn from the passage?
问题1选项
A.Patterns of erosion in different mountain ranges.
B.Forces that made the Grand Canyons.
C.The increasing pollution of the Colorado River.
D.The sudden appearance of the Grand Canyon.
问题2选项
A.it was caused by some ancient convulsion
B.its presence is an embarrassment to the State of Colorado
C.it looks like an injury on the Earth’s surface
D.it is caused many visitors to injure themselves
问题3选项
A.Its contours are constantly changing.
B.It contains approximately 14 million tons of rock.
C.Its eruptions have increased in recent years.
D.It is being eroded by toxic waste and pollutants.
【答案】第1题:B
第2题:C
第3题:A
【解析】1.主旨大意题。

文章第一段介绍了大峡谷主要是由于缓慢而有序的侵蚀作用形成；第二三段对大峡谷形成的原因和过程进行了仔细分析；最后一段进一步介绍大峡谷的进一步形成是由于各种力的作用。

因此B选项“大峡谷形成的各种力”符合题意。

2.推理判断题。

由文章第一段中的Standing on the rim of the Grand Canyon, gazing across this giant wound in the Earth’s surface, a visitor might assume that the canyon had been caused by some ancient convulsion.（站在大峡谷的边缘，凝视着地球表面这个巨大的伤痕，游客可能会认为峡谷是由一些古老的震动造成的）可知C选项“看上去像是地球表面的伤痕”符合题意。

3.推理判断题。

由文章最后一段中的Pushing slowly backward into the plateau, the side canyons expose new rocks, and the pattern of erosion continues.（缓慢地向后推进高原，旁边的峡谷露出新的岩石，侵蚀模式继续进行）可知大峡谷的轮廓在不断变化，因此选A。

12.
单选题
The skunk protects itself from enemies by spraying them with a substance that stinks.
问题1选项
A.stings the eyes
B.smells bad
C.causes itching
D.discolors the skin
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词辨析。

stink意为“有臭味，有难闻的气味”；sting the eyes意为“刺眼”；smell bad意为“难闻，刺鼻的怪味”；cause itching意为“引起瘙痒”；discolor the skin意为“使皮肤变色”。

句意：臭鼬通过喷洒一种散发臭味的物质来保护自己免受敌人的攻击。

13.
单选题
As a（）actor, he can perform, sing, dance and play several kinds of musical instruments. 问题1选项
A.flexible
B.versatile
C.sophisticated
D.productive
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词辨析。

flexible意为“灵活的”；versatile意为“多才多艺的，有多种技能的”；sophisticated意为“见多识广的，老练的”；productive意为“多产的，有效益的”。

由句子后面的内容可知他会很多才艺，因此选B。

句意：作为一名多才多艺的演员，他会表演、唱歌、跳舞并能演奏好几种乐器。

14.
翻译题
5. A fascinating city between sea and sky, like Venus rising from the waves, Venice welcomes tourists from the five continents drawn to her by the charm of her water and pellucid light, free from all dust and cooled by the sea breeze. She also offers the intellectual pleasures to be derived from her masterpieces which mark the meeting of East and West.
【答案】【参考译文】
5.威尼斯水城海天相连，景色迷人，宛如碧波中涌现的维纳斯，吸引着五大洲的游客。

她水色旖旎，波光粼粼，清风拂面而来，扫去你心中的不快与烦恼。

而城市中那些集东西方艺术之大成的杰作，更给人以精神上的享受。

15.
单选题
The novel contains some marvelous revealing（）of rural life in the 19th century.
问题1选项
A.glances
B.glimpses
C.glares
D.gleamed
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词辨析。

A选项glance“瞥闪，扫视，匆匆一看”；B选项glimpse“瞥见”；C选项glare“怒目而视，瞪眼看；发出刺眼的光”；D选项gleamed“闪烁；隐约地闪现”。

句意：这本小说包括对19世纪乡村生活的一瞥，绝妙而富于启发。

glimpse“瞥见”，是glance的结果。

“take a glance
at ...”（看一看）的结果便是“get a glimpse of ...”（瞥见了），此句中，小说提到的是19世纪的乡村生活，是结果不是看一看的动作。

因此B选项正确。