机械毕业设计英文外文翻译487我国深松机械的研究现状和发展趋势

附录
The research status and development trend of subsoiling machinery in China Abstract：The subsoiling machinery is one kind of effective machines and tools for nature cultivation of conservation tillage on dry land. Its development is having direct impact to our country’s development very much.For this purpose，by analyses the development Situation of subsoiling machinery，it has carried out classification on subsoiling machinery of our country，summed up various virtue and shortcoming，and has brought forward several suggestion to our country development of subsoiling machinery in the future.
Key words：subsoilingmachinery；conserration tillage；development trend
Based on tilling the soil deep loosening technology is summed up an adaptation to drought homework conservation tillage method. Deep loosening cultivation can promote soil physical improvement, since the restoration of soil fertility, improve for a long time due to the weight gain due to the large fertilizer production. So deep loosening technology has been widely applied in wheat, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, crops such as corn, soybean production test and practice. The essence of mechanical deep loosening technology is: through mechanical tillage, loose and not flip soil, breaking plough bottom, compared to adjust the soil solid, liquid, gas, improving the structure of the top layer of soil, reduce soil erosion and improve soil water storage ability.
Western developed countries has been made in the 1930 s and deep tillage research, and has started to use this technology, achieved good effect. Due to many years of practical experience as well as the rapid development of science and technology, the United States, Western Europe and other countries for deep pine machinery research has been quite perfect, and form a series, and according to the different needs of the development and production of a variety of deep loosening machine. The digging ways mainly include the extrusion and vibration digging dirt comes in two forms. Abroad at present, the existing power tractor matching with deep loosening machine mainly, its characteristic is deep loosening deep, operation speed, good quality and suitable for deep loosening in an all-round way. Its main have mechanical the deep loose plough and the vibrating deep loose machine two. Mechanical deep plough sort is more,
among them, the representative has two: John Deere 900 v scarifier and west Germany's hanging deep loosening machine produced by our company. Hanging deep loosening machine deep loosening shovel handle face for arc, of which the parts similar to straight lines, blade, pointed to the shovel handle inside the distance is longer than Deere deep loosening shovel. The shovel handle this structure makes it has better cutting performance, no hanging grass phenomenon. Vibrating deep loosening function to solve the work resistance of the deep loose plough is big, the problem of large energy consumption. Its working principle is the tractor power output shaft to drive the eccentric vibrator make the plough produces vibration, reduce the traction resistance, thus improve the power efficiency. At the same time, along with the deep pine technology constantly improve, the development of deep loosening machine, also in order to adapt to the requirement of joint operations, on the basis of the deep loosening machine, overseas has developed a variety of deep loose joint rig.
For deep loosening technology research, started late in our country. In the early 1960 s began to realize the importance of deep loosening technology, and has carried on the corresponding research. In design and manufacture of deep loosening shovel has many colleges and universities, research institutes and farms and other units to do a lot of research work, created the actual deep loosening shovel, and through the experiment and actual production applications, good results have been achieved.
A single deep breath a sigh of single machine function, it is mainly on the soil deep loosening operations, its structure is simple, articulated way is given priority to with three-point suspension. Again, according to the scope of the deep loose a single deep breath a sigh of machine can be divided into local deep loosening and all-round deep loosening machine two kinds of models. Local deep loosening machine according to the way of working can be divided into two categories, type mechanical and vibration. Mechanical is deep loosening machine driven directly by tractor traction machines, extrusion, cutting and breaking up the soil was carried out on the soil. Its specific forms are various, such as: chisel type, winged type, rod type deep loosening machine, airfoil rod tooth deep loosening machine, single column with vane, hanging light turn the deep loose plough, tilting the bidirectional shallow deep loose plough, etc. , it had a tail deep loosening shovel can effectively increase the soil disturbance range, reduce resistance, increase the tillage depth and improve the quality of the deep loosening. The vibrating deep pine
machine is using vibration method, soil tillage machine produce the vibration of a certain frequency, make the soil loose, achieve the purpose of reducing resistance, has been many researchers to study and prove this method. Developed by heilongjiang province water conservancy science research institute of multi-functional vibrator soil change opportunity, this machine adopts self-excited reciprocating inertial vibration source, created a precedent of mechanical vibrating tillage soil preparation operation in our country, deep loosening vibration than other types of deep loosening save energy over 20%. All-round deep loosening machine is a kind of brand-new of deep pine for farmland
Industry machine, it is suitable for dry land wheat or rice two areas. All-round deep loosening soil coefficient is big, has a good effect on cultivating. There are three common: China agricultural university, the development and production of "V" shape all-round deep loosening machine, production in heilongjiang province "L" shape all-round deep loosening machine cut tooth and all-round deep loosening. China agricultural university to develop all-round deep loosening machine, use "V" type deep loose parts, cut off from soil out of the "V" shaped cross section twenty-nine-inch rows from trapezoid framework, and then falling on the surface, make soil subjected to shear, bending, stretching and get efficient breaking up. Heilongjiang province production 1 sq - 340 comprehensive deep loosening machine's working parts like "L" shape, its working principle is similar to "V". Chisel type all-round deep loosening is improvement of small and medium-sized all-round deep loosening machine, the omni-directional depth it loose with the traditional chisel plough be combined in one machine, one-way operation can achieve a comprehensive energy saving effect of the deep loose, loose the whole joint.
Deep loose joint rig is done in deep loosening and fertilization, planting, cultivating, ridging, stubble, spraying pesticide or herbicide, etc. More than two kinds of operation equipments. Around, according to the actual production, on the basis of the deep loosening added other functions, to develop all kinds of deep loose joint rig. Some this kind of machine can reach before sowing time into soil preparation requirement, so that it can reduce labor consumption, reduce pressure to times, save time, improve the utilization rate of power tractor, thus reducing operating costs. Common models include: deep pine fertilizer applicator, 1 FFSL - shallow over deep loose type 5 flip plow, corn no-till seeding fertilizer deep loose joint rig, SGTN - 180, type 200 biaxial stubble rotary tillage ridging joint machine, deep loosening soil preparation
machine, frame type deep loose joint rig rotary tillage, deep ploughing joint rig, 3 gz - 6 type hanging LBZ combined seeder and 2-5 - a type of ridge sowing seeds under the machine, and henan agricultural university institute of electrical and mechanical engineering to develop SQS - type 2 deep loosening, ridging, applying fertilizer, the rig and the yunnan agricultural university and qujing city tobacco companies develop 1 GQQSN - 200 rotary tillage, deep loosening ridging joint rig, etc.
Deep loosening machine chisel type of deep loosening and pole tooth deep loosening machine structure is simple, the price is low, but the pulverizing effect is bad, digging range is limited, only 0.2 ~ 0.2, the consumed power is larger. Airfoil pole tooth deep loosening machine absorbed the pole tooth deep loosening and all-round deep loosening machine advantage of the two, four, five plough plough column assembly landed, installed on the airfoil stem deep loosening shovel teeth, working depth more than 35 cm, deep loosening coefficient of 0.437, compared with previous machine, the function and efficiency improved obviously. The vibrating deep pine machine pulverizing effect is better, depth of digging deep, can be up to 50 ~ 60 cm, less power consumption. But the structure is more complex, some parts of material demand is higher, the cost relative to other deep loosening machine is much higher.
Single column type, suspension type shallow turn over the deep loose plough is hanging furrow plough, with wings chisel type deep loosening shovel plough body instead of the original huasheng type, relatively simple structure, wide applicability, a job can complete turn of shallow and deep loosening soil.
Tilting two-way light turn over the deep loose plough with wings carved deep loosening shovel and shallow parts combination, combined with a deep sigh of shallow turn hydraulic flip, a one-time deep subsoil, light stubble etc many homework, working efficiency is high, the broken soil ability strong, but the adaptation of a narrow, only suitable for dry farming areas of northern China stubble, hemp crop and pasture improvement of deep shallow over homework.
All-round deep loosening machine has large range of digging, deep tillage depth, coefficient of high working efficiency, digging big wait for a characteristic, but with the high-power tractor kit, and this kind of machine operation when higher requirements on the surface. Deep loose joint rig variety is less, can't satisfy the need of agricultural production. Many areas according to the requirements of the regional agricultural technology, even though
converted some of the deep loose joint rig, but generally have large energy consumption, low efficiency and high operation cost, not easy popularization and application.
With the development of dryland farming soil conservaton agricultural new technology in our country, must be to develop new type of deep loosening and joint operation deep loosening soil preparation machine. Tillage soil conservaton technology is a five-year period and 2010 years ago, one of the main measures of rainfed agriculture in our country, deep loosening machine is the realization of agronomic measures of main machinery and equipment. At present, the domestic molding combined soil preparation machine, are mainly small and medium-sized, structure form are all horizontal. Along with the expansion of large power tractor also needs a large number of new high efficiency combined soil preparation machine to match. Our country is an agricultural big country, now many places still to use it in rural is a small mechanical, not only the production efficiency is low, also delay the season. So large efficient joint research and development of soil preparation machine is necessary, and has a broad market space. So we must to improve the existing agricultural machines from multiple aspects.
For technical innovation. Change the deep loosening shovel working face structure parameters and working mode, adopting appropriate deep loose parts, reasonable decorate the relative position between the deep loosening shovel, make machine to save energy consumption, to reduce working resistance. At present, the measures to reduce the cultivation resistance deep loosening machine mainly has two kinds: one is to change machine working face parameter, the second is with the method of vibration. According to overseas for deep loosening shovel handle working surface of the test show that the shovel handle work surface is parabola, the minimum needed traction, the grave performance is best. Circular arc second, straight blade is the largest. Plough blade thickness, operating quality and operating effect of different types of soil are also different. Method of vibration of the drag reduction, make the plough shovel and spade pointed produces a certain vibration frequency, loose soil, so as to achieve the goal of reduced tillage resistance. In recent years the development of bionic drag reduction technology for deep loose parts of drag reduction technology research put forward a new way of thinking. In addition, we should focus on the latest research results, digesting and absorbing the advanced technology for drag reduction, and improve the existing agricultural machinery.
Raise the level of products manufacturing process. Soil tillage machine work load big, the seasonally strong, high reliability requirements of machine work. , therefore, we should improve the level of product manufacturing process, improve and guarantee the quality of the machine and the working parts, ensure machine work reliability, and better meet market demand.
Machines for agriculture standardization, standardized management, strengthen the promotion of the machine. For existing domestic joint rig deep pine machinery and comprehensive investigation, and according to soil conditions around, agricultural technical requirements, to develop a deep loosening machine technical classification, manufacturing standards and acceptance criteria. At present, deep loosening mechanical varieties of many, but more is developed according to the region's agricultural production condition, has certain limitation, does not have the management requirement of standardization and seriation, brought some difficulties to promotion, hindered the development of agriculture in our country.
Accelerating the development of high-power tractor promotion efforts, multi-use of the deep loose joint rig. Joint rig is the development direction of China's agricultural machinery industry. Over the next few years, we should sum up the experiences of deep loose joint rig use, according to the requirements in different parts of the agricultural technology, seriation, standardization of developed to adapt to the different parts of the deep loose joint rig. Change according to different season different working parts at the same time, the real achieve multi-usage, improve the utilization rate of large power tractor. General less deep loose joint operation of machinery, agricultural technical requirements adapted according to the region in many parts of some deep loose joint rig but poor versatility should be developed according to the requirements in different parts of the agricultural technology is used in different parts of the series of standardized mechanical deep loose joint operations according to the different working parts of different seasons change achieve multi-usage.
In order to strengthen the management of agricultural machinery information, reasonable allocate machine, increasing NongJiHu income. To rational allocation of regional agricultural machinery, agricultural machinery avoid idle time is too long, affect agricultural machinery utilization, thus indirectly improving NongJiHu income. At the same time, the area of agricultural machinery are temporarily lack of farm machinery deployment guide, implement the inter-district homework, increase NongJiHu income.
我国深松机械的研究现状和发展趋势
摘要：深松机械是旱地保护性耕作的一种有效机具，它的发展直接影响着我国的农业发展。

为此，对深松机械的发展情况进行了分析，对我国深松机械进行了分类，总结了我国各种深松机械的优缺点，并针对我国深松机械未来的发展提出了进行技术创新和提高产品制造工艺水平等建议。

关键词：深松机械；保护性耕作；发展趋势
土壤深松技术是在翻耕基础上总结出来的一种适应干旱地作业的保护性耕作法。

深松耕作能促进土壤物理改良，有利于土壤肥力的自恢复，改善长期以来由于施用大量化肥造成的增肥不增产现象。

因此深松技术已被广泛应用于小麦、棉花、甘蔗、烟草、玉米、大豆等农作物的生产试验和实践中。

机械深松技术的实质是：通过机械耕作，疏松而不翻转土层，打破犁底层，达到调节土壤固、液、气三相比、改善耕层土壤结构、减轻土壤侵蚀和提高土壤蓄水抗旱能力。

西方发达国家己经在上世纪30 年代就作了深松耕作法的研究，并且己经开始使用这项技术，取得了很好的效果。

由于多年的实践经验以及科技的迅速发展，美国、西欧等国家对于深松机具的研究己经相当完善，并形成系列，并且已经根据不同的需要研制和生产了多种深松机具。

其松土方式主要有挤压松土和振动松土两种形式。

目前，国外现有深松机具主要与大功率拖拉机相配套，其特点是深松深度大、作业速度快、质量好、适用于全面深松。

其种类主要有机械式深松犁和振动式深松机两种。

机械式深松犁种类较多，其中，有代表性的有两个：约翰迪尔公司生产的900V 型松土机和西德劳公司生产的悬挂式深松机。

悬挂式深松机深松铲柄的工作面为弧形，其中间部位近似于直线，铲尖到铲柄内侧面的距离比迪尔深松铲长。

该铲柄的这种结构使其具有较好的切削性能，无挂草现象。

振动式深松机能解决深松犁工作阻力大、能源消耗大的问题。

其工作原理都是由拖拉机动力输出轴驱动偏心振子使犁产生振动，降低牵引阻力，从而提高功率利
用率。

同时，随着深松技术的不断完善，深松机具的不断发展，也为了适应联合作业的要求，在深松机的基础上，国外己经研制出了多种深松联合作业机。

对于深松技术的研究，我国起步稍晚。

从上世纪60 年代初才开始认识到深松技术的重要性，并进行了相应的研究。

在深松铲的设计和制造生产方面已经有很多高校、研究院所以及农场等单位做了大量的研究工作，制造出了实际的深松铲，并且通过实验和实际生产应用，取得了较好的效果。

单一深松机功能单一，它主要是对土壤进行深松作业，其结构都比较简单，挂接方式以三点悬挂式为主。

根据深松范围，单一深松机又可以分为局部深松机和全方位深松机两种机型。

局部深松机根据工作方式可分为机械式和振动式两类。

机械式深松机是通过拖拉机的直接牵引带动机具前进，对土壤进行挤压、切割而松碎土壤。

其具体形式很多种，如：凿式、凿型带翼式、杆齿式深松机、翼型杆齿深松机、单柱带翼式、悬挂式浅翻深松犁、翻转式双向浅翻深松犁等。

其中，具有尾翼的深松铲能有效地增加土壤扰动范围，减少阻力、增加耕深和提高深松质量。

振动式深松机则是采用振动方式，使土壤耕作机具产生一定频率的振动，使土壤疏松，达到减少阻力的目的，这种方法已被许多研究者研究和证明。

其中，由黑龙江省水利科学研究院研制的多功能振动式土壤改良机，该机采用自激往复式惯性振动源，开创了我国耕整地机械振动式作业的先河，振动深松比其它类型深松作业节省能源20%以上。

全方位深松机是一种全新的农田深松作
业机具，它适用于旱作或稻麦两作地区。

全方位深松动土系数大，有很好的松土效果。

常见的有3 种：中国农业大学研制生产的“V”形全方位深松机，黑龙江省生产的“L”形全方位深松机和凿齿式全方位深松。

中国农业大学研制的全方位深松机，采用“V”型深松部件，从土层中切离出“V”型截面的垄条从梯形框架中流出，而后下落铺放在田面，使土壤受剪切、弯曲、拉伸作用而得到高效的松碎。

黑龙江省生产的1SQ-340型全方位深松机的工作部件形状象“L”，其工作原理与“V”相似。

凿齿式全方位深松是对中小型全方位深松机的改进，它把全方位深松与传统的凿形犁耕作结合于一机，单程作业便能达到全面深松、松整联合的节能效果。

深松联合作业机是在深松的同时完成施肥、播种、中耕（起垄）、灭茬、喷洒农药或除草剂等两种以上的作业机具。

各地根据当地的生产实际，在深松的基
础上增加其它功能，研制出各种各样的深松联合作业机。

这类机器有些一次进地就可达到播种前整地的要求，这样就可以降低劳动消耗、减少压地次数、节约时间、提高大功率拖拉机的利用率，从而降低作业成本。

常见的机型有：深松施肥机、1FFSL-5 型浅翻深松翻转犁、玉米免耕播种施肥深松联合作业机、SGTN-180、200 型双轴灭茬旋耕起垄机、深松联合整地机、框架式深松旋耕联合作业机、深松整地联合作业机、3GZ-6 型悬挂式联合播种机和2LBZ-5A 型垄下播种中耕机，还有河南农业大学机电工程学院研制SQS-2型深松、起垄、施肥联合作业机和云南农业大学和曲靖市烟草公司共同研发的1GQQSN-200 旋耕深松起垄联合作业机等。

国产深松机中凿式深松机和杆齿式深松机结构都简单、价格低廉，但其松土效果不好，松土范围有限，仅为0.2～0.3，消耗功率较大。

翼型杆齿深松机吸取了杆齿式深松机和全方位深松机两者的优点，将四、五铧犁的犁柱总成卸下，安装上翼型杆齿深松铲，作业深度35 cm 以上，深松系数0.437，与以前的机器相比，功能和效率都有明显的改进。

振动式深松机松土效果要好，松土深度深，可达50～60 cm，功率消耗要少。

但结构比较复杂，部分部件的材料要求比较高，成本相对其它深松机来说要高许多。

单柱式、悬挂式浅翻深松犁是在悬挂式铧式犁基础上，用双翼凿式深松铲代替原铧式犁体，结构比较简单，适用性强，一次作业可完成土壤的浅层翻转和深层松动。

翻转式双向浅翻深松犁采用双翼凿式深松铲与浅翻部件组合，液压翻转与深松浅翻相结合，一次性完成深松底土，浅翻灭茬等多项作业，作业效率高，碎土能力强，但其适应面较窄，只适合我国北方旱作地区的麦茬、麻茬和草场改良深松浅翻作业。

全方位深松机具有松土范围大、耕作深度深、作业效率高、松土系数大等特点，但需与大功率拖拉机配套，并且这类机器作业时对田面要求较高。

深松联合作业机的品种较少，满足不了农业生产的需要。

许多地区根据本地区的农业技术要求，虽然改装了一些深松联合作业机，但普遍存在能耗大、效率低、作业成本高等问题，不易推广应用。

随着我国旱地耕作保墒农艺新技术的发展，必须研制新型的深松及深松整地
联合作业机具。

耕作保墒技术是九五期间和2010 年前我国旱作农业的主要措施之一，深松机具是实现农艺措施的主要机械装备。

目前，国内成型的联合整地机中，均以中小型为主，结构形式全部是卧式。

随着大功率拖拉机的不断普及，也需要大量新型高效联合整地机与之配套。

我国是一个农业大国，现在农村中很多地方仍然用的是小型机械，不仅生产效率低，还耽误农时。

因此研发大型高效联合整地机十分必要，并且有很广阔的市场空间。

为此，必须对现有的农业机器从多个方面进行改进。

进行技术创新。

改变深松铲工作面的结构参数和工作方式，采用合适的深松部件、合理布置深松铲之间的相对位置、使机具节约能耗，减少耕作阻力。

目前，减少深松机具耕作阻力的措施主要有两种：一是改变机具工作面参数，二是采用振动的方式。

根据国外对深松铲柄工作曲面的试验表明：铲柄工作曲面为抛物线时，所需牵引力最小，入土性能最好。

圆弧形其次，直刀形最大。

犁铲厚度，对不同类型土壤的作业质量和作业效果也不尽相同。

利用振动减阻的方式，使犁铲和铲尖产生一定的振动频率，疏松土壤，从而达到减少耕作阻力的目的。

近年来发展的仿生减阻技术为深松部件的减阻技术研究提出了一个新思路。

另外，我们应时刻关注国际最新研究成果，消化吸收这些先进的减阻技术，改进现有的农业机械。

提高产品制造工艺水平。

土壤耕作机具作业负荷大、作业季节性强，对机具的工作可靠性要求高。

因此，应从提高产品制造工艺水平入手，提高和保证整机及工作部件质量，保证机具工作可靠性，更好地满足市场需求。

对农业机器进行标准化、规范化管理，加大机器的推广力度。

对现有国产深松机械及联合作业机进行全面调查，根据各地的土壤条件，农业技术要求，制定出深松机技术分类、制造标准和验收标准。

目前，深松机械的品种很多，但多是根据本地区农业生产情况研制的，有一定的局限性，不具备标准化和系列化的管理条件，给推广工作带来了一定的困难，阻碍了我国农业的发展。

加快大功率拖拉机的推广力度，发展一机多用的深松联合作业机。

联合作业机是我国农机行业的发展方向。

在今后的几年中，应总结深松联合作业机的使用经验，根据不同地区的农业技术要求，研制出适应不同地区的系列化、标准化的深松联合作业机。

同时根据不同的季节更换不同的工作部件，真正做到一机多用，
提高大功率拖拉机的利用率。

通用的深松联合作业机械较少，许多地区根据本地区的农艺技术要求改装了一些深松联合作业机但通用性较差应根据不同地区的农艺技术要求研制出适用不同地区的系列化标准化的深松联合作业机械可根据不同季节更换不同的工作部件做到一机多用。

加强农机信息管理，合理调配机器，增加农机户收入。

对各地区的农机进行合理配置，避免农机闲置时间太长而影响农机的利用率，从而间接的提高农机户收入。

同时，对农机暂时还比较缺乏的地区进行农机调配指导，实行跨区作业，增加农机户收入。