东华理工大学有机化学2018年考研真题
东华理工大学硕士生入学考试初试试题
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 830 ; 科目名称：《流体力学》；（Ⅰ卷）适用专业（领域）名称：建筑与土木工程一、简答题（共5小题，其中1题8分，2、3题各10分，4题6分，共34分）1．简要概述能量方程（伯努利方程）的应用条件。
（8分）2．什么是连续介质？为什么在研究液体运动规律时引入连续介质模型？（10分）3．什么是长管和短管？如何区别长管和短管？（10分）4．简述静水压强的特性。
（6分）二、论述题（共3小题，每小题15分，共45分）1．如何理解层流和紊流？并简述层流与紊流的判别。
（15分）2．什么明渠均匀流？其形成条件是什么？（15分）3．圆柱形外管嘴正常工作需要满足哪些条件？为什么要有这些条件限制？（15分）三、作图题（10分）如图所示，请定性绘出图示管道（短管）的总水头线和测压管水头线。
v0=0四、计算题（共6小题，其中1,2,3,4每小题10分，5题8分，6题13分，共61分）1.（10分）两高度差m z2.0=的水管，接一倒置的U 形压差计，弯管上部为油，油的两个液面差m h 1.0=，油的密度31/0.920m kg =ρ，水的密度31000.0/kg m ρ=，试求两管的压强差。
2. （10分）有一矩形平面闸门，宽度b=2m ，两边承受水压力，如图所示。
已知h 1=3m ，h 2=6m 。
求闸门上静水总压力的大小及其作用点的位置。
3.（10分）管道系统如图所示。
已知管长m 10，直径mm d 100=，沿程阻力系数025.0=λ，管道进口的局部阻力系数5.01=ξ，管道淹没出流的局部阻力系数0.12=ξ，如下游水箱水面至管道出口中心的高度m h 3=，试求：(1)管道系统所通过的流量Q ；(2)上游水箱水面至管道出口中心的高度H 。
4．(10分)为了测量石油管道的流量，安装文丘里流量计，管道直径mm d 2001=,流量计喉管直径mm d 1002=,石油重度38.50/kN m γ=，水银重度3p 136.0/kN m γ=，流量计流量系数95.0=μ。
东华理工大学812分析化学(含仪器分析)2018年考研初试真题
8. 循环伏安法主要用于--------------------------------------------------------------------------( ) (A)微量无机分析 (B)定量分析 (C)定性和定量分析 (D)电极过程研究
第 1 页，共 5 页
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东华理工大学
考研专业课初试真题
硕士研究生入学考试专业课初试真题
注意：答案请做在答题纸上，做在试卷上无效
东华理工大学 2018 年硕士生入学考试初试试题
科目代码： A 卷）
适用专业（领域）名称： 070300 化学
一、选择题：（共 13 小题，每小题 2 分，共 30 分）
1. 以 EDTA 滴定法测定石灰石中 CaO[Mr(CaO)=56.08]含量, 采用 0.02 mol/LEDTA 滴 定, 设试样中含 CaO 约 50 % , 试样溶解后定容至 250 mL, 移取 25 mL 进行滴定, 则 试样称取量宜为-------------------------------------------------------------------------------( ) (A) 0.1 g 左右 (B) 0.2 g ~ 0.4 g (C) 0.4 g ~ 0.8 g (D) 1.2 g ~ 2.4 g
9. （4 分）图 1~图 4 是分光光度法中常见的图形,它们分别代表什么曲线(填 A、B、C 、 D)
图1
图2
图3
图4
(1) 图 1 __________ (2) 图 2 __________ (3) 图 3 __________ (4) 图 4 __________
A. 工作曲线 B. 吸收曲线 C. 络合比法测定络合物组成 D. 测量结果的相对误差
华东理工大学2018年硕士《有机化学》考试大纲_华东理工大学考研论坛
华东理工大学2018年硕士《有机化学》考试大纲有机化学与有机化合物有机化合物的特性，分类，官能团，同分异构体和各种同分异构现象；有机化合物构造式的表示方式。
有机化合物中的化学键，化学键杂化理论，键的性质，包括键长、键角、键能、键解离能，键的极性和分子的极性，键的极化，偶极矩。
有机化合物的酸碱理论；电子效应、立体效应和溶剂效应。
烷烃和环烷烃烷烃的命名——系统命名法。
同系列和构造异构、碳架异构；烷烃的结构，甲烷的结构；构象，乙烷、正丁烷的构象；构象的表示方法：锯架式、透视式、Newman投影式。
烷烃的物理、化学性质；自由基卤代反应历程，反应中能量的变化、反应热、活化能；异构化反应、裂化反应和裂解反应；烷烃的制法：烯烃的氢化，Corey-House反应，Wurtz反应，Grignard试剂法，卤代烷、磺酸酯和对甲苯磺酸酯被锂铝氢还原。
环烷烃的通式和命名（包括桥环和螺环化合物）；顺、反异构。
环烷烃的物理和化学性质；环烷烃的制备方法：卡宾和烯烃的加成，Diels-Alder二烯合成法。
环烷烃的结构及其稳定性；环己烷的构象：船式及椅式，直立键（a键）及平伏键（e）键、一元、二元取代环己烷的构象式。
立体化学对映异构和对映异构体，非对映异构和非对映异构体，外消旋体和外消旋化，内消旋体。
对称元素：对称轴，对称面，对称中心；手性，不对称碳原子，不对称分子，非对称分子；比旋光度，ee值。
Fischer投影式；Cahn-Ingold-Prelog次序规则和R/S命名法；相对构型和绝对构型。
对映异构体的性质；外消旋体的拆分方法；前手性。
烯烃烯烃的通式、同系列和构造异构；（环）烯烃的命名：系统命名、顺反和Z/E命名（次序规则）；烯烃的结构和构型；烯烃的物理性质。
烯烃的化学性质：亲电加成（X2、HX、H2SO4、HOX、H2O及硼氢化—氧化水解），亲电加成规则（Markovnikov 规则）及亲电加成反应历程（含顺式、反式加成），碳正离子重排；自由基加成——过氧化物效应及其反应历程，反Markovnikov规则；烯烃的催化顺式加氢；烯烃的氧化（空气催化氧化、过氧酸、稀冷KMnO4，OsO4），酸性KMnO4、臭氧化分解；a-H的卤代、氧化；金属卡宾催化的复分解反应；聚合反应。
东华理工大学2018硕士生入学考试初试试题001
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 812 ; 科目名称：《分析化学（含仪器分析》；（ A 卷）适用专业（领域）名称： 070300化学一、选择题：（共13小题，每小题2分，共30分）1. 以EDTA滴定法测定石灰石中CaO[M r(CaO)=56.08]含量, 采用 0.02 mol/LEDTA 滴定, 设试样中含CaO约50 % , 试样溶解后定容至250 mL, 移取25 mL进行滴定, 则试样称取量宜为-------------------------------------------------------------------------------( )(A) 0.1 g 左右(B) 0.2 g ~ 0.4 g (C) 0.4 g ~ 0.8 g (D) 1.2 g ~ 2.4 g2. 微溶化合物A2B3在溶液中的解离平衡是: A2B3==2A + 3B。
今已测得B的浓度为3.0×10-3mol/L,则该微溶化合物的溶度积K sp是------------------------------------------( )(A) 1.1×10-13 (B) 2.4×10-13 (C) 1.0×10-14 (D) 2.6×10-113. 以下银量法测定需采用返滴定方式的是--------------------------------------------------( )(A)莫尔法测Cl-(B)吸附指示剂法测Cl-(C)佛尔哈德法测Cl-(D)AgNO3滴定CN-(生成Ag[Ag(CN)2]指示终点4. 气液色谱中，保留值实际上反映的是下列哪两者间的相互作用---------------------( )(A)组分和载气(B)载气和载体(C)组分和固定液(D)组分和载体5. 测定铁矿中 Fe 的质量分数, 求得置信度为 95％时平均值的置信区间为35.21%±0.10%。
有机化学考研华东理工大《803有机化学》考研真题
有机化学考研东理工大《803有机化学》考研真题一、2014年华东理工大学803有机化学考研真题二、一、选择题1下列不属于Lewis酸的有（）。
[中山大学2009年研]A．CuCl2B．Ag＋C．H＋D．【答案】D ~~【解析】Lewis酸是电子的接受体，只有D项不能再接受电子。
2下列物质酸性最小的是（）。
[中山大学2009年研]A．B．C．CH3OHD．CH3CN【答案】C ~~【解析】一般地，酚类的酸性强于醇类的酸性，而醇类的酸性又强于烷基的酸性，所以D项的酸性最小。
3下列化合物酸性由大到小的次序是（）。
[首都师范大学2010年研] a．苯酚b．戊醇c．对硝基苯酚d．间硝基苯酚A．c＞d＞a＞bB．a＞c＞d＞bC．b＞a＞d＞cD．c＞a＞d＞b【答案】A ~~【解析】本题考查有机化合物的酸性的大小比较，四个选项中有两类物质，即醇和酚，由于苯环的共轭结构，使得酚类的酸性大于醇类，则排除C项，苯酚中苯环上含有吸电子取代基时其酸性增强，则排除B、D项。
4下列自由基的稳定性从大到小的次序是（）。
[中山大学2010年研]A．d＞c＞b＞aB．d＞c＞a＞bC．a＞b＞c＞dD．c＞b＞a＞d【答案】C ~~【解析】自由基与其周围的基团的共轭作用越强，或超共轭作用越强，越稳定。
5下列化合物中，有旋光活性的为（）。
[华中科技大学2002年研]【答案】BC ~~【解析】（A）、（D）分子中有对称中心或对称面，为非手性分子，无光学活性；（B）分子中两个四元环互相垂直；（D）分子中两个π键也互相垂直，它们都没有对称中心或对称面，为手性分子，有光学活性。
6下列化合物没有旋光性的是（）。
[华中科技大学2000年研]【答案】A ~~【解析】螺[4.4]壬烷中的两个五元环互相垂直，故（A）分子中有对称面，为非手性分子，无旋光性；而（B）、（C）、（D）无对称面，为手性分子，有旋光性。
7下列化合物中没有光学活性的是（）。
东华理工大学2018硕士生入学考试初试试题
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码：615 ; 科目名称：《有机化学》；（ A 卷）适用专业（领域）名称：化学一、单项选择题：（共20小题，每小题2分，共40分）（1）下列哪个不是自由基反应的特征?(A) 酸碱对反应有明显的催化作用(B) 光、热、过氧化物能使反应加速(C) 氧、氧化氮、酚对反应有明显的抑制作用(D) 溶剂极性变化对反应影响很小（2）2-戊炔顺-2-戊烯应采用下列哪一种反应条件?(A) H2，Pd/BaSO4,喹啉(B) Na，液氨(C) B2H6(D) H2，Ni（3）炔烃经臭氧化可得到什么产物?(A) 过氧化物(B) 醛或酮(C) 环氧化物(D) 羧酸（4）用哪种方法提纯含有少量乙胺和二乙胺的三乙胺?(A) 碱洗(B) 酸洗(C) 与对甲苯磺酰氯反应(D) 在碱存在下与苯磺酰氯反应，然后蒸馏（5）光照下，烷烃卤代反应的机理是通过哪一种中间体进行的?(A) 碳正离子(B) 自由基(C) 碳正离子(D) 协同反应，无中间体（6）二甲基环丙烷有几种异构体?(A) 2种(B) 3种(C) 4种(D) 5种（7）下列化合物中哪些可能有E,Z异构体?(A) 2-甲基-2-丁烯(B) 2,3-二甲基-2-丁烯(C) 2-甲基-1-丁烯(D) 2-戊烯（8）为了除去正己烷中的少量己烯，最好采用下列哪种方法?(A) Pd +H2(B) 臭氧分解，然后碱洗(C) 浓硫酸洗(D) 用Br2处理，然后蒸馏（9）有机化合物共轭双键数目增加时，其紫外吸收带如何变化?(A) 红移(B) 紫移(C) 不变化(D) 移动无规律（10）CH2Cl2 + C6H6（过量）的主要产物是:(A) CH2ClC6H5(B) CH2(C6H5)2 (C) ClC(C6H5)3(D) CCl2(C6H5)2（11）傅-克反应烷基易发生重排，为了得到正烷基苯，最可靠的方法是:(A) 使用AlCl3作催化剂(B) 使反应在较高温度下进行(C) 通过酰基化反应，再还原(D) 使用硝基苯作溶剂（12）下列哪些特性与S N2反应符合？反应速率只取决于亲核试剂的浓度(I)，亲核试剂从被置换基团的反面进攻(II)，反应过程中键的形成和键的破裂同时发生(III)。
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码：821;科目名称：《土力学》；（A卷）适用专业（领域）名称：岩土工程一、名词解释题：（共5小题，每小题4分，共20分）1.土的固结度2.前期固结应力3.有效应力4.主动土压力5.土的抗剪强度二、填空题：（共5小题，每空1分，共10分）1.土的不均匀系数Cu越大，颗粒级配曲线越__________。
2.依据被土颗粒吸附的牢固程度，吸着水分为__________和__________，其中影响土的性质的是___________。
3.测定土的颗粒组成的常用方法有__________和__________。
4.土颗粒矿物成分分为原生矿物和次生矿物两大类，其中次生矿物主要为黏土矿物，常见的黏土矿物有______________、______________和_________________。
5.粘性土的抗剪强度定律的表达式___________________________。
三、单项选择题：（共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1.土的物理指标中，可由实验直接测定的三个指标是_______。
A.孔隙比、密度、含水率B.密度、含水率、比重C.孔隙比、比重、密度2.在通常的工程结构压力作用下，土体的压缩变形主要是由_______引起。
A.孔隙体积的减少B.孔隙中水的变形C.土颗粒的变形D.土颗粒和孔隙中水的变形3.某土的液性指数I L大于1，则该土处于________。
A.流塑状态B.可塑状态C.半干硬状态4.土体圧缩曲线e-p是在_______下得到的。
A.三轴条件B.无侧限试验条件C.有侧限试验条件5.土的一维固结微分方程表示了______的关系。
A.固结度与时间B.孔隙水压力与时间和深度C.孔隙水压力与时间6.有M、N两厚度及物理性质相同的饱和粘土层，其应力分布也相同，但M土层为双面排水，N土层为单面排水，则M、N两土层达到同一固结度所需时间之比为_____。
东华理工大学601高等数学2016-2018年考研专业课真题试卷
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华东理工大学有机化学考研练习题及问题详解
第一章 绪论1．以下化合物是否有极性？若有试用“”标记标明偶极矩方向。
(醇醚O 以sp 3杂化)H-BrCH 2Cl 2CH 3OHCH 3OCH 3(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)CH 3CH 3ClCl CCClCl CH 3CH3CC解答：H-Br无CH(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)3Cl Cl CH 3CH 3C2. 根据S 与O 的电负性差别，H 2O 与H 2S 相比，哪个有较强的偶极-偶极作用力或氢键？答案：电负性 O > S , H 2O 与H 2S 相比，H 2O 有较强的偶极作用及氢键。
3. 预测下列各对物质的酸性相对强弱。
(1) H 3O +和N +H 4 (2) H 3O +和H 2O (3) N +H 4和NH 3 (4) H 2S 和HS - (5) H 2O 和OH-解答：(1) H 3O +> N +H 4 (2) H 3O +>H 2O (3) N +H 4>NH 3 (4) H 2S>HS - (5) H 2O >OH -4．把下列各组物质按碱性强弱排列成序。
解答：5．下列物种哪些是亲电试剂？哪些是亲核试剂？H +, Cl +, H 2O, CN -, RCH 2-, RNH 3+, NO 2+, R CO +,OH -, NH 2-, NH 3, RO-解答：亲电试剂 H +, Cl +, RNH 3+, NO 2+, R ―C=O+亲核试剂 H 2O, CN -, RCH 2-, OH -, NH 2-, NH 3, RO -第二章 烷烃1．用中文系统命名法命名或写出结构式。
CH 3CH 2CHCH 2CH 2CCH 2CH 3CH 3CH 3CH H 3C CH 3CH 3CHCCCH 3CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 3CH 3CH 3CH 3CH 3(1)(2)CH 3CHCH 2CH 2CH 2CHCHCH 2CH 3CH 3CH 3H 3C(3)(4)(5) 四甲基丁烷 (6) 异己烷解答：(1) 2,6,6-三甲基-3-乙基辛烷。
东华理工大学812分析化学(含仪器分析)2016--2018年考研初试真题
注意：答案请做在答题纸上，做在试卷上无效第 1 页，共 2 页 东华理工大学2016年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 812 ; 科目名称：《分析化学（含仪器分析）》；（ A 卷） 适用专业（领域）名称： 070300化学一、简述题：（共6小题，每小题10分，共60分）1. (本小题10分) 分析天平的称量误差为±0.1mg,称样量分别为0.05g、0.2g、1.0g 时可能引起的相对误差各为多少? 这些结果说明什么问题?2. (本小题10分) 定性鉴定反应必须具有明显的外观特征,试举例说明。
3. (本小题10分) 何为内标? 在原子发射光谱分析中如何使用?4. (本小题10分) 请画出紫外分光光度法仪器的组成图（即方框图），并说明各组成部分的作用？5. (本小题10分) 极谱测定时，为什么要除O 2，如何除O 2？6. (本小题10分) 什么是色谱的键合固定相? 它与机械涂布的固定液有什么不同?二、计算题：（共3小题，每小题10分，共30分）1. (本小题10分) 在测定试样中硫的质量分数时,欲使 1.000mg 的BaSO 4相当于0.1000%的硫, 问需称取试样多少克? [A r (S)=32.06, M r (BaSO 4)=233.4]2. (本小题10分) 计算以下溶液的[H +]:(1) 0.10 mol/L NH 4CN 溶液(2) 0.10 mol/L NH 4A 溶液已知 p K a (NH 4+) = 9.26, p K a (HCN) = 9.21, p K a (HA) = 1.30。
3. (本小题10分) 原子吸收法测定某试液中某离子浓度时，测得试液的吸光度为0.218，取1.00mL 浓度为10.0μg/mL 的该离子的标准溶液加入到9.00mL 试液中，在相同条件下测得吸光度为0.418，求该试液中该离子的质量浓度（以mg/L 表示）。
三、综述题：（共3小题，每小题20分，共60分）1. (本小题20分) 用酸碱滴定法测定H 2SO 4和H 3PO 4混合液中两种酸的浓度。
2016-2018年华南理工大学865有机化学硕士研究生入学考试题
865B华南理工大学2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷（试卷上做答无效，请在答题纸上做答，试后本卷必须与答题纸一同交回）科目名称：有机化学适用专业：有机化学；高分子化学与物理；材料科学与工程；制糖工程；绿色能源化学与技术；食品科学与工程；食品工程(专硕)共6 页一、解释名词术语（10分，2 ⨯ 5）1、σ-p超共轭效应2、对映异构体二、命名下列各结构式或根据名称写出其结构式（注明构型）（10分，5 ⨯ 2）1、2、（注明Z/E）注明（R/S）3、4、5,7,7-三甲基二环[2.2.1]-2-庚烯5、8-氯-2-萘甲酸三、单选题（30分，15 ⨯ 2）1、下列化合物中碱性最强的是（）A、B、C、D、2、下列自由基的稳定性顺序为（）a、b、c、d、A、a>b>d>cB、b>a>d>cC、b>a>c>dD、d>a>b>c3、下列化合物的酸性顺序正确的是（）A、a>b>c>dB、b>c>d>aC、d>c>b>aD、d>c>a>b9、下列羰基化合物亲核加成反应顺序正确的是（）a、b、c、d、A、a>b>c>dB、d>a>b>cC、d>a>c>bD、a>d>c>b10、下列叙述属于卤代烃SN2反应特征的是（）A、反应速度与卤代烃浓度有关B、反应二步完成C、产物外消旋化D、反应中心碳原子反生Walden翻转11、以下论述不属于醇分子内脱水生成烯烃的反应特征的是（）A、叔醇活性大于伯醇和仲醇B、反应二步完成，中间体为碳正离子C、以Saytzeff消除为主产物D、反式消除，有重排产物12、在碘化钠的丙酮溶液中反应速度最快的是（）A、3-溴丙烯B、1-溴丁烷C、溴乙烯D、2-溴丁烷13、下列化合物哪一个不能进行Fielder-Crafts反应？（）A、B、C、D、14、可以发生自身羟醛缩合反应的是（）A、B、C、D、15、下列叙述错误的是（）A、羧酸衍生物中只有酯可以与格式试剂发生反应；B、共轭效应的效果不会因共轭距离的扩展而减弱；C、醇在进行亲核取代反应的同时伴随着消除反应；D、区分胺结构可以用Hinsdberg反应。
东华理工大学812分析化学(含仪器分析)2016-2018年考研专业课真题试卷
(C) 1.0×10-14
(D) 2.6×10-11
3. 以下银量法测定需采用返滴定方式的是--------------------------------------------------( )
(A)莫尔法测 Cl-
(B)吸附指示剂法测 Cl-
(C)佛尔哈德法测 Cl-
(D)AgNO3 滴定 CN-(生成 Ag[Ag(CN)2]指示终点
11. （4分）以下滴定应采用的滴定方式分别是:(填A， B ，C ，D)
(1) 佛尔哈#43;
____
(3) KMnO4 法测定 Ca2+ (4) 莫尔法测定 Cl-
____ ____
（A）直接法 （B）回滴法 （C）置换法 （D）间接法
12. 对某一组分来说，在一定的柱长下，色谱峰的宽或窄主要决定于组分在色谱柱中的
(A)保留值
(B)扩散速度
(C)分配比
(D)理论塔板数
13. 在重量分析中，如果杂质沉淀量在沉淀放置过程中随着放置时间而增大，则这种污 染是由于---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------( ) (A) 形成混晶 (B) 表面吸附 (C) 形成双电层 (D) 继沉淀
2. 微溶化合物 A2B3 在溶液中的解离平衡是: A2B3==2A + 3B。今已测得 B 的浓度为
3.0×10-3mol/L,则该微溶化合物的溶度积 Ksp 是------------------------------------------( )
(A) 1.1×10-13
(B) 2.4×10-13
2018年华东理工大学619药学基础综合考研真题【圣才出品】
2018年华东理工大学619药学基础综合考研真题（回忆版，不完整）
有机化学部分
主要题型：完成反应、选择（单）、简答（1）、机理（1）、合成（4）、推断（2）、分析（1）
1．完成反应
①
②
2．合成
（1）
（2）
（3）
4．分离：三丁胺中除去二丁胺
5．简答题
CH3CH＝CH2＋HBr→产物判断
生物化学部分
主要题型：单选、多选、填空、简答（3）、判断（25个，40分）、英汉互译（10个30分）
1．英汉互译
PNP
N-乙酰胞壁酸
2．名解
流体镶嵌模型
有义链
冈崎片段
3．填空题
2017诺贝尔生理学奖
4．简答题
（1）基因工程与分子杂交
（2）凯氏定氮法原理、缺陷，设计新方法。
（3）生物体活动无序→有序，是否违反热力学第二定律。
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题
东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题科目代码： 840 ; 科目名称：《综合英语》；（ A 卷）适用专业（领域）名称：学科教学（英语）Part I Reading Comprehension (50%，2.5*20)In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Text AThe bag is one of the most simple and useful things in the world. It is a container made of paper or cloth. It has given the world many strange expressions that are not very simple. Some of them are used in the United States today.One is “bagman”. It describes a go-between. The go-between sees to it that money is passed — often illegally — from one person to another. Another widely-used expression is to “let the cat out of the bag”. It is used when someone tells something that was supposed to be secret. No one can explain how the cat got into the bag. But there is an old story about it.Long ago tradesmen sold things in large cloth bags. One day a woman asked for a pig. The tradesman held up a cloth bag with something moving inside it. He said it was a live pig. The woman asked to see it. When the dishonest tradesman opened the bag, out jumped a cat — not a pig. The tradesman’s secret was out. He was trying to trick her. And now everybody knew it.The phrase “to be left holding the bag” is as widely used as the expression “to let the cat out of the bag”. This expression makes the person left holding the bag responsible for an action, often a crime or misdeed. That person is the one who is punished. The others involved in the act escape. Where the expression came from is not clear. Some say that General George Washington used it during the American Revolutionary War. One of Washington’s officers, Royall Taylor, used the expression in a play about Daniel Shay’s rebellion. The play was in 1787, after Taylor helped to put down Shay’s rebellion.Shay led a thousand war veterans in an attack on a federal building in Springfield, Massachusetts. Guns were in the building. Some of the protesters were farmers who had no money to buy seed. Some had been put in prison for not paying their debts. They were menwho fought one war against the king of England, and were now prepared to fight against their own government. Most of the rebels were captured. Shay and some of the officers escaped.In his play, Taylor describes Shay as disappearing, giving others “the bag to hold”.A bag is useful in many ways. Just be careful not “to let the cat out of the bag”, or someone may leave you “holding the bag”.1. According to the passage, a bagman refers to _________________.A) a person who travels around carrying his things in a bag B) a vagrant workerC) a person who delivers or collects money for criminals D) a homeless person2. Which of the following is TRUE concerning the story about “let the cat out of the bag”?A) The tradesman wanted to play a joke with the woman.B) The woman wanted to buy a cat.C) The tradesman kept a cat in a plastic bag.D) The tradesman lied to the woman that he had a live pig in the bag.3. What can we infer from the story “to be left holding the bag”?A) The person left holding the bag was completely innocent.B) The person left holding the bag took no responsibility for committing crimes.C) Many farmers protested against the government because they couldn’t pay their debts.D) Many protesters became the scapegoats for Shay and his officers.4. What does the last sentence of this passage mean?A) A bag has many different functions.B) People should often keep secret or they will be left to take the responsibility for everything.C) People should watch out and learn to take the responsibility for their actions.D) You will have to hold the bag if you let the cat out of it.5. The best title for this passage is ________________.A) Don’t Let the Cat Out of the Bag B) To Be Left Holding a BagC) Words and Their Stories: Bag Expressions D) Bag: A Useful ContainerText BTraditional plant breeding involves crossing varieties of the same species in ways they could cross naturally．For example，disease-resistant varieties of wheat have been crossed with high-yield wheat to combine these properties．This type of natural gene exchange is safe and fairly predictable．Genetic engineering（GE）involves exchanging genes between unrelated species that cannot naturally exchange genes with each other．GE can involve the exchange of genes between vastly different species—e.g. putting scorpion toxin genes into maize or fish antifreeze genes into tomatoes．It is possible that a scorpion toxin gene，even when it is in maize DNA，will still get the organism to produce scorpion toxin, but what other effects may it have in this alien environment？We are already seeing this problem—adding human growth hormone genes to pigs certainly makes them grow—but it also gives them arthritis and makes them cross-eyed，which was entirely unpredictable．It will be obvious，for example，that the gene for human intelligence will not have the same effect if inserted into cabbage DNA as it had in human DNA, but what side-effect would it have？In other words，is GM food safe to eat？The answer is that nobody knows because long-term tests have not been carried out．Companies wanting a GM product approved in the UK or U.S. are required to provide regulatory bodies with results of their own safety tests．Monsanto’s soya beans were apparently fed to fish for ten weeks before being approved．There was no requirement for independent testing，for long-term testing，for testing on humans or testing for specific dangers to children or allergic people．The current position of the UK Government is that “There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.” In the U.S.，the American Food and Drug Administration (AFDA) is currently being prosecuted for covering up research that suggested possible risks from GM foods．6. Genetic engineering .A) involves crossing varieties of the same speciesB) is safe and fairly predictableC) is dangerous and entirely unpredictableD) covers the exchange of genes between different species7. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true?A) The side-effect of adding human growth hormone to pigs is that pigs may acquire somediseases of human.B) Human intelligence gene functions differently in human DNA and in cabbage DNA.C) In the UK or U.S., a GM product cannot be approved before the results of its safetytests are provided.D) Tests show that GM foods have specific dangers to children or allergic people.8. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A) There is no evidence of long-term dangers from GM foods.B) The UK government and the U.S. government have different attitudes towards GMfoods.C) The AFDA in the U.S. was charged with concealing some research findings.D) The governments of the UK and the U.S. are protecting the GM foods.9. The possible title for the passage might be .A) Safe to Eat? B) GM Food NeedsC) Genetic Engineering D) A New Way of Breeding10. What’s the writer’s attitude towards GM food?A) Neutral. B) Positive. C) Negative. D) Indifferent. Text CFaces, like fingerprints, are unique. Did you ever wonder how it is possible for us to recognize people? Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another. Yet a very young child－or even an animal, such as a pigeon－can learn to recognize faces. We all take this ability for granted.We also tell people apart by how they behave. When we talk about someone’s personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different from others.Like the human face, human personality is very complex. But describing someone’s personality in words is somewhat easier than describing his face. If you were asked to describe what a “nice face” looked like, you probably would have a difficult time doing so.But if you were asked to describe a “nice person,” you might begin to think about someone who was kind, considerate, friendly, warm, and so forth.There are many words to describe how a person thinks, feels and acts. Gordon Allport, an American psychologist, found nearly 18,000 English words characterizing differences in people’s behavior. And many of us use this information as a basis for describing, or typing, his personality. Bookworms, conservatives, military types---- people are described with such terms.People have always tried to “type” each other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain’s or the hero’s role. In fact, the words “person” and “personality” come from the Latin persona, meaning “mask”. Today, most television and movie actors do not wear masks. But we can easily tell the “good guys” from the “bad guys” because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions.11. The main idea of this passage is ____________.A) how to distinguish people’s facesB）how to describe people’s personalityC) how to distinguish people both inward and outwardD) how to differ good persons from bad persons12. The author is most probably a _________.A) behaviorist B) psychologist C) sociologist D) scientist13. Which of the following is NOT true?A) Different people may have different personalities.B) People differ from each other in appearance.C) People can learn to recognize faces.D) People can describe all the features of others.14. The reason why it is easier to describe a person’s personality in words than his face is that________.A) a person’s face is more complex than his personalityB) a person’s personality is easily distinguishedC) a person’s personality is very complexD) many words are available when people try to describe one’s personality15. W e learn from the passage that people classify a person into a certain type according to________.A) his way of acting and thinking B) his way of speaking and behavingC) his learning and behavior D)his physical appearance and hispersonalityText DIt is often helpful when thinking about biological processes to consider some apparently similar yet better understood non-biological process. In the case of visual perception an obvious choice would be colour photography. Since in many respects eyes resemble cameras, and percepts photographs, is it not reasonable to assume that perception is a sort of photographic process whereby samples of the external world become spontaneously and accurately reproduced somewhere inside our heads? Unfortunately, the answer must be no. The best that can be said of the photographic analogy is that it points up what perception is not. Beyond this it is superficial and misleading. Four simple experiments should make the matter plain.In the first a person is asked to match a pair of black and white discs, which are rotating at such a speed as to make them appear uniformly grey. One disc is standing in shadow, the other in bright illumination. By adjusting the ratio of black to white in one of the discs the subject tries to make it look the same as the other. The results show him to be remarkably accurate, for it seems he has made the proportion of black to white in the brightly illuminated disc almost identical with that in the disc which stood in shadow. But there is nothing photographic about his perception, for when the matched discs, still spinning, are photographed, the resulting print shows them to be quite dissimilar in appearance. The disc in shadow is obviously very much darker than the other one. What has happened? Both the camera and the person were accurate, but their criteria differed. One might say that the camera recorded things as they look, and the person things as they are. But the situation is manifestly more complex than this, for the person also recorded things as they look. He did better than the camera because he made them look as they really are. He was not misled by the differences in illumination. He showed perceptual constancy. By reason of an extremely rapid, wholly unconscious piece of computation he received a more accurate record of theexternal world than could the camera.In the second experiment a person is asked to match with a colour card the colours of two pictures in dim illumination. One is of a leaf, the other of a donkey. Both are coloured an equal shade of green. In making his match he chooses a much stronger green for the leaf than for the donkey. The leaf evidently looks greener than the donkey. The percipient makes a perceptual world compatible with his own experience. It hardly needs saying that cameras lack this versatility.In the third experiment hungry, thirsty and satiated people are asked to equalize the brightness of pictures depicting food, water and other objects unrelated to hunger or thirst. When the intensities at which they set the pictures are measured it is found that hungry people see pictures relating to food as brighter than the rest (i.e. to equalize the pictures they make the food ones less intense), and thirsty people do likewise with “drink” pictures. For the satiated group no differences are obtained between the different objects. In other words, perception serves to satisfy needs, not to enrich subjective experience. Unlike a photograph the percept is determined by more than just the stimulus.The fourth experiment is of a rather different kind. With ears plugged, their eyes beneath translucent goggles and their bodies either encased in cotton wool, or floating naked in water at body temperature, people are deprived for considerable periods of external stimulation. Contrary to what one might expect, however, such circumstances result not in a lack of perceptual experience but rather a surprising change in what is perceived. The subjects in such an experiment begin to see, feel and hear things which bear no more relationship to the immediate external world than does a dream in someone who is asleep. These people are not asleep yet their hallucinations, or so-called ‘autistic’ perceptions, may be as vivid, if not more so, than any normal percept.16. In the first paragraph, the author suggests that _______.A. colour photography is a biological processB. vision is rather like colour photographyC. vision is a sort of photographic processD. vision and colour photography are very different17. In the first experiment, it is proved that a person _______.A. makes mistakes of perception and is less accurate than a cameraB. can see more clearly than a cameraC. is more sensitive to changes in light than a cameraD. sees colours as they are in spite of changes in the light18. The second experiment shows that ________.A. people see colours according to their ideas of how things should lookB. colours look different in a dim lightC. cameras work less efficiently in a dim lightD. colours are less intense in larger objects19. What does “to equalize the brightness” (Line 1, Para. 4) mean?A. To arrange the pictures so that the equally bright ones are together.B. To change the lighting so that the pictures look equally bright.C. To describe the brightness.D. To move the pictures nearer or further away.20. The group of experiments, taken together, proves that human perception is _______.A. unreliableB. mysterious and unpredictableC. less accurate than a cameraD. related to our knowledge, experience and needsPart II Translation ( 50 Points)Section A :For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.（30%）1812年春，拿破仑在俄国边境屯兵60万。
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东华理工大学2018年硕士生入学考试初试试题
科目代码：615 ; 科目名称：《有机化学》；（ A 卷）
适用专业（领域）名称：化学
一、单项选择题：（共20小题，每小题2分，共40分）
（1）下列哪个不是自由基反应的特征?
(A) 酸碱对反应有明显的催化作用
(B) 光、热、过氧化物能使反应加速
(C) 氧、氧化氮、酚对反应有明显的抑制作用
(D) 溶剂极性变化对反应影响很小
（2）2-戊炔顺-2-戊烯应采用下列哪一种反应条件?
(A) H2，Pd/BaSO4,喹啉(B) Na，液氨(C) B2H6(D) H2，Ni
（3）炔烃经臭氧化可得到什么产物?
(A) 过氧化物(B) 醛或酮(C) 环氧化物(D) 羧酸
（4）用哪种方法提纯含有少量乙胺和二乙胺的三乙胺?
(A) 碱洗(B) 酸洗
(C) 与对甲苯磺酰氯反应(D) 在碱存在下与苯磺酰氯反应，然后蒸馏
（5）光照下，烷烃卤代反应的机理是通过哪一种中间体进行的?
(A) 碳正离子(B) 自由基(C) 碳正离子(D) 协同反应，无中间体（6）二甲基环丙烷有几种异构体?
(A) 2种(B) 3种(C) 4种(D) 5种
（7）下列化合物中哪些可能有E,Z异构体?
(A) 2-甲基-2-丁烯(B) 2,3-二甲基-2-丁烯
(C) 2-甲基-1-丁烯(D) 2-戊烯
（8）为了除去正己烷中的少量己烯，最好采用下列哪种方法?
(A) Pd +H2(B) 臭氧分解，然后碱洗
(C) 浓硫酸洗(D) 用Br2处理，然后蒸馏
（9）有机化合物共轭双键数目增加时，其紫外吸收带如何变化?
(A) 红移(B) 紫移(C) 不变化(D) 移动无规律
（10）CH2Cl2 + C6H6（过量）的主要产物是:
(A) CH2ClC6H5(B) CH2(C6H5)2 (C) ClC(C6H5)3(D) CCl2(C6H5)2
（11）傅-克反应烷基易发生重排，为了得到正烷基苯，最可靠的方法是:
(A) 使用AlCl3作催化剂(B) 使反应在较高温度下进行
(C) 通过酰基化反应，再还原(D) 使用硝基苯作溶剂
（12）下列哪些特性与S N2反应符合？反应速率只取决于亲核试剂的浓度(I)，亲核试剂从被置换基团的反面进攻(II)，反应过程中键的形成和键的破裂同时发生(III)。
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