阅读理解命题原则分析

第三部分阅读理解命题原则分析

主题句细节句原则：阅读理解⽂文章以及⽂文章中的每⼀一个段落都是由不同的功能句组成的。根据功能句的特点和作⽤用，可以将句⼦子分成两类：主题句和细节句。段落的主题句可以出现在段⾸首，也可以出现在段尾，有时也出现在段落中间。如果出现在段落中间，必须在转折意义的but, however, surprisingly, virtually, indeed, in fact, yet或now的后⾯面，否则段⾸首或段尾的语⾔言完整，形式简洁，观点明确的句⼦子即为主题句。即，段落摆在⾯面前，⾸首先跳读段落中间句：如果中间句前有转折词，那么转折词所在句⼀一般是主题句；如果中间句前没有转折词，那么段落⾸首句后者尾句语⾔言完整，形式简洁，观点明确的句⼦子即为主题句。⽽而细节句的特点为：举例⼦子（时间、空间、⼈人称转移），作统计（百分数），引引语（直接引语和间接引语:直接引语即可能是主题句也可能是细节句(引号的内容是细节句的五个特点,该句⼦子是细节句;引号的内容是语⾔言完整,形式简洁,观点明确的句⼦子⼀一定是主题句）)，做实验（准备、过程、结论），打⽐比⽅方（⽐比喻、⽐比较、疑问）和做列举。

例如，Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.

⽂文章主题句分析：利⽤用“主题句---

细节句原则”：段落中间句没有转折词，段落尾句Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.中“having another set of eyes looking out for you.”是⽐比喻句，为细节。因此段落⾸首句“Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile.即使那些不找⼯工作的⼈人也发现搜索引擎有价值。”为主题句。

再如，The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. ⽂文章主题句分析：利⽤用“主题句—

细节句原则”，该段段落中间句前没有转折词，确定段落中间句不是主题句，主题句是段落⾸首句或者尾句；段落⾸首句The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions.是间接引语，并且是把⼈人和猴⼦子进⾏行⽐比较表⽰示不确定，明确是细节；

因此段落尾句是主题句“However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.但是，这种公平感独⽴立源⾃自于卷尾猴或⼈人，或者源⾃自于他们共同的祖先仍然是悬⽽而未决的问题。”

中⼼心统⼀一原则：⽂文章以及段落都是由主题句和细节句构成的。主题句表明段落或篇章的中⼼心，细节句是为主题句⽽而服务的。即，主题句指明段落及⽂文章的⽅方向，细节句则是⽀支撑主题的具体事例，引语，统计，⽐比喻或者实验。因此，把握⽂文章的中⼼心思想⽆无须透彻理解整个段落，段落中的主题句即可指明⽅方向，确定主题。同时，⽂文章中⾸首段除外的其他段落含义与⾸首段相同。即，⽂文章⾸首段要利⽤用“主题句—

细节句原则”准确确定主题句；其他段落，段落中间句前有转折词看转折词所在句，⽆无转折词直接看段⾸首句。同时，其他段落确定段落内容的语句中的词汇都与⾸首段主题词有关。

例如，

When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn’t cutting, filling or polishing as many nails as she’d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I’m a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they’re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard’s department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don’t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too” she says.

⽂文章⾸首段段落中间句转折词所在的语句明确是细节，段落⾸首句引出问题，因此段⾸首句When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet.“在持续衰退经济形式下，Ellen经济状况为“isn’t biting her nails just yet.””不难发现，该段引出“经济下滑”这⼀一主题。

Even before Alan Greenspan’s admission that America’s red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year’s pace. But don’t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy’s long-term prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tightening.

⽂文章第⼆二段段落中间句前出现转折词“but”，因此，主题句为But don’t sound any alarms just yet.“这种经济衰退并没有令⼈人听起来任何警觉。”不难发现，该段指出⾯面对经济下滑⼈人们没有警觉。