英文终稿

毕业设计（论文）英文资料译文

英文题目：High-tech trade Indicators 2006:

EU-25 vs. USA, China and Japan 中文题目：2006年高新技术产品贸易指标：

欧盟25国与美国，中国和日本的比较

专业：国际经济与贸易

学生姓名：刘杨

学号：061001052

指导教师：蒋永宏

时间：2010-04-06

INTRODUCTION

Technology is one of the essential actors in the enhancement of economic growth and productivity. Sales of high-tech products are already a vital part of many countri es’ export performance and high-tech industries are considered as synonymous of high added value and well-paid jobs.

Even if it is actually difficult to estimate countries performance in developing and commercializing technology, high-tech trade is definitely one important indicator in this direction, as high-tech products are the leading edge of science-based trade and are often the result of considerable R&D investments.

The importance of trading in high-tech products is due to several reasons; for example, it returns the capacity of a country to carry out R&D, to develop new knowledge, and to transform it into advanced goods to be sold in the global market. All such actions are symptoms of an increasing efficiency, supporting a virtuous cycle of learning, productivity and competitiveness.

Basically, high-tech trade takes into account exports and imports of products requiring a high amount of R&D. Trade sectors are defined on the basis of SITC product codes (Standard International Trade Classification - Rev. 3). According to OECD, 1997 there are nine main sectors of high-technology:

• Aerospace

• Computers

• Electronics

• Telecommunications

• Pharmaceuticals

• Electrical machinery

• Non electrical machinery

• Chemistry

• Armaments

The report covers both approaches for the calculation of high-tech trade indicators: the PRODUCT approach and the SECTORAL approach. An important distinction has to be stressed between trade of high-tech products and trade of goods by high-tech industries. In fact, not all goods produced by high-tech industries are really high-tech products. For this reason, two different approaches are proposed for the calculation of high-tech trade indicators.

The data are compiled from the detailed external trade statistics transmitted to Euro stat by the EU Member States and the candidate countries (EEC Special Trade domain of the COMEXT database) and to the United Nations (COMTRADE database) by Iceland, Norway, Japan and the United States.

For the EU Member States, the statistical information is mainly provided by the traders on the basis of Customs (extra-EU) and Intra-stat (intra-EU) declarations. Data are collected by the competent national authorities of the Member States For the candidate countries, data are compiled according to a methodology closed to the Community concept before transmission to Eurostat. In the study some monetary values for traded products are reported: such values do not include taxes such as value added tax, export refunds or other taxes with similar effect.

The countries covered in this study are the Member States of the EU-25 (considered as an aggregate), Japan, US, and China. Thus, in this report, intra-EU-25 trade figures are omitted, that is, only extra-EU exports are considered when calculating the indicator for the EU-25 as a whole. The indicators are calculated from 1999 to 2005, the latest year where data are available for all countries.

The analyses carried out in this study focus on market shares. The market share is a ratio in which the nominator is the total export of high-tech products from the country under study. Three different denominators can be considered, producing in turn three different indicators: