语篇翻译
语篇翻译
二、语篇翻译之归化翻译 如前所述,语篇是人们运用语言系统进行交际的 结构——意义单位,而翻译作为语言交际的一种 跨语言、跨文化交际活动形式,必然以交际的存 在方式——语篇形式而体现。因此,实际存在的 翻 译 必 然 就 是 语 篇 翻 译 。 我们知道任何一种语言的语篇所表达的意义或信 息均是由无数信息单元组成的,并且这些单元并 非处在同一个层次上,相反,它们有主辅之别, 轻重之分。另一方面,由于不同语言的语篇存在 语篇构建模式、文化差异等等方面的不同,翻译 中,常有的情形是译文语篇做不到对原文语篇意 义、信息百分之百地传递,而是有所遗失,“意 义对等”是柏拉图式幻想( Maria Tymoczko 2001)。
反之,上述英语语篇的主旨却是通过 “There are many factors which contribute in the problem of road safety‖这一主题句而直接 点明。另一方面,就语篇的连接形式来讲, 一般地说,英语语篇多于形连(cohesion), 而汉语语篇则长于意连(coherence)。这一 点,我们可以通过把汉语语篇中所有省略的 词填补进去以及与该语篇相应的汉语译文语 篇 的 对 比 而 显 得 一 目 了 然 :
一. 语篇及英汉语篇的差异 根据篇章语言学(text linguistics)理论,语 篇 (text)是人们利用语言系统进行交际的结 构——意义单位,其产生与理解是以交际双 方共有或假设共有知识的估量为基础。这里 的共有知识(shared knowledge)包含非语言知 识与语言知识两大模块。非语言知识涉及到 语篇建构与解读过程中作者、读者的百科知 识和逻辑知识;而语言知识系语篇编码与解 码时必需遵循的规则,即语篇的属性:一致 性(unity)与连贯性(cohesion)。
语篇翻译——衔接与连贯
Chapter 7 语篇翻译——衔接与连贯语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语言整体。
它可以是独白、对话,也可以是众人交谈;可以说文字标志,也可以是诗歌、小说。
它可以是讲话,也可以是文章;短者一两句可成篇,长者可洋洋万言以上。
所以,可以说,无论是一句问候、一次谈话、一场论文答辩、一次记者招待会的问答,还是一张便条、一封书信、一份科研报告、一本文稿,都可以是语篇。
语篇包括“话语”(discourse)和“篇章”(text)。
衔接与连贯(Cohesion vs Coherence)衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上,是语篇的有形网络;连贯存在于语篇的底层,是语篇的无形网络。
衔接与连贯密不可分,衔接是实现语篇连贯的一个重要前提,但并不是说,连贯必须要以衔接为前提。
衔接(Cohesion)7.2.1 定义衔接是将语句聚合在一起的语法及词汇手段的统称,是语篇表层的可见语言现象。
. Paris I’ve always wanted to go there.7.2.2 分类衔接手段大致可分为语法衔接手段(grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接手段(lexical cohesion)两种。
前者包括指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)和关联/连接词(conjunction);(后者指复现(reiteration)和同现(collocation))。
(Halliday & Hason)这些语言手段形成一个有形的完整网络,使篇章的各组成部分有机地衔接起来,从而增强整个篇章的内聚力。
7.2.3英汉语衔接方式的差异1.就语句连接方式来说,英语多用连接词来连接,而汉语则通过意义来连接。
2.在语法方面,英语语法是显性的,而汉语语法则属隐性。
3.对英汉互译的启示。
7.2.4指称/照应(reference)指称是指一个语言成分与另一语言成分产生关联。
. Tommy likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it..Whenever he saw an ice cream, Tommy would like to taste it.. Proverbs are heirlooms, treasured and passed on from generation to generation. We assume these pithy phrases sum up timeless wisdom. But are the truisms really true Psychologists have found they’re pretty hit-or-miss. Still, they persist. After all, you know what they say: old habits—and old sayings—die hard.. The patient shook her head and stretched out her hands towards the baby. The doctor put it in her arms. She kissed it on the forehead.“But if a woman is partial to a man, and does not endeavor to conceal it, he must find it out.”“Perhaps he must, if he sees enough of her.”---Jane Austen: Pride and prejudice7.2.5 省略(ellipsis)省略是用词项空缺的方式达到上下文衔接的目的。
语篇翻译
Passage OneEnchantment of the South Sea IslandsThe mighty Pacific washes the shores of five continents—North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica. Its waters mingle in the southeast with the Atlantic Ocean and in the southwest with the Indian Ocean. It is not on the shores of continents, nor in the coastal islands, however, that the soul of the great Pacific is found. It lies far out where the fabled South Sea Islands are scattered over the huge ocean like stars in the sky.Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls.南海诸岛之魔力浩瀚的太平洋不断冲刷着五大陆的海岸—北美、南美、亚洲、澳大利亚、南极洲。
其东南与大西洋汇合,西南与印度洋分界。
太平洋的魔力即不存在于大陆海岸,也不存在于海岛之中,而是隐藏于神秘的南海诸岛。
语篇的翻译
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语篇的翻译
2. 主位-述位结构
汉英两种语言在主位-述位结构上的主要 差异主要表现在汉语为主题突出型 (topic-prominent)的语言,而英 语则为主语突出型(subjectprominent)的语言。
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语篇的翻译
The Gateway Arch at the edge of the Mississippi River in St. Louis is the world’s tallest monument. Eero Saarinen designed the stainless steel structure that commemorates the Westward Movement.
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语篇的翻译
2. 主位-述位结构
见富贵而生谄容者最可耻, 遇贫穷而作骄恣者贱莫甚。
He who grows sycophantic before people of wealth and position is most degrading. He who waxes haughty in front of the poor is far too despicable.
语篇翻译定义--崔萍萍
翻译案例
原文:There is no more difference, but there is just the same kind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher who weighs out his goods in common scales and the operations of a chemist who performs a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graduated weights. (T.H.Huxley) (选自连淑能著人的思维活动之间存在着 差别,这种差别就跟一个面包师或者卖肉者和一个化验室 在操作方法上的差别一样。前者用普通的秤称东西的重量, 而后者则用天平和精密砝码进行艰难复杂的分析。其差别 不过如此而已。(选自连淑能著《英汉对比研究》第58页)
案例分析
1 ,由于英语重形合,组篇造句时常用各种形式手段链接 词语、分句或句子,注重显性衔接,注重句子形式和结构 完整,注重以形显义;而汉语重意合,组篇造句时少用或 不用形式连接手段,注重隐形连贯,注重逻辑事理顺序, 注重以神统形。 2 , 如 原 文 中 的 as there is 将 两 个 比 较 句 连 接 起 来 ; batcher 与 chemist 后面分别跟了一个 who 引导的定语从句, 将句子成分与先行词紧密地连接在了一起;而by means of 介词短语将后面的词语连接起来,这些都是英语中的衔接 手段,体现了语义的连贯性。
语篇翻译
该汉语段落的中心思想就是:历史告诉我 们,只有马克思列宁主义才能救中国。但 这一主题的阐发方式却明显不同于英语论 说文段落模式,它形散神聚,词句的随"意" 自然流动、重文气(气韵)而轻文理(理 则)、乃至断句不严等特点,均可在其中 找到。
It may be that I am a pessimist, for spring it is, not autumn, that makes me sad. Spring has always rightly been identified with youth, and the sorrows of youth are poignant and bitter. The daffodils which challenge so proudly and splendidly the boisterous March winds are soon shriveled and defeated, limply wrinkling to remind us of the inevitable ravages of time. The world is urgent with bursting life, with the wild exciting beauty of youth, but it is an impetuous beauty of scenes racing impatiently in to the florid and surfeited luxury of summer. Here is no comfort and fulfillment, only passionate creation of transitory delight.
情、呼唤功能 2.2.2 广告文本的翻译:商标的翻译;口号的
语篇翻译
过节中国人过节,吃是主要内容,为了显示过节的气氛和水平,少说也要搞它个十菜八肴的。
这样一来,节前的紧张采购暂且不说,节后的剩菜处理也落在我一个人身上,妻孩们是不愿吃隔天菜的,自幼来自农村且深受“谁知盘中餐,粒粒皆辛苦”陶冶的我,是断然不肯将能吃的剩菜倒掉的,于是节后天天吃剩菜。
所以我不喜欢过节。
Festival-celebratingFor us Chinese,Festival celebration mainly consists in eating.To enhance the festival atmosphere/festive mood and show off the level of festivities,there will at least be a series of meat and vegetarian dishes.In this way,I have to not only assume the tight shopping before the festival but also make over leftovers after that as my wife and children are’t willing to touch the leavings.What’s worse,born in the countryside and deeply subjected to the saying“Every grain comes froms hardworking”,I absolutely refuse to throw away the leftovers.Therefore,it is my nightmare to eat up leftovers day by day after the festival,which really makes me hate festivals.。
语篇与翻译(1)
长句翻译
• 1. 顺序法 On August 1, the gunboat began her mission, which was, in the eyes of the defenders, a provocative act and seemed to be part of the overall assault which had begun on July 31.
• 当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里 当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里, 又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇地 接受你捉上来的任何东西时候,如 接受你捉上来的任何东西时候 如 果你懂得什么叫美的话,时间是过 果你懂得什么叫美的话 时间是过 得很快的! 得很快的
• And I take heart from the fact that the enemy, which boasts that it can occupy the strategic point in a couple of hours, has not yet been able to take even the outlying regions, because of the stiff resistance that gets世界将进入令人瞩目的 不到三年世界将进入令人瞩目的2000 而不到四年---更确切地说 年---,而不到四年 更确切地说 到2001 而不到四年 更确切地说,到 一个新的一千年就将开始. 年1月1日---一个新的一千年就将开始 月 日 一个新的一千年就将开始 对于今后30年中可能发生些什么 年中可能发生些什么,有人 对于今后 年中可能发生些什么 有人 鼓励我谈谈我个人的看法---在很大程 鼓励我谈谈我个人的看法 在很大程 度上,这一看法受到多年来阅读有关文 度上 这一看法受到多年来阅读有关文 章和著作的影响. 章和著作的影响
英汉语篇翻译
As regards health, I have nothing useful to say since I have little experience of illness. I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake. I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome. 谈到健康问题,我没什么可说,因为我没怎么生过病。 谈到健康问题 , 我没什么可说 , 因为我没怎么生过病 。 我 想吃就吃,想喝就喝,想睡就睡,从不为健康而做什么, 想吃就吃 , 想喝就喝 , 想睡就睡 , 从不为健康而做什么 , 然而实际上我喜欢做的事大都有益于健康。 然而实际上我喜欢做的事大都有益于健康。
要克服对死亡的恐惧最好的办法至少在我看来如此就是逐渐扩大自己的兴趣范围多关心一些个人以外的事情慢慢地自我的壁垒就会一点一点消退个人的生命就渐渐地融入到整个世界中了
How to Grow Old
怎样才能活到老/ 怎样才能活到老/怎样才可以不老1
这篇文章是英国哲学家罗素的名篇。 这篇文章是英国哲学家罗素的名篇。 作者从身体健康、心理健康、 作者从身体健康、心理健康、对死亡的态度等方面分别阐述了自己对老 年生活的看法,逻辑层次清晰,语言生动精炼。 年生活的看法,逻辑层次清晰,语言生动精炼。 全篇的结构层次: 全篇的结构层次: 段一健康问题;段二段三心理上的两种错误倾向; 段一健康问题;段二段三心理上的两种错误倾向;段四老年对个人以外 的事情怀有强烈的兴趣和如何对待子女;段五对死亡的正确态度。 的事情怀有强烈的兴趣和如何对待子女;段五对死亡的正确态度。 In spite of the title, this article will really be on how not to grow old, which at my time of life, is much more important subject.
语篇翻译
孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。 孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。 是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人 身材高大;青白脸色, 他身材高大;青白脸色,皱纹间时常夹些 伤痕;一部乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。 伤痕;一部乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽 然是长衫,可是又脏又破, 然是长衫,可是又脏又破,似乎十多年没 有补,也没有洗。( 孔乙己》 。(《 有补,也没有洗。(《孔乙己》)
根据汉语的习惯 , 根据 汉语的习惯, 若一个主题第一次 汉语的习惯 提出后, 下文又是同一个主题, 提出后 , 下文又是同一个主题 , 那么 主语常常可以省略 常常可以省略。 主语常常可以省略。 柯灵, 生于1909年 , 浙江省绍兴人 。 柯灵 , 生于 年 浙江省绍兴人。 中国现代作家。 年任《 中国现代作家 。 1930年任 《 儿童时代 》 年任 儿童时代》 编辑。 编辑 。 1949年以前一直在上海从事报 年以前一直在上海从事报 纸编辑工作, 并积极投入电影、 纸编辑工作 , 并积极投入电影 、 话剧 运动。 解放后, 曾任《 文汇报》 运动 。 解放后 , 曾任 《 文汇报 》 副总 编辑。现任上海电影局顾问。 编辑。现任上海电影局顾问。
编辑→be one of the 任 《 儿童时代 》 编辑 editors of Children Times 从 事 报 纸 编 辑 工 作 → be engaged in editorial work in newspaper offices 文汇报》副总编辑→fill 任《文汇报》副总编辑→fill the post of deputy editor-in-chief of Wenhuibao 任 上 海 电 影 局 顾 问 → be adviser of Shanghai Film Bureau
语域理论与语篇翻译
语域理论与语篇翻译一、语域与语篇翻译语域理论包括语场、语旨和语式三个方面的内容。
语场指实际发生的事情,包括语言发生环境、谈话话题以及参与讲话者的整个活动;语式指语言交际的渠道或媒介;语旨指参与讲话者之间的角色关系。
20世纪90年代,哈的姆和梅森等人将语域概念引入翻译研究中。
他们认为,语篇含义并不仅仅由语言体系自身决定,而是由整个语篇的情景语境和交际功能来决定,翻译过程中所追求的,不能只是脱离语境形式上的对等,或是单纯语义等值,而是和语境或语域密切相关的交际功能的等值。
将语域理论引入翻译领域,可以为我们提供一种描述某些超语言因素的规范,帮助我们在翻译中成功地实现意义转换(周俊青,1996:11)。
语域理论给文本分析提供了一个理论框架,而译者对源语语篇文本的理解,显然受到源语语篇语场、语旨、语式的影响。
同样,译者在生成目的语语篇时,也受到以上因素的制约。
译者要翻译一个语篇,必然首先是源语言语篇的阅读者,同时是目标语篇的生成者,译者很自然地成为了联系源语言语篇和目标文本语篇的纽带,无论是源语语篇的解读,还是其后目的语语篇的生成,都是在构建相应的语篇语境的过程中完成的(刘兴林,2005:67)。
因此,要达到交际目的,译者必须正确分析、转化语域。
本文将通过具体的例句,说明语域三要素是如何能够影响并指导翻译过程的。
二、不同语域类型的语篇翻译翻译涉及到两种语言和两种不同文化背景的参与者。
在翻译过程中,对语篇语场、语式和语旨的认识和把握,是译者决策及操作中的三个重要因素;三者相辅相成,保证信息传译中的适切。
就语篇的语域而言,译者面临两个任务。
第一,作为读者,他必须对源语语篇的语场、语式和语旨在篇章、句群及信息单元等语篇基层上的具体体现有一个全面的认识。
第二,他必须对译语语篇的相应特点,尤其是不同于源语语篇之处,有清楚的了解。
(李运兴,2001:67)(一)不同语场的语篇翻译因为使用的领域和目的不同而产生不同类型的语篇,比如文学、新闻、广告语篇的翻译,不同领域的文本总有一套独有的语言系统,包括一些常用词汇、句式、语法结构和语篇模式,这就要求译者对不同语言中同种语场的联系与区别做到心中有数,以便更好地实现两种语言的转换。
英汉语篇翻译
Poor Birds可怜的小鸟There was a flock of birds in the jungle near a village. They lived together in a big tree and had a lot of fun every day. This flock of birds usually flew to different places in groups, making a beautiful picture in the sky. Sometimes they have a heated discussion in the tree.在一个小村庄附近的丛林里有一群小鸟,它们共同栖息在一棵大树上,每天过着快乐的生活。
这群小鸟常常成群结队地飞往不同的地方,它们的身姿形成天空一道漂亮的风景。
有时,它们会在大树上展开激烈的争论One day, a farmer went to the jungle to trap some animals for dinner. He saw a lot of birds in the tree, so he threw some corn on the ground and waited until the birds came down to eat. Then he threw a big net over the birds to trap them.一天,一个农夫到丛林里捕捉猎物用作晚餐。
他看到大树上有很多小鸟,于是就在地上撒了些谷物,等着小鸟来吃。
然后他支起一张大网捕捉来觅食的小鸟。
When the birds were in the net, they were all afraid and wanted to get out of the net. Some birds in this net said, “Let’s help one other to fly together and push this net up into the tree so we can get out of here.”Everyone listened and count ed, “One, two, three—everyone flies!” They all flew and pushed the net up into the tree and flew out of the net.被网罩住后,小鸟们都很害怕,想从中逃出去。
语篇翻译
英语专八考试英译汉语篇翻译专八考试关于英译汉中,语篇(discourse或text)是一系列句子构成的语言整体。
它合乎语法、语义连贯,具有一定的逻辑结构。
在翻译时,应当把它作为一个语义整体来考虑。
从这个意义上讲,前述的译词技巧和译句技巧都要以语篇为落脚点。
对篇章的理解不能断章取义,只见树木,不见森林,应采用从宏观到微观、自上而下(top-down approach)的翻译方法,即先弄清文章主题,再对词句进行微观分析,篇中求句,句中求字。
1.语篇衔接衔接体现在语篇的表层结构上,通常是通过语法和词汇手段将语句聚合在一起,形成语篇的有形网络。
英语常用连接词(如连词、关系代词、关系副词)、指称语(如人称代词及相应的物主代词)、特有的冠词实现衔接,而汉语常用省略(如主语和连接词)和重复的手法。
英译汉时,英语的代词、关系代词等语法衔接手段常还原为名词,以词汇衔接的形式表现出来。
这一点我们在谈到“增词”技巧时已经谈及。
例1原文:At any given moment the traveler could find examples in both of the same architecture, the same style in dress, the same books on the shelves.译文:旅行者在美国和欧洲随时都可以看到类似的东西,诸如风格相同的建筑物,款式相似的服饰,书架上也摆着相同的书籍。
例2原文:,The question is: why should we?译文:但问题在于我们为什么要这么做?2.语篇连贯连贯(coherence)指的是语篇中不同成分之间的语义关联。
语义的逻辑关系经常隐藏在字里行间,在英语里连贯的语篇模式在汉语中可能就有欠连贯,需要借助一些词汇性的连贯标记、信息的合理排列来实现译文语篇的连贯。
例原文:He finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in putting what they had been taught into practice,hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic text books.译文:学生们最初很容易教,因为他们能把教他们的东西付诸实践,现在教师却发现他们面对着大量未曾接触过的英语词汇和惯用法而踌躇起来,因为这些词汇和惯用法都是基础教科书所没有涉及的内容。
语篇与翻译
翻译活动所处理的不是一个个孤立的词句,而是由互相关联和制约的词语和句子,为一定的交际目的,按一定格式,有机地组合在一起的语篇.一、只有在语篇的层次上进行翻译才能把握主题例1:Deserts are very dry regions. they have very little rainfall. Few plants live there. Some specialized animals do. Some deserts have a surface of land. The sand often forms dunes. Those are created by the wind. Others have stone or rocks.译:沙漠是十分干旱的地区。
那里降雨量很少,植物也很稀少,只生存着一些特殊的动物.有些沙漠的表面是沙,沙常常被风刮成沙丘.另一些沙漠的表面则是石头或岩石.原文的主题是deserts,语篇中的they, there, others都代表着这一主题,译者要注意将主题贯穿译文成为篇章中连接各句的纽带.例2:∮一边走着,似乎道旁有一个孩子,抱着一堆灿白的东西,驴儿过去了,∮无意回头一看---他抱着花儿赤着脚儿向着我笑.——冰心,:《笑》(《中国翻译》1995年第2期)译:As I passed along, I somewhat sensed the presence of a child by the roadside carrying something snow white in his arms. After the donkey had gone by , I happened to look back and saw the child , who was barefoot , looking at me smilingly with a bunch of flowers in his arms.(张培基译)由于中国人常采取整体思维方式,强调篇章整体意义,只要主题明确主语有无关系不大,上例中符号∮代表常规省略的主语,虽然缺了两个主语,句子的整体意义仍然十分明确,翻译若不从语篇的层次去考虑的话就会出现主题模糊的现象.二、只有在语篇的层次上进行翻译,才能准确把握词语的涵义英语中有许多词有一个以上的涵义,称多义词。
语篇翻译
• The people were there and the land– the first dazed and bleeding and hungry, and, when winter came, shivering in their rags in the hovels which the bombings had made of their home; the second a vast wasteland of rubble. The German people had not been destroyed, as Hitler, who had tried to destroy so many other peoples and , in the end, when the war was lost, themselves, had wished.
• -- “Will it target only existing customers?” • -- “At first, yes. But if the TV ads go well, then we’re going to do a larger follow-up mailshot. We’ll see what happens.” • -- 这只是面向现有的顾客吗? • -- 是的,起初是这样的。不过如果电视 广告进展良好,我们将把更多的广告信 函邮寄给潜在的顾客。我们要看一看事 情的发展情况。
• In the last twenty years or so, some underdeveloped countries have increased their food production. Their populations, however, have at the same time grown faster, and so their standard of living hasn’t improved. What’s more, their increase in food production has been achieved at the expense of using up marginal lands. As a result, there has been no gain in the productivity of land labour.
语篇翻译
2
• • • • 1. 生活不全是快乐和掌声。 2. Everybody has his own trouble. 3. 最重要的是对你的生活要有正确的态度。 4. The most important thing is not to run away and give up. • 5. 记住你是如何克服困难因为这会帮你下 次避免同样的麻烦。
15
• 1 当他23岁的时候他继承了100万美元的遗产,但他一点 也不开心。 • 2.Jack decided to live a simple life like everyone else. • 3.通过每个月给孩子们寄200美元的方式,Jack已帮助了 来自于世界各地贫穷国家的许多孩子。 • 4.The money was used for the children’s study, food, medicine and clothing. • 5.直到我去到这些国家并且看到那些我正给予帮助的孩 子们,我才了解到他们的生活。/ 在我去到这些国家并且 看到那些我正给予帮助的孩子们之前,我对他们的生活一 无所知。
Hale Waihona Puke 9• • • • • 1.我想知道他们是否想念我 2.在夜晚我忍不住打电话给我的家人 3.这是自从我来到澳大利亚第一次哭泣 4.told me not to cry 5.I was so lucky that I had a good family in Sydney.
10
• 71, Your life will become comfortable if you have such a new car. • 72. This kind of new cars will be as small as bikes. • 73. 如果将来每个人都开这种新型车,污染 也会变少。 • 74. 你花两万元就能买这样的新型车。 • 75. 这种新型车在市区开起来很方便,但是 不适合长途旅行。
语篇翻译
The Festival is also the time to fly kites. These people have not experimented with making new designs and stick to the traditional square pattern of different colors. What is unique about kite-flying in the country is that it has become a kind of warfare. Kites flyers resort to dirty tricks like coating strings with powered glass which not only cuts the strings of other kites but the necks of people who have the misfortune of coming in their way; they also tangle with electric wires and cause short circuits. People get on their rooftops and send their kites soaring into the sky; they entwine with other kites and as soon as one is cut asunder and floats down in waves, triumphant cries rant the heavens. Boys armed with long bamboo poles with spikes on top chase the vanquished kite and claim it as their war trophy.February is this country’s floral month. All parks and roundabouts are, as the clichégoes, a riot of colors. You can see the flowers at their best in Diamond Park on the ridge. There they have long flower beds growing the same flowers en masse. Rodding Park cannot claim to provide such a feast for the eyes for the flower-lovers. Undoubtedly, it has an enclosed rose garden with exotic varieties of roses which are beautiful to look at but lack fragrance. Few people besides rose-fanciers bother to visit it. There are a few nondescript flower beds on both sides of its footpaths, but Rodding Park makes up by having an incredible variety of flowering trees which come into bloom in February. They attract lots of tree-lovers.这个节日也是放风筝的时候。
语篇翻译作业
Enchantment of the South Sea Islands南海诸岛的魅力The mighty Pacific washes the shores of five continents—North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica. 浩瀚的太平洋冲洗着五大洲的海滨,这五大洲分别是北美洲,南美洲,亚洲,澳大利亚和南极洲。
Its waters mingle in the southeast with the Atlantic Ocean and in the southwest with the Indian Ocean. 太平洋的水域东南部与大西洋相交,西南边与印度洋相会。
It is not on the shores of continents, nor in the coastal islands, however, that the soul of the great Pacific is found. 浩瀚太平洋的灵魂之美既不在大陆的海岸线上,也不在沿海的岛屿里。
It lies far out where the fabled South Sea Islands are scattered over the huge ocean like stars in the sky.而是在传说中的南海诸岛分散在广阔的海洋里,如同空中繁星,星罗棋布。
Here great disturbances at the heart of the earth caused mountains and volcanoes to rise above the water. 它虽美,但曾经也存在这样的干扰,来自地心的剧烈运动造成水里山脉的摇摆和火山的喷射。
For hundreds of years tiny coral creatures have worked and died to make thousands of ring-shaped islands called atolls.几百年来微小的珊瑚虫已经造就了数以万计的环形珊瑚礁。
语篇翻译(上)
• 请看下例: • A green caterpillar was slowly crawling out from under the lettuce. It was huge, fat, and apparently well-fed. It paused in its travels to survey the scene. Purple with fury, Henry could barely find his voice. (A Hard Day in the Kitchen, Shannon Hodge) • 此例中,原文由3个小句组成,第一句中主语为a green caterpillar,紧接着两句中都以it或its替代a green caterpillar做主语。这样的表达符合英文习 惯,使文章读起来自然流畅,而不显啰嗦、冗繁。 在英译汉过程中,我们不能受原文的影响,要考虑 汉语行文习惯,可以省略后两个句子的主语,可译 为:
•
语篇通常指一系列连续的语段或句子构成的语 言整体。它可以是独白、对话(dialogue),也可以 是众人交谈( multi-person interchanges);可以 是文字标志(如交通标志),也可以是诗歌、小说。 它可以是讲话,也可以是文章;短者一两句可成 篇,长者可洋洋万言以上。所以,可以说,无论 是一句问候(greeting)、一次谈话、一场论文答辩、 一次记者招待会的问答,还是一张便条、一封书 信、一份科研报告、一本文稿, 都可以是语篇。 黄国文,1997
语篇翻译不同于长句翻译特别是长语篇其翻译过程要受篇章逻辑关系的制约要受篇章中句子间的衔接照应连贯等因素的调节和制约往往是译上句就要考虑下句的摆放一步决定一步步步衔接环环相扣走了下步回头看上步真可谓一步一回首踏着节拍才能走得好
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• 为什么总是粗野的占有了精致的?男人能占 有他不应占有的女人、女人能占有她不应占 有的男人?
• -- “Will it target only existing customers?”
• -- “At first, yes. But if the TV ads go well, then we’re going to do a larger follow-up mailshot. We’ll see what happens.”
衔接手段的功能
• In the last twenty years or so, some underdeveloped countries have increased their food production. Their populations have at the same time grown faster. The standard of living hasn’t improved. The increase in food production has been achieved at the expense of using up marginal lands. There has been no gain in the productivity of land labour.
• The people were there and the land– the first dazed and bleeding and hungry, and, when winter came, shivering in their rags in the hovels which the bombings had made of their home; the second a vast wasteland of rubble. The German people had not been destroyed, as Hitler, who had tried to destroy so many other peoples and , in the end, when the war was lost, themselves, had wished.
商务语篇的衔接与翻译
• 所谓语篇,即在交际功能上相对完整和 独立的、通常是大于句子的一个语言片
段。它长可以是一本著作,短可以是一
则通知、一首小诗。(李运兴《英汉语 篇翻译》)
• 衔接与连贯
• 衔接(cohesion):是将语句聚合在一起的语 法及词汇手段的统称,是语篇表层的可见 语言现象。
• 连贯(coherence): 是语篇中语义上的相互 关联。存在于语篇的深层,体现了语篇中 各个成分之间的逻辑关系,也体现了语篇 作者的交际意图和预期的语篇功能。
• 我的词典给“幸福”下的定义是“幸 运”“好运”,但是,我认为对幸福更好的
解释是“能够乐在其中”。我们越能乐
在其中,就越幸福。施人以爱,被人所爱, 友人相伴,对住所的选择随心所欲,乃至身 体健康,这一切所带来的快乐都易为人们 所忽略。(徐丽娜:《中国翻译》2001年 第4期)
Economist Sees a Deeper Slump Than Predicted
• 人民还在那里,土地也还在那里。但人民都茫 茫然、流着血、挨着饿,当冬天到来时,他们 在被炸成断垣残壁的破屋中,穿着破烂的衣服 不停地打着哆嗦;土地则一片荒芜,瓦砾成堆。 曾经企图毁灭其他许多民族的希特勒,在战争 最后失败的时候也想要毁灭德国人民,但与他 的愿望相反,德国人民并没有被毁灭。
衔接手段
• In the last twenty years or so, some underdeveloped countries have increased their food production. Their populations, however, have at the same time grown faster, and so their standard of living hasn’t improved. What’s more, their increase in food production has been achieved at the expense of using up marginal lands. As a result, there has been no gain in the productivity of land labour.
• 他们预言,可上网手机今年将在这里和欧 洲流行。如果你到现在还没有的话,圣诞 节时你也许会在圣诞树下发现一部。
• —I’m not laughing at you, am I? • —You did.
• —He must come back. • —I don’t think so.
• 连接
• 连接是表示各种逻辑意义的连句手段,又 称“逻辑联系语”(黄国文, 1988) 。通 过使用各种连接词语,句子间的语义逻辑 关系可以明确表示出来。(also, but, why, because, at first, then, in front of)
• 对于观光了一天筋疲力尽的游人来说,最后 一站是老城,那里有许多酒吧,日暮时游人可 以在那儿开怀畅饮。
• If that‘s your last stop at the end of an exhausting day of sightseeing, stay in the old city, because there are plenty of bars in which to enjoy an early evening drink. (何善芬:《英汉语言对比研究》)
英汉语篇的连贯与翻译
一、连贯(coherence): 是语篇 中语义上的相互关联。存在于 语篇的深层,体现了语篇中各 个成分之间的逻辑关系,也体 现了语篇作者的交际意图和预 期的语篇功能。
• 语篇的连贯:通过读者的理解来实现 • 语篇的衔接:通过语法或词汇手段来实现。
• It’s lonely at the top. Just ask IBM. While a crowd of Lilliputian competitors is nibbling away at profits by selling “clones” of IBM’s personal computers, larger rivals are teaming up in an attempt to beat the computer colossus in the profitable software and office-network business.
• 照应 (reference) • 省略和替代 (ellipsis and substitution) • 连接词语 (conjunction) • 词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion)
• 照应
• 在语篇中,如果对于一个词语的解释不能从 词语本身获得,而必须从该词语所指的对象 中寻求答案,这就产生了照应关系(Halliday &Hasan, 1976) 。照应是一种语义关系,它 指的是语篇中一个成分做另一个成分的参
• 熟铁几乎就是纯铁。熟铁在校办工厂里不 太常见,因为φ价格很贵。熟铁好锻, 冷热均 易弯曲成型, 还能够焊接。
• wrought iron - it - its - it;
• 汉语句群呈词汇(同词重复)衔接(一处零式 指称φ) :熟铁—熟铁—φ—熟铁。
• In addition English is the language of commerce and the second language of many countries which formerly had French or German in that position.
• -- 这只是面向现有的顾客吗?
• -- 是的,起初是这样的。不过如果电视 广告进展良好,我们将把更多的广告信 函邮寄给潜在的顾客。我们要看一看事 情的发展情况。
• 替代:指的是用替代词来取代语篇的
另一种语言成分。(one, kind, so, do)
• 汉语重重复,英语重替代
• This is the year, they predict, that webenabled phones will take off, both here and in Europe. It you don’t already have one, you’ll probably find one under the Christmas tree.
• 词汇衔接
• 词汇衔接是通过运用一组意义相关的词语 以达到语篇衔接的目的。同义词、近义词、 上义词、下义词、概括词、反义词 (p111)
• My dictionary defines happy as “lucky” or “fortune”, but I think a better definition of happiness is “the capacity for enjoyment”. The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It’s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health. (Lynn Peters: Our Pursuit of Happiness)