2、3次作业及答案 (2)

2、3次作业及答案 (2)
2、3次作业及答案 (2)

第二次作业参考答案

试说明布氏硬度、洛氏硬度、维氏硬度的应用范围及相互关系

第三次作业参考答案

1. 30kg纯铜与20kg纯镍熔化后慢冷至125O℃,利用图Ni

Cu-相图,确定:⑴合金的组成相及相的成分;⑵相的质量分数。

2铋(Bi)熔点为271.5℃,锑(Sb)熔点为630.7℃,两组元液态和固态均无限互溶。缓冷时

=

Bi

w50%的合金在520℃开始析出成

分为

=

Sb

w87%的α固相,=

Bi

w80%的合金在400℃时开始析出=

Sb

w64%的α固相,由以上条件:

⑴示意绘出Sb

Bi 相图,标出各线和各相区名称;

⑵由相图确定

w= 40%合金的开始结晶和结晶终了温度,并求出它在400℃时的平衡相成分和相的质量分数。

Sb

试分析钨(熔点3380℃)和铁(熔点1538℃)在1100℃变形,铅(熔点323℃)和锡(熔点232℃)在室温(20℃)变形,能否发生加工硬化现象?

答:

1-10.试说明布氏硬度、洛氏硬度、维氏硬度的应用范围及相互关系

布氏硬度用于低硬度材料硬度测定

洛氏硬度用于高硬度材料硬度测定

维氏硬度一般用于实验室精密硬度测定

H B≈H V≈10H R C,H B≈H V≈6H S

2-2.合金相图反映一些什么关系?应用时要注意哪些方面的问题?

合金相图反映了合金系中合金状态、温度、成份之间的关系。

合金相图是在极其缓慢加热或冷却条件下(平衡状态)测定的,而实际生产条件下合金的加热冷却都很快(满足不了平衡条件),应用时要注意的问题:

(1)注意在非平衡状态可能出现的相及组织。

(2)相图只给出合金在平衡状态下存在的相、相的成份及相对量,并不能反映相的形状、大小、分布。(3)二元相图只反映二元系合金的相平衡关系,它未反映加入其它元素后对二元系相图的影响。

2-4.★30kg纯铜与20kg纯镍熔化后慢冷至125O℃,利用图2.3的Ni

Cu-相图,确定:

⑴合金的组成相及相的成分;⑵相的质量分数。

答:⑴根据已知条件计算该合金成分的含N i量为20k g/(20+30)k g=40%,然后在图中1250℃处绘一水平线交液相线和固相线两点,过此两点作铅垂线得知此温度下该合金组成相为L、α,测量得其成分分别为23%和49%;

⑵利用杠杆定律可计算出质量分数分别为:

L%=((49%-40%)/(49%-23%))×100%=34.6%

%=1-L %=65.4%

T

Ni

40%

2-5. ★ 示意画出图2.8中过共晶合Ⅳ(假定W s n =70%)平衡结晶过程的冷却曲线。画出室温平衡组织示意图,并在相图中标出组织组成物。计算室温组织中组成相的质量分数及各种组织组成物的质量分数

70

+αⅡ e)

(2)室温组织中组成相的质量分数: 由于室温由α及β相组成,其质量分数各为:

α% = fg

g

3 x 100%

β%= 1-α% = fg

f

3x 100%

(3)室温组织中组织组成物的质量分数(二次应用杠杆定律):

由于室温组织组成物为 :初生相β、二次相αⅡ、共晶体(α+β), 各组织组成物的质量分数分别为: 刚冷却到共晶温度(没有发生共晶反应) L d %= de

e

2 x 100%

室温:(α+β)% = L d %= de

e

2 x 100%,

b

T

pb

sn

共晶反应刚结束时: β% = de

d

2 x 100%

室温:αⅡ% = fg

g e ' x de d

2x 100%

β% = 1-(α+β)%-αⅡ% = fg

f e 'x de d

2x 100%

2.6 ★题目见教材44页

2.6 铋 (Bi )熔点为271.5℃,锑 (Sb )熔点为630.7℃,两组元液态和固态均无限互溶。缓冷时=Bi w 50%的合金在520℃开始析出成分为=Sb w 87%的α固相,=Bi w 80%的合金在400℃时开始析出=Sb w 64%的α固相,由以上条件:

⑴ 示意绘出Sb Bi -相图,标出各线和各相区名称;

⑵ 由相图确定Sb w = 40%合金的开始结晶和结晶终了温度,并求出它在400℃时的平衡相成分和相的质量分数。

解答:1)根据已知条件“两组元液态和固态均无限互溶”可知B i —S b 合金系冷却时发生匀晶反

应,构成匀晶相图

先建立横坐标为含S b%,纵坐标为温度的坐标系;

根据第一个已知条件“缓冷时W B i=50%的合金在520℃时开始

析出成分为W S b=87%的α固相”在坐标系中纵坐标为520℃处绘出一条水平线与成分分别为50%和87%的两条铅垂线相交于两点,第一点a1为液相线上的点,第二点b1为固相线上的点;同理根据第二个已知条件“W B i=80%的合金在400℃时开始析出W S b=64%的α固相”得到两点a2、b2;

在含S b为0%的坐标轴上绘出B i的熔点271.5℃为b点,在含S b为100%的纵坐标轴上绘出S b 的熔点630.7℃为a点,连接a—a1—a2—b得到液相线,连接a—b1—b2—b得到固相线,a—a1—a2—b以上为L相区,a—b1—b2—b以下为α相区,a—a1—a2—b和a—b1—b2—b之间为L+α两相区这样,B i—S b相图绘制完毕。

过40%成分点作铅垂线交液相线a—a1—a2—b于a3点和固相线a—b1—b2—b于b3点,过a3、b3作水平线交纵轴得到含S b40%合金的开始结晶温度约为490℃,结晶终了温度约为325℃。

根据相图得到其在400℃时的平衡相成分为:L相为20%,α相为64%;

271.5

400

520630.7

T

B i

S b

20%40%50%64%

87%

?

利用杠杆定律可计算出质量分数为:L %= ((64%-40%)/(64%-20%))×100%=54.5%

α%=1-L %=45.5%

2.7 ★若Sn Pb -合金相图(图2.8)中f 、c 、d 、e 、g 点的合金成分分别是Sn w 等于2%、19%、61%、97%和99%。问在下列温度(t )时,=Sn w 30%的合金显微组织中有哪些相组成物和组织组成物?它

们的相对质量百分数是否可用杠杆定律计算?是多少?

⑴t =300℃;⑵刚冷到183℃共晶转变尚没开始;⑶在183℃共晶转变正在进行中;⑷共晶转变刚完,温度仍在 183℃时;⑸冷却到室温时(20℃)。 由下图所示

c

000

a

T

pb

sn

d

e

f

g

2%30%

19%

97%99%183

323

61%

T

pb

sn

30%

19%

97%99%183

323

61%

⑴t =300℃时:=Sn w 30%的合金相当于合金Ⅲ,因其与t =300℃的水平线的交点处于液相区,因此该合金只有100%的液相。

⑵刚冷到183℃共晶转变尚没开始时:合金由α+L 两相组成,

可用杠杆定律计算如下:

%2.26%100%

19%61%19%30%=?--=L

%8.73%1%=-=L α

⑶在183℃共晶转变正在进行中:相组成物:βα++L 三相共存;组织组成物:L +)(βαα++;不能用杠杆定律计算其相对质量百分数。 ⑷共晶转变刚完,温度仍在 183℃时:

相组成物:α和β两相,其相对质量百分数用杠杆定律计算如下:

%

1.14%1%%

9.85%100%

19%97%30%97%=-==?--=αβα 组织组成物:)(β+α+α,其相对质量百分数用杠杆定律计算如下:

%2.26%100%

19%61%

19%30%)%(=?--==+L βα

%8.73%1%=-=L α

⑸冷却到室温时(20℃):

相:α和β两相,其相组成物的相对质量百分数用杠杆定律计算如下:

%

9.28%1%%

1.71%100%

2%99%30%99%=-==?--=αβα 组织组成物:)(βαβα+++II ,其相对质量百分数用杠杆定律计算如下: 共晶温度(未发生共晶反应前):%2.26%100%

19%61%

19%30%=?--=

L

%8.73%1%=-=L α

室温:%2.26%100%

19%61%

19%30%)%(=?--=

=+L βα

%360%10019

6130

612991999%?=?--?--=

α

%9.12%10019

6130

61299219%=?--?--=

∏β 2

19

97

99

61

30

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9.常用的冷却介质有 水 、 油 、 空气 等。 10.常见的淬火缺陷有 过热 与 过烧 、 氧化 与 脱碳 、 硬度 不足 与 软点 、 变形 与 开裂 等。 11.感应加热表面淬火法,按电流频率的不同,可分为 高频感应加热表面 淬火 、 中频感应加热表面淬火 和 工频感应加热表面淬火 三种。而且感 应加热电流频率越高,淬硬层越 浅 。 12.按回火温度范围可将回火分 为 低温 回火、 中温 回火和 高温 回火三种。 13.化学热处理是由 分解 、 吸附 和 扩散 三个基本过程所组成。
14.根据渗碳时介质的物理状态不同,渗碳方法可分为 气体 渗碳、 液体 渗
碳和 固体 渗碳三种。
三、选择题
1.过冷奥氏体是 C 温度下存在,尚未转变的奥氏体。
A.Ms; B. Mf; C. A1。 2.过共析钢的淬火加热温度应选择在 A
,亚共析钢则应选择在
C


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