常见缩略词

1.短语搭配错误（大部分为介词错误）carry/get with things –>carry/get on with thingsto let alone –> let alonein return to –> in return for the need of –> the need forsubstitute A with B –> substitute A for Baccount 70% --> account for 70%under the grounds of/that –> on the grounds of/thatattitude on life –> attitude towards/to lifein a quick speed –> at a quick speedwith many respects –> in many respectsat the face of –> in the face(s) ofconsiderations to… –> considerations for…become victims of … --> become vi ctims to …ride in a train –> ride on a trainthe problems with the government –> the problems for the governmentresistive against –> resistive to resistance of –> resistance toembark sth –> embark on sthwith the belief that –> in the belief thatat advance of sth –> in advance of sthinterpret… to –> interpret… asin line to –> in line withto varing degrees –> in varing degreestake pride of –> take pride inleap out to me –> leap out at meinject them lethal strains –> inject them with lethal strainscharge him with the same price –> charge him the same priceimbalance of A and B –> imbalance between A and Bshortage of protein with them –> shartage of protein among themfortify sb for sth –> fortify sb against sth (加强…以抵御…)shed light to sth –> shed light on sthin proportion with –> in proportion topay for it with dollars –> pay for it in dollarsbe in liberty to –> be at liberty tobegin at doing –> begin with doingbe contrasted to –> be contrasted withcommit an offence to –> commit an offence againstmodern time –> modern timesability of (doing) sth –> ability in (doing) sthdefend sth against –> d efend sth fromat the first place –> in the first placepay money in doing –> pay money for doingtake to do –> tak e to doing (“求助于，开始”，to为介词)yearn to –> yearn forat average –> on averageidentify oneself to –> identify oneself withbe successful on doing –> be successful at/in doingget one’s teeth on –> get one’s teeth into(埋头做，认真做)the action of formation –> the action of forming (of后应接动名词而非名词) approach to do … –> approach to doing …one contributor of –> one contributor toconsumers demand of luxury goods –> consumers demand for luxury goodson one’s 30s –> in one’s 30sbalk to –> balk at (回避，绕过)differ A from B –> distinguish A from Bsuit to sb/sth –> suit for sb/sthvary by – vary withemphasis of – emphasis on2.易混词错误(1)形近异义词imaginative – imaginaryadapt – adoptconfirm – conformformer – formaldiary – dairypersonal – personnelbeside – besidesprincipal – principleintelligent – intelligibleconscious – conscientiousstationary – stationeryconsiderate – considerableaffect(影响) –effect(致使、达成)contact – contractmoral – moraleindustrious – industrialdesert – dessertrequire – acquire – inquirepresence – presentationsensible – sensitivetransformation – transmissionvalue – evaluatetense – tensionanything – somethingcooker – cookcomplexity(复杂性) – complex(合成体)insurance – assuranceprovide(提供) –provided/providing(假设，如果)perceive – conceiveeffective(有效的) –affective(受…影响的，由…引起的) (2)形近(形异)近义词latter – laterlate(迟的，已故的) – latest(最晚的，最新的)farther(距离更远) – further(程度更进一步)healthy(健康的) – healthful(有益健康的)effective – efficientcontinual(连续的) –continuous(持续不断的)respectable – respectfulhistoric – historicalrise – arise – raise – arousesure – insure – ensure – assurein return to – in response toopposite – oppositionproducing – productivelonely – aloneacross – crossimpressed -- impressivepermit(n.通行证) – permissionrelating – relatedmemorizing – memorablenormal(n.常态,通常标准,一般水平) – norm(规范,行为标准)favorite – favorableacceptability – acceptanceeconomical – economicfew – littlea few – fewlittle – a littleinvent – discoverbefore – agoanother – otheragent(代理人) – agency(代理机构)reward(回馈) – award(奖赏)special – specific(3)兼有两种形式的副词firstly – first (firstly用于列举条目或者表示顺序，first表示时间上“第一次、首次”)hardly(几乎不) – hard(努力地)sure – surelylate – latelyclear(完全地、径直地) –clearly(显然、清楚地)high(高度高地) – highly(程度高地、非常) close(接近地、紧密地) –closely(紧密地、严密地)most(最) – most(大部分)(4)反义词with – withoutpossible – impossiblesubjective – objectiveimport – exportbetter – worseemployee – employeremployment – unemploymentmodifiable – unmodifiablenatural – unnaturaldiscernable – indiscernablelent – borrowedexclusive – inclusiveindependency – dependencywilling – unwillingnothing more than – nothing less thanagree – disagreerarely – frequently / oftenspecific – generalless – more (still more– still less)most – leastknown – unknownrespective – irrespective (irrespective of表示“不管…”)majority – minorityresult in – result fromfortunately -- unfortunatelypowerful – powerlesseasiness – uneasinessprofessional – amateuraware – unawareinclude – exclude(5) 名词单复数异义moral – morals(作名词时用复数形式,表示“道德、伦理”)collection(不可数名词表示“各种因素集合体”) – collections(可数名词表示“收藏品”)manner(方法,方式) – manners(礼仪,礼节)saving – savings(复数表示“存款”)specie(硬币) – species(种类)（species只有单数）mean(n.平均值) – means(方法)(6) 易混短语live with(同…一起生活,忍受) –live by(靠…过活)go about (doing) sth(开始做某事,四处走动,流传,经常从事于) – go around(四处走动,绕道走)tend to – intend toin next week(以当下时间为基准点) – in the next week(以过去的时间为基准点)spend… in doing sth –spend… on sthdie of(内部) – die from(外部) rather than – other thanhave sb do sth – have sth donetake on(从事，开始对付，呈现) –go on(继续)take place – take the place ofconsist in(在于) – consist of(包括)in all(总共) – after all(毕竟)in return(作为报答) – in turn(反过来，轮流)one reason for +短语– one reason why +句子bring out(使显露，使显现) –bring up(教育，培养，提出，(船)抵达目的地)be worth doing – be worthwhile to doreact to(对…作出反应) – react with(以…作出反应)apply… to(将…应用于) – apply for(请求，申请)3.逻辑关系错误（连词使用错误）therefore – nevertheless/however (大部分therefore都要改为however,反之亦然)and – but / whileor – andbut – becausemoreover – howeverafter – beforesince – althoughthere is no…–there is also…that – iffrom now on – from then onall – none besides – yetif – unlessbesides – excepttherefore – becauseso – becauseso does he… – neither/nor does he…that’s why +结果–that’s because +原因as if – even ifwhether – if4.代词错误（一致错误）their – itsthat – those (需要特别注意)which – that (有些情况下关系代词只能用that)which – whatit – itself (主宾相同，宾语用反身代词)that/this – it (只有it可作形式主语)his –one’s (泛指时用one)you – yourselfit – theythis – suchXX is less sophisticated than what they are today – XX is less sophisticated than they are today5.冠词错误(1)定冠词多余on the either side –> on either sidein the Europe –> inEuropein the winter –> in winter (季节前不加定冠词)Kaufman, the/an author of a recent book –Kaufman, author of a recent book(同位语间完全对等关系，不必使用冠词)take the issue –> take issue(对…持异议，不同意)(2)定冠词缺漏among most –> among the most one of first –> one of the first atmosphere –> the atmosphere(表示独一无二的事物)（另外还有如：the Equator, the Outerspace）between us and rest –> between us and the restin minority –> in the minorityaround floor –> around the floorpiano –> the piano (西洋乐器的前面要有定冠词)English language –> the English languageat heart of –> at the heart ofworld –> the world(表示“地球”这种独一无二的事物要加定冠词)in long run –> in the long run(3)定冠词与不定冠词之间的误用illustrate the further difference –> illustrate a further difference (diference第一次提及)注意以下短语的区别in church – in the churchat college – at the collegein court – in the courtin hospital – in the hospitalin office – in the officein prison – in the prisonat sea – at the seain school – in the schoolat table – at the table6.形容词与副词使用错误have been currently –> currentbe well equipped as –> be as well equipped asheavy industrialized –>heavily-industrializedspread colossal –> spread colossallysimilar strong –> similarly strongkeep the number constantly at X a year –> keep number constant at X a yearfeel hopeless thwarted –> feel hopelessly thwartedcomparative high proportion –> comparatively high proportion(quakes) start deeply in the earth –> start deep in the earthin the passed 5 years –> in the past 5 years culture embedded attitudes –> culturally embedded attitudesas much as –> as often asfrom one meter afar –> from one meter awayincreasing –> increasinglysimple –> simplypure –> purelymuch –> manymany –> morelarge –> largerearly –> earlier7.成分残缺或多余(单复数错误)a world which I could get… –> a world in which I could get…shows –> that shows (先行词在定语从句中作主语，关系代词不可省略)take for granted that –> take it for grated that1980 –1980sone of the most glaring form –> one of the mist glaring formstheir jobs engage in their interest –> their jobs engage their interest (engage单独使用表示“占用（某人时间），吸引（某人注意力）”)complain about sth –> complain sthwork sth –> work out sthbelieve in –believe (believe单独使用表示一般的“相信”，believe in 表示“信任某人，信仰…”)point sth –> point out sth20 percents –> 20 percenteyes contact –> eye contactseven – sevenththe process which it function –> the process by which it functioncommunication service –> communication s service (通信服务、通讯服务)average incomes –> average income (income为不可数名词)the like of –> the likes of(诸如此类的)be referred to XX –> be referred to as XXbe viewed as work of are –> be viewed as a work of art(work作为“作品”讲时，为可数名词) 8.时态或语态错误went – goagreeing – agreedconsisted – consistingbored – boringfavoring – favoredif she was –> if she were(非真实条件句)involves – involvingwill – would (虚拟语气中)delaying – delayed (已完成概念或者被动概念)the promise of improving quality of life –> the promise of improved quality of life (已完成概念或者被动概念)assure – assures (第三人称单数)have –has (要看清句子真正的主语)developing – developedconfronting – confrontedthe least understanding –> the least understoodwhat the have told –what they have been toldif circumstances become favorable – if circumstances should become favorable以上近300个典型例子基本涵盖了所有容易出现的错误，我认为一开始就去记这些例子的效果并不理想，最适宜的方法是先做一定数量的改错练习，然后再看上边的总结以及例子，过后再去做题，就能够掌握改错的一些规律，识别出更多的错误并能将其改正，形成自己的做题方法。