托福阅读模拟题(一)
小托福阅读模拟测试练习题(附词汇难度解析)
小托福阅读模拟测试练习题（附词汇难度解析）小托福是中小学生留学美国必须参加的一项语言测试考试。
TOEFL Junior考试中，阅读题占的分值最大，下文分享的就是小托福阅读模拟测试练习题，一起阅读下文吧!——小托福阅读模拟测试练习题材料分享：CARDIFF, Wales Poets, singers and musicians from across the globe gathered in Wales to celebrate the tradition of storytelling.“It might seem strange that people still want to listen in age of watching television, but this is an unusual art form. whose time has come again,” said David Ambrose, director of Beyond the Border, an international storytelling festival in Wales.“Some of the tales, like those the Inuit from Canada, are thousands years old. So our storytellers have come from distant lands to connect us with the distance of time,” he said early this month.Two Inuit women, both in their mid 60s, are among the few remaining who can do Kntadjait, or throat singing, which has few words and much sound. Their art is governed by the cold of their surroundings, forcing them to say little but listen attentively.Ambrose started the festival in 1993, after several years of working with those reviving (coming back into use or existence) storytelling in Wales.“It came out of a group of people who wanted to reconnect with traditions. and as all the Welsh are storytellers, it was in good hands here.” Ambrose said.1. Ambrose believes that the art of storytelling _______.A. will be more popular than TVB. will be popular againC. started in WalesD. are in the hands of some old people答案：B解析：推断题。
托福(TOEFL)考试阅读模拟试题(4)
锘?html>鎵樼锛圱OEFL锛夎€冭瘯闃呰妯℃嫙璇曢锛?锛?/center>Questions 11-20Philosophy in the second half of the 19th century was based more on biology and history than on mathematics and physics. Revolutionary thought drifted away from metaphysics and epistemology and shifted more towards ideologies in science, politics, and sociology.Pragmatism became the most vigorous school of thought in American philosophy during this time, and it continued the empiricist tradition of grounding knowledge on experience and stressing the inductive procedures of experimental science. The three most important pragmatists of this period were the American philosophers Charles Peirce (1839-1914), considered to be the first of the American pragmatists, William James (1842-1910), the first great American psychologist, and John Dewey (1859-1952), who furtherdeveloped the pragmatic principles of Peirce and James into acomprehensive system of thought that he called 鈥渆xperimentalnaturalism鈥? or 鈥渋nstrumentalism鈥?Pragmatism was generally critical of traditional western philosophy, especially the notion that there are absolute truths and absolute values. In contrast, Josiah Royce (1855-1916), was a leading American exponent of idealism at this time, who believed in an absolute truth and held that human thought and the external world were unified. Pragmatism called for ideas and theories to be tested in practice, assessing whether they produced desirable or undesirable results. Although pragmatism was popular for a time in Europe, most agree that it epitomized the American faith in know-how and practicality, and the equally American distrust of abstract theories and ideologies. Pragmatism is best understood in its historical and cultural context.It arose during a period of rapid scientific advancement, industrialization, and material progress; a time when the theory of evolution suggested to many thinkers that humanity and society are ina perpetual state of progress. This period also saw a decline intraditional religious beliefs and values. As a result, it became necessary to rethink fundamental ideas about values, religion, science, community, and individuality. Pragmatists regarded alltheories and institutions as tentative hypotheses and solutions. According to their critics, the pragmatist鈥檚 refusal to affirm any absolutes carried negative implications for society, challenging the foundations of society鈥檚 institutions.11. What is this passage primarily about?(a) the evolution of philosophy in the second half of the 19thcentury(b) the three most important American pragmatists of the late 19thcentury(c) the differences between pragmatism and traditional westernphilosophy(d) American pragmatism12. Which of the following is true(a) idealism was an important part of the pragmatic approach(b) 鈥減ragmatism鈥?was also known as 鈥渢raditional westernphilosophy鈥?(c) pragmatism continued the empiricist tradition(d) pragmatism is best understood independently of its historical andcultural context13. Which of the following is true, according to the passage(a) absolute truths and values are notions in western traditionalphilosophy(b) John Dewey was the first great American psychologist(c) the empiricist tradition is part of traditional westernphilosophy(d) revolutionary thought was not pragmatic14. The phrase 鈥渁t this time鈥?in line 14 refers to(a) at the time traditional western philosophy was dominant inAmerica(b) at the time pragmatism was popular in Europe(c) 1855-1916(d) the second half of the 19th century15. According to the passage, pragmatism was more popular in Americathan Europe because(a) Americans had greater acceptance of the theory of evolution(b) it epitomized the American faith in know-how and practicality(c) Europe had a more traditional society based on a much longerhistory(d) industrialization and material progress was occurring at a fasterpace in America at that time16. The word 鈥?abstract鈥?in line 19 is closest in meaning to(a) unclear(b) not concrete(c) new(d) old17. The word 鈥減erpetual鈥?in line 22 is closest in meaning to(a) challenging(b) continuous(c) declining(d) secular18. The word 鈥渇undamental鈥?in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a) new(b) personal(c) essential(d) threatening19. All of the following are true EXCEPT(a) revolutionary thought shifted more towards ideologies in science,politics and sociology(b) pragmatists regarded all theories and institutions as tentativehypotheses and solutions(c) Josiah Royce was not a pragmatist(d) pragmatism was based on the theory of evolution20. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?(a) Josiah Royce considered Charles Peirce to be challenging thefoundations of society鈥檚 institutions(b) Charles Peirce considered Josiah Royce to be too influenced bythe theory of evolution(c) John Dewey would not have developed his system of thought called 鈥渆xperimental naturalism鈥?or 鈥渋nstrumentalism鈥?without the pioneering work of Charles Peirce and William James(d) Josiah Royce was a revolutionary thinkerQuestions 21-30The human criterion for perfect vision is 20/20 for reading the standard lines on a Snellen eye chart without a hitch. The score is determined by how well you read lines of letters of different sizes from 20 feet away. But being able to read the bottom line on the eye chart does not approximate perfection as far as other species are concerned. Most birds would consider us very visually handicapped. The hawk, for instance, has such sharp eyes that it can spot a dime on the sidewalk while perched on top of the Empire State Building. It can make fine visual distinctions because it is blessed with one million cones per square millimeter in its retina. And in water, humans are farsighted, while the kingfisher, swooping down to spear fish, can see well in both the air and water because it is endowed with two foveae 鈥?areas of the eye, consisting mostly of cones, that provide visual distinctions. One foveae permits the bird, while in the air, to scan the water below with one eye at a time. This is called monocular vision. Once it hits the water, the other fovea joins in, allowing the kingfisher to focus both eyes, like binoculars, on its prey at the same time. A frog鈥檚 vision isdistinguished by its ability to perceive things as a constant motion picture. Known as 鈥渂ug detectors鈥? a highly developed set of cells in a frog鈥檚 eyes responds mainly to moving objects. So, it is said that a frog sitting in a field of dead bugs wouldn鈥檛 seethem as food and would starve.The bee has a 鈥渃ompound鈥?eye, which is used for navigation. It has 15,000 facets that divide what it sees into a pattern of dots, or mosaic. With this kind of vision, the bee sees the sun only as a single dot, a constant point of reference. Thus, the eye is a superb navigational instrument that constantly measures the angle of its line of flight in relation to the sun. A bee鈥檚 eye also gauges flight speed. And if that is not enough to leave our 20/20 鈥減erfect vision鈥?paling into insignificance, the bee is capable of seeing something we can鈥檛鈥?ultraviolet light. Thus, what humans consider to be 鈥減erfect vision鈥?is in fact rather limited when we look at other species. However, there is still much to be said for the human eye. Of all the mammals, only humans and some primates can enjoy the pleasures of color vision.21. What does the passage mainly discuss?(a) limits of the human eye(b) perfect vision(c) different eyes for different uses(d) eye variation among different species22. The word 鈥渃riterion鈥?in line 1 is closest in meaning to(a) standard(b) need(c) expectation(d) rule23. The phrase 鈥渨ithout a hitch鈥?in line 2 is closest in meaningto(a) unaided(b) without glasses(c) with little hesitation(d) easily24. According to the passage, why might birds and animals considerhumans very visually handicapped?(a) humans can鈥檛 see very well in either air or water(b) human eyes are not as well suited to our needs(c) the main outstanding feature of human eyes is color vision(d) human eyes can鈥檛 do what their eyes can do25. The word 鈥渢hat鈥?in line 10 refers to(a) foveae(b) areas of the eye(c) cones(d) visual distinctions26. According to the passage, 鈥渂ug detectors鈥?are useful for(a) navigation(b) seeing moving objects(c) avoiding bugs when getting food(d) avoiding starvation27. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true(a) kingfishers have monocular vision(b) bees see patterns of dots(c) hawks eyes consist mostly of cones that can allow it to scan withone eye at a time(d) humans are farsighted in water28. Where in the passage does the author discuss that eyes are usefulfor avoiding starvation?(a) lines 5-9(b) lines 10-14(c) lines 15-19(d) lines 20-2529. The phrase 鈥減aling into insignificance鈥?in line 23 is closestin meaning to(a) fading away(b) of less importance(c) without colored light(d) being reduced to little importance30. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?(a) eyes have developed differently in each species(b) bees have the most complex eye(c) humans should not envy what they don鈥檛 need(d) perfect vision is not perfectQuestions 31-39Labor Day, the first Monday in September, is a creation of the labor movement and is dedicated to the social and economic achievements of American workers. The first Labor Day holiday was celebrated on Tuesday, September 5, 1882 in New York City in accordance with the plans of the Central Labor Union. The idea for this day is attributed to a man named McGuire, but there is some controversy about which man named McGuire. This celebration was repeated the following year, then in 1884, the first Monday in September was selected, and the Central Labor Union urged similar organizations in other cities to follow the example of New York and celebrate a 鈥渨orkingmen鈥檚 holiday鈥?on that date. The idea spread with the growth of labor organizations, and in 1885 Labor Day was celebrated in many industrial centers ofthe country.Through the years the nation gave increasing emphasis to Labor Day. The first government recognition came through municipal ordinances passed during 1885 and 1886, leading to a movement to secure State legislation. The first bill was introduced into the New York legislature, but the first to become law was passed by Oregon in 1887. During that year four more States (Colorado, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York) also legislated for Labor Day. By 1894, 23 other States had adopted the holiday, and in June of that year, Congress passed an Act, making the first Monday in September of each year a legal holiday in the District of Columbia and the territories.The form that the observance and celebration should take, wasoutlined to be a street parade to exhibit to the public 鈥渢he strength and 鈥榚sprit de corps鈥?of the trade and labor organizations鈥? followed by a festival for the recreation andamusement of workers and their families. By resolution of the American Federation of Labor Convention in 1909, the Sunday preceding Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday, and dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement.31. The phrase 鈥渢his day鈥?in line 4 refers to(a) the first Monday in September(b) Labor Day holiday(c) Tuesday, September 5(d) the workingman鈥檚 holiday32. The author implies that which of the following is true?(a) Labor Day has lost its importance over the years(b) Labor Day was, in part, a religious festival(c) there is a dispute about who thought of the idea for Labor Day(d) celebrations were usually limited to the industrial centers33. The word 鈥渦rged鈥?in line 7 is closet in meaning to(a) devoted(b) propelled(c) speeded(d) satisfied34. According to the passage, Government recognition for Labor Daywas first achieved in(a) 1882(b) 1884(c) 1885(d) 188735. The word 鈥渟ecure鈥?in line 14 is closest in meaning to(a) gain(b) implement(c) guarantee(d) pass36. According to the passage, the first State to pass legislation forLabor Day was(a) Columbia(b) Oregon(c) New York(d) Colorado37. The word 鈥?exhibit鈥?in line 21 is closest in meaning to(a) celebrate(b) exemplify(c) demonstrate(d) display38. Which of the following is NOT true(a) by 1894, twenty eight States had passed legislation for Labor Day(b) including families was an important part of Labor Daycelebrations(c) the first legislative bill was introduced in New York(d) Labor Day has always been held on the first Monday in September39. The word 鈥減receding鈥?in line 24 is closest in meaning to(a) closest to(b) following(c) before(d) onQuestions 40-50At the turn of the nineteenth century, Concord was a thrivingcommunity, already famous throughout the young nation for itscritical early role in the events leading up to the AmericanRevolution. It was the half shire town for Middlesex County, attracting over 500 visitors to the courts twice a year, among them customers for Concord鈥檚 hats, shoes, carriages and clocks. Among Concord鈥檚 approximately 400 heads of households in this period, about 65% were in agriculture, 4% in commerce, and 35% inmanufacturing. Of those in manufacturing, seven men headed clockmaking shops and another thirty or so were engaged in the shops or in businesses that supplied the clockmaking trade 鈥?the brass foundry, iron forge, wire-drawing mill, and a number of cabinetmaking shops. In short, the center of Concord, the Milldam, was a machine for the production of clocks, second only in importance to Boston鈥檚 industrial Roxbury Neck, where the influential Willard family had been producing clocks since about 1785.While the handsome and well-crafted clocks of these seven shops, featuring inlaid mahogany cases, enameled dials and reverse painted glasses, are generally perceived as products of a traditional clockmaker (one person at a bench fashioning an eight-day clock from scratch) , they are actually products of a network of shops employing journeymen labor that extended from Concord to Boston and overseas to the highly developed tool trade of Lancashire, England,In addition to crafting in the fashionable Willard features such as the pierced fretwork, columns with brass fixtures, and white enamel dial, Concord clockmakers attempted to differentiate their products from those of the Willards through such means as a distinctive ornamental inlay, which added to the perception of custom work not usually seen on the Willard鈥檚 standardized products. The Willards also made less expensive wall clocks, including 鈥渂anjo clocks 鈥?patented by Simon Willard in 1802. The distinctive diamond shaped design and inverted movement of some Concord wall clocks may reflect an attempt to circumvent Willard鈥檚 patent.40. What is the passage primarily about?(a) clockmaking in Concord at the turn of the nineteenth century(b) Concord at the turn of the nineteenth century(c) Competition between Concord clockmakers and the Willards(d) The influence of the Willards on clockmaking in Concord41. According to the passage, which of the following businesses didNOT supply the clockmaking trade?(a) wire-drawing mill(b) cabinetmaking shops(c) iron forge(d) glass shops42. The phrase 鈥渋n short鈥?in line 10 is closest in meaning to(a) generally speaking(b) to sum up(c) in conclusion(d) however43. According to the passage, 鈥渢he Milldam鈥?was(a) where the Willard family had been producing clocks ;(b) a type of clock(c) in Boston鈥檚 industrial Roxbury Neck(d) in Concord44. Which of the following terms does the author explain in thepassage?(a) banjo clocks(line 24)(b) journeymen labor(line 17)(c) traditional clockmaker(line 15)(d) pierced fretwork(line 20)45. Which of the following features is NOT mentioned as a way the Concord clockmakers attempted to differentiate their products fromWillards(a) inverted movements(b) brass fixtures(c) distinctive ornamental inlay(d) diamond shaped design46. The word 鈥渄ifferentiate鈥?in line 21 is closest in meaning to(a) identify(b) distinguish(c) dignify(d) divide47. The author implies that the Concord clockmakers(a) would do anything to try to compete with Willards(b) attempted to customize their products as much as possible(c) were the most important industry in Concord(d) were in danger of being prosecuted for breach of patent48. The word 鈥渋nverted鈥?in line 25 is closest in meaning to(a) intricate(b) musical ;(c) upside down(d) external49. The word 鈥渃ircumvent鈥?in line 26 is closest in meaning to(a) copy(b) evade(c) compete with(d) minimize50. Where in the passage does the author mention the features of thewell-crafted clocks of Concord?(a) lines 5-9(b) lines 10-14(c) lines 15-19(d) lines 20-25Test 4 鈥?Answer Key1.d2.c3.b4.b5.c6.c7.c8.d9.a 10.c11.d 12.c 13.a 14.d 15.b 16.b 17.d 18.c 19.d 20.a21.d 22.a 23.d 24.d 25.a 26.b 27.c 28.c 29.d 30.a31.b 32.c 33.b 34.c 35.a 36.b 37.d 38.d 39.c 40.a41.d 42.b 43.d 44.c 45.b 46.b 47.b 48.c 49.b 50.b。
2021年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题与答案-易错题库
2019 年托福考试阅读理解模拟练习题及答案Hormones in the BodyUp to the beginning of the twentieth century,the nervoussystem was thought to control all communication within thebody and the resulting integration of behavior.Scientists haddetermined that nerves ran,essentially,on electricalimpulses.These impulses were thought to be the engine forthought,emotion,movement,and internal processes such asdigestion.However,experiments by William Bayliss and ErnestStarling on the chemical secretin,which is produced in thesmall intestine when food enters the stomach,eventuallychallenged that view.From the small intestine,secretin travelsthrough the bloodstream to the pancreas.There,it stimulatesthe release of digestive chemicals.In this fashion,the intestinalcells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the productionof different chemicals in a different organ,the pancreas.Such a coordination of processes had been thought torequire control by the nervous system;Bayliss and Starlingshowed that it could occur through chemicals alone.Thisdiscovery spurred Starling to coin the term hormone to refer“to to secretin,taking it from the Greek word hormon,meaningexcite ”or “to set in motion. ”A hormone is a chemicalproduced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere.As more hormones were discovered,they werecategorized,primarily according to the process by which theyoperated on the body.Some glands(which make up the endocrinesystem)secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.Suchglands include the thyroid and the pituitary.The exocrinesystem consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream,primarily fordigestion.The pancreas is one such organ,although it secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system.Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery.Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would causeimmediate death.The most abundant hormones have effectsthat are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track ：They modify moods and affect human behavior,even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary.Hormonal systems are very intricate.Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite,calm aggression,and change the attitude of a parent toward achild.Certain hormones accelerate the development of thebody,regulating growth and form;others may even define an individual ’s personality characteristics.The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,soscientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviatingailments associated with aging.In fact,some hormone therapies are already very common.A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age.Known as hormone replacement therapy(HRT),the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones.At leastone study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heartdisease and certain types of cancer.HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots —dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major bloodvessels —will form.Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of this new evidence,recommending it only to patients whose symptoms interfere with theirabilities to live normal lives.Human growth hormone may also be given to patients whoare secreting abnormally low amounts on their own.Because ofthe complicated effects growth hormone has on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.Growth hormone affectsnot just physical size but also the digestion of foodand the aging process.Researchers and family physicians tendto agree that it is foolhardy to dispense it in cases inwhich the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits.27.The word engine in the passage is closest in meaningto(A)desire(B)origin(C)science(D)chemical28.The word it in the passage refers to(A)secretin(B)small intestine(C)bloodstream(D)pancreas29.The word spurred in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)remembered(B)surprised(C)invented(D)motivated30.To be considered a hormone,a chemical produced in the body must(A)be part of the digestive process(B)influence the operations of the nervoussystem (C)affect processes in a different part ofthe body (D)regulate attitudes and behavior31.The glands and organs mentioned in paragraph 3are categorized according to(A)whether scientists understand their function(B)how frequently they release hormones into the body(C)whether the hormones they secrete influence the aging process(D)whether they secrete chemicals into the bloodParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow[→］32.The word key in the passage is closest in meaning to(A)misunderstood(B)precise(C)significant(D)simple33.The word minute in the passage is closest in meaningto(A)sudden(B)small(C)changing(D)noticeable34.Which of the sentences below best expressesthe essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.(A)Most moods and actions are not voluntary because they are actually produced by the production of hormones in the body.(B)Because the effects of hormones are difficult to measure,scientists remain unsure how far-reaching theireffects on moods and actions are.(C)When the body is not producing enough hormones,urgent treatment may be necessary to avoid psychological damage.(D)The influence of many hormones is not easy tomeasure,but they can affect both people ’s psychology and actions extensively.35.The word tempered in the passage is closestin meaning to(A)decreased(B)advertised(C)prescribed(D)researched36.Which patients are usually treated with growthhormone?(A)Adults of smaller statue than normal(B)Adults with strong digestive systems(C)Children who are not at risk from the treatment(D)Children who may remain abnormally small37.Which of the following sentences explains the primarygoal of hormone replacement therapy?These sentences are highlighted in the passage.(A)The quantities and proportions of hormones produced change with age,so scientists have given a great deal of studyto shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes ofalleviating ailments associated with aging.(B)A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce moodswings,sudden changes in body temperature,and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of thosehormones as they enter middle age.(C)HRT may also increase the likelihood that bloodclots —dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form.(D)Because of the complicated effects growth hormonehas on the body,such treatments are generally restricted to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it.38.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The body isa complex machine,however,and recent studies have calledinto question the wisdom of essentially trying to fool its systemsinto believing they aren ’t aging.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square to add the sentence to the passage.39.Directions ：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belongin the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in thepassage.This question is worth 2 points.The class of chemicals called hormones was discovered by two researchers studying a substance produced in the small intestine.Answer ChoicesThe term hormone is based on a Greek word that means"to excite"or"to set in motion."Researchers are looking for waysto decrease the dangers of treatments with growth hormone so that more patients can benefit from it.Hormones can be given artificially,but such treatments have risks and must be used carefully.Hormones can affect not only life processes such as growth but also behavior and emotion.Scientists have discovered that not only the nervous system but also certain chemicals can affect bodilyprocesses far from their points of origin.Hormonereplacement therapy(HRT)may increase the risk of bloodclots and heart disease in middle-age women.Answer KeysReading：27.B28.A29.D30.C31.D32.C33.B34.D35.A36.D37.A38.third square39.1)Scientists have discovered that not only thenervous system .2)Hormones can affect not only life processes?..3)Researchers are looking for ways to decrease thedangers of .。
托福模拟试卷10(题后含答案及解析)
托福模拟试卷10(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Listening Comprehension 3. Reading Comprehension 4. SPEAKING 5. WRITINGSection One：Listening Comprehension听力原文：Student A Hi, Nicolas! Student B Hi, Peter! Today’s science class, by the way, how do you like it? Student A it’s really interesting. Professor Smith defines science as knowledge of facts, laws and relationships that is obtained through systematic observation and experimentation. This is really an accurate definition. Student B Yeah. When we think of science, we normally think of exact sciences like biology, chemistry and physics. But many other branches of science have developed over the past century. Student A What’s more, science is always attached to technology. Student B Professor Smith also gives a definition of technology. Student A Yeah. Professor Smith says that scientific knowledge applied to practical uses is normally referred to as technology. What a simple concept! Student B But it’s concise and exact. Robotics, for instance, is a branch of technology involving the study and production of manlike machines capable of performing human tasks. You know, some people even predict that, in the not so distant future, robots will be capable of feeling the same emotions as humans. Student A Wow, it’s hard to imagine an emotionally independent machine, but many of the things we take for granted now were once considered ridiculous dreams. Student B Yeah. Like computers and robots. Student A The technological changes that took place in the 20th century revolutionized virtually every aspect of our life from communication to material comfort. Student B That’s quite true. In the space of two or three generations, people witnessed major advances in medical research, nuclear energy and space exploration. Space exploration, for example, seeks to use space travel to discover the nature of the universe beyond Earth. Since ancient times, people have dreamed of leaving their home planet and exploring other worlds. In the latter half of the 20th century, that dream became reality. The space age began with the launch of the first artificial satellites in 1957. The first human went into space in 1961. Student A That’s right. And we will surely experience more benefits of science and technology in our daily life, such as more sophisticated communication systems, more advanced facilities and equipment, and improved modes of transportation. This will bring us a greater variety of food, a higher standard of living and a more prosperous and stronger nation.Student B But we cannot always be so optimistic. The consequences of technological innovations have not always been positive and the moral and political issues regarding new inventions have often been questionable. Student A Really? In what ways? Student B We have to admit that developments in science and technology have also brought about some disasters. Wars, pollution and new diseases have undermined our confidence in technology. There is lesscommunication and thus greater social distance between people. More people are suffering from mental problems and unemployment is rising. Student A Oh, really a nasty picture, isn’t it? So, in your opinion, is science a monster or an angel? Student B Uh, I think science is mainly an angel. Science enables us to experience and enjoy many things that our forefathers couldn’t even dream of. Student A Just like a miracle, isn’t it? Student B Yeah. Because of science, we can know what is happening all over the world without leaving home. We can order food and other things at home. We can even receive education at home. It is science that has enriched our lives and improved our standard of living. Student A Yeah, I fully agree with you. I think it’s really nice to live in this modern world. Student B So we’re really lucky to enjoy all those modern things in today’s world, aren’t we? Student A Yeah. In this modern world, there are so many things that were not available in the past, like television, refrigeration, digital entertainment and computers. They make our life so colorful and enjoyable. I can’t imagine a life without all these things. The modern world provides us with so many wonderful objects that our ancestors couldn’t even dream of. Student B Right because of all these wonderful things, our life becomes more and more convenient, and we reach higher and higher standards of living.Narrator Listen to a conversation between two students after a science class. Now get ready to answer the questions. You may use your notes to help you answer.1．Which expression is NOT true according to the conversation?A．Biology is an exact science.B．Robotics is a branch of science.C．Science may also bring about disasters.D．Science is knowledge of facts and laws.正确答案：B解析：本题属于基本理解题中的细节题，要求考生理解并记住听力材料中明确表述的细节和事实。
小托福阅读：小托福阅读模拟题及备考技巧分享
小托福阅读：小托福阅读模拟题及备考技巧分享阅读题在小托福考试中是很重要的一项，考生想要在阅读中取得高分的话，一定要掌握一些技巧，多做一些练习题，下文分享的就是小托福阅读模拟题和备考技巧，一起阅读下吧!小托福阅读模拟题：Sample 1Passage:AnnouncementOn Saturday, december 12th, from 10A.M.until 4 P.M.,Carverton Middle School will be holding a music festival inthe school gymnasium. The special event will feature a variety of professionalmusicians and singers.We are looking for Carverton student to help with the jobs. Interested studentsshould speak with Ms. Braxton, the music teacher. Students who would like tohelp at the festival must have written permission from a parent of guardian.Why did the author write the announcement?(A) There will be a music festival to be held on Saturday.(B) The school is looking forward for some volunteers to help with the jobs atthe music festival.(C) The music teacher wants written permission from students’ parents.(D) There will be a variety of professional musicians and singers attending themusic festival.答案：BSample 2Passage Excerpt:“...How can so few basic tastes give to the enormous number of flavors weexperiment? This is possible because the basic tastes combine in differentproprotions. Compare this to colors. There are only three basiccolors------yellow, red, and blue-----but when mixed in different ways andproportions, these three basic colors are suffecient to create the vast arrayof colors that we see every day....”Why does the author mention colors?(A) to suggest that tasty foods are often colorful(B) to help explain how so many tastes are created(C) to dicuss how colors are used to decorate foods(D) to argue that people often associate colors with tastes答案：BSample 3Passage Excerpt:“...In fact, what we perceive as taste often involves smell more than the tasteexperienced through the tongue. This is why foods with strong tastes often seembland to people who, due to a stuffy nose, cannot smell them. For example,cinnamon tastes quite mild to people who cannot enjoy its fragrant smell. Thesame is true of drinks, like hot coffee or tea, which taste best when they canbe smelled as well as tasted...?What does the author imply about cinnamon?(A) It can relieve a stuffy nose(B) It can have a very strong taste(C) It should be kept in a cool place(D) It tastes better in large qunantities答案：A小托福阅读备考技巧：第1，增加词汇量提高阅读速度在小托福的备考中，词汇量学习是最为基础的，因此，考生一定要注意扩展自己的词汇量。
托福模拟考试及答案解析(13)
托福模拟考试及答案解析（13）(1~8/共56题)阅读理解The Western and Eastern Roman EmpiresAt the height of its power, the Roman Empire was so immense that Emperor Diocletian divided the empire into western and eastern halves in 285. The Western Roman Empire was based in Rome while the Eastern Roman Empire later had its capital in Constantinople. Over time, the two empires exhibited distinct methods of rule reflecting their regions. Eventually, the Western Roman Empire fell to barbarian invaders in the late fifth century whereas the Eastern Roman Empire evolved into the Byzantine Empire, which survived for more than 1,000 years before being conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1453.Diocletian opted to divide the empire primarily due to the unwieldiness of ruling a huge amount of territory. By 285, the Roman Empire covered all of Southern Europe and parts of Western Europe, Northern Africa, and the Middle East. Despite having an extensive network of roads and secure shipping lanes, communications were terribly slow. Messages from Rome could take weeks to reach their destinations. Thus provincial governors had a level of autonomy that practically made them minor emperors. A series of conflicts in the decades prior to the split also showed the weakness of far-flung military commands as invasions by border people in the east and west were barely beaten back. In such conditions, local military commanders had to wield absolute power to respond promptly to threats. Such power went to the heads of some of them to the point that generals contemplating usurping the throne were constant threats to the imperial throne. The forming of two empires, each led by a different ruler, was meant to end these problems and to bring stability by giving each emperor more control than a single ruler could wield.The reforms accomplished Diocletian's objectives to some degree, but the split also led to great differences between the two halves of the once-united empire. Diocletian had intended for the Eastern ruler to be subordinate to the Western one, but, over time, every emperor ruled as if his empire were separate. This was exacerbated by the differences between the two lands. For instance, despite being a part of the Roman Empire, Greece had dominated the eastern Mediterranean world for centuries. Hence it was natural that the Greek language and Greek customs replaced the Latin language and Roman customs in the Eastern Roman Empire.Further problems centered on economic differences between the two halves. The eastern empire was urban based and derived its wealth from trade and work done by artisans. The western empire was more rural and agricultural, and its wealth depended on large populations of people working the land. In time, this weakness led to the decline of the western empire as waves of barbarian invaders devastated the population and land. Diocletian also initiated economic reforms by raising taxes to fund the defense of the empire. In the west, tax collectors had problems getting money from the rural populace, who were spread out, had little currency, and preferred paying taxes in farm produce. In the east, most people lived in cities and had hard currency, so tax collectors had an easier time, making money pour into Constantinople. The end result was a rich, stable Eastern Roman Empire that withstood multiple invasions for a millennium and a poor, unstable Western Roman Empire that succumbed to invasion fewer than two centuries after the split.*shipphing lane: a region of water, especially in an ocean or sea, in which numerous ships sail *exacerbate: to make worse第1题Vocabulary______=awkwardness第2题______=to take over as a ruler, often by force第3题______=distant第4题______=lower in status or power第5题Vocabulary QuestionThe word autonomy in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.difficultyB.independenceC.respectD.power第6题. Reference QuestionThe word them in the passage refers to ______A. far-flung military commandsB. border people in the east and westC. local military commandersD threatsA.AB.BC.CD.D第7题Factual Information QuestionAccording to paragraph 4, the Eastern Roman Empire became wealthy because ______A.it did not have to spend large amounts of money fighting invading barbariansB.the people who lived there tended to pay their taxes in money rather than with itemsC.the eastern emperors levied higher taxes than the emperors in the western landsD.the people who lived there tended to pay all of the taxes that were demanded of them第8题Fill in a Table QuestionSelect the appropriate statements from the answer choices and match them to the cause and effect of the splitting of the Roman Empire to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used.图片STATEMENTS①Greek culture dominated the region in the eastern Mediterranean.②The empire was so large that ruling it became too difficult.③The number of generals attempting to usurp the throne declined greatly.④Barbarian tribes constantly attacked the empire at certain places.⑤The Byzantines were able to preserve much of the legacy of the Roman Empire.⑥Communications to various parts of the empire took a long period of time.⑦Places in the west were overrun by invaders in a relatively short amount of time.下一题(9~16/共56题)阅读理解Different Types of StarsWhen viewed from the ground, the thousands of stars in the night sky have relatively similar appearances, yet in reality, there are a wide variety of stars, each with its own distinct characteristics. There are three main types of stars: main sequence stars, giant stars, and white dwarf stars. They are actually stages in the lives of stars since, as they age, they change in size, luminosity, and temperature until the only things that eventually remain are their inner cores.All stars begin as main sequence stars. They are called that because they fall on the mid-range of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram of star classification, which categorizes stars based upon their size, luminosity, and temperature. Main sequence stars, of which the Earth's sun is one, constitute the vast majority of stars in the universe. When stars form from stellar gas and dust, the process of fusion eventually begins, whereby the stars convert hydrogen into helium, which creates light and heat and also provides stability as the stars' internal energy pushes out and gravity pushes in to form their spherical shapes. Main sequence stars are roughly the same size of the sun but can have up to six times its luminosity, and their surface temperatures average around 3,500 to 7,500 degrees Kelvin. Most main sequence stars are neither very large nor hot though. Instead, they are red dwarf stars, which are smaller and much cooler than the sun and are not even visible to the naked eye from the Earth.Giant stars are the first stage dying main sequence stars experience. Main sequence stars lack an infinite amount of hydrogen, so they eventually exhaust their supply and begin dying. The largest of these stars burn through their hydrogen supply faster than smaller ones because of their greater internal pressure and temperature. As gravity contracts these stars, their last remaining inner shell of hydrogen ignites and causes their rapid expansion, pushing them to giant size. Most dying main sequence stars become red giant stars, like the star Betelgeuse, although some become blue giant stars. Giant stars can be gargantuan in scale, with some being more than 1,000 times the size of the sun, but most never attain sizes that big. Their temperatures vary from around 7,500 degrees Kelvin to approximately 30,000 degrees Kelvin.After some time, the last remnants of energy in giant stars are nearly depleted, so there is nothing holding their remaining matter together. At that point, some stars explode into supernovas, yet many fail to do so as their outer layers simply dissipate into space and form planetary nebulae while gravity collapses their inner layers and leaves a dense core of material that astronomers call a white dwarf. While white dwarves are not stars but are merely their remains, they are still bright and observable as they cool. Most white dwarves are the size of the Earth but possess much higher densities and masses. Their temperatures fluctuate as they cool, but they begin at a high of roughly 100,000 degrees Kelvin when they form, making them among the hottest stars in the universe. As their remaining heat scatters into space, they slowly cool.*luminosity: brightness*Kelvin: a unit of temperature*supernova: a star that violently explodes near the end of its life第9题Vocabulary______=to make up; to comprise第10题______=to catch on fire第11题______=without ending; countless第12题______=something remaining from a larger object第13题Sentence Simplification QuestionWhich of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.When viewed from the ground, the thousands of stars in the night sky have relatively similar appearances, yet in reality, there are a wide variety of stars, each with its own distinct characteristics. ______A.Even though there are various kinds of stars with their own characteristics, only a few of the thousands of stars in the sky can be identified from the ground.B.While stars look similar, in reality, there are many kinds of stars that are different from one another.C.There are many different types of stars with unique characteristics, and it is possible to identify them when viewing them from the ground.D.A person who is on the ground is able to look at the night sky and see thousands of different kinds of stars.第14题Inference QuestionIn paragraph 2, the author implies that the sun ______A.is going to become a red dwarf star in the next few million yearsB.is different from the majority of other stars in the universeC.has an average temperature at the upper level of most main sequence starsD.is much less bright than some other main sequence stars are第15题Reference QuestionIn paragraph 3, the author uses the star Betelgeuse as an example of ______A.one of the most visible stars in the Earth's night skyB.one of the few blue giant stars that exist in the galaxyC.a star that is likely to become a supernova when it diesD.a red giant star that used to be a main sequence star第16题Fill in a Table QuestionSelect the appropriate statements from the answer choices and match them to the type of star to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used.图片STATEMENTS①Is the most common type of star found in the galaxy②May become a thousand times larger than the Earth's sun③Can be among the hottest stars in the galaxy④Includes stars that are much dimmer and smaller than the Earth's sun⑤Is believed to be the rarest of all the types of stars in the universe⑥Can often be invisible to people observing the sky from the Earth⑦Forms when a star suddenly expands to a great size⑧Is the last stage in a star's life before it becomes a black hole⑨Is comprised of what remains of a star's inner core上一题下一题(17~29/共56题)阅读理解Tropical Rainforest Animal AdaptationsLying between the Tropic of Cancer in the north and the Tropic of Capricorn in the south, the tropics, which straddle the equator, are noted for the high amount of rainfall and humidity that help create the dense tropical rainforests in the area. There are large rainforests in the tropics in Central and South America as well as in parts of Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and Northern Australia. Both the predators and prey animals dwelling in these rainforests have adapted in a variety of ways to enable them to survive in their harsh environments.A tropical rainforest has four distinct layers of vegetation, and different species of animals, all of which compete for food resources, reside in them. At the top is the emergent layer, which consists of the tallest trees rising above the rest of the rainforest. Within the emergent layer live many species of birds and insects. Directly below the emergent layer is the canopy, a thick layer of tall, leafy trees that prevents most sunlight from reaching the ground below. The canopy is home to numerous species of insects, birds, reptiles, and small animals, including monkeys. Under the canopy and closer to the ground is the understory, where the vegetation is not as tall or as thick as the canopy since little sunlight reaches it. The understory is also home to various insects, reptiles, and larger mammals, such as jaguars, which can climb trees. Finally, there is the rainforest floor, where hardly any plant life grows due to the absence of sunlight. This is where the largest mammals and reptiles, including tigers and crocodiles, live, and it is also home to countless species of insects.Food in tropical rainforests is abundant but also hard to acquire with so many animals competing for it. Consequently, large numbers of them have adapted to help them obtain food or to protect them so that they can avoid becoming food for predators. Some animals have developed ways to reach food that other animals cannot get. For example, the brightly colored toucan is a bird with a long, strong beak which it uses to reach into tight places to grab fruit. The toucan's feet have four toes—two face toward the front while two face backward—that it utilizes to latch onto branches very tightly and securely as it bends its body to reach fruit that is hard to get at. Another example of an animal whose body has adapted so that it can acquire food is the jaguar. This big cat is not a fussy eater but will instead devour virtually anything. It has developed powerful jaws that can kill prey with a single bite and has strong legs and sharp claws that let it climb trees to reach prey attempting to stay high above the ground to avoid predators. Two additional adaptations are its padded paws, which permit the jaguar to walk silently through the jungle to sneak up on its prey, and its fur pattern, which provides it with camouflage while hunting.Many prey animals also utilize camouflage to hide from predators. The sloth, for example, hides in trees and hardly moves, preventing predators from sighting it, and it has blue-green algae growing on its fur, which lets it blend in with its leafy surroundings. ?Many other reptilesand amphibians have greenish skin that enables them to hide in the rainforest. ?Others, however, have brightly colored skin that warns predators to avoid them. ?The poison dart frog comes in a variety of bright colors, indicating to predators that it is poisonous so should be neither hunted nor consumed. ?Some other species of frogs trick predators by mimicking the bright colors of the poisonous dart frog yet are not toxic if eaten.Predators have adapted to the camouflage employed by prey animals by hunting at night. Many mammalian and reptilian predators have developed the senses necessary to become nocturnal hunters. Big cats such as the jaguar possess enhanced vision, making it easier for them to see at night. Most species of snakes can also sense body heat, so they can slither up to prey and attack it without warning, and they can easily climb trees to seek food at most layers in the rainforest, too. These are just a few of the adaptations rainforest animals have developed in the constant battles between predators and prey animals.*Glossaryequator: the imaginary line that runs around the center of the Earthnocturnal: active at night; relating to the nightslither: to move on the ground in a sliding motion第17题In paragraph 1, the author's description of tropical rainforests mentions which of the following? ______A.The names of some of the countries in which they may be foundB.The amount of land on the Earth's surface that they currently take upC.The rough geological location in which they exist on the EarthD.The species of animals that are found in them in the greatest numbers第18题Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Under the canopy and closer to the ground is the understory, where the vegetation is not as tall or as thick as the canopy since little sunlight reaches it. ______A.The canopy has trees that are taller and thicker than those in the understory even though it gets less sunlight.B.Due to a lack of sunlight, the vegetation in the understory is not as high or thick as it is in the canopy above it.C.The amount of sunlight they receive is the primary difference between the understory and the canopy.D.There are some tall, thick trees in the understory, but there are many more of them located in the canopy.第19题The word This in the passage refers to ______A.The understoryB.The rainforest floorC.Plant lifeD.The absence of sunlight第20题According to paragraph 2, which of the following is NOT true of the four layers of vegetation in tropical rainforests?A.The layer that is covered with the greatest amount of vegetation is the rainforest floor.B.Birds and insects are the primary animals that may be found in the emergent layer.C.A wide variety of types of animals live in the trees that grow in the understory.D.The trees in the canopy are primarily responsible for little sunlight reaching the ground.第21题Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the creatures living in tropical rainforests? ______A.The emergent layer is the safest region due to the high amount of sunlight it gets.B.There are many more predators in tropical rainforests than there are prey animals.C.Those in the emergent layer and the canopy are safe from the largest predators.D.Mammals can only be found living in the bottom two layers of tropical rainforests.第22题The author discusses the brightly colored toucan in paragraph 3 in order to ______A.explain the manner in which its physical adaptations permit it to obtain food more easilyB.describe how it manages to avoid most of the rainforest predators that hunt itC.discuss the reason that it is so colorful in spite of its need to avoid certain predatorsD.point out how it evolved to become one of the more skilled rainforest hunters第23题The phrase latch onto in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.graspnd onC.remain onD.bite第24题Select the TWO answer choices from paragraph 3 that identify how the jaguar has adapted to hunt better. To receive credit, you must select TWO answers. ______A.Animals can often not see it because of how its fur looks.B.Its padded paws enable it to climb trees more skillfully.C.It only needs to bite animals once due to the strength of its jaws.D.It has strong legs that let it run faster than most prey animals.第25题The word mimicking in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.inspiringB.producingC.replicatingD.dulling第26题In stating that big cats such as the jaguar possess enhanced vision, the author means that the jaguar ______A.possesses powerful sensesB.has excellent sightC.can focus on distant objectsD.is sensitive to light第27题According to paragraph 5, snakes in tropical rainforests have adapted by ______A.having camouflage patterns on their skin that make them hard to seeB.developing eyesight enabling them to see prey animals betterC.utilizing highly toxic venom that can effectively kill large animalsD.being able to detect the heat given off by the animals they are hunting第28题Look at the four squares [●] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Predators can easily see these animals on account of their vivid colors, which inform them that these animals are unique in some regard.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square [●] to add the sentence to the passage.第29题Directions: Select the appropriate statements from the answer choices and match them to the type of animal to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong. To remove an answer choice, click on it. To review the passage, click on VIEW TEXT.STATEMENTS①Relies on bright colors to warn other animals away from it②Tends to be more active at night than during the day③Digs into the ground to build dens that other animals cannot see④Prefers to live in the emergent layer to avoid most other animals⑤May rely upon its lack of movement to remain hidden from others⑥Uses the ability to move silently to surprise other animals⑦Has learned to climb trees to get to places with other animalsTYPE OF ANIMALPredator (Select 3)图片Prey (Select 2)图片上一题下一题(30~42/共56题)阅读理解British Taxation and the American ColoniesWhen the French and Indian War concluded in 1763, the result was an overwhelming British victory over the French that resulted in the losers being driven from most of their North American colonies. The British government, for its part, was left deeply in debt. After the hostilities ended, the British Parliament enacted several new tax laws intended to raise revenue from Britain's American colonies to pay for the war. The American colonists had no voice in Parliament to speak for or against these laws, so the end result was that they developed strong, negative reactions to what they termed "taxation without representation." The colonists accordingly opposed the taxes, and their protests escalated to violence and were ultimately a leading cause of the American Revolution.Four main taxes created tension in the colonies: the Sugar Act of 1764, the Stamp Act of 1765, the Townsend Acts of 1767, and the Tea Act of 1773. The first, the Sugar Act, was enacted to prevent the smuggling of molasses. Under the Molasses Act of 1733, colonists had to pay a duty of six pence per gallon of molasses. Yet customs officials routinely accepted bribes of around one and a half pence per gallon and permitted the molasses to be shipped untaxed. The Sugar Act actually reduced the duty to three pence, but the colonists still refused to pay it. Only when it was lowered to one pence in 1766 did it become cheaper to pay the duty than the bribes. The British government subsequently received around 30,000 pounds of revenue per year—a relatively small amount of money—from the molasses trade.The main effect of the Sugar Act was to make the colonists wonder if the British had the right to interfere in their affairs, particularly in matters of trade. Nevertheless, the Sugar Act was not widely protested because it primarily affected those involved in trade and shipping. The same cannot be said of the Stamp Act, which had a wide-ranging effect on every colony. It mandated that many documents the colonists used, especially those related to legal affairs and publishing, could only be written on paper with a crown revenue stamp on it. Essentially, the colonists had to buy special paper from the British government at a higher price than normal paper. Regarding this as a direct form of taxation, the colonists protested the act so vigorously that it was repealed in 1766.Despite this setback, the British government was determined to extract revenue from the colonies. The Townsend Acts were designed to tax a wide variety of imported items to raise money to pay the salaries of government officials in the colonies. Once again, however, the colonists objected as they believed that British control of American colonial government officials' salaries would result in more widespread British influence in the colonies. After extensive American boycotts of British goods, the acts were repealed in 1770 except for a tax on tea. This, in turn, led to the Tea Act, which was an attempt by the British government to bestow a monopoly on the sale of tea in the colonies to the East India Company. Among the most famous reactions to this law happened on the night of December 16, 1773. American colonists dressed as Indians stormed on board British ships in Boston Harbor and cast their cargoes of tea into the water in what came to be known as the Boston Tea Party.The opposite perceptions each side had of the role of the colonists in the British Empire were the root cause of the difficulties between the opposing sides. To the British, it appeared reasonable to tax the colonists to pay for the war that drove the encroaching French out of North America. The colonists were also part of the global British Empire and had always been regarded as a support system for the motherland. But by the 1760s, the American colonies had existed for nearly 150 years and had attained a high level of autonomy. Though the colonies still belonged to the British Empire, many colonists considered themselves Americans rather than British. This was a recipe for trouble when the British began making demands the colonists thought unreasonable, so this eventually led to the American Revolution and the founding of a new nation.*Glossarymolasses: a thick syrup made by refining sugarbribe: money paid to a person such as a public official for the purpose of evading the law crown: referring to the sovereign power of a monarchy第30题British Taxation and theAmerican ColoniesWhen the French and Indian War concluded in 1763, the result was an overwhelming British victory over the French that resulted in the losers being driven from most of their North American colonies. The British government, for its part, was left deeply in debt. After the hostilities ended, the BritishParliament enacted several new tax laws intended to raise revenue from Britain's American colonies to pay for the war. The American colonists had no voice in Parliament to speak for or against these laws, so the end result was that they developed strong, negative reactions to what they termed "taxation without representation." The colonists accordingly opposed the taxes, and their protests escalated to violence and were ultimately a leading cause of the American Revolution.The word overwhelming in the passage is closest in meaning to ______A.swiftB.crushingC.intimidatingD.inspiring第31题In paragraph 1, the author's description of the tax laws enacted by the British Parliament mentions all of the following EXCEPT: ______A.how the American colonists felt about being taxed by the BritishB.the effect the taxes had on the relationship between the British and AmericansC.the negotiations regarding the taxes that the British held with the AmericansD.the reason that the British government was attempting to raise money第32题Four main taxes created tension in the colonies: the Sugar Act of 1764, the Stamp Act of 1765, the Townsend Acts of 1767, and the Tea Act of 1773. The first, the Sugar Act, was enacted to prevent the smuggling of molasses. Under the Molasses Act of 1733, colonists had to pay a duty of six pence per gallon of molasses. Yet customs officials routinely accepted bribes of around one and a half pence per gallon and permitted the molasses to be shipped untaxed. The Sugar Act actually reduced the duty to three pence, but the colonists still refused to pay it. Only when it was lowered to one pence in 1766 did it become cheaper to pay the duty than the bribes. The British government subsequently received around 30,000 pounds of revenue per year—a relatively small amount of money—from the molasses trade.*Glossarymolasses: a thick syrup made by refining sugarbribe: money paid to a person such as a public official for the purpose of evading the lawThe author discusses the Molasses Act of 1733 in paragraph 2 in order to ______A.point out the manner in which the American colonists evaded following that lawB.argue that the tax was fair and did not cost the American colonists much moneyC.show the corruption that existed in both the British and American governmentsD.claim it was the first time the British had ever taxed the American colonists第33题The word it in the passage refers to ______A.the molasses。
托福考试模拟题
托福考试模拟题部门： xxx时间： xxx整理范文，仅供参考，可下载自行编辑托福考试模拟题1. _________ a major role in future planetary exploration.A．Robots will surely play(B>Robots, which will surely play(C>Because robots will surely be playingD．Surely robots, which will be playing2. Unlike the owl, bats cannot see very well, but they dohave_________. b5E2RGbCAPA．it hears very well(B>very good to hear(C>tearing very wellD．very good hearingparatively few clues in the United Slates have competing newspapers today, a major change from 1900 _________ more than two newspapers. p1EanqFDPwA．because then most large cities having(B>when did most large cities have(C>then most large cities that hadD．when most large cities had4.Witch hazel extract, _________ distilled from the bark and twigs of the witch hazel shrub, has been utilized in medicine. DXDiTa9E3d A．isB．when to be(C>which isD．has been5. _________ touching in O. Henry’s stories is the gallantry with which ordinary people struggle to maintain their dignity. RTCrpUDGiT A．Most isB．It mostly isC．Is it mostD．What is most6. The face of the Moon is changed by collisions with meteoroids, _________ new craters to appear. 5PCzVD7HxAA．causeB．causingC．causedD．have cause7. Social scientists believe that _________ from sounds such as grunts and barks made by early ancestors of human beings. jLBHrnAILg A．the very slow development of languageB．language developed very slowlyC．language which,, was very slow to developD．language, very slowly developing8. _________ substances include various forms of silica, pumice, and emery. xHAQX74J0XA．Natural abrasives occurB．Abrasion occurs in naturalC．Naturally occurring abrasiveD．A natural occurrence of abrasion9. _________ in the upper part of their long1 thin legs all9w deer to run swiftly and jump far. LDAYtRyKfEA．Muscles are powerfulB．There are powerful musclesC．The powerful muscles thatD．Powerful muscles10. Geophysicists have collaborated with archaeologists and anthropologists to study the magnetic properties of pottery and fireplaces at sites _________-- by early humans. Zzz6ZB2Ltk A．occupiedB．occupyingC．which occupyD．were occupied11. _________ technically proficient。
托福古生物阅读题
托福古生物阅读题
古生物学是一门既神奇又充满挑战的学科。
通过对古生物的研究，我们可以窥探地球上生命的演化历程，了解地球上曾经存在过的各种奇特生物。
在托福考试中，古生物阅读题经常出现，考察考生对于古生物学知识的理解和应用能力。
古生物学家通过对化石的研究，可以还原古代生物的外貌和生活习性。
他们通过化石的形态、结构和地层分布等信息，重建古生物的生态系统，揭示生物之间的相互关系和演化历程。
在托福考试中，阅读题通常会涉及到古生物的分类、演化和生态环境等方面的知识。
古生物阅读题不仅考察考生对于古生物学知识的理解，还需要考生具备对文章逻辑和推理能力。
在阅读题中，考生需要通过文章中的信息，推断古生物的生活方式、适应环境等内容。
有时候，阅读题还会涉及到对研究方法和科学推断的评价，考生需要具备一定的科学素养和批判思维能力。
在备考托福阅读时，考生可以通过多阅读科普书籍、期刊文章等材料，了解古生物学的基本概念和最新研究成果。
同时，也可以通过做一些古生物学领域的练习题，提高自己对于古生物学知识的理解和应用能力。
此外，还可以参加一些古生物学领域的讨论和研讨会，与专业人士交流，拓展自己的知识视野。
总的来说，古生物阅读题是托福考试中的一个重要部分，考生需要认真对待。
通过多阅读、多练习，不断提升自己的古生物学知识和阅读能力，才能在考试中取得好成绩。
古生物学是一门神奇的学科，希望考生们在备考中能够对这门学科有更深入的了解，为未来的学习和研究打下坚实的基础。
托福模拟考试试题及答案
托福模拟考试试题及答案一、听力部分1. 听下面对话，选择正确答案。
- 问题：What does the woman want to do?- 选项：A. Borrow a book from the library.B. Return a book to the library.C. Find a quiet place to study.- 答案：C2. 听下面讲座，选择正确答案。
- 问题：What is the main topic of the lecture? - 选项：A. The history of photography.B. The impact of technology on art.C. The evolution of painting techniques.- 答案：B二、阅读部分1. 阅读下面短文，选择正确答案。
- 短文：[短文内容]- 问题：What is the main idea of the passage?- 选项：A. The importance of environmental protection.B. The benefits of urban development.C. The challenges of population growth.- 答案：A2. 阅读下面长文，选择正确答案。
- 长文：[长文内容]- 问题：According to the author, what is the mostsignificant factor contributing to success in business?- 选项：A. Innovation.B. Capital.C. Networking.- 答案：A三、口语部分1. 口语任务：描述你最喜欢的季节，并解释原因。
- 答案示例：- 我最喜欢的季节是秋天。
秋天的天气既不冷也不热，非常宜人。
此外，秋天是收获的季节，可以看到许多成熟的水果和蔬菜，这让我感到非常满足。
托福阅读-句子简化题
练习题三
要点一
总结词
识别句子中的修饰成分
要点二
详细描述
练习题三要求考生识别句子中的修饰成分，如形容词、副 词、介词短语等，并理解其在句子中的作用。通过练习， 考生可以增强对句子细节的把握能力，提高对复杂句子的 理解水平。
05备考建议与总结提高阅读速度与理解能力
大量阅读
01
通过阅读英文原著、新闻、学术论文等，提高阅读速度和理解
03
句子简化题实例解析
题目展示与解析
题目
The company has a strong commitment to environmental protection, and it has taken several measures to reduce its carbon footprint.
总结词
理解句子结构
VS
详细描述
通过练习题一，考生可以加深对句子结构 的理解，掌握如何识别主语、谓语、宾语 以及从句等关键成分，从而更好地理解句 子的意义。
练习题二
总结词
提炼句子主干
详细描述
练习题二要求考生提炼句子的主干，即主谓 宾结构，从而把握句子的核心信息。通过练 习，考生可以提高快速筛选关键信息的能力， 有助于在考试中快速理解文章内容。
修饰成分分析
修饰成分分析
在提取主干后，需要分析句子的修饰成分，如定语、状语等，这些成分对句子的意义和逻辑关系起到补充和修饰 的作用。
示例
原句“The scientist conducted an experiment to determine the effects of radiation on plants.” 的修饰 成分是“to determine the effects of radiation on plants”（为了确定辐射对植物的影响），补充说明了实验 的目的。
托福模拟题测试题及答案
托福模拟题测试题及答案一、听力理解（Listening Comprehension）1. 根据录音内容，以下哪项是教授在讲座中提到的？A. 地球的气候变化对生态系统有积极影响。
B. 人类活动是导致全球变暖的主要原因。
C. 地球的自然周期导致了气候变化。
D. 气候变化对人类社会没有影响。
答案：B2. 在对话中，学生为什么感到困惑？A. 学生不理解课程作业的要求。
B. 学生不知道如何安排时间。
C. 学生对考试内容感到困惑。
D. 学生对老师的教学方法感到困惑。
答案：A二、阅读理解（Reading Comprehension）1. 根据文章内容，作者主要讨论了什么主题？A. 科技发展对教育的影响。
B. 教育系统如何适应社会变化。
C. 教育的重要性在现代社会中减少。
D. 社会对教育的需求日益增长。
答案：B2. 文章中提到的“终身学习”是指什么？A. 只在学生时代接受教育。
B. 教育应该贯穿一个人的整个生活。
C. 教育只对年轻人重要。
D. 教育只包括学术知识。
答案：B三、口语表达（Speaking Expression）1. 请描述你最近参加的一个活动，并解释为什么这个活动对你很重要。
（答案略）2. 你如何看待在线教育与传统教育的结合？请给出你的观点。
（答案略）四、写作能力（Writing Ability）1. 写一篇短文，讨论科技在日常生活中的作用，并给出你的观点。
（答案略）2. 选择一个你感兴趣的社会问题，写一篇文章，说明这个问题的重要性以及可能的解决方案。
（答案略）请注意：以上模拟题及答案仅供参考，实际托福考试的题型和内容可能会有所不同。
托福(阅读)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
托福（阅读）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionSections Three：Reading Comprehension“Producers, Consumers, and Decomposers”P1 Organisms that are capable of using carbon dioxide as their sole source of carbon are called autotrophs (self-feeders), or producers. These are the plants. They chemically fix carbon through photosynthesis. Organisms that depend on producers as their carbon source are called heterotrophs (feed on others), or consumers. Generally, these are animals. From the producers, which manufacture their own food, energy flows through the system along a circuit called the food chain, reaching consumers and eventually detritivores. Organisms that share the same basic foods are said to be at the same trophic level. Ecosystems generally are structured in a food web, a complex network of interconnected food chains. In a food web, consumers participate in several different food chains, comprising both strong interactions and weak interactions between species in the food web.P2 Primary consumers feed on producers. A Because producers are always plants, the primary consumer is called an herbivore, or plant eater. A carnivore is a secondary consumer and primarily eats meat. B A consumer that feeds on both producers (plants) and consumers (meat) is called an omnivore. CP3 Detritivores (detritus feeders and decomposers) are the final link in the endless chain. D Detritivores renew the entire system by releasing simple inorganic compounds and nutrients with the breaking down of organic materials. Detritus refers to all the dead organic debris—remains, fallen leaves, and wastes—that living processes leave. Detritus feeders—worms, mites, termites, centipedes, snails, crabs, and even vultures, among others—work like an army to consume detritus and excrete nutrients that fuel an ecosystem. Decomposers are primarily bacteria and fungi that digest organic debris outside their bodies and absorb and release nutrients in the process. This metabolic work of microbial decomposers produces the rotting that breaks down detritus. Detritus feeders and decomposers, although different in operation, have a similar function in an ecosystem.P4 An example of a complex community is the oceanic food web that includes krill, a primary consumer. Krill is a shrimplike crustacean that is a major food for an interrelated group of organisms, including whales, fish, seabirds, seals, and squid in the Antarctic region. All of these organisms participate in numerous other food chains as well, some consuming and some being consumed. Phytoplankton begin this chain by harvesting solar energy in photosynthesis. Herbivorous zoo-plankton such as krill and other organisms eat Phytoplankton. Consumers eat krill at the next trophic level. Because krill are a protein-rich, plentiful food, increasingly factory ships, such as those from Japan and Russia, seek them out. The annual krill harvest currently surpasses a million tons, principally as feed for chickens and livestock and as protein for human consumption.Efficiency in a Food WebP5 Any assessment of worldfood resources depends on the level of consumer being targeted. Let us use humans as an example. Many people can be fed if wheat is eaten directly. However, if the grain is first fed to cattle (herbivores) and then we eat the beef, the yield of available food energy is cut by 90% (810 kg of grain is reduced to 82 kg of meat); far fewer people can be fed from the same land area.P6 In terms of energy, only about 10% of the kilocalories (food calories, not heat calories) in plant matter survive from the primary to the secondary trophic level. When humans consume meat instead of grain, there is a further loss of biomass and added inefficiency. More energy is lost to the environment at each progressive step in the food chain. You can see that an omnivorous diet such as that of an average North American and European is quite expensive in terms of biomass and energy.P7 Food web concepts are becoming politicized as world food issues grow more critical. Today, approximately half of the cultivated acreage in the United States and Canada is planted for animal consumption —beef and dairy cattle, hogs, chickens, and turkeys. Livestock feed includes approximately 80% of the annual corn and nonexported soybean harvest. In addition, some lands cleared of rain forest in Central and South America were converted to pasture to produce beef for export to restaurants, stores, and fast-food outlets in developed countries. Thus, lifestyle decisions and dietary patterns in North America and Europe are perpetuating inefficient food webs, not to mention the destruction of valuable resources, both here and overseas.Glossaryphytoplankton: a plant that lives in the sea and produces its own energy source trophic level: category measured in steps away from the energy input in an ecosystem1．According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about autotrophs?A．They use a chemical process to produce their own food.B．They require plant matter in order to survive.C．They need producers to provide them with carbon.D．They do not interact with other organisms in the food chain.正确答案：A 涉及知识点：阅读2．The word sole in the passage is closest in meaning toA．majorB．steadyC．onlyD．ideal正确答案：C 涉及知识点：阅读3．Based on the information in paragraph 1, which of the following best explains the term “food web”?A．Energy manufactured by producer organisms in the food chainB．Another term that defines the food chainC．An interactive system of food chainsD．Primary and secondary consumers in the food chain正确答案：C 涉及知识点：阅读4．It may be concluded that human beings are omnivores becauseA．people feed on producers for the most partB．people are usually tertiary consumersC．people generally eat both producers and consumersD．most people are the top carnivores in the food chain正确答案：C 涉及知识点：阅读5．The word others in the passage refers toA．debrisB．feedersC．processesD．nutrients正确答案：B 涉及知识点：阅读6．Why does the author mention krill in paragraph 4?A．To suggest a solution for a problem in the food chainB．To provide evidence that contradicts previously stated opinionsC．To present an explanation for the killing of krillD．To give an example of a complex food web正确答案：D 涉及知识点：阅读7．Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.A．Part of the one million tons of krill harvested annually is used for protein in animal feed.B．Both livestock and chickens as well as humans eat krill as a main part of their diets.C．The principal use of krill is for animal feed, although some of the one million tons is eaten by people.D．More than one million tons of krill is eaten by both animals and humans every year.正确答案：D 涉及知识点：阅读8．According to paragraph 7, how much land is used to grow crops for animalfeed?A．80 percent of the acreage in EuropeB．Most of the rain forest in Central AmericaC．50 percent of the farm land in Canada and the United StatesD．Half of the land in North and South America正确答案：C 涉及知识点：阅读9．According to paragraph 7, food webs are inefficient becauseA．consumers in developed nations prefer animal proteinB．politicians are not paying attention to the issuesC．there are not enough acres to grow crops efficientlyD．too much of the corn and soybean harvests are exported正确答案：A 涉及知识点：阅读10．Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the author’s opinion about food issues?A．Too much grain is being exported to provide food for developed nations.B．More forested land needs to be cleared for food production in developing nations.C．Food choices in developed nations are very costly in terms of the environment.D．More animal protein is needed in the diets of people in developing nations.正确答案：C 涉及知识点：阅读11．Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage.A tertiary consumer eats primary and secondary consumers and is referred to as the “top carnivore” in the food chain.Where could the sentence best be added?Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.A．B．C．正确答案：B 涉及知识点：阅读12．According to the passage, all of the following characteristics describe producers EXCEPTA．Producers serve as food for consumers.B．Producers make their own food.C．Producers form the first trophic level.D．Producers include bacteria and fungi.正确答案：D 涉及知识点：阅读13．Complete the table by matching the phrases on the left with the headings on the right. Select the appropriate answer choices and drag them to the type of organism to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points.To delete an answer choice, click on it. To see the passage, click on View Text.Answer ChoicesA Depend upon photosynthesis to surviveB Has a weak interaction among speciesC Generally consist of animal life formsD Include both herbivores and carnivoresE Form the last link in the food chainF Eat meat as one of its primary food sourcesG Feed on dead plants and animalsH Are always some variety of plant lifeI Made exclusively of inorganic materialsProducers--Consumers---Decomposers--正确答案：ProducersAHConsumersCDFDecomposersEG 涉及知识点：阅读14．An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The food web is comprised of producers, consumers, and decomposers, which interact in endless cycles.Answer ChoicesA Consumers, primarily animals, feed on producers, plants which manufacture their own food source through photosynthesis.B Decomposers digest and recycle dead plants and animals, releasing inorganic compounds into the food chain.C Since more energy is depleted into the environment at each level in the food chain, dietary choices affect the efficiency of food webs.D Among consumers, human beings are considered omnivores because they eat not only plants but also animals.E An example of an undersea food web includes phytoplankton, krill, and fish as well as birds, seals, and whales.F Rain forests are being cut down in order to clear pastureland for cattle that can be exported to countries with fast-food restaurants.正确答案：A，B，C 涉及知识点：阅读“The Heredity Versus Environment Debate”P1 The past century has seen heated controversy about whether intelligence, which relates strongly to school achievement, is determined primarily by heredity or by environment. A When IQ tests were undergoing rapid development early in the twentieth century, many psychologists believed that intelligence was determined primarily by heredity. BP2 Environmentalist view. By the middle of the twentieth century, numerous studies had counteracted the hereditarian view, and most social scientists took the position that environment is as important as or even more important than heredity indetermining intelligence. C Social scientists who stress the environmentalist view of intelligence generally emphasize the need for continual compensatory programs beginning in infancy. Many also criticize the use of IQ tests on the grounds that these tests are culturally biased. DP3 James Flynn, who collected similar data on other countries, found that “massive”gains in the IQ scores of the population in fourteen nations have occurred during the twentieth century. These improvements, according to Flynn’s analysis, largely stemmed not from genetic improvement in the population but from environmental changes that ied to gains in the kinds of skills assessed by IQ tests. Torsten Husen and his colleagues also have concluded, after reviewing large amounts of data, that improvements in economic and social conditions, and particularly in the availability of schooling, can produce substantial gains in average IQ from one generation to the next. In general, educators committed to improving the performance of low-achieving students find these studies encouraging.P4 Hereditarian view. The hereditarian view of intelligence underwent a major revival in the 1970s and 1980s, based particularly on the writings of Arthur Jensen, Richard Herrnstein, and a group of researchers conducting the Minnesota Study of Twins. Summarizing previous research as well as their own studies, these researchers identified heredity as the major factor in determining intelligence—accounting for up to 80 percent of the variation in IQ scores.P5 Jensen published a highly controversial study in the Harvard Educational Review in 1969. Pointing out that African-Americans averaged about 15 points below whites on IQ tests, Jensen attributed this gap to a genetic difference between the two races in learning abilities and patterns. Critics countered Jensen’s arguments by contending that a host of environmental factors that affect IQ, including malnutrition and prenatal care are difficult to measure and impossible to separate from hereditary factors. IQ tests are biased, they said, and do not necessarily even measure intelligence. After his 1969 article, Jensen has continued to cite data that he believed link intelligence primarily to heredity. His critics continue to respond with evidence that environmental factors, and schooling in particular, have a major influence on IQ.P6 Synthesizers’view. Certain social scientists have taken a middle, or “synthesizing,”position in this controversy. The synthesizers’view of intelligence holds that both heredity and environment contribute to differences in measured intelligence. For example, Christopher Jencks, after reviewing a large amount of data, concluded that heredity is responsible for 45 percent of the IQ variance, environment accounts for 35 percent, and interaction between the two (“interaction” meaning that particular abilities thrive or wither in specific environments) accounts for 20 percent. Robert Nichols reviewed all these and other data and concluded that the true value for heredity may be anywhere between 0.40 and 0.80 but that the exact value has little importance for policy. In general, Nichols and other synthesizers maintain that heredity determines the fixed limits of a range; within those limits, the interaction between environment and heredity yields the individual’s intelligence. In this view, even if interactions between heredity and environment limit our ability to specify exactly how much of a child’s intelligence reflects environmental factors, teachers (and parents) should provide each child with a productive environment in which to realize her or hismaximum potential.GlossaryIQ: intelligence quotient; a numerical value for intelligence15．According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about environmentalists?A．They had only a few studies to prove their viewpoint.B．They did not agree with the use of IQ tests to measure intelligence.C．They did not believe that educational programs could raise IQ scores.D．They were already less popular by the mid twentieth century.正确答案：B 涉及知识点：阅读16．Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.A．Changes in the environment rather than genetic progress caused an increase in IQ scores, according to studies by Flynn.B．Flynn’s studies were not conclusive in identifying the skills that resulted in improvements on IQ tests.C．IQ test results in research by Flynn did not improve because of genetics and environment.D．The reason that gains in IQ tests occurred was because of the changes in skills that were tested.正确答案：A 涉及知识点：阅读17．The word data in the passage is closest in meaning toA．expertsB．adviceC．argumentsD．information正确答案：D 涉及知识点：阅读18．Why does the author mention the “Minnesota Study of Twins” in paragraph 4?A．To argue that environment is more important than heredityB．To prove the importance of heredity in measuring IQC．To establish the synthesizer’s view of intelligenceD．To summarize previous research before designing a new study正确答案：B 涉及知识点：阅读19．According to paragraph 4, what can be inferred about the results of the Minnesota Study of Twins?A．Twins brought up in different environments probably had similar IQ scores.B．The environments were more important to IQ than the genetic similarity of twins.C．The study did not support the previous work by Jensen and Herrnstein.D．The IQ scores of twins can vary by as much as 80 percent.正确答案：A 涉及知识点：阅读20．According to Jensen’s opponents, IQ tests are not reliable becauseA．heredity is not measured on the current forms of IQ testsB．it is difficult to determine whether a factor is due to heredity or environment C．learning abilities and patterns are different for people of diverse racial heredityD．they only measure intelligence and not many other important factors正确答案：B 涉及知识点：阅读21．The word these in the passage refers toA．differences in measured intelligenceB．a large amount of dataC．particular abilitiesD．specific environments正确答案：A 涉及知识点：阅读22．Based on the information in paragraph 6, which of the following best explains the term “synthesizing”?A．A moderate position between the two extremesB．A position for which the evidence is overwhelmingC．A controversial position that is hotly debatedD．A modern revision of an outdated position正确答案：A 涉及知识点：阅读23．According to a synthesizer’s view, how does heredity influence intelligence?A．Heredity is very important but not as influential as environment.B．Heredity sets limits on intelligence, but environment can overcome them.C．A productive environment influences intelligence more than any other factor.D．Heredity and environment interact within the limits set at birth.正确答案：D 涉及知识点：阅读24．According to the passage, all of the following are true of the hereditarian view EXCEPTA．Studies by Jensen and Herrnstein support this point of view.B．Many psychologists in the early twentieth century were hereditarians.C．Intelligence as measured by IQ tests is a result of genetic predisposition.D．Environmental factors are not able to be separated from heredity.正确答案：D 涉及知识点：阅读25．Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the author’s opinion about IQ tests?A．The author believes that IQ tests should be used continuously from infancy.B．According to the author, there are too many disadvantages to IQ testing.C．The author maintains a neutral point of view about IQ tests in the discussion.D．IQ tests should be used in research studies but they should not be used in schools.正确答案：C 涉及知识点：阅读26．Look at the four squares [■] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage.Those who took this hereditarian view of intelligence thought that IQ tests and similar instruments measured innate differences present from birth in people’s capacity.Where could the sentence best be added?Click on a square [■] to insert the sentence in the passage.A．B．C．D．正确答案：B 涉及知识点：阅读27．Complete the table by matching the phrases on the left with the headings on the right. Select the appropriate answer choices and drag them to the views of intelligence to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points.To delete an answer choice, click on it. To see the passage, click on View Text.Answer ChoicesA Proposed interaction between heredity and environment.B Attributed lower IQ to malnutrition and lack of health care.C Suggested an innate range of IQ was influenced by environment.D Was supported by the Minnesota Twins study in the 1970s.E Claimed racial composition was a factor in measured IQ.F Maintained that IQ tests were often biased in favor of themajority culture.G Cited schooling as a positive consideration in the gains in IQ.H Stated that social improvements improve performance on IQ tests.I Advanced this viewpoint when IQ tests were being developed.Hereditarian---Environmentalist----正确答案：DEIBFGH 涉及知识点：阅读28．An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Historically, psychologists have proposed three viewpoints to explain the influence of heredity and environment on IQ scores.---Answer ChoicesA Studies by James Flynn verified significant increases in IQ scores among populations in fourteen nations in the last century.B By the 1970s, psychologists reversed their position, citing heredity as the primary determiner of intelligence as measured by IQ tests.C Because IQ tests are unfair to minority cultures, the current view is to disregard previous studies that use them as a basis for measurement.D In the mid 1900s, the popular view was that environment was the more important factor in the development of intelligence.E Before the development of IQ tests, both heredity and environment were thought to influence the relative intelligence of children.F Some modern psychologists have proposed a theory that relies on the interaction between heredity and environment to determine IQ.正确答案：DBF 涉及知识点：阅读。
托福模拟考试及答案解析(6)
托福模拟考试及答案解析（6）(1~6/共56题)阅读理解第1题Why is the class discussing the technical requirements of murals?A.They are preparing for an examination.B.They plan to visit some famous murals.C.They are helping to design a new building.D.They will be creating their own mural.第2题According to the discussion, what factors should be considered in planning a mural?Click on 2 answers.A.The position of the observerB.The character of the artistC.The architecture of the roomD.The colors of the paint第3题What does the instructor mean when she says this:A.A building with a mural will attract a lot of visitors.B.A mural serves the same purpose as other forms of art.C.The term "mural" has several different meanings.D.A mural is an expression of the building's character.第4题The instructor briefly explains what happens when water enters a wall with a mural. Which of the following sentences describe parts of the process?Click on 2 answers.A.Moisture penetrates the wall and dissolves salts in the material.B.The plaster dries quickly, but the paint never dries completely.C.An air space develops between the interior and exterior walls.D.Dried salt deposits form a white film on the surface of the mural.第5题What is the purpose of having an air space between the outer wall and the plaster?A.It will protect the plaster from temperature changes.B.It will give the mural a greater sense of depth.C.It will reduce the time needed for drying the plaster.D.It will eliminate the need to wash the wall frequently.第6题Why does the instructor say this:A.To explain how a wall can be made strongerB.To describe the process of framing a muralC.To explain how to create an insulating air spaceD.To describe a technique for texturing a plaster wall下一题(7~12/共56题)阅读理解第7题What aspect of seeds does the professor mainly discuss?A.Hereditary changes in seedsB.Ways that seeds are dispersedC.Genetic engineering of seedsD.How seeds germinate and grow第8题What role does heredity play in the life of a plant?A.It provides the information the plant needs to grow.B.It helps nutrients move up from the soil into the plant.C.It causes the seed to swell and burst out of its case.D.It supplies the energy required to manufacture food.第9题Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.Why does the professor say this:A.To point out the diversity of plant lifeB.To give an example of an environmental cueC.To compare different ecosystems where plants liveD.To explain why few plants survive in the desert第10题What environmental factors are required for a seed to germinate? Click on 2 answers.A.HeredityB.Wateranic fertilizerD.The proper temperature第11题How does a seed obtain the energy it needs for germination?A.It takes in nutrients through capillaries in its roots.B.It depends on the chemical energy from fertilizer.C.It converts the energy of food stored within itself.D.It uses solar energy collected through its leaves.第12题Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.How does the professor organize the information that he presents?A.He summarizes a process.B.He compares two sets of data.C.He gives a definition and examples.D.He classifies seeds into types.上一题下一题(13~17/共56题)阅读理解第13题Why does the student go to see the professor?A.He wants to hear the professor's comments about his term paper.B.He would like permission to change the topic of his research.C.He would like the professor to recommend him for a job.D.He needs the professor's advice about redesigning an organization.第14题According to the student, what is organizational redesign?A.Preparing materials that help people learn about an organizationB.Writing an essay about why you want to work for an organizationC.Keeping a record of people that join and leave an organizationD.Changing an organization's goals, responsibilities and relationships第15题Listen again to part of the conversation. Then answer the question.What does the professor imply about the student's paper?A.It is too short.B.It contains many errors.C.It lacks a clear focus.D.It has very few ideas.第16题What suggestions does the professor make for the student's paper?Click on 2 answers.A.Explain why organizations need to be redesignedB.Focus on a few essential steps of organizational redesignC.Proofread the paper carefully and correct all mistakesD.Support his points with examples from a real organization第17题Why does the student mention the nursery business where his uncle works?A.To tell the professor where he would like to workB.To give an example that he might discuss in his paperC.To suggest a good place to shop for flowering shrubsD.To impress the professor with his family's success上一题下一题(18~23/共56题)阅读理解第18题How does the professor organize the information that she presents?A.By comparing different reasons for exploring the Arctic OceanB.By describing the past, present, and future of the Northwest PassageC.By explaining the causes of climate change in the Arctic regionD.By listing popular tourist attractions in the Northwest Passage第19题According to the professor, why did European powers start looking for the Northwest Passage?A.They wanted to study the wildlife of the Arctic region.B.They were inspired by the idea of a New World.C.They hoped to find a plentiful source of oil.D.They wanted to establish a western route to Asia.第20题Why does the professor talk about Martin Frobisher and Henry Hudson?A.To give examples of early Arctic explorersB.To describe different routes for crossing the ArcticC.To compare the motivation of two adventurersD.To explain why one failed and the other succeeded第21题Why does the professor say this:A.To end the prepared part of her lectureB.To repeat a point that she made earlierC.To shift the focus of the discussionD.To begin telling a personal story第22题Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.What can be inferred about the Northwest Passage?A.It takes a ship several weeks to navigate the passage.B.Ice makes the passage dangerous and unpredictable.C.The passage is no longer a practical trade route.D.Several ships make it through the passage every year.第23题What point does the professor make about the future of the Northwest Passage?A.The passage will become more passable to ships.B.A reliable, permanent route may never be discovered.C.Only icebreakers will be able to cross the passage.D.Scientists cannot predict the future of the passage.上一题下一题(24~29/共56题)阅读理解第24题What topics do the speakers mainly discuss?Click on 2 answers.A.How domestic animals have benefited human societyB.Why humans domesticated plants before animalsC.How to domesticate large carnivores for foodD.Qualities that favor the domestication of certain species第25题Listen again to part of the discussion. Then answer the question.Which of the following statements can be inferred about large animal species?A.Only a few large animal species were suitable for domestication.B.Many large species have become extinct since the last Ice Age.C.Fourteen large mammal species are primarily herbivores.rge animal species were easier to domesticate than small species.第26题According to the discussion, what benefit to humans do large domestic animals provide that small animals do NOT?A.A source of foodB.A source of clothingC.The ability to pull a plowD.The ability to follow commands第27题According to the discussion, why are carnivores NOT good candidates for domestication as a food source?A.Their meat is less nutritious than the meat of herbivores.B.Their behavior is threatening to other domestic animals.C.They are unsuccessful at reproducing in captivity.D.They are expensive to feed in terms of plant biomass.第28题According to the discussion, which characteristic would most likely make a wild animal unsuitable for domestication?A.A weight of more than 100 poundsB.A tendency toward unpredictable behaviorC.A diet based primarily on plant proteinD.A capacity for using tools to solve problems第29题Listen again to part of the discussion. Then answer the question.What can be inferred about deer and antelope?A.They run away from humans only if threatened.B.They do not supply meat of a consistent quality.C.They are as dangerous as certain wild horses.D.They have not successfully been domesticated.上一题下一题(30~43/共56题)阅读理解THE ATLANTIC EEL1 The mysterious qualities of eels have captivated many scientists. In 1886, a French zoologist put a tiny leaf-shaped saltwater fish into a tank in his laboratory. The fish, about four centimeters long, startled the scientist when it turned into a tiny eel—long, rounded, and clear as window glass. Ten years later, another zoologist observed the same metamorphosis in the Mediterranean Sea and concluded that salt water was important to the process. In 1920, Danish biologist Johannes Schmidt tracked eels in the Atlantic Ocean, eventually finding individuals of the smallest size in the Sargasso Sea, an area of the North Atlantic between the West Indies and the Azores that is approximately 1,100 kilometers wide and 3,200 kilometers long and surrounded by four major ocean currents.2 Atlantic eels have five life phases: larva, glass eel, elver, immature yellow eel, and mature silver eel. Eels are catadromous fish, living most of their lives in fresh water and then migrating to the sea to reproduce. Their migration is an epic life journey, north through the Atlantic, toward the shore, into rivers and lakes, and eventually back to the Sargasso Sea, swimming in the open water by night. Scientists have not yet fully documented adult eels arriving at the Sargasso, or eels mating or laying eggs there, but they have observed the newly hatched larvae clustering in the floating Sargassum weed. The tiny larvae rise to the surface, where they begin their journey by drifting on the Gulf Stream toward either North America or Europe. A year may pass before the young fish swim toward the shore and fresh water. As they approach the coast, the larvaetransform into transparent glass eels, five to seven centimeters in length. It is not yet known how the eels find their way inland, but once glass eels leave the ocean and enter fresh water, they swim upstream, eventually turning into thin, black, ten-centimeter elvers.3 As the elvers grow, they change into adolescent yellow eels, long and slender with brownish-yellow sides and bellies. Yellow eels spend the next several years in flesh water, living in rivers and lakes for up to twenty years. Nearly all of the eels in lakes are female, while those in rivers and estuaries are mainly male. As the adolescents mature into adults, their eyes grow larger, their backs darken, their sides become silver, and their bellies turn silver-white. They start changing into mature silver eels, ready to begin their southward migration to the Sargasso Sea in late autumn. The transformation into sexually mature fish occurs deep in the Atlantic, during the long swim back to their mating site.4 During their long migration, eels face numerous hurdles. Most of these are the result of human activity, such as the dams, weirs, and other physical impediments that have compromised many river systems. Young black elvers require help getting past dams as they migrate upstream. Because eels are able to breathe through their skin as well as their gills, they can travel over wet surfaces on land, so in some locations biologists have devised wet ramps to assist their climb. During their downstream journey, silver eels can be killed when they swim into the turbines of hydroelectric dams, and a river's entire eel run can be destroyed in just a few nights. To combat the problem, some energy companies slow the rotation of the blades during the migration so that the eels might pass safely through the turbines. Another hurdle to the eels' passage is the presence of ancient eel weirs, structures of various types built by every human culture that ever inhabited the region. Natural predators also take a toll: eagles, osprey, snapping turtles, and bass all feed on eels.5 Overfishing and exploitive fisheries have caused eel populations to plummet. Fisheries target eels at three phases of their lives. Before the tiny glass eels can reach shore, thousands are trapped in nets for export to fish farms in Asia. Yellow eels are caught in eel pots for bait, and silver eels are caught in traps for specialty markets around the world. In addition to overfishing, eels will face a more serious threat if climate change alters the speed or direction of the currents around the Sargasso Sea. Even a slight shift in the currents would impact the mating and hatching territories of the Atlantic eel.第30题The word metamorphosis in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.type of movementB.change in appearanceC.swimming abilityD.reduction in size第31题What is the main purpose of paragraph 1?A.To introduce the phenomenon of the eel's life phasesB.To contrast the discoveries of three scientistsC.To entertain readers with scientific mysteriesD.To emphasize the eel's need for both salt and fresh water第32题According to the passage, one characteristic that defines catadromous fish isA.their ability to navigate by smellB.their very long life spanC.their preference for a diet of Sargassum weedD.their migration from fresh water to salt water第33题Scientists have direct evidence of which eel behavior in the Sargasso Sea?rvae swimming among the plantsB.Glass eels transforming into elversC.Adolescents becoming adultsD.Adult females dying after laying eggs第34题The word drifting in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA.feedingB.strugglingC.hatchingD.riding第35题According to paragraph 2, there is scientific uncertainty aboutA.where the eels go to reproduceB.what the newly hatched eels eatC.how the eels locate fresh waterD.when the eels become black in color第36题One difference between eels living in rivers and those living in lakes isA.the color of their backs, sides, and belliesB.the level of competition with other speciesC.the season in which their migration beginsD.the relative numbers of females and males第37题Which sentence best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Dams and weirs have improved river systems for humans and eels.B.Human activity has created hurdles that block the eels' river passage.C.Eels had few physical problems until humans changed the course of rivers.D.The effects of human activity have been both positive and negative.第38题The word combat in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA.documentB.studyC.reduceD.ignore第39题Paragraph 4 supports which of the following statements about eel migration?A.More eels die in the river part of their migration than in the ocean.B.Sometimes humans can help eels get past impediments in rivers.C.The original purpose of weirs was to assist eels in their migration.D.Natural predators pose the most serious threat to migrating eels.第40题The word plummet in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.declineB.migrateC.evolveD.disappear第41题It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that the author most likely believes which of the following statements about Atlantic eels?A.A net is the most effective type of equipment for capturing eels.B.People are just beginning to appreciate eels as a source of food.C.Climate change could endanger the ability of eels to reproduce.D.Scientists may never know why eels migrate such long distances.第42题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Female yellow eels can grow to more than a meter in length, over twice the length of the males.A As the elvers grow, they change into adolescent yellow eels, long and slender with brownish-yellow sides and bellies. Yellow eels spend the next several years in fresh water, living in rivers and lakes for up to twenty years. Nearly all of the eels in lakes are female, while those in rivers and estuaries are mainly male.B As the adolescents mature into adults, their eyes grow larger, their backs darken, their sides become silver and their bellies turn silver-white.C They start changing into mature silver eels, ready to begin their southward migration to the Sargasso Sea in late autumn.D The transformation into sexually mature fish occurs deep in the Atlantic, during the long swim back to their mating site.第43题An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Atlantic eels are long, slender fish with many fascinatingqualities and an epic life journey.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Eels undergo changes in shape and color as they pass through five life phases from larva to adult.B. The Sargasso Sea is an ideal mating site for eels because of the four surrounding ocean currents.C. Eels have a very long adolescence and may spend up to twenty years as immature yellow eels in rivers and lakes.D. Eels hatch in salt water, but spend most of their lives in fresh water before migrating back to the sea to reproduce.E. Glass eels, yellow eels, and silver eels are captured by different means and for different purposes.F. Several factors threaten the survival of eels, including altered river systems, overfishing, and climate change.上一题下一题(44~56/共56题)阅读理解THE PHOTOGRAPHS OF JACOB RIIS1 In the late nineteenth century, New York's Lower East Side had the highest concentration of people in the world. Over one million residents lived in extreme poverty, with 300,000 of them packed into one square mile alone. Most were immigrants from Europe and Asia. Men, women, children, and the elderly all worked for low wages in the thousands of sweatshops that made clothing, cigars, furniture, and tinware. Few of the realist painters of the time wanted to paint this New York; it was a photographer and writer, Jacob Riis, who opened the subject to a wide public.2 Jacob Riis was born in Denmark and immigrated to the United States in 1870, at the age of twenty-one. He landed in New York and got a job as a police court reporter for the New York Tribune. The police headquarters was located in the heart of the East Side slum district, and Riis came to know thousands of the local poor. What he saw inspired him to fight for the elimination of slums using the tools of journalism. At that time, American journalism was changing. The urban population was multiplying rapidly, and there was an explosion of newspapers. The papers aimed to reach larger audiences, which led them to increase the number of human-interest stories—stories not just about the comfortable classes, but about the "other half" and how it lived.3 Jacob Riis became New York's chief reporter of urban blight, making a name for himself with his detailed accounts of life in the Lower East Side. Today he is best known as a photographer. In the 1880s, photography was still at an early stage, and news photos were rare. As a good journalist, Riis was quick to see that recent developments in flashlight photography would enable him to dramatize his stories. Photography would be his means for drawing attention to the living conditions of the poor, particularly the immigrant population. He committed himself to this cause, knowing that the affluent and educated half of society could not ignore photographs of how the other half lived.4 In 1890 he published his photographs in a book, How the Other Half Lives, his most famous work. The book was a bestseller and ran through several editions. The photographs exposed the appalling conditions of the time and were direct evidence of human misery in the immigrant enclaves, back alleys, and cheap lodging houses. Shocked readers saw images of ragged children playing in the street and old people toiling in dim sweatshops. They were horrified by the miserable existence of a million people, the powerless and destitute of America's "other half."5 Riis was a member of the new generation of "muckraking" journalists that investigated corruption, injustice, exploitation, and poverty. Like the other muckrakers, Riis made it his mission to seek out and expose the darker side of society. By today's standards of journalisticetiquette, he was very intrusive, feeling no need to get permission from his subjects before photographing them. Riis and his assistants would burst into tenements and saloons, startling people with their cameras and flashlights. Many of the photographs were taken at night, requiring artificial lighting, which at the time consisted of flash cartridges fired from a revolver into a frying pan. The explosive noise caused terror and confusion. On two occasions, Riis accidentally set fire to rooms he was photographing when the flash cartridge exploded in flames.6 Still, as a journalist and photographer, Jacob Riis had more of an influence on reforming living conditions than did any of the more conventional social workers of his day. One day Riis received a note that read, "I have read your book and I have come to help." The note was from the head of the New York Police Board of Commissioners, Theodore Roosevelt, who later went on to become president of the United States. Moved by the photographs Riis had taken, Roosevelt instituted a number of social reforms. The photographs in How the Other Half Lives are still prized for their historic value and stand out as proof of the power of pictures to bring about social change.第44题Why does the author describe New York's Lower East Side in paragraph 1?A.To identify the place with the world's highest concentration of peopleB.To illustrate the rapid growth of New York in the nineteenth centuryC.To argue for better wages for people working in sweatshopsD.To provide the setting and subject of Jacob Riis's photographs第45题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.There were not many realist painters in New York when Jacob Riis started his career as a photographer and writer.B.Photographer and writer Jacob Riis informed people about the Lower East Side, while realist painters ignored it.C.The realist painters and Jacob Riis both dealt with subjects that the public previously knew little about.D.Few people liked realist paintings of New York, so Jacob Riis chose subjects that appealed to a larger audience.第46题In paragraph 2, in stating that there was an explosion of newspapers, the author means thatA.the number of newspapers was increasing rapidlyB.more high-quality newspapers were availableC.there was a limited variety of newspaper storiesD.readers protested against journalistic practices第47题The word blight in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.growthB.povertyC.crimeD.diseaseAccording to the passage, why did Jacob Riis become a photographer?A.He did not want to study the realist painting of the time.B.He hoped to invent a new technique of flash photography.C.He wanted to portray the living conditions of the poor.D.He wanted to send photographs to his family in Denmark.第49题In Riis's book How the Other Half Lives, the term "other half" describesA.journalists and photographersB.the poor and powerlessC.the affluent and educatedD.social reformers第50题Jacob Riis photographed all of the following subjects EXCEPTA.police headquartersB.cheap lodging housesC.immigrant childrenD.workers in sweatshops第51题Riis and many other journalists of his generation were primarily interested inA.exaggerating stories for shock valueB.developing new media technologyC.examining society's negative aspectsD.cricitizing the comfortable classes第52题What can be inferred from paragraph 5 about the journalistic etiquette of the late nineteenth century?A.Journalists did not always respect the privacy of their subjects.B.Jacob Riis was a leader in developing new standards of etiquette.C.New York City had a strict code of behavior for journalists.D.The lack of journalistic etiquette shocked American readers.第53题According to the passage, how did Jacob Riis influence the reform of living conditions in New York?A.He showed social workers how to take effective photographs.B.He became the head of the New York Police Board of Commissioners.C.His photographs inspired powerful people to make changes.D.His accidents with flashlights led to a demand for fire regulations.第54题The phrase stand out in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.are fragileB.are importantC.are confusingD.are worthlessLook at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Once he set fire to his own clothes, and on another occasion he almost blinded himself.Riis was a member of the new generation of "muckraking" journalists that investigated corruption, injustice, exploitation, and poverty. Like the other muckrakers, Riis made it his mission to seek out and expose the darker side of society. A By today's standards of journalistic etiquette, he was very intrusive, feeling no need to get permission from his subjects before photographing them. B Riis and his assistants would burst into tenements and saloons, startling people with their cameras and flashlights. Many of the photographs were taken at night, requiring artificial lighting, which at the time consisted of flash cartridges fired from a revolver into a frying pan. C The explosive noise caused terror and confusion. On two occasions, Riis accidentally set fire to rooms he was photographing when the flash cartridge exploded in flames. D第56题An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.The work of Jacob Riis was very influential in thesocial history of New York.●●●Answer ChoicesA. Riis was born in Denmark and moved to New York when he was twenty-one.B. Riis's stories and photographs exposed the poverty of people living in the Lower East Side.C. In the late nineteenth century, news photographs were rare because photography was still a new science.D. How the Other Half Lives revealed the shocking conditions in slums and sweatshops.E. New developments in photography made it possible to take photographs indoors and at night.F. Riis used photography and investigative journalism to inspire social reform.上一题下一题(57~63/共40题)听力Play00:0003:26Volume第57题图片第58题What is the lecture mainly about?A.Reasons why the impasto texture remains experimentalB.Changes over time in the way impasto characteristics are createdC.The different skills between impasto and oil paintingD.The effects of impasto techniques that artists can achieve。
托福考试模拟试题
托福考试模拟试题托福（TOEFL，Test of English as a Foreign Language）是世界上最为知名的英语水平考试之一，被广泛用于衡量非英语母语国家的学生在英语听力、阅读、口语和写作能力方面的水平。
托福考试模拟试题是考生备考过程中非常重要的一部分，通过模拟试题的练习，考生可以更好地了解考试形式和题型，提升应对考试的能力。
以下将为大家提供一些托福考试模拟试题，供大家练习参考。
一、听力部分听力是托福考试的第一部分，主要考察考生听力理解能力。
以下是一道托福听力模拟试题：Questions 1-5:Listen to part of a talk in an American history class.Uh, so, why did the Pilgrims come to America? I mean, what were they looking for?Well, they were seeking religious freedom. You see, in England at that time, the Anglican Church held a monopoly over religious practice, and the Pilgrims, being a more radical Protestant sect, wanted to break away and establish their own religious community.What did the Pilgrims do before they came to America?Before settling in America, the Pilgrims first traveled to the Netherlands in search of religious freedom. However, they encountered difficulties there as well, so they eventually decided to set sail for the New World.What was the name of the ship that the Pilgrims sailed to America on?The ship that carried the Pilgrims to America was the Mayflower. It was a small, cramped vessel, and the journey across the Atlantic Ocean was arduous and perilous.What challenges did the Pilgrims face upon arriving in America?Upon reaching America, the Pilgrims faced numerous challenges, including harsh weather conditions, unfamiliar terrain, and conflicts with Native American tribes. Many of them succumbed to disease and starvation during the first winter.What was the significance of the Mayflower Compact?The Mayflower Compact was a document signed by the Pilgrims upon their arrival in America. It established a framework for self-government and cooperation among the settlers, laying the foundation for democratic principles in the New World.二、阅读部分阅读部分是托福考试的第二部分，包括多篇文章和相关问题。
托福模拟题考试语法与改错题汇集(一)
托福模拟题考试语法与改错题汇集（一）在这里汇集了以前网友们问的语法和改错题，以供大家参考作者：金融狂时间：2002-05-11The (engineering) in charge of the design of the scientific tools works in (close) partship (with) the scientist and t echnician.答案是A,但我不知道该怎样改？作者：liaowenchi时间：2002-05-11改为ENGINEER。
低级错误。
哈哈作者：我忍时间：2002-05-24问道改错题，谢了(When),in,1793 Eli Whimey invented the cotton gin,he (did) a great contribution (to the ) economy (of the) South.为什么选（did）？作者：threestick时间：2002-05-25我想did改成made吧作者：faceup时间：2002-05-25make a contribution 是固定搭配作者：threestick时间：2002-05-281.____, an author probably most famous for his tales of ter ror, also dabbled in some science fiction.A.To Edgar Allen PosB.Edgar Allen PoeC.Edgar Allen Poe wa s C.For Edgar Allen Poe to be刚开始是选了B,但想想有个also,又选了CC为什么不对？有also不是要平行么？作者：huoyi1981时间：2002-05-28选项中的是一个人的名字，后面跟了一个an auther是修饰这个名字的，也就是这个句子缺主语，所以就添上一个主语就可以了作者：malelion时间：2002-05-29空格后面紧跟‘，’，然后是名词短语做其同位语，所以空格处应该只填入人名。
托福模拟考试及答案解析(11)
托福模拟考试及答案解析（11）(1~12/共51题)阅读理解THE TRICKSTER FIGURE IN MYTHOLOGY 1 In the study of mythology, the character known as the trickster is a god, spirit, human, or animal who breaks the rules of the gods or nature, sometimes maliciously but usually with results that are positive. The rule breaking often takes the form of mischief or thievery. The trickster is usually male but occasionally disguises himself in female form. He can be cunning or foolish, or both, and often very humorous. His curiosity leads him into trouble, but he rescues himself with his sly wit. When he plays tricks, he performs important cultural tasks that benefit humans, and for this reason the trickster is a significant figure in world mythology.2 In different cultures, the trickster and the hero are combined in various ways. In Greek mythology, Prometheus steals fire from the gods and gives it to humans, a feat making him more of a hero than a trickster, and he is usually portrayed as an intellectual. In many Native American stories, Coyote also steals fire from the gods, but Coyote is usually more of a jokester or a prankster than an intellectual.3 The trickster is both creator and destroyer, giver and taker, one who tricks others and is tricked in return. The pranks of the trickster are compulsive and uncontrollable. He does not act consciously; he acts out of passion and impulse. He knows neither good nor evil, yet he is responsible for both. He possesses no morals, yet through his behavior morality comes into being. According to psychologist Carl Jung, the trickster is "a primitive cosmic being of divine-animal nature, on the one hand superior to man because of his superhuman qualities, and on the other hand inferior to him because of his unreason and unconsciousness."4 In Native American mythology, the majority of trickster myths concern the creation or transformation of the earth. Such stories have a trickster who is always wandering, who is always hungry, who is not guided by normal ideas of good and evil, and who possesses some magical powers. In some stories he is a deity, and in others he is an animal or human that is subject to death. Several of these myths feature Raven or Coyote as the trickster-hero.5 In many creation myths of the Pacific Northwest, Raven illustrates the transformational nature of tricksters. Raven is the greatest shapeshifter of all and can change into anything to get what he wants. In one story, there is darkness at the beginning of the world, so Raven decides he will find light. He flies far from the earth, searching in the darkness, until he spots a glimmer of light coming from a window in the house of the gods. Raven knows the gods are protective of their possessions, so he devises a trick. He perches on a pine branch next to the house and watches each day as the chief god's daughter draws water from a nearby lake. He magically transforms himself into a pinyon seed and falls into the girl's drinking cup. The girl swallows the seed, which grows within her body, and she eventually gives birth to a boy. The child delights his grandparents, and his laughter tricks the elder gods into revealing where they hide a shining ball of light. The gods give the child the ball to play with, and then Raven transforms back to a bird and flies off carrying the ball of light in his beak. He hangs the ball—the sun—in the sky, thereby bringing light to the world.6 Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles. In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death. He often teaches through negativeexample by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing. His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world. Coyote shows us that at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.Glossary:mischief: tendency to play tricks or cause minor troublethievery: the act of theft; stealingpinyon seed: the seed of a pine tree; pine nut第1题The word maliciously in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.destructivelyB.falselyC.bravelyD.mistakenly第2题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 1 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.In world mythology, every important aspect of human culture is the result of the trickster's behavior.B.The trickster develops human culture by tricking people into performing dangerous cultural tasks.C.When the trickster wants to be helpful, he devises a trick that will teach people what is important.D.The trickster is an important mythological character because his tricks contribute positively to human culture.第3题The author discusses Prometheus and Coyote in paragraph 2 in order toA.illustrate two different views of the trickster-heroB.explain how humans received the gift of fireC.argue that the trickster is an intellectual heroD.encourage readers to study world mythology第4题The word pranks in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.funny storiesplex plansC.mischievous actsD.divine traits第5题All of the following are traits of the trickster EXCEPTA.a desire to break the rulesB.the ability to disguise himselfC.superhuman powersD.awareness of good and evil第6题Native American stories with a trickster-hero are usually aboutA.the victory of good over evilB.the creation or transformation of the worldC.the struggle to control one's natureD.the punishment of humans by the gods第7题The word spots in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.imaginesB.transformsC.locatesD.destroys第8题The author tells a story about Raven in which the tricksterA.gives humans the gift of fireB.changes into a young girlC.steals the sun from the godsD.causes a destructive flood第9题The word savior in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.one who wants total powerB.one who rescues others from harmC.one who causes terrible sufferingD.one who cares about only himself第10题It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely believes which statement about the trickster?A.The trickster is responsible for many serious problems in the world today.B.The trickster shows us that there is no difference between good and evil.C.The trickster serves as an explanation for creation, change and renewal.D.The trickster teaches children that lying and stealing are acceptable behavior.第11题Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Like Raven, Coyote is a master transformer whose mischievous power is responsible for events that benefit humanity.Coyote's character is similar to that of Raven, and both appear in stories carrying out similar roles.A In several stories from the American Southwest, Coyote steals fire from a group of "fire beings" and gives it to humans. In some tales Coyote wants to make human life more interesting, so he introduces sickness, sorrow, and death.B He often teaches through negative example by employing the human vices of lying, cheating, and stealing.C His tricks often bring about destructive natural phenomena, such as a great flood that destroys the earth. However, by causing the flood, Coyote leads the human race to a new and better world.D Coyote shows usthat at the heart of the trickster is a savior whose great gift to humans is showing them new ways of knowing and doing.第12题Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the trickster that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 3 points. Answer ChoicesA. Introduces sickness, sorrow, and death to make life more interestingB. Transforms into various shapes to achieve his purposesC. Appears as an intellectual hero in stories of good and evilD. Creates a ball of silver light that becomes the moonE. Changes into a seed to gain entrance to the house of the godsF. Causes a great flood and then leads humans to a better worldG. Brings light to the world by playing a trick on the godsRaven●●●Coyote●●下一题(13~25/共51题)阅读理解DADA AND POP ART 1 Dada was a subversive movement in the arts that flourished mainly in France, Switzerland, and Germany from 1916 to 1923. Dada was based on the principles of deliberate irrationality, disorder, and anarchy. Dada protested all forms of authority and convention. It rejected laws of beauty and social organization and attempted to discover authentic reality through the destruction of traditional culture and aesthetic forms. In Dada there was only one rule: Never follow any established rules. There was no predominant medium; however, assemblage, collage, and photomontage were techniques frequently employed. Dadaist art was nonsensical, impulsive, and often playful. The movement's founders included the French artist Jean Arp and the writers Tristan Tzara and Hugo Ball. At a meeting of young artists in 1916 in Zurich, one of them inserted a paper knife into a French-German dictionary. The knife pointed to the word dada, a French baby-talk word for a hobby-horse, which the group saw as an appropriate term for their anti-art.2 Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1913 created his first "ready-made," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—mades—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. In the United States themovement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.3 Fifty years after the Dadaists, another generation of artists reacted to the standards and values of society. However, instead &rejecting ordinary things, the young artists of the Pop movement of the 1960s embraced them. Pop artists were curious about the commercial media of ads, billboards, newsprint, television, and all aspects of popular culture. Thus, the barrier between "high" and "low" art collapsed, which the Dadaists had aimed for and the Pop artists attained with an energy not seen before.4 Pop art received its name from critic Lawrence Alloway, who considered Pop to be the culture of the mass media, photographs, and posters—a style that must be popular, transitory, and witty. The subject matter of Pop art was derivative, depicting something that had already been published or produced, such as comic strips, soft-drink bottles, and photographs of movie stars. Pop art caught on quickly; it was art about mass consumption that was eagerly consumed by the masses.5 The most popular of the Pop artists was the painter Roy Lichtenstein. Lichtenstein painted enlarged copies of the least "arty" things he could find: romance and adventure comic strips. He was the first American artist to react to comic strips, finding beauty in these crude designs, along with a distinct sense of style. Lichtenstein also painted other pictorial styles, including blowups of other artists' brushstrokes and parodies of Cubism and Art Deco.6 Andy Warhol, more than any other Pop artist, took on the mind-numbing overload of American mass culture. Warhol began his career as a commercial illustrator, and in 1962 he had his first exhibition in an art gallery, where he showed his 32 Campbell's Soup Cans. The thirty-two soup cans are about sameness: same brand, same size, same paint surface, and same fame. They mimic the condition of mass advertising. All of Warhol's work flowed from one central insight: mass culture is filled with images that become meaningless by being repeated again and again, and in this glut of information is a role for art. Warhol felt this and embodied it. He conveyed a collective state of mind in which celebrity—a famous brand name or the image of a famous person—had completely replaced sacredness in art.Glossary:aesthetic: relating to beauty; artistic第13题According to the passage, the main goal of the Dada movement was toA.stimulate public interest in artB.change the goals of art educationC.destroy traditional standards of artD.make mass media the subject of art第14题The author mentions a hobby-horse in paragraph 1 in order toA.explain the origin of the name "Dada"B.illustrate how Dadaists created artpare art to a children's gameD.give an example of a "ready-made"第15题According to the passage, one way in which the Dadaists mocked society was byA.refusing to fight in the First World WarB.writing plays about social classing "found" objects in works of artD.criticizing the commercial media第16题The word forerunner in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning toA.leading writerB.earliest artistC.main criticD.fastest runner第17题The passage gives all of the following as examples of "ready-mades" EXCEPTA.a bicycle wheelB.a bottle rackC.a soup canD.a comb第18题The word embraced in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA.mockedB.ignoredC.welcomedD.defended第19题It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that the Pop artistsA.reacted against the Dada movementB.were more popular than the DadaistsC.criticized art for being too commercialD.succeeded in changing ideas about art第20题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 4? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Pop art could be produced and consumed more quickly than any other mass media.B.The public enthusiastically accepted Pop art, which portrayed commercial culture.C.The mass media quickly reached large audiences, thus influencing attitudes about art.rge numbers of people bought Pop art, even though they could not understand it.第21题Which artist created works based on other styles and the work of other artists?A.Marcel Duchampwrence AllowayC.Roy LichtensteinD.Andy Warhol第22题The phrase took on in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.hatedB.was afraid ofC.inventedD.responded to第23题The word glut in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA.excessB.definitionC.fearD.absence第24题. Look at the four squares, A, B, C, and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Whereas the visual arts had previously ignored current events, Dadaists reacted to the crisis and accused society of allowing it to happen.Dada emerged from despair over the First World War and disgust for the conservative values of society. Dada was the first expression of protest against the war. A Dadaists used absurdity to create artworks that mocked society yet defied intellectual analysis, such as the use of "found" objects in sculptures and installations. B The forerunner of the Dadaists, and ultimately their leading member, was Marcel Duchamp, who in 1 9 1 3 created his first "readymade," the Bicycle Wheel, consisting of a wheel mounted on the seat of a stool. In his effort to discourage aesthetics, Duchamp shocked the art establishment with these ready—made—manufactured objects that he selected and exhibited—including a bottle rack and a comb. C The Dada movement extended to literature and music and became international after the war. D In the United States the movement was centered in New York City. Dadaists on both sides of the Atlantic had one goal in common: to demolish current aesthetic standards.A.AB.BC.CD.D第25题Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the art movement that they describe. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. Answer ChoicesA. Reflected the mass media of advertising, newsprint, and televisionB. Was an anti-art movement in the visual arts, literature and musicC. Focused on transitory impressions and the changing effects of lightD. Depicted things that had already been produced in other mediaE. Originated as a protest against the First World WarF. Found beauty in comic strips and other images from popular cultureG. Emphasized the act of creating art over the finished work of artH. Used "found" objects and "ready-mades" in works of artI. Created art out of famous brand names and images of famous peopleDada●●●Pop Art●●●●上一题下一题(26~38/共51题)阅读理解DEFORESTATION IN NORTH AMERICA 1 The land area of the United States and Canada is just over 4.8 billion acres. When large numbers of Europeans began to arrive in the eighteenth century, almost one-third of that area was covered with old-growth forests. In the eastern half of the continent, nearly 90 percent of the land was thick with forests of elm, ash, beech, maple, oak, and hickory. By the end of the nineteenth century, after several decades of intensive deforestation, only half of the original forests remained.2 During the first two centuries of European colonization, settlement was concentrated along the East Coast, having almost no effect on the vast forests covering the continent. Then, in the first half of the nineteenth century, agriculture expanded and settlers began to move westward in search of land for new farms. Land for agriculture came almost exclusively from clearing forests. The demand for farmland and timber continued to soar, and by 1850, more than 100 million acres of old-growth forest had been cut or burned off in the Northeast, the Southeast, the Great Lakes region, and along the St. Lawrence River.3 Along with agriculture, industrialization was a major cause of deforestation. The Industrial Revolution was fueled by North America's abundance of wood, as iron makers relied on charcoal, or charred wood, to fire their furnaces. Hardwoods such as oak produced the best charcoal, which charcoal burners made by slowly burning logs in kilns until they were reduced to concentrated carbon. It took eight tons of wood to make two tons of charcoal to smelt one ton of iron. Thus, the toll on the forests was high, as countless acres were cut to feed the furnaces of the iron industry.4 The transportation technology of the Industrial Revolution contributed greatly to deforestation. The river steamboats that came into operation after 1830 had a voracious appetite for wood. To keep their wheels turning, steamboats typically took on fuel twice a day. The wood was supplied by thousands of "wood hawks" along the banks of the Ohio and Mississippi with stacks of cut firewood. Annual consumption of wood on riverboats continued to increase until 1865. Consequently, river valleys that had the heaviest traffic were stripped of their forests.5 After 1860, immigration and westward expansion surged, and railroads swept over the continent. Clean-burning hardwood was the preferred fuel of the "iron horses," which required the cutting of 215,000 acres of woodland to stay in operation for one year. Not only did wood fuel the steam engines, but enormous amounts of oak and locust also went into the manufacture of railcars, ties, fencing, bridges, and telegraph poles. Railroads in the United States and Canada stretched from coast to coast by 1885, and each additional mile of railroad meant at least two more miles of fencing and 2,500 ties.6 Other major consumers of forest products included ordinary homeowners. More than four out of five of the houses constructed in the early nineteenth century—from log cabins to clapboard cottages—were built mainly of wood and roofed with wooden shingles. All were filled with wooden furniture. Two-thirds of all households in North America were heated by open, wood-burning fireplaces, and it took between 10 and 20 acres of forest to keep a single fireplace burning for one year.7 Throughout the century, the timber industry continued to supply the single most valuable raw material for a rapidly expanding population. Between 1840 and 1860, the annual production of lumber rose from 1.6 million to 8 billion board feet. This increase was made possible by the widespread application of steam power. Wood-fueled steam engines powered the sawmills, moved and barked the logs, and finished the boards. Railroad lines were now built right into the forests so that felled logs could be shipped directly to market. These innovations had their greatest impact on the Great Lakes region. By 1890 the technology of the timber industry had triumphed over the natural abundance of the forests, and woodlands that had once seemed endless were now depleted.第26题The word thick in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning toA.flatB.denseC.humidD.open第27题What point does the author make about deforestation in North America?A.It occurred mostly within a single century.B.It changed how people thought about trees.C.It provided jobs in several related industries.D.It caused an economic crisis in two countries.第28题According to the passage, all of the following contributed to deforestation EXCEPTA.the expansion of agricultureB.an increase in forest firesC.the use of charcoal as a fuelD.steamboat transportation第29题Why does the author use the word toll in discussing the iron industry in paragraph 3?A.To show that the process of smelting iron was expensiveB.To illustrate the impact of forest fires on the iron industryC.To point out that the iron industry had to pay high taxesD.To emphasize that large areas of woodland were eliminated第30题The word voracious in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning toA.varyingB.greedyC.strangeD.moderate第31题The phrase "wood hawks" in paragraph 4 describesA.a type of riverboatB.a species of treeC.people who sold woodrge woodland birds第32题The word surged in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toA.stoppedpetedC.fluctuatedD.increased第33题It can be inferred from paragraph 5 that "iron horses" wereA.machines that made ties and fencingB.railroad company executivesC.steam engines that moved trainsD.animals that helped build railroads第34题Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 6? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Most of the houses in the nineteenth century were log cabins or clapboard cottages with simple roofs.B.There were four or five main house styles in the early nineteenth century, and all were built of wood.C.In the nineteenth century, wood construction was popular because wood could be used in a number of ways.D.Wood was the primary construction material of the vast majority of houses built in the early nineteenth century.第35题It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that in the early nineteenth centuryA.wooden houses were more popular than they are todayB.the construction industry dominated the economyC.more people owned homes than they do todayD.home heating was a major reason for cutting trees第36题According to paragraph 7, the tremendous increase in the production of lumber was primarily due toA.the availability of landB.an increase in the labor supplyC.innovations in technologyD.timber industry leadership。
新托福模拟考试满分作文(1)
新托福模拟考试满分作文(1)New findings in scientific areas can examine and challenge previous assumptions。
A recent finding concerning the meerkat， a burrow-dwelling animal in the African grasslands， has cast doubt upon the conventional ideas of altruism， the type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interests for the benefit of another。
Meerkats were previously thought to be a typical altruistic animal。
When the other meerkats feed， there is usually one meerkat watching out for predators。
The sentinel meerkat gains nothing， it seems， for it can neither eat nor escape quickly and successfully after raising an alarm。
However， in the new findings， it's shown that the sentinel meerkat has already eaten food before standing guard， thus contradicting the thought that it has an empty belly while on the lookout。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
锘?html>
鎵樼闃呰妯℃嫙棰橈紙涓€锛?/center>
銆€銆€READING COMPREHENSION
銆€銆€Question1-10
銆€銆
€The agricultural revolution in the nineteenth century involv ed two things: the invention of labor-
saving machinery and the development of scientific agriculture
. Labor-
saving machinery naturally appeared first where labor was sca rce. "In Europe, said Thomas Jefferson, "the object is to m ake the most of their land, labor being abundant: here it is to make the most of our labor, land being abundant. It was in the United States, therefore, that the great advanc es in nineteenth-century agricultural machinery first came.
銆€銆
€At the opening of the century, with the exception of a c rude plow, farmers could have carried practically all of the existing agricultural implements on their backs; by 1860, m ost of the machinery in use today had been designed in an early form. The most important of the early inventions was the iron plow. As early as 1790 Charles Newbold of New J ersey had been working on the idea of a cast-
iron plow and spent his entire fortune in introducing his i nvention. The farmers, however, were not interested in it, c laiming that the iron poisoned the soil and made the weeds grow. Nevertheless, many people devoted their attention to the plow, until in 1869 James Oliver of South Bend, Indiana , turned out the first chilled-steel plow.
1.What is the main topic of the passage?
銆€銆€(A) The need for agricultural advances to help feed a growing
population
銆€銆€(B) The development of safer machines de manded by the labor
movement
銆€銆€(C) Machinery that contributed to the agricultural revolution 銆€銆€(D) New Jersey as a leader in the agricultural revolution 銆€銆€2.The word "naturally" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
銆€銆€(A) unsurprisingly
銆€銆€(B) gradua lly
銆€銆€(C) apparently
銆€銆€(D) safely
銆€銆€3. The expression "make the most of" in line 4 is closest in
meaning to
銆€銆€(A) get the best yield from
銆€銆€(B) raise the price of
銆€銆€(C) exaggerate the worth of
銆€銆€(D) earn a living on
銆€銆€4. Which of the follow ing can be inferred from what Thomas
Jefferson said (line 3-5)?
銆€銆€(A) Europe was changing more quickly than the United States.銆€銆€(B) Europe had greater need of farm machinery than the United
States did.
銆€銆€(C) The United States was finally running out of good
farmland.
銆€銆€(D) There was a shortage of workers on United States farms.
銆€銆€5.The word "here" in line 4 refers to
銆€銆€(A) Europe
銆€銆€(B) United States
銆€銆€(C) New Jersey
銆€銆€(D) Indiana
銆€銆€6. What point is the author making by stating that farm ers could carry nearly all their tools on
銆€銆€their backs.
銆€銆€(A) Farmers had few tools before the agricultural revolution.
銆€銆€(B) People in the United States were traditionally self-
reliant.
銆€銆€(C) Life on the farm was extremely difficult.
銆€銆€(D) New tools were designed to be portable.
銆€銆€7. When was the iron plow invented?
銆€銆€(A)In 1790.
銆€銆€(B) In the early 1800 s.
銆€銆€(C) In 1869.
銆€銆€(D) In the early 1900 s.
銆€銆€8. According to the passage, which of the following
statements about Charles Newbold is true?
銆€銆€(A) He was James Oliver s assistant.
銆€銆€(B) He was born in Europe.
銆€銆€(C) He was opposed to scientific agriculture.
銆€銆€(D) He spent his own money to promote his invention.
銆€銆€9. The word "it" in line 12 refers to
銆€銆€(A) scientific agricul ture
銆€銆€(B) James Oliver s invention
銆€銆€(C) the cast-iron plow
銆€銆€(D) Charles Newbold s fortune
銆€銆€10. Why did farmers reject Newbold s plow?銆€銆€(A) Their horses were frightened by it.
銆€銆€(B) They preferred lighter tools.
銆€銆€(C) It was too expensive.
銆€銆€(D) They thought it would ruin the land.。