机械工程毕业设计外文翻译

毕业设计论文
外文资料原文及译文
学院：机电工程学院
专业：机械设计制造及其自动化班级：
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Mechanical engineering
1.The porfile of mechanical engineering
Engingeering is a branch of mechanical engineerig,it studies mechanical and power generation especially power and movement.
2.The history of mechanical engineering
18th century later periods,the steam engine invention has provided a main power fountainhead for the industrial revolution,enormously impelled each kind of mechznical biting.Thus,an important branch of a new Engineering – separated from the civil engineering tools and machines on the branch-developed together with Birmingham and the establishment of the Associantion of Mechanical Engineers in 1847 had been officially recognized.The mechanical engineering already mainly used in by trial and error method mechanic application technological development into professional engineer the scientific method of which in the research,the design and the realm of production used .From the most broad perspective,the demend continuously to enhance the efficiencey of mechanical engineers improve the quality of
work,and asked him to accept the history of the high degree of education and training.Machine operation to stress not only economic but also infrastructure costs to an absolute minimun.
3.The field of mechanical engineering
The commodity machinery development in the develop country,in the high level material life very great degree is decided each kind of which can realize in the mechanical engineering.Mechanical engineers unceasingly will invent the machine next life to produce the commodity,unceasingly will develop the accuracy and the complexity more and more high machine tools produces the machine.The main clues of the mechanical development is:In order to enhance the excellent in quality and reasonable in price produce to increase the precision as well as to reduce the production cost.This three requirements promoted the complex control system development.The most successful machine manufacture is its machine and the control system close fusion,whether such control system is essentially mechanical or electronic.The modernized car engin production transmission line(conveyer belt)is a series of complex productions craft mechanization
very good example.The people are in the process of development in order to enable further automation of the production machinery ,the use of a computer to store and handle large volumes of data,the data is a multifunctional machine tools necessary for the production of spare parts.One of the objectives is to fully automated production workshop,three rotation,but only one officer per day to operate.The development of production for mechanical machinery must have adequate power supply.Steam engine first provided the heat to generate power using practical methods in the old human,wind and hydropower,an increase of engin .New mechanical engineering industry is one of the challenges faced by the initial increase thermal effciency and power,which is as big steam turbine and the development of joint steam boilers basically achieved.20th century,turbine generators to provide impetus has been sustained and rapid growth,while thermal efficiency is steady growth,and large power plants per kW capital consumption is also declining.Finally,mechanical engineers have nuclear energy.This requires the application of nuclear energy particularly high reliability and security,
which requires solving many new rge power plants and the nuclear power plant control systems have become highly complex electroonics,fluid,electricity,water and mechanical parts networks All in all areas related to the mechanical engineers.Small internal combustion engine,both to the type (petrol and diesel machines)or rotary-type(gas turbines and Mong Kerr machine),as well as their broad application in the field of transport should also due to mechanical enginerrs.Throughout the transport,both in the air and space,or in the terrestrial and marine,mechanial engineers created a variety of equipment and power devices to their increasing cooperation with electrical engineers,especially in the development of appropration control systems.Mechanical engineers in the development of military weapons technology and civil war ,needs a similar,though its purpose is to enhance rather than destroy their productivity.However.War needs a lot of resources to make the area of techonlogy,many have a far-reaching development in peacetime efficiency.Jet aircraft and nuclear reactors are well known examples.
The Biological engineering,mechanical engineering biotechnology is a relatively new and different areas,it provides for the replacement of the machine or increase the
body functions as well as for medical equipment.Artficial limbs have been developed and have such a strong movement and touch response function of the human body.In the development of artificial organ transplant is rapid,complex cardiac machines and similar equipment to enable increasingly complex surgery,and injuries and ill patients life functions can be sustained.Some enviromental control mechanical engineers through the initial efforts to drainage or irrigation pumping to the land and to mine and ventilation to control the human environment.Modern refrigeration and air-conditioning plant commonaly used reverse heat engine,where the heat from the engine from cold places to more external heat.Many mechanical engineering products,as well as other leading technology development city have side effects on the environment,producing noise,water and air pollution caused,destroyed land and landscape.Improve productivity and diver too fast in the commodity,that the renewable natural
forces keep pace.For mechanical engineers and others,environmental control is rapidly developing area,which includes a possible development and production of small quantities of pollutants machine sequnce,and the development of new equipment and teachnology has been to reduce and eliminate pollution.
4.The role of mechanical engineering
There are four generic mechanical engineers in common to the above all domains function.The 1st function is the understanding and the research mechanical science foundation.It includes the power and movement of the relationship dynamics For example,in the vibration and movement of the relationship;Automatic control;Study of the various forms of heart,energy,power relations between the thermodynamic;Fluidflows; Heat transfer; Lubricant;And material properties.The 2nd function will be conducts the research,the desing and the development,this function in turn attempts to carry on the essential change to satisfy current and the future needs.This not only calls for a clear understanding of mechanical science,and have to break
down into basic elements of a complex system capacity.But also the need for synthetic and innovative inventions.The 3rd function is produces the product and the power,include plan,operation and maintenance.Its goal lies in the maintenance either
enhances the enterprise or the organization longer-tern and survivabilaty prestige at the same time,produces the greatest value by the least investments and the consumption.The 4th function is mechanical engineer’s coordinated function,including the management,the consultation,as well as carries on the market marking in certain situation.
In all these function,one kind unceasingly to use the science for a long time the method,but is not traditional or the intuition method tendency,this is a mechanical engineering skill aspect which unceasingly grows.These new rationalization means typical names include:The operations research,the engineering economics,the logical law problem analysis(is called PABLA) However,creativity is not rationalization.As in other areas,in mechanical engineering,
to take unexpected and important way to bring about a new capacity,still has a personal,marked characteristice.
5.The design of mechanical engineering
The design of mechanical is the design has the mechanical property the thing or the system,such as:the instrument and the measuring appliance in very many situations,the machine design must use the knowledge of discipline the and so on mathematics,materials science and mechanics.
Mechanical engineering desgin includeing all mechanical desgin,but it was a study,because it also includes all the branches of mechsnical engineering,such as thermodynamics all hydrodynamics in the basic disciplines needed,in the mechanical engineering design of the initial stude or mechanical design.Design stages.The entire desgin process from start to finish,in the process,a demand that is designed for it and decided to do the start.After a lot of repetition,the final meet this demand by the end of the design procees and the plan.Design considerations.Sometimes in a system is to decide which parts needs intensity parts of geometric shapes
and size an important factor in this context that we must consider that the intensity is an important factor in the design.When we use expression design considerations,we design parts that may affect the entire system design features.In the circumstances specified in the design,usually for a series of such functions must be taken into account.Howeever,to correct purposes,we should recognize that,in many cases the
design of important design considerations are not calculated or test can determine the components or systems.Especially students,wheen in need to make important decisions in the design and conduct of any operation that can not be the case,they are often confused.These are not special,they occur every day,imagine,for example,a medical laboratory in the mechanical design,from marketing perspective,people have high expectations from the strength and relevance of impression.Thick,and heavy parts installed together:to produce a solid impression machines.And sometimes machinery and spare parts from the design style is the point and not the other point of view.Our purpose is to make those you do not be misled to believe that every design decision will need
reasonable mathematical methods.
Manufacturing refers to the raw meterials into finished products in the enterprise.Create three distinct phases.They are:input,processing exprot.The first phase includes the production of all products in line with market needs essential.First there must be the demand for the product,the necessary materials,while also needs such as energy,time,human knowledge and technology resourcess .
Finall,the need for funds to obtain all the other resources. Lose one stage after the second phase of the resources of the processes to be distributed.Processing of raw materials into finished products of these processes.To complete the design,based on the design,and then develop plans.Plan implemented through various production processes.Management of resources and processes to ensure efficiency and productivity.For example,we must carefully manage resources to ensure proper use of funds.Finally,people are talking about the product market was cast.Stage is the final stage of exporting finished or stage.Once finished just purchased,it must be delivered to the users.According to product performance,installation and may have to conduct further debugging in addition,some products,especially those very complex products User training is necessary.
6.The processes of materials and maunfacturing
Here said engineering materials into two main categories:metals and non-ferrous,high-performance alloys and power metals.Non-metallic futher divided into plastice,synthetic rubber,composite materials and ceramics.It said the production
proccess is divided into several major process,includingshape,forging,casting/ founding,heat treatment,fixed/connections ,measurement/ quality control and materal cutting.These processes can be further divide into each other’s craft.Various stages of the development of the manufacturing industry Over the years,the manufacturing process has four distinct stages of development, despite the overlap.These stages are:The first phase is artisanal,the second Phase is mechanization.The third phase is automation the forth Phase is integrated.
When mankind initial processing of raw materials into finished products will be,they use manual processes.Each with their hands and what are the tools manuslly produced.This is totally integrated production take shape.A person needs indentification,collection materials,the design of a product to meet that demand,the production of such products and use it.From beginning to end,everything is focused on doing the work of the human ter in the industrial revolution introduced mechanized production process,people began to use machines to complete the work accomplished previously manual. This led to the specialization.Specialization in turn reduce the manufacture of integrated factors.In this stage of development,manufacturing workers can see their production as a whole represent a specific piece of the part of the production process.One can not say that their work is how to cope with the entire production process,or how they were loaded onto a production of parts finished.Development of manufacting processes is the next phase of the selection process automation.This is a computer-controlled machinery and processes.At this stage,automation island began to emerge in the workshop lane.Each island represents a clear production process or a group of processes.Although these automated isolated island within the island did raise the productivity of indivdual processes,but the overall productivity are often not change.This is because the island is not caught in other automated production process middle,but not synchronous with them .The ultimate result is the efficient working fast parked through automated processes,but is part of the stagnation in wages down,causing bottlenecks.To better understand this problem,you can imagine the traffic in the peak driving a red light from the red Service Department to the next scene. Occasionally you will find a lot less cars,more than being slow-moving vehicles,but the results can be found by the
next red light Brance.In short you real effect was to accelerate the speed of a red Department obstruction offset.If you and other drivers can change your speed and red light simultaneously.Will advance faster.Then,all cars will be consistent,sommth operation,the final everyone forward faster.In the workshop where the demand for stable synchronization of streamlined production,and promoted integration of manufacturing development.This is a still evolving technology.Fully integrated in the circumstances,is a computer-controllrd machinery and processing.integrated is completed through computer.For example in the preceding paragraph simulation problems,the computer will allow all road vehicles compatible with the change in red.So that everyone can steady traffic.
Scientific analysis of movement,timing and mechanics of the disciplines is that it is composed of two pater:statics and dynamics.Statics analyzed static system that is in the system,the time is not taken into account,research and analysis over time and dynamics of the system change.Dynameics from the two componets.
Euler in 1775 will be the first time two different branches: Rigid body movement studies can conveniently divided into two parts:geometric and mechanics.The first part is without taking into account the reasons for the downward movement study rigid body from a designated location to another point of the movement,and must use the formula to reflect the actual,the formula would determine the rigid body every point position. Therefore,this study only on the geometry and,more specifically,on the entities from excision.Obviously,the first part of the school and was part of a mechanical separation from the principles of dynamics to study movement,which is more than the two parts together into a lot easier.Dynamics of the two parts are subsequently divided into two separate disciplines,kinematic and dynamics,a study of movement and the movement strength.Therefore,the primary issue is the design of mechanical systems understand its kinematic.Kinematic studies movement,rather than a study of its impact.In a more precise kinematic studies position,displacement,rotation, speed,velocity and acceleration of disciplines,for esample,or planets orbiting research campaing is a paradigm.
In the above quotation content should be pay attention that the content of the Euler dynamics into kinematic and rigid body dynamics is based on the assumption
that they are based on research.In this very important basis to allow for the treatment of two separate disciplines.For soft body,soft body shape and even their own soft objects in the campaign depends on the role of power in their possession.In such cases,should also study the power and movement,and therefore to a large extent the analysis of the increased complexity.Fortunately, despite the real machine parts may be involved are more or less the design of machines,usually with heavy material designed to bend down to the lowest parts.Therefore,when the kinematic analysis of the performance of machines,it is often assumed that bend is negligible,spare parts are hard,but when the load is known,in the end analysis engine,re-engineering parts to confirm this assnmption.
机械工程
1.机械工程简介
机械工程是工程学的一个分支，它研究机械和动力的产，尤其是力和动力。

2.机械工程的历史
18世纪后期，蒸汽机的发明为工业革命提供了一个主要的能量，它极大地推动了各种机械的发展。

这样，一个新的工程学的重要分支—从民用工程学中分离出来的关于工具和机器的分支就发展了起来，并随着在1847年英国伯明翰机械工程师协会的建立得到了正式承认。

机械工程已经由一门主要用于技工应用的技术发展成为专业工程师在研究、设计和生产领域中使用的科学方法。

从最广义的角度讲，增进效率的需求不断地促使机械工程师提高工作质量，并要求他接受中高程度的教育和训练。

不仅机器运转要讲求经济，而且基建费也要降到最低。

3.机械工程的领域
商品机械的发展在发达国家中，高水平的物质生活很大程度上取决于机械工程中得以实现的各种机械。

机械工程师们不断地发明机器来生产商品，不断的开发精确性和复杂性越来越高的机械工具来生产机器。

机械发展的主要线索是：为提高生产率而增加机器的运转速度、为获得物美价廉的产品而提高精度以及降低生产成本。

这3个要求促进了复杂的控制系统的发展。

最成功的机械制造是其机器的机械设计能与控制系统紧密融合，不论这种控制系统从本质上是机械的还是电子的。

现代化的汽车发动机生产传送线（传动带）就是一系列复杂的生产工艺机械化的很好例子。

人们正在着手开发以使机械生产进一步自动化，利用计算机来存储和处理大量数据，这些数据是少量多功能机床生产多种零件所必须的。

其中一个目标就是使批量生产车间完全自动化，三班轮换，但每天只需一班人员来操作。

动力机械的发展生产机械必须先有充足的动力供应。

蒸汽机最先提供了用热能来产生动力的实际可行的方法，在旧有的人力、风力和水力之外增加了动力源。

新的机械工程业面临的最初挑战之一就是增加热效率和动力，这一点随着蒸汽涡轮机和大的联合蒸汽锅炉的发展而基本实现了。

20世纪，涡轮机为发电机提供的动力得到了持续快速的增长，同时热效率也在
稳定增长，而且大电站每千瓦的资本消耗也在下降。

最后，机械工程师们获得了核能源。

这种核能源的应用需要有特别高的可靠性和安全性，这就需要解决许多全新的问题。

大型电厂和整个核电站的控制系统已变成高度复杂的电子、流体、电、水力和机械零件的网络这一切都涉及到机械工程师的所有学术领域。

小型的内燃机，不论是往复式（汽油机和柴油机）还是旋转式（燃气轮机和旺克尔机），以及它们在运输领域的广泛应用也都要归功于机械工程师们。

在整个运输业，不论是在空中和太空，还是在陆地和海洋，机械工程师创造了各种设备和动力装置，他们越来越多的与电气工程师合作，尤其是在开发适合的控制系统方面。

军用武器的开发机械工程师应用于战争的技术与民用中需要的类似，尽管其目的是增强毁坏力而不是提高生产率。

然而，战争的需要使得大量的资源用于技术领域，很多发展在和平时期有着深远的效益。

喷气式飞机和核反应堆就是众所周知的例子。

生物工程是机械工程中的一个相对新的领域，它用来替换或增加人体功能的机器和进行医疗的设备。

人造肢体已被开发出来，并且具有诸如有力的运动和触摸反应等人体功能。

在人工器官移植手术方面的发展史迅速的，复杂的心肺机器和类似的设备使越来越复杂的手术得以进行，并使受重伤和重病病人的生命功能得以持续。

环境控制机械工程师的一些最初的努力是要通过抽水来排涝或灌溉土地以及给矿井通风来控制人类的环境。

现代的制冷和空调厂普遍采用反向的热引擎，在这些地方动力吧热从冷的地方抽出送到更热的外部。

很多机械工程的产品以及其他领域的技术发展对环境有副作用，产生了噪音，引起了水和空气的污染，破坏了土地和风景。

商品和动力的生产率提高太快，以至于自然力的再生跟不上步伐。

对于机械工程师和他人来说，环境控制是一个快速发展的领域，它包括开发尽可能产生少量污染物的机器和生产上序，以及开发新的设备和技术来减少和消除已造成的污染。

4.机械工程的作用
机械工程师有四个上述所有领域的作用。

第1个作用是理解和研究机械科学的基础。

它包括涉及力和运动的关系的动力学。

比如在在震动中的力和运动的关系；自动控制；研究各种形式的热、能量、动力之间关系的热力学；流体流动；热传递；润滑；和材料特性。

第2个作用是依次地进行研究、设计和开发、该作用试图进行必要的改变以满足当前和将来的需要。

这一工作不仅要求
对机械科学有
一个清楚的了解，并且有把复杂系统分解成基本因素的能力。

而且还需要有创新性来进行人工合成和发明。

第3个作用是生产产品和动力，包括计划、运作和维护。

其目的在于维护或提高企业或机构的较长期的和生存能力声誉的同时，以最少的投资和消耗生产出最大的价值。

第4个作用是机械工程师的协调作用，包括管理、咨询、以及在某些情况下进行市场营销。

在所有这些作用中，体现出一种长期不断地使用科学的方法，而不是传统的或直觉的方法，这是不断成长的机械工程专门技术的一个方面。

这些新的合理化方法的典型名称有：运筹学、工程经济学、逻辑法问题分析（简称PABLA）。

然而，创造性是无法合理化的。

正如在其他领域一样，在机械工程中，能够采取重要的出人意料的并能开创出新方法的能力，仍然具有个人的、即兴的特点。

5.机械工程设计
机械设计是设计具有机械性质的事物或系统，如：各种机器、产品、结构、器械和仪表在很多情况下，机械设计要用到数学、材料科学和工程力学等学科的知识。

机械工程设计包括所有的机械设计，但它研究得更广，因为它也包括所有机械工程的分支科学，如热力学和流体力学除了所需的基本学科外，在机械工程设计中最初学习的还是机械设计。

设计的各个阶段设计的整个过程从开始到结束，在这一过程中，设计是以认定一个需求并决定去为它做些什么而开始的。

经过很多重复之后，最后提出满足这一要求的计划而结束这一设计过程。

设计中考虑的因素。

有时在某个系统中零件所需的强度是决定这零件的几何形状和尺寸大小的重要因素在这种情况下，我们说强度就是设计中要考虑的重要因素。

当我们使用设计考虑因素这一表达方式时，我们是指影响零件设计或许整个系统设计的一些性能。

在指定的设计情况下，通常必须对一系列这样的性能加以考虑。

然而，为正确起见，我们应看到，在很多设计情况中，重要的设计考虑因素是不需进行计算或试验就能确定此零件或系统。

特别是学生们，当处于需要做出重要的设计决定而实际上又无法进行任一运算的情形时，他们常常感到困惑。

这些并不是特别的情况，他们每天都发生、设想一下，比如在一个医疗实验室机械的设计中，从销售的角度看，人们期望产生具有很高的强度和实用性的印象。

厚重的零件安装在一起：能产生机器很坚固的印象。

而有时机器和
零件的设计完全是从风格的角度而并非其他角度考虑的。

我们陈述这些的目的就是为了你不被误导去相信每个设计决定都需要合理的数学方法。

制造是指企业参与把原材料变成成品。

制造有3个明确的阶段。

他们是：输入、加工输出。

第一个阶段包括所有生产符合市场需要产品的必要因素。

首先要有对该产品的需求，有必要的材料，同时还需要诸如能源、时间、人类的知识和技术等资源。

最后，需要资金来获取所有其他的资源。

输入阶段的资源经过第二个阶段的各个过程加以分配。

这些过程吧原有材料加工成成品。

先完成设计，基于这个设计，再形成各种计划。

计划通过各种生产工艺得以实施。

对各种资源和工艺进行管理以保证效率和生产率。

例如必须要仔细管理资源以确保使用得当。

最后，所谈论的产品被投入市场。

最后阶段是输出阶段或成品阶段。

一旦成品为人所购买，就必须把它运送到用户手中。

根据产品的性能，可能要进行安装和进一步调试，此外有些产品尤其是那些非常复杂的产品对用户进行培训很重要。

6.制造中的材料和工艺
这里所说的工程材料分成两大类：金属和非金属材料。

金属材料又进一步分为黑色金属和有色金属、高性能合金和粉末金属。

非金属进一步分为塑料、合成橡胶、复合材料和陶瓷。

这里所说的生产过程分成几个打的过程，其中包括成型、锻造、铸造／翻砂、热处理、固定／连接，计量／质量控制以及材料的切削。

其中的每一个工艺又可进一步分成其他的工艺。

制造业发展的各个阶段这些年来，制造过程走过了四个截然不同的发展阶段，尽管相互重叠。

这些阶段是：第一阶段手工阶段，第二阶段机械化，第三阶段自动化，第四阶段集成化。

当人类最初将原材料加工成成品时，他们使用手工工艺。

每件东西都是用手和手工操作的工具制成的。

这是完全集成化生产的雏形。

一个人确定需求、收集材料、设计一个产品来满足这种需求，生产这种产品并使用它。

从开始到结束，一切都集中于做这个工作的人的头脑中。

后来在工业革命时期引入了机械化的生产过程，人们开始使用机器来完成先前手工完成的工作。

这导致了工作的专门化。

专门化反过来也减少了制造中集成化的因素。

在这一发展阶段，制造工人仅能看到他们生产的具体的工件所代表的整个生产过程的那一部分。

人们无法说明白他们的工作是如何配合整个生产过程的，或者他们生产的零件时如何
装进一个成品的。

制造工艺发展下的一个阶段是选定的工艺的自动化。

这就是用计算机控制机器和工艺。

在这一阶段，自动化孤岛开始出现在车间里。

每个岛代表了产品生产的一个明确的工艺或一组工艺。

尽管这些自动化孤岛的确提高了岛内部的单个工艺的生产率，但是整体的生产率往往没有变化。

这是因为这些岛是夹在其他没有自动化的生产过程的中间，而且不与他们同步。

最终的结果是，工件高校快速的通过自动化的工艺，可是却在人工部分停滞了下来，造成了瓶颈现象。

为更好的理解这一问题，你可以设想一下在交通高峰期驾车从一个红灯处到下一个红灯处的情景。

偶尔你会找到车少的地段，超过正在缓慢移动的车，可结果却发现在下一个红灯处被耽搁了。

你在短时间的加速行驶的实质的效果被下一个红灯处的阻塞抵消了。

如果你和其他司机能使你们的速度与红灯的变化同步。

就会前进的更快。

那么，所有的车都会始终如一地、平稳地运行，最后每个人都前进较快。

在车间里对稳定同步的流水作业的需求，促使了集成化制造的发展。

这是一个仍在形成中的工艺。

在完全集成化情况下，机器和加工都是计算机控制的，集成化也是通过计算机完成的。

比如在上一段的模拟问题中，计算机将使所有车的行进与红灯的变化相配合。

以使每个人都能稳定地行驶。

科学地分析运动、时间和各种力的学科叫力学，它由两部分组成：静力学和动力学。

静力学研究分析静止不动的系统，也就是说在这些系统中，时间不是考虑的因素，而动力学研究分析随时间变化而变化的系统。

动力学也由两部分构成。

Euler在1775年首次将它们看作两个不同的分支：刚体运动的研究可以方便地分成两部分：一是几何，另一个是力学。

第一部分是在不考虑运动原因的情况下来研究刚体从一个指定位置到另外任一点的移动，而且必须用解析公式来体现，公式将确定刚体没一点的位置。

因此，这一研究仅仅是关于几何学的，更确切地说是关于实体物切割术的。

很明显，把一部分和本来属于机械学的那一部分分开，从动力学原理来研究运动，这比把两部分合起来考虑容易很多。

属于动力学的这两部分后来被分成两个不同的学科，运动学和动力学，分别研究运动和产生运动的力。

因此，设计机械系统的首要问题是理解它的运动学。

运动学研究运动，而不是研究产生它的力。

更确切的运动学是研究位移、位置、旋转、速度、速率和加速度的学科，比如说，研究行星或轨道的运动也是一个运动学问题。

在上述引用的内容中应注意的是Euler把动力学分成运动学和动力学是基
于它们是研究刚体的假设基础之上的。

在这个非常重要的前提基础上才允许分别对待这两门学科。

对于柔体、柔体本身的形状乃至于柔性物体的运动取决于作用于它们身上的力。

在这种情况下，须同时研究力和运动，因此很大程度上增加了分析的复杂性。

幸运的是，尽管真正的机器零件或多或少都是可弯曲的，设计机器时通常是设计用刚性材料，使零件挠曲降到最低。

因此，当分析机器的运动学的性能时，人们常常假设挠曲是可忽略的，零件是刚性的，而且当载荷以知时，在运动分析结束后，再设计零件以便证实这个假设。