英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter 14
英语国家概况精讲系列chapter 14~22
chapter 14(14章）population.Race and Ethnic groups 必背细节1.The United States of the American is the third most populous county in the world after Chind and India.美国是世界人口第三大国，仅次于中国和印度。
2.Immigration accounts for a major source of population growth,The United States has a more or less open-door policy to immigtants from independence until 1960s.Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration recep tion spot in the 1890s and at the turn of the century.19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。
3.Almost 20 million people or 7.8% of the total population were immigrants in 1992.Between 80% and 90% of immig ration to the United States now is from Asian and Hispanic countries.如今美国移民的80%到90%主要来源于亚洲和拉美国家。
4.Arizona,Nevada,and Florida have been the fastest growing states in population for the last 20 years.在过去的二十年里，亚利桑那，内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。
英语国家概况 --谢福之各章选择题
选择题Unit1 英国Chapter 1 地理、民族、语言1. The two main islands of the British Isles are （）.A. Great Britain and IrelandB. Great Britain and ScotlandC. Great Britain and WalesD. Great Britain and England2. （）is the capital city of Scotland.A. BelfastB. EdinburghC. AberdeenD. Cardiff3. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom,（）is the smallest.A. EnglandB. ScotlandC. WalesD. Northern Ireland4. English belongs to the （）group of Indo-European family of languages.A. CelticB. Indo-IranianC. GermanicD. Roman5. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of （）words to English.A. Danish and FinnishB. Dutch and GermanC. French and ItalianD. Latin and Greek6. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the （）influence.A. NormanB. DutchC. GermanD. Danish7. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of （）.A. grammarB. handwritingC. spellingD. pronunciation8. At present, nearly （）of the world’s population communicate in English.A. halfB. a quarterC. one thirdD. one fifthChapter 2 历史1. The （）attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic2. By the late 7th century, （）became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3. The （）marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law4. The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of （）.A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster5. The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to（）.A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church6. The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between （）.A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians7.（）was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta8. The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the （）century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20 thChapter 3 政府和英联邦1. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of the following branches with the exception of the （）.A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive2. The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on （）.A. passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude3. As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to （）the House of Commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect4. （）is at the center of the British political system.A. The CabinetB. The House of LordsC. The House of CommonsD. The Privy Council5. The main duty of the British Privy Council is to （）.A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet6. Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a （）system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party7. The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and （）.A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism8. In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every （）years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. sixChapter 4 经济1. The （）in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem2. Of the following practices, （）does not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions3. The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects except （）.A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality4. Britain has devoted （）of its land area to agriculture.A. 50%B. 60%C. 70%D.80%5. Britain’s important fishing areas include all th e following except （）.A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain andIreland6. Coal mining industry in Britain provides （）of the energy consumed in the country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/37. The car industry in Britain in mostly（）.A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedD.privately-owned8. Of the following sectors in Britain, （）has experienced spectacular growth since the end of Word War II.A. agricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD. manufacturing industryChapter 5 教育、媒体和节日1. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the（）.A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s2. About （）of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%3. Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receive their remaining funds from all the following sources except （）.A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD. corporate contributions4. To be admitted to the Open University, one needs （）.A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD. General National Vocational Qualifications5. Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “Big Three” with the exception of （）.A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph6. Life on Earth is a kind of （）program produced by the BBC and is popular among 500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaD. soap opera7.（）is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB8. The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except （）.A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomimeChapter 6 文学1. The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is——.A. poetryB. dramaC. novelD. pamphlet2. ——is viewed as Romantic poetry’s “Declaration of independence”.A. “I Wonder Lonely as a Cloud”B. Don JuanC. The preface to Lyrical BalladsD. Prometheus Unbound3. Of Dicken’s novels, ——is considered most autobiographical.A. A Tale of Two CitiesB. Davied CopperfiedC. Oliver TwistD. Great Expectations4. ——is a representative of English Critical Realism in the turn of the 19 th century.A. Robert Louis SetevensonB. John MiltonC. Joseph ConardD.Thomas Hardy5. Of the following books, ——is NOT written by Thomas Hardy.A.Jude the ObscureB.Tess of the d’UrbervillesC.Adam BedeD.The Return of the Native6. ——is not included in the modernist group.A.Oscar WildeB.Virginia WoolfC.William Bulter YeatsD.T.S.Eliot7. Of the following writers, —— is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A.Samuel BeckettB.James JoyceC.William GoldingD.V.S.Naipual8. Waiting for Godot is written by——.A.Samuel BeckettB.Geroge OrwellC. William GoldingwranceUnit2 爱尔兰Chapter 7 社会和文化1. ---- established a unified Irish culture and language in the 6 th century BC.A. Hunter-gatherers from BritainB. Celtic tribesC. British invadersD. The Vikings2. Divergent views about ----resulted in the Irish Civil War.A. the Act of UnionB. the Unilateral Declaration of IndependenceC. the Anglo-Irish TreatyD. the Anglo-Irish Agreement3. -----was the first Irish President to visit Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ.A. Eamon de ValeraB. John A. CostelloC. Mary RobinsonD. Albert Reynolds4. -----brought Anglo-Irish relations to a new height.A. The British recognition of the Irish RepublicB. The signing of the Downing Street DeclarationC. The signing of the Belfast AgreementD. The IRA’s formal declaration of the disarmament in 20055. In Ireland, the head of state is-----A. the Prime MinisterB. the PresidentC. the British monarchD. the General Governor6. ------has been the dominant party in Ireland since 1930s and supports peaceful reunification of the island of Ireland.A. Fine GaelB. The Labor PartyC. Fianna FailD. The Progressive Democrats7. Emigration in Ireland started since the ----A. medieval periodB. 17 th centuryC. Great Potato FamineD. early 18 th century8. Ireland now has a ---- economy.A. agriculture-basedB. knowledge-basedC. industry-basedD. foreign investment-basedUnit3 美国Chapter 8 地理和民族1. The U. S. lies in North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, the Atlantic to its and the Pacific to its （）.A. northern, east, westB. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, east, west2. The continental United States has （）statesA. 50B. 49C. 48D. 353. The state of （）is the largest in area of all the states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida4. The largest river in the U. S. is （）.A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Colorado River5. Some of the world famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT are located in （）.A. the SouthB. the WestC. New EnglandD. the Midwest6. San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego all belong to （）.A. MontanaB. UtahC. MaineD.California7. The Immigrants Act of 1924 restricted the further immigration into the United States, particularly from （）.A. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. South America8. The characteristic of the dominant American culture are （）.A. English-speaking, northern European, Roman Catholic and middle-classB. English-speaking, western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC. English-speaking, northern European, Protestant and upper-classD. English-speaking, western European, Protestant and middle-classChapter 9 历史1. The first successful English colony in North America was founded at（）in（）.A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia2. The Seven Years’ War occurred between the （）.A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians3. “No taxation without representation” was the rallying slogan of （）.A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies4. In May 1775, （）was held in Philadelphia and began to assume the functions of a national government.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation5. Abraham Lincoln issued （）to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights6. The policy of the United States was （）at the beginning of the two world wars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement7. President （）applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the Great Depression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy8. The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continued throughout the terms of Presidents （）.A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and JohnsonChapter 10 政府1. The U. S. Constitution came into effect in （）.A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 17932. The Constitution of the United States （）.A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court3. The Bill of Rights （）.A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights and freedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution4. The terms for a Senator and Representative are （）and （）years respectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two5. All the following except （）can make legislative proposal.A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President6. The following except （）are all powers of the President.A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders7. The Supreme Court is composed of （）justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine8. The President is directly voted into office by （）.A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and representativesChapter 11 经济1. America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fields except （）.A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals2. The modern American economy progressed from（）to（）, and eventually, to （）.A. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy3. Chartered companies were NOT granted the （）by the British King or Queen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority4.（）urged the federal government to establish a national bank.A. George WashingtonB. President RooseveltC. Abraham LincolnD. Alexander Hamilton5. The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution” except （）.A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator6. President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society” by introducing various programs like the following except （）.A. MedicareB. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension7. The following statements are all true except （）.A. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agricultural imports andexports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.8. Employment in the （）sector has been increasing in the U.S. since the 1970s.A. serviceB. agricultureC. manufacturingD. high-tectChapter 12 教育、媒体和节日1. Formal education in the United States consists of （）, secondary and higher education.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD. private2. Of the following subjects, （）are NOT offered to elementary school students.A. mathematics and languagesB. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education3. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of （）.A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University4. Of the following, （）are NOT among the categories of American higher education.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges5. To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are required to do the following except （）.A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits6. （）is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has a reputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News7. Of the following, （）is NOT among the three major radio and TV networks in America.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American Broadcasting System (ABS)8. The National Day of the United States falls on （）.A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14thChapter 13 文学1.Of the following writer, --------are from the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods .A. Benjamin Franklin and Edgar Allan PoeB. Edgar Allan Poe and Jonathan EdwardsC. Benjamin Franklin and Jonathan EdwardsD. Edgar Allan Poe and Washington Irving2. ----- is regarded as the “father of American literature”A. James Fenimore CooperB. Ralph Waldo EmersonC. Thomas JeffersonD. Washington Irving3. Of the following , ---- is considered Herman Melville’s masterpieceA. The Last of the MohicansB. The Legend of Sleepy HollowC. Mody DickD. Daisy Miller4. Of the following ,-----is NOT cha racteristic of Mark Twain’s worksA. colloquial speechB. a sense of humorC. a realistic viewD. an idealistic view5. Of the following writer, ----- is NOT included in the group pf naturalistsA. Stephen CraneB. Frank NorrisC. Theodore DreiserD. Herman Melville6. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s finest novel is ---- ,and its theme is about ---A. The Great Gatsby , the American DreamB. Tender Is the Night , loveC. Tales of the Jazz Age , the loss of oneselfD. The Beautiful and Damned , the evil of human nature7. Of the following writer, ----- is NOT a Nobel Prize winnerA. Alice WalkerB. Ernest HemingwayC. William FaulknerD. Eugene O’Neill8. -----is the first African – American winner of the Noble Prize for LiteratureA. Ralph EllisonB. Ernest HemingwayC. William FaulknerD. James BaldwinUnit4 加拿大Chapter 14 地理和历史1. Canada’s fur trade , later fur monopoly , gradually began to take shape in the -----centuryA. 15 thB. 16 thC. 17 thD.18 th2. The Liberal government led by Mackenzie King did the following to lay the foundations of the Canadian welfare state EXCEPT----A. increasing the old age pensionsB. promoting federal-provincial welfare programsC. expending unemployment benefitsD. introducing health insurance3. -----won the Nobel Prize for Peace in1957 for organizing a peacekeeping force todefuse the Suez CrisisA. Pierre TrudeauB. Lester PearsonC. Jean ChretienD. Brian Mulroney4. In the ----, Canada was obsessed with economic recessionA. 1950sB. 1960sC. 1970sD. 1980s5. Pierre Trudeau retired from his post as head of the government and party leader partly because ----A. he opposed the American war in VietnamB. he agreed Quebec to be an independent French-speaking nationC. he had not been able to reverse the declining economic trendD. he weakened government intervention in the national economy6. ----- recognized Quebec as a “distinct society”A. The Meech Lake AccordB. The Quebec ActC. The Constitutional ActD. The British North America Act7. -----was Canada’s first woman Prime MinisterA. Pierre TrudeauB. Brian MulroneyC. Jean ChretienD. Kim Campbell8. Martin’s Liberal government tried to do the following EXCEPT---A. legalizing same-sex marriage in CanadaB. giving the Quebec city sovereigntyC. improving Canadian- US relationsD. forging a closer relationship with ChinaChapter 15 政府和社会1. On average, members of the House of Commons are elected for a maximum of -----yearsA. 3B. 4C. 5D. 62. ----holds the highest position in the Canadian parliamentary systemA. The Britain CrownB. The Governor GeneralC. The PresidentD. The Prime Minister3. In each province, ----represents the British CrownA. a Lieutenant GovernorB. a Governor GeneralC. a PrimeD. a Governor4. -----of Canada serve(s) as the final court of appeals in CanadaA. The provincial courtsB. The Federal CourtC. The Supreme CourtD. The Federal Court of Appeal5. In Canada , the largest religious denominations is ----A. the Protestant churchB. the Roman Catholic churchC. the Puritan churchD. the Anglican church6. If applicants meet the basic requirement for immigration to Canada , they need to do the following EXCEPT----A. applying for citizenshipB. taking a medical examC. paying an application feeD. paying a landing fee7. In the 19 th century , ---was the principal export item of CanadaA. fishB. furC. timberD. wheat8. Canada’s major trading partners include the following EXCEPT---A. BritainB. AmericaC. MexicoD. ChinaUnit5 澳大利亚Chapter 16 地理和历史1.____ is the lowest point in Australia.A. Lake EyreB. The Great Artesian BasinC. Mount KosciuszkoD. The Great Victoria Desert2.____ is Australia’s capital.A. SydneyB. MelbourneC. BrisbaneD. Canberra3.Britain’s first permanent colony wa s founded in ____ .A.1606B.1770C.1787D.17884.The Commonwealth of Australia was established in ____ .A.1847B.1885C.1900D.19015.The movement to gain recognition of Aboriginal rights was started in the ____ .A.1950sB.1960sC.1970sD.1980s6.Australia completely abolished the White Australia Policy during the government of ____ .A. Earle PageB. Gough WhitlamC. Joseph LyonsD. Stanley Bruce7.The following were all aspects of the economic reforms which took place between 1983 and 1996 EXCEPT ____ .A. enlarging the scale of the mining industryB. deregulating the financial marketC. reducing tariffsD. privatizing the state-owned enterprises8.The Howard government’s foreign policies were based in relations with four key countries, namely, ____ .A. the U.S. ,Japan, Britain, ChinaB. the U.S. ,Japan, China, IndonesiaC. the U.S. ,Japan, Britain, ChinaD. the U.S. , Britain, China, ChinaChapter 17 政府和社会1.Of the following, ____ is NOT among the three major Australian political parties.A. the Australian Labor PartyB. the NationalsC. the Liberal PartyD. the United Australia Party2. Australia tries to attract immigrant from any country with ____ .A. a good family backgroundB. education or work skillsC. high social statusD. adequate work experience3. Australia’s high economic performance is due to its ____ and ongoingstructural reform.A. open-up policyB. effective economic managementC. historical developmentD. proper investment4. Australia is a leading supplier of ____ to international markets.A. hi-tech productsB. agricultural productsC. industrial productsD. mineral resources5. Australia’s foreign capital mainly comes from ____ .A. the United States and JapanB. Britain and GermanyC. Japan and Republic of KoreaD. Britain and the United States6.Among the following tourist attractions, ____ can be seen from the moon.A. the Gold CoastB. UluruC. the Great Barrier ReefD. the Sydney Opera House7. ____ is/are mainly responsible for education in Australia.A. the federal governmentB. the individual statesC. the territory assembliesD. the municipal government8.The Australian system of teaching and school discipline puts emphasis on the following EXCEPT ____ .A. learning by discovery and questioningB. self-disciplineC. preparing for testD. encouraging students’ interest in learningUnit6 新西兰Chapter 18 社会和文化1. ____ is often referred to as “our third island” of New Zealand.A. PolynesiaB. The North IslandC. The South IslandD. The Stewart Island2.The climate in New Zealand is ____ .A. subtropicalB. arcticC. temperateD. tropical3.The ____ were the first group of people who arrived on the island of New Zealand.A. MaorisB. EuropeansC. AustraliansD. Chinese4. New Zealand was granted internal self-government in ____ .A. 1804B. 1852C. 1893D. 19075.During World War Ⅱ, New Zealand strengthened its relationship with ____ .A. BritainB. the United StatesC. AustraliaD. France6. ____ is the head of the New Zealand government.A. The British monarchB. The Governor GeneralC. The Prime MinisterD. The President7.The Cabinet is responsible to ____ in New Zealand.A. ParliamentB. the Prime MinisterC. the British monarchD. the Governor General8.Schooling in New Zealand is compulsory for all children ____ .A. from ages 6 to 12B. from ages 6 to 14C. from ages 6 to 16D. from ages 6 to 18。
英美国家概况加拿大
low crime rate
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
1.3 Major Cities—Ottawa
❖ the capital of Canada ❖ the country's fourth largest
city ❖ located in the Ottawa Valley ❖ lies on the banks of the
▪ The Central Region ▪ The Prairie Region
a continental climate
▪ The Pacific Region
a moderate climate
▪ The Northern Region temperature below zero for seven months
❖ 3. Canada’s vast territory and unique topography result in a climate with wide regional variations. Can you figure out what the weather is like in the above regions?
1.2 Geographic Regions and Climate
❖ 2. How many geographic regions can Canada be divided into?
新版英语国家概况精讲笔记
新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记Ｃhapteｒ１第一章Land and Pｅｏｐle英国得国土与人民Ｉ、Diｆｆereｎt Nameｓ fｏr Ｂritａin aｎｄ itｓ Pａrts英国得不同名称及其各组成部分1、Gｅographｉcａl nａmes: the Brｉtｉsｈ Iｓles, GreaｔＢritaｉn ａndEｎglａnd、地理名称:不列颠群岛，大不列颠与英格兰。
2、Official namｅ：ｔhe ＵniteｄＫｉngdｏｍoｆ Gｒeat Ｂriｔain and Norｔhern Ｉrｅlａnd、官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
３、Tｈe BritｉsｈＩsｌes ａre maｄｅup of ｔwo ｌarｇe ｉsｌands－GｒeaｔBrｉｔain (the ｌａrger ｏnｅ) anｄ Iｒelaｎｄ， aｎｄhundｒeds oｆsmallonｅs、不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛(较大得一个)与爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4、Thｒee ｐolｉtical dｉvｉsions on ｔhｅ islａnd of Gｒeat Briｔaｉn: Englanｄ, Scotland anｄ Wales、大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰、苏格兰与威尔士。
（１) Englanｄ is iｎtｈｅ souｔhern ｐarｔｏf Grｅat Ｂritain、 It iｓｔhe largesｔ，mｏsｔ popｕlｏuｓ sectｉon、英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部,就就是最大,人口最稠密得地区。
（2) Sｃotｌand iｓｉｎthe ｎortｈｏｆGｒeaｔＢritaiｎ、 Iｔ has thrｅe nａｔural ｚonｅs （thｅＨiｇhlands in ｔhｅnorth； tｈe Ｃenｔralｌowｌands；tｈｅsｏuｔh Upｌands) Capiｔal: Edｉｎbｕrgh苏格兰位于大不列颠得北部。
史上超强!英语国家概况复习笔记!
英语国家概况复习笔记Chapter 1 Land and People 英国的国土与人民Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England. 地理名称:不列颠群岛,大不列颠和英格兰.2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 官方正式名称:大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国.3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands—Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛［大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛］及成千上万个小岛组成.4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政区:英格兰,苏格兰和威尔士.①England is in the southern part of Great Britain.It is the largest, most populous section. 位于大不列颠岛南部,是最大,人口最稠密的地区.②Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh. 苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部.它有三大自然区：北部高地,中部低地及南部山陵.首府：爱丁堡.③Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff 威尔士位于大不列颠的西部.首府：加的夫④Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast. 北爱尔兰是英国第四个区域.首府：贝尔法斯特5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading agreements.The Commonwealth has no special powers.The decision to become a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.英联邦是一个自由联合体,由曾是英国殖民地而现在已经独立的国家构成.成员国之间实行经济合作,有一定的贸易协议.英联邦没有特别的权利,是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定.它成立于1931年,到1991年止已有50个成员国.Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066) 英国的起源1.Arrival and settlement of the Celts At about 700 BC the Celts began to arrive in Britain and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans.They may come originally from eastern and central Europe,now France,Belgium and southern Germany.约公元前700年,凯尔特人来到不列颠岛并一直陆续到来直到罗马人的入侵.他们可能源自东欧和中欧,即现在的法国,比利时和德国南部. They came in three main waves:the Gaels~about 600 BC;the Brythons~about 400 BC;the Belgae~about 150 BC.凯尔特人来到不列颠有三次高潮:第一次是约公元前600年的盖尔人;第二次是约公元前400年的布立吞人;第三次是约公元前150年的贝尔盖人. The Celtic tribes are the ancestors of the Highland Scots,the Irish and the Welsh,and their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic.凯尔特人是山地苏格兰人,爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先,他们的语言是威尔士语和盖尔语的基础. The Celts’ religion was Druidism. 凯尔特人的宗教为德鲁伊德教. The Belgae were the most industrious and vigorous of the Celtic tribes.贝尔盖人是最勤奋,最精力充沛的. The Celts were practised farmers. 凯尔特人是有经验的农民.2.Basis of modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons现代英国人的基础:盎格鲁—萨克逊(446-871) In the mid-5th century Jutes,Saxons, and Angles came to Britain.They were three Teutonic tribes.The Jutes,who fished and farmed in Jutland(now southern Denmark),came to Britain first.Then the Saxons came.They came from northern Germany,established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex. In the second half of the 6th century,the Angles who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. 五世纪中叶,朱特人,撒克逊人和盎格鲁人来到不列颠岛.这是三支日耳曼部落.居住在朱特兰岛(现丹麦南部)从事打渔农耕的朱特人先到达不列颠;接着是撒克逊人,他们来自德国北部,在埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王国;六世纪后半叶,同样来自德国北部把自己名字给了英国人的盎格鲁人,在东盎格利亚,麦西亚以及诺森伯利来定居.Heptarchy:During the Anglo-Saxon’s time,Britain was divided into many kingdoms,among which there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria.They were given the name for Heptarchy. 在盎格鲁-撒克逊时期,英国被划分为许多王国,其中有七个主要王国:肯特,埃塞克斯,苏塞克斯,威塞克斯,东盎格利亚,麦西亚和诺森伯利来.他们被合称为七王国.The Anglo-Saxon tribes were constantly at war with one another,each trying to get the upper hand,so that the kingdoms were often broken up and often pieced together again. 盎格鲁-撒克逊部落之间不断交战,彼此都想占上风,因此王国总是分了合,合了又分The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. 盎格鲁—撒克逊人把日耳曼宗教带到了英国.Although the Anglo-Saxons were ferocious people,they laid the foundations of the English state.Firstly,they divided the country into shires;Secondly,they devised the narrow-strip,three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century;Thirdly,they also established the manorial system.Finally,they created the Witan(council/meeting of wisemen)to advise the king,the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 虽然盎格鲁-撒克逊人是凶猛的民族,但他们为英国国家的形成打下了基础.首先他们把国家划分为郡;其次他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪;他们还建立了采邑制;最后他们还创立了议会(贤人会议),向国王提供建议,这是现存的枢密院基础.3.The Viking and Danish invasions The Norwegian Vikings and the Danes attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century.The Danes gained control of the north and east of England—the Danelaw.从8世纪末起,挪威海盗和丹麦人就不断袭击英格兰各地方.丹麦人控制英格兰北部和东部丹麦法区. After Alfred’s death,his s uccessors reconquered the Danelaw.King Ethelred the Unready tried paying the invaders to stay away.But the Danes didn’t go away but invade again. 亚尔弗雷德死后,他的继任者们重新征服了丹麦地区."未准备好者"埃塞尔雷德国王进贡给丹麦人以免被侵略,但丹麦人又再度进犯. After Ethelred’s death,Canute,the Danish leader was made English king in 1016.He proved to be a wise ruler.After his death in 1035,his sons Harold and Hardicanute reigned successively.After Hardicanute’s death the succession passed to the successor Edward the Confessor. 埃塞尔雷德死后,丹麦首领喀奴特在1016年成为了英国国王.他是位英明的通知者.1035年他死后,他的儿子哈罗德和哈迪喀奴特先后统治王国.哈迪喀奴特死后,王位传给了"忏悔者"爱德华.4.King Alfred and his contributions亚尔弗雷德国王和他所做出的贡献(849-899) ①Alfred was the king of Wessex and defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879亚尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王.他打败了丹麦人,并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议;②He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy”他因为建立了强大舰队,而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世;③He reorganized the Saxon army,making it more efficient他改组了撒克逊军队,使之更为高效;④He is said to have taught himself Latin and translated a Latin book into English据说他自学了拉丁语并将一本拉丁语书译成英语⑤He encouraged learning in others,established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great”他鼓励向他人求知并修建学校,并且制订法律制度.5.The Norman Conquest and its consequences诺曼征服及其影响(1066) It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, William defeated Harold in the battle of Hastings.On Christmas Day William was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey. 爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉,但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王.公元1066年10月,在哈斯丁斯战役中威廉打败了哈罗德军队.圣诞节这天在威斯敏斯特大教堂,威廉被加冕为英格兰国王. The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government.The Norman Conquest ended the English history of being invaded, the feudal system was completely established in England . Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced.The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts. 公元1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件.征服者威廉没收了几乎所有土地,将其分发给他的诺曼追随者.他用强大的诺曼政府取代软弱的撒克逊人统治.诺曼征服结束了被侵略的英国历史,英格兰完全确立了封建制度:扩展了与欧洲大陆的关系;文明和商业都得到发展;引进了诺曼—法国文化、语言、举止和建筑.教会与罗马的联系更为密切,教会法庭从世俗法庭中单独分离出来.Chapter 3 The Shaping of the Nation 英国的形成（公元1066-1381）1.England's feudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度①Under William,the feudal system in England was completely established在威廉统治下,英国的封建制度得到完全确立;②In this system,the King owned all the land personally根据此制度,国王拥有全国所有土地;③William gave his barons large estate s in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the land’s produce威廉把英国的大片土地分给贵族,条件是贵族保证服役和交租;④These estates were scattered far and wide over the country,so that those who held them could not easily combine to rebel the king贵族的这些地产分散于各处,这样土地拥有者就不易联合起来反叛国王;⑤The barons parceled out his land to the lesser nobles,knights and freemen,also in return for goods and services贵族又把土地分配给小贵族,骑士和自由民,同样要他们交租和服役;⑥At the bottom of the feudal scale were the villeins or serfs在封建等级底层的是农奴;⑦One peculiar feature of the feudal system of England was that all landowners must take the oath of allegiance,not only to their immediate lord,but also to the king英国封建制独有的特色就是,无论是土地承租人还是二佃户,都必须要宣誓效忠于直接领主,而且要效忠于国王.William replaced the Witan with the Grand Council. 威廉用大议会取代了贤人会议. In order to have a reliable record of all his lands,his tenants and their possessions,William sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book,which was completed in 1086. 为了使所有的土地,佃户和他们的财产记录可靠,威廉派官员编了一本财产清册,称为«末日审判书»2.Contents and the significance of the Great Charter«大宪章»的内容及意义Also known as the Magna Carta,Great Charter was signed by King John in 1215 under the press of the barons.«大宪章»是约翰国王1215年在封建贵族压力下签定的. It consists of 63 clauses. Its important provisions are as follows«大宪章»共有63条:①no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council没有大议会批准不得征税;②no freeman should be arrested,imprisoned,or deprived of his property except by the law of the land除依照法律,不得随意逮捕,拘禁自由民,不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产;③the Church should possess all its rights,together with freedom of elections教会拥有的权利和选举自由不受侵犯;④London and other towns should retain their ancient rights and privileges伦敦和其它城市应保留其古老的权利和特权;⑤there should be the same weight and measures throughout the country全国应统一度量衡. Although the Great Charter has long been popularly regarded as the foundation of English liberties,it was a statement of the feudal and legal relationship between the Crown and the barons,a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and a limitation of the powers of the king.The spirit of the Great Charter was the limitation of the powers of the king,keeping them within the bounds of the feudal law of the land.尽管长期普遍认为«大宪章»是英国自由的基础,但它只是国王与贵族之间的封建与法律关系,保证教会的自由,限制国王的权力.«大宪章»的精神是限制王权,置王权于封建法律的约束下.3.The origins of the English Parliament英国议会的起源In 1258,the barons,under Simon de Montfort,forced Henry Ⅲand his son Prince Edward to swear to accept the Provisions of ter,Henry refused to confirm to the Provisions of Oxford,thus a civil war brake out between the king’s suppor ters and the baronial army led by Simon de Montfort. 1258年,贵族们在西蒙•德•孟福尔的领导下迫使国王和他的儿子爱德华王子宣誓接受"牛津协定".亨利拒绝批准牛津协定,国王的支持者和西蒙•德•孟福尔领导的封建主组成的军队之间爆发了内战.The Great Council is known to be the prototype of the current British Parliament. In 1265,Simon de Montfort summoned the Great Council,together with two knights from each country and two citizens from each town.,a meeting which has seen as the earliest parliament.It later developed into the House of Lords and the House of Common as a parliament. 大议会是当今英国议会的原型.1265年,西门德孟福尔召开大议会,各县有两名骑士,各镇有两名市民参加,此次会议被看作是最早的议会.大议会发展到后来演变成议会.分为上议院和下议院Its main role was to offer advice,not to make decisions.There were still no elections,no parties,and the most important part of Parliament was the House of Lords. 其作用是咨询而非决定,也没有选举和政党.议会的最重要的部分是上议院4.The Hundred Years' War with France and its consequences百年战争及其结果When Edward III claimed the French Crown but the French refused to recognize,the war broke out. 爱德华三世宣布要继承法国王位,但法国人民拒绝承认,于是引发了百年战争. The Hundred Years’ War with France refers to the war between England and France that lasted intermittently from 1337 to 1453.The causes of the war were partly territorial and partly economic. The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the large duchy of Aquitaine,while the French kings coveted this large slice. The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which were the importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides, England's desire to stop France from giving aid to Scots and a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争.战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素.领土起因尤其是与英国国王拥有法国阿奎丹大片的公爵领地有密切关系,随着法国国王势力日增,他们日益渴望占领这片从他们领土内被分割出去的土地.经济原因则与弗兰德斯有关.弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口地,但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王.其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国帮助苏格兰人,以及不断觉醒的民族意识.When the war ended,Calais was the only part of France that still in the hands of English. 战争结束的时候只有加来港还被英军占领.Consequences:The expulsion of the English from France is regarded as a blessing for both countries:had they remained,the superior size and wealth of France would certainly have hindered the development of a separate English national identity,while France was hindered so long as a foreign power occupied so much French territory. 战争的结果:把英国人赶出了法国对两个国家都是幸事:若英国人继续留在法国,那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍英国作为一个独立民族的发展;而法国如被外国势力占领了大量的领土,其民族特性的发展也要长期受阻.HenryⅤrenewed the war in 1415 and won a crushing victory at Argencourt.He was recognized to the French throne in 1420.After his death,the French,encouraged by Joan of Arc,finally drove the English out of France. 亨利五世在1415年重新发动战争.在阿根科特战役中大胜.他在1420年成为法国国王.亨利死后,法国人民在圣女贞德的鼓舞下,最终把英军驱逐出法国.5.Consequences of the Black Death黑死病的影响The Black Death was the modern name given to the deadly epidemic disease spread by rat fleas across Europe in the 14th century.It swept through England in the summer of 1348 without warning and,most importantly,without any cure.It reduced England’s population from four million to two million(about one half and one third of the population was killed) by the end of the 14th century. 黑死病是现代名称,指老鼠身上的跳蚤传播的致命的淋巴腺鼠疫引起的传染性疾病.14世纪传播了到欧洲.1348年夏天横扫全英国,事先毫无预兆,而更重要的是无药可救.英国的人口在14世纪末从400万锐减至200万. The economic consequences of the Black Death were far-reaching.As a result of the plague,much land was left untended and there was a terrible shortage of ndowners tended to change from arable to sheep-farming,which required less labour.The surviving peasants had better bargainning power and were in a position to change their serfdom into paid labour.So some landlords,unable or unwilling to pay higher wages,tried to force peasants back into serfdom.In 1351 the government issued a Statute of Labourers which made it a crime for peasants to ask for more wages or for their employers to pay more than the rates laid down by the Justices of the Peace. 黑死病对经济造成的后果更为深远.鼠疫导致了大片土地无人照管和劳动力极度匮乏.地主只得把耕地改成对人力需求较少的牧场.幸存的农民处于有利的可以讨价还价的地位,他们从农奴变为雇佣劳动力。
英语国家概况-美国部分【清晰完整版】
Chapter 13 geography 地理位置I. Location and size1. The full name of the United States is the United States of America. The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in America. Alaska borders on northwestern Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州。
阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部，夏威夷位邻中太平洋。
2. The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometers. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China.就面积而言，美国是世界第四大国，就人口而言，美国是世界是第三大国。
3. Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。
2018总结——新版《英语国家概况》各单元核心生词总结
Chapter 1Loch Lomond罗蒙湖freight [freɪt] 货运；运费；船货prevail [prɪ'veɪl] 盛行，流行westerlies ['wɛstɚliz]西风带mammal ['mæm(ə)l] 哺乳动物roe [rəʊ] 獐predominantly [prɪ'dɒmɪnəntlɪ] 主要地；显著地Chapter 2iberian [ai'biəriən] 伊比利亚人；伊比利亚语teutonic [tju:'tɔnik] 日耳曼人的Iona爱奥那岛（苏格兰一小岛）columba [kə'lʌmbə] 天鸽座；鸽属monastery ['mɒnəst(ə)rɪ] 修道院；僧侣witan ['wɪtən] 国会成员manorial [mə'nɔrɪəl] 庄园的；采邑的christianize ['krɪstʃən,aɪz] 使成基督徒Chapter 3oath [əʊθ]. 誓言，誓约；诅咒，咒骂allegiance [ə'liːdʒ(ə)ns] 效忠，忠诚；忠贞immediate [ɪ'miːdɪət] 立即的；直接的；最接近的Domesday Book ['duːmzdeɪ] 最后审判日compiled [kəm'paɪl] 编译的sponsorship ['spɒnsəʃɪp] 赞助；发起；保证人的地位；教父母身份extent [ɪk'stɛnt] n. 程度；范围；长度Plantagenet [plæn'tædʒənit]金雀花王1154-1485年significance [sɪg'nɪfɪk(ə)ns] 意义；重要性；意思clause [klɔːz] 条款magna carta大宪章territorial [,terɪ'tɔːrɪəl] 领土的；土地的；地方的brutally ['brʊtli] 残忍地；野蛮地；兽性地Chapter 4Lancaster兰卡斯特Walter Scott 沃尔特·司各特compromise ['kɒmprəmaɪz] 妥协，和解；折衷cavaliers [,kævə'liəs] 骑士Oliver Cromwell奥利弗·克伦威尔Chapter5nonconformist [nɒnkən'fɔːmɪst] 不属于圣公会的英国基督教徒enclosure [ɪn'kləʊʒə; en-] 附件；围墙；围场Jeremy Bentham杰里米·边沁（英国哲学家）utilitarianism [jʊ,tɪlɪ'teərɪənɪz(ə)m] 功利主义modify ['mɒdɪfaɪ] 修改refer [rɪ'fɜː]参考；涉及；提到；查阅mechanization [,mekənaɪ'zeɪʃən] 机械化；机动化consequent ['kɒnsɪkw(ə)nt] 结果industrialize [ɪnˈdʌstrɪəlʌɪz] 使工业化allies [ˈæ,laɪz] 同盟国league [liːg] 联盟；社团；范畴tension ['tenʃ(ə)n] 紧张，不安Neville Chamberlain内维尔·张伯伦appeasement [ə'piːzm(ə)nt] 缓和，平息；姑息hasten ['heɪs(ə)n] 加速；使赶紧；催促Margaret Thatcher玛格丽特·撒切尔emphasis ['emfəsɪs] 重点；强调；加强语气manifesto [mænɪ'festəʊ] 宣言；声明；告示Chapter6conventional [kən'venʃ(ə)n(ə)l] 传统的barley ['bɑːlɪ] 大麦oat [əʊt] 燕麦sugar beet [biːt]甜菜rapeseed ['reɪpsiːd]油菜籽infrastructure ['ɪnfrəstrʌktʃə] 基础设施；公共建设financial [faɪ'nænʃ(ə)l] 金融的；财政的，财务的tourism ['tʊərɪz(ə)m] 旅游业；游览Chapter7sovereign ['sɒvrɪn] 君主；独立国；最高统治者coronation [kɒrə'neɪʃ(ə)n] 加冕礼nobility [nə(ʊ)'bɪlɪtɪ] 贵族；高贵；高尚Lords temporal世俗贵族,上议院世俗议员peeress ['pɪərɪs] 有爵位的妇女；贵族夫人hereditary [hɪ'redɪt(ə)rɪ] 世袭的；世代相传的suffrage ['sʌfrɪdʒ] 选举权；投票；参政权；cabinet ['kæbɪnɪt] 内阁的；私下的，秘密的magistrate ['mædʒɪstrət; -streɪt] 地方法官bail [beɪl] 保释custody ['kʌstədɪ] 拘留bobby ['bɒbɪ] 警察Chapter8voluntary ['vɒlənt(ə)rɪ] 自愿的；志愿的；自发的；故意的compulsory [kəmˈpʌlsərɪ] 义务的；必修的；被强制的secretary [ˈsekrətrɪ] 秘书；书记；部长；大臣curriculum [kə'rɪkjʊləm] 课程,总课程applicable [ə'plɪkəb(ə)l]可适用的；可应用的；合适的Beatles ['bi:tlz] 披头士合唱（摇滚乐队）Guardian ['gɑːdɪən] 监护人，保护人；守护者digital ['dɪdʒɪt(ə)l] 数字的；手指的Chapter 9Michigan ['miʃigən] 美国密歇根州；密歇根Superior [suːˈpɪərɪə] 苏必利尔Huron ['hjuərən] 休伦湖Ontario安大略湖Rio Grande River里奥格兰德河Detroit [di'trɔit] 底特律（美国一座城市）volcano [vɒl'keɪnəʊ] 火山Mauna Loa莫纳罗亚山（夏威夷岛的活火山）sugar cane甘蔗pineapple ['paɪnæp(ə)l] 菠萝Honolulu [,hɔnə'lu:lu:] 火奴鲁鲁Eskimos爱斯基摩人Chapter 10California [,kælɪ'fɔ:njə] 加利福尼亚Texas ['teksəs] 德克萨斯州amnesty ['æmnɪstɪ] 大赦，特赦resident [ˈrɛzɪdənt] 居住的；定居的partial ['pɑːʃ(ə)l]局部的；偏爱的；不公平的ancestry ['ænsestrɪ] 祖先；血统Chicano [tʃi:'kɑ:nəu] 奇卡诺人Hispanic [hi'spænik] 西班牙的assimilation [ə,sɪmɪ'leɪʃən] 同化；吸收diabetes [,daɪə'biːtiːz]糖尿病；多尿症alcoholism ['ælkəhɒlɪz(ə)m] 酗酒tuberculosis [tjʊ,bɜːkjʊ'ləʊsɪs] 肺结核；结核病suicide ['s(j)uːɪsaɪd] 自杀disproportionate [,dɪsprə'pɔːʃ(ə)nət] 不成比例的incidence ['ɪnsɪd(ə)ns] 发生率；影响Chapter11Virginia弗吉尼亚州Pilgrims ['pɪlgrɪmz] 清教徒Philadelphia [,filə'delfjə; -fiə] 费城declaration [deklə'reɪʃ(ə)n] （纳税品等的）申报theory ['θɪərɪ] 理论；原理；学说；推测philosopher [fɪ'lɒsəfə] 哲学家；哲人Saratoga [,særə'təugə] 萨拉托加Alexander [,ælɪg'zændɚ] 亚历山大Hamilton ['hæmiltən] 汉密尔顿-名；哈密尔顿-城市James Madison詹姆斯·麦迪逊（美国前总统）ratification [,rætəfə'keʃən] 批准；承认，认可Napoleonic [nə,pəuli'ɔnik] 拿破仑一世的forcibly ['fɔːsɪblɪ] 用力地；强制地；有说服力地Louisiana [lu:,i:zi'ænə] 美国路易斯安那州frontiersmen ['frʌntjəzmən] 拓荒者manifest destiny天定命运O’Sullivan奥沙利文confederate [kən'fed(ə)rət] 同盟国Chapter12Muckraker ['mʌk,rekɚ] 探听丑闻的人prosperous ['prɒsp(ə)rəs] 繁荣的；兴旺的corruption [kə'rʌpʃ(ə)n] 贪污，腐败；堕落regulate ['regjʊleɪt] 调节，规定laissez faire [lei'sei'fεər] 放任；自由主义Woodrow Wilson伍德罗·威尔逊，总统（1913-1921）reduction [rɪ'dʌkʃ(ə)n] 减少；下降；缩小；还原反应decentralized [di'sɛntrəl,aɪz] 使分散；使分权neglect [nɪ'glekt] 疏忽，忽视；忽略commission [kə'mɪʃ(ə)n] 委员会investigate [ɪn'vestɪgeɪt] 调查；研究conference ['kɒnf(ə)r(ə)ns] 会议；协商；联盟frustration [frʌ'streɪʃn] 挫折creditor ['kredɪtə] 债权人，贷方Ku klux klan三K党foreclosure [fɔː'kləʊʒə] 丧失抵押品赎回权Franklin D. Roosevelt富兰克林罗斯福（美国总统）pragmatist ['prægmətɪst] 实用主义者；爱管闲事人Tennessee Valley Authority田纳西州流域管理局stimulation [ˌstɪmjʊ'leʃn] 刺激；激励，鼓舞formulation [fɔːmjʊ'leɪʃn] 构想，规划；公式化implementation [ɪmplɪmen'teɪʃ(ə)n] 实现；履行incident ['ɪnsɪd(ə)nt] 事件，事变；插曲Chapter13violation [vaɪə'leɪʃn] 违反；妨碍，侵害；违背；senator ['senətə] 参议员McCarthy [mə'ka:θi]麦卡锡（姓氏）Vietnam [ˌvjet'næm]越南（南亚国家）vietminh [,vjet'min] 越南独立同盟；越盟领导人Geneva [dʒi'ni:və] 日内瓦（瑞士西南部城市）Hochiminh（越南）胡志明市communique [kə'mju:nɪkeɪ] 公报，官报diplomatic [dɪplə'mætɪk] 外交的；外交上的；老练的Barack Obama巴拉克·奥巴马Chapter14-16bloc [blɒk] 集团optimism ['ɒptɪmɪz(ə)m] 乐观；乐观主义circulation [sɜːkjʊ'leɪʃ(ə)n] 流通，循环；发行量petroleum [pə'trəʊlɪəm] 石油extreme poverty极端贫穷petition [pɪ'tɪʃ(ə)n] 请愿；请愿书vice president [,vais'prezidənt] 副总统；副主席mandatory ['mændət(ə)rɪ] 强制的；托管的；命令的option ['ɒpʃ(ə)n] 选项；选择权；买卖的特权patriotic [ˌpætrɪˈɒtɪk] 爱国的parade [pə'reɪd] 游行；阅兵；炫耀concert ['kɒnsət] 音乐会Nathaniel纳撒尼尔Hawthorne霍桑Edgar埃德加Allan Poe爱伦·坡Chapter 17-18semicircular[,sɛmaɪ'sɝkjʊlɚ] 半圆的Hudson Bay哈得逊湾（位于加拿大中东部）uninviting[ʌnɪn'vaɪtɪŋ] 讨厌的，无吸引力的；无魅力的cordillera [,kɔːdɪ'ljeərə] 山脉Mackenzie [mə'kenzi] 麦肯齐河bison ['baɪs(ə)n] 北美野牛；欧洲野牛multiculturalism[,mʌltɪ'kʌltʃərəlɪzm] 多元文化论Montreal[,mɔntri'ɔ:l] 蒙特利尔（加拿大东南部港市）hockey ['hɒkɪ] 曲棍球；冰球Ontario安大略省（加拿大省份）Governor General（大英帝国国协内独立国家或殖民地等的）总督prairie ['preərɪ] 大草原；牧场adequate ['ædɪkwət] 充足的；适当的；胜任的canola [kə'nəʊlə] 一种菜籽油timber ['tɪmbə] 木材；木料Halifax ['hælifæks] 哈里法克斯Chapter 19-20platypus ['plætɪpəs] 鸭嘴兽wattle ['wɒt(ə)l] 金合欢树floral ['flɔrəl] 花的；植物的，植物群的；花似的marsupial [mɑː'suːpɪəl]有袋的；袋状的kangaroo [,kæŋgə'ruː]袋鼠continuously [kən'tɪnjʊəsli] 连续不断地influx ['ɪnflʌks] 流入；汇集；河流的汇集处vegemite咸味酱yeast [jiːst]酵母；泡沫；酵母片；引起骚动因素peanut ['piːnʌt] 花生prestigious [pre'stɪdʒəs] 有名望的；享有声望的Sydney Cove悉尼湾homosexuality ['hɒməʊ,seksjʊ'ælətɪ] 同性恋Brisbane ['brizbən] 布里斯班（澳大利亚东部城市）Perth [pɜrθ]珀斯，佩斯（澳大利亚城市）Chapter 21-22Matthew Flinders马修·福林达斯alongside [əlɒŋ'saɪd] 在旁边informal [ɪn'fɔːm(ə)l] 非正式的；不拘礼节的matrimonial [mætrɪ'məʊnɪəl] 婚姻的；与婚姻有关的bicameral [,baɪ'kæmərəl] 两院制的；有两个议院的poultry ['pəʊltrɪ] 家禽inroad ['ɪnrəʊd] 侵袭，袭击；减少Newcastle ['nu,kæsəl] 纽卡斯尔（英国港市）vehicles [ˈviːɪk(ə)lz] 交通工具beverage ['bev(ə)rɪdʒ] 饮料quota ['kwəʊtə] 配额；定额；限额Hay Point海波因特（地名）Telstra Corporation澳洲电信volcanic [vɒl'kænɪk] 火山的；猛烈的；易突然发作的pohutukawa [pəu,hu:tə'kɑ:wə] 桃金娘科常绿树secluded [sɪ'kluːdɪd] 隐蔽的；隐退的，隐居的missionary ['mɪʃ(ə)n(ə)rɪ] 传教的；传教士的Waitangi怀唐伊（新西兰地名）entitled [ɪn'taɪtl] 有资格的；给与名称的mutton ['mʌt(ə)n] 羊肉integrating ['ɪntɪgreɪtɪŋ]整合；积分；集成化trilogy ['trɪlədʒɪ] 三部曲；三部剧scenic ['siːnɪk] 风景优美的；舞台的；戏剧的Chapter 23-24endemic [en'demɪk] 地方性的；风土的stoat [stəʊt] 白鼬hare [heə] 野兔reptile ['reptaɪl] 爬虫类的；卑鄙的lizard ['lɪzəd] 蜥蜴；类蜥蜴爬行动物Massachusetts [,mæsə'tʃu:sits] 马萨诸塞州（美国）dire ['daɪə] 可怕的；悲惨的；极端的prototypical [,protə'tɪpɪkl] 原型的；典型的tenor ['tenə] 男高音mccormack [məˈkɔ:mək] 麦考马克（人名）sinn fein新芬运动（要求爱尔兰独立）Downing Street Declaration唐宁街声明saint [seɪnt] 圣人；圣徒；道德崇高的人boisterous ['bɒɪst(ə)rəs] 喧闹的；狂暴的；猛烈的secular ['sekjʊlə] 世俗的；长期的；不朽的, 修道院外的教士，(对宗教家而言的) 俗人。
英语国家概况新大纲中不考的内容总结
P.230 2.Hispanics
P.232 n-Americans
P.233 4.Indians
P.234 5.white ehtnics
chapter 15
P.243 V.The War of 1812
chapter 16
P.253 倒数第二行 Pushed by the Progressive Movement,……至P.254章节结束
新西兰
删掉chapter 34
P.517 V Notable New Zealanders（只有一百词左右，删不删掉也无所谓啦）
最后更新添加（由于这部分我还没有学完，所有有不对的地方请纠正）
美国
整章删节 chapter 13
chapter 14
P.307 3.Officers of the Congress
P.308 4.Functions of the Congress
chapter 20
无删减
chapter 21
P.343 II Architecture
P.344 III Music
爱尔兰
删掉chapter 12
加拿大
删掉chapter 24 chapter 25 chapter 26
澳大利亚
删掉chapter 28 chapter 29 chapter 30 chapter 31 chapter 32
P.421 III Plants and Animals （只有大概两百个单词，删不删掉也无所谓）
P.52 Charles （1625-1649） and the Parliament
chapter 5
英语国家概况-美国文化-历史人文环境
Part Three The United States of AmericaChapter 13 Geography第一部分：Location and Size1. 美国的地理位置：The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north, Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.2. 识记：The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continental United States.3. 简答：Why does the United States have an ideal location for trade?The United State has an ideal location for trade. Its Atlantic coast faces the developed countries of Western Europe and its Pacific coast and Hawaii give the nation an approach to the Far East and Australia.(澳大拉西亚: 一个不明确的地理名词,一般指澳大利亚,新西兰及附近南太平洋诸岛,有时也泛指大洋洲和太平洋岛屿)4. 美国最大和最小的州：Of all the states Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island is the smallest, but on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.5. 美国两大主要山系：the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky mountains6. 落基山脉的最高峰：the Elbert7. 落基山脉--大陆分水岭：The Rockies, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.8. 名词解释：the Continental Divide (金鸡落下[落基]，座北朝南[north-south line]，东边的翅膀沾满蜂蜜[密西西比]和墨水[墨西哥湾]；西边的翅膀挥舞着和太平洋边上的加州旅馆say “Hello”!)----- The Rockies, the backbone of the North American continent, is also known as the Continental Divide, it is an imaginary north-south line that separates the major river systems of the United States. The rivers that descendfrom the eastern slopes of the Rockies flow into the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico. Those that begin on the western slopes of the Rockies flow to the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of California.9. 有关the Mississippi 的重点：(记密西西比的发源地：想象：秘密[密西西比]地从湖里舀了杯苏打[明尼苏达]水喝下去，嘻嘻地笑了)Lying between the Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains is one of the world’s great continental rivers—the Mississippi. The Mississippi proper rises in the lake region in North Minnesota and flows south to the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi has been called “father of waters” or “old man river”. （英语里father=old man）10. The Ohio River的别称：(鹅害鹅[Ohio]，鹅害怕，骑着鹿儿[Ruhr]，逃跑了。
英语国家概况课后习题附答案
英语国家概况课后习题（附答案）Chapter 1Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F). —F—1.People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country.—T—2.The Severn River is the longest river of Britain ,which originates in Wales and flows through western England.—F—3.Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language.—F—4.In terms of population and area,Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.—F—5.Although the climate in Britain is generally mild ,the temperature in northern Scotland often falls bellow-10℃ in January.—T—6.The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons. —T—7.The Celtic people were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain. —F—8.English evolved into what is now described as Modern English from the late 16th century.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.The two main islands of the British Isles are—A—A.Great Britain and IrelandB.Great Britain and ShcotlandC.Great Britain and EnglandD.Great Britain and England2. —B—is the capital city of Scotland.A.BelfastB.EdinburghC.LondonD.Cardiff3. Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, —D—is the smallest.A.EnglandB.ScotlandC.WalesD.Northern Ireland4. English belongs to the —C—group of the Indo-European family of languages.A.CelticB.NormanC.GermanticD.Roman5. The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of -—D—words to English.A.Danish and FinnishB.Dutch and GermanC.French and Italiantin and Greek6. The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the—A—influence.A.NormanB.DutchC.GermanD.Danish7. Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standardform of—C—.8. At present,nearly —C—of the world’s populations communicate in English.A.halfB.a quarterC.one thirdD.one fifthⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Why do tourist from all over the world like go to Scotland?2.How many periods can the development of the English language be dividedintoand what are they?3.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.Who are the British people?2.What is Standard English?Chapter 2Ⅰ.Read the following statements and decide whether they are true(T) or false(F). —T—1.Birtish history before 55 BC is basically undocumented.—T—2.The Anglo Saxon came to Britain in the 5th century.—F—3.The chief or king of the Anglo Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.—T—4.The Viking began to attack the English coast in the 8th century. —T—5.Henry Ⅱ built up a large empire which included England and most of france. —F—6.The Magana Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and townspeople.—F—7.The Hundred Years’War was a series of wars fought between the British and the Vikings for trade and territory.—T—8.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions,Queen Elizabeth Ⅰactually defended the fruit the Reformation. Ⅱ. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. The—D—attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC.CelticD.Germanic2. By the late 7th century, —D—became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo Saxons ChristianityC.Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3. The—C—marked the establishment of feudualism in England.A.Viking invasionsB. signing of the Magna CartaC.Norman ConquestD.adoption of common law4. The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of—C—A.the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster5. The direct cause ofor the Reformation was King Henry Ⅷ’s effort to—A—.A.divorce his wifeB.break with RomeC.support the ProtestantD.declare his supreme power over the church6. The English Civil War broke out in1642 between —B—A.the Protestant and the PuritansB.the Royalist and the ParliamentarianC.the nobles and the peasantsD.the aristocrats and the Christians7. —A—was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A.The Bill of RightsB.The Act of SupremacyC.The Provisions of OxfordD.The Magna Carta8. The Industrail Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the—C—century.A.17thB.18thC.19thD.20thⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What were Queen Victoria’s major achievements?2.What were the two camps in the World WarⅠ?3.Why did Britain cooperate closely with the Uinited States after World War Ⅱ?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What were the results of the Industrail revolution in Britain?2.Explain the rise and fall of the British Empire.Chapter 3Ⅰ.Read the following statements and decide whether they are true(T) or false(F). —T—1.Conventions are regarded less important than the statutory law in the working of the England government.—F—2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history. —F—3.In reality,the British King or Queen is the house of all government powers. —F—4.The British Parliament is the law making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.—F—5.The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected. —T—6.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the minority party in Parliament.—F—7.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.—T—8.The legal systems in England ,Wales,Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law,orgalizations and practice.Ⅱ. Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.The British government is characterized by a division of powers betweenthree of the following branchs EXCEPT the—C—.A.judiciaryB.legislatureC.monarchyD.executive2. The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on—D—.A.passing billsB.advising the gowernmentsC.political partiesD.public attitude3. As a revising chamber ,the House of Lords is expected to—B—the House ofCommons.A.rivalplementC.criticizeD.inspect4. —A—is at the center of the British political system.A.The CabinetB.The House of LordsC.The House of CommonsD.The Privy Council5. The main duty of the British Privy Council is to —B—.A.make decisionsB.give adviceC.pass billsD.supervise the Cabinet6. Generally speaking,the British Parliament operates on a —B—system.A.single partyB.two partyC.three partyD.multi party7. The politices of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatismand—D—.ernment interventionB.nationalization of enterprisesC.social reformD.a belief in individualiam8. In Britain,the parliamentary general election is held every—C—years.A.threeB.fourC.fiveD.sixⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What are the three functions of the House of Commons?2.What kind of public image does the Liberal Democrats have in Britain?3.Why are independent candidates unlikely towin in the general elections? Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What do British electoral campaigns usually involves during the process ofa general election?2.What is the Commonwealth of Nations?Chapter 4Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F). —T—1.Britain was the first industrialized nation in the world.—T—2.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period.—F—3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent.—F—4.Thatcher’s revolution turned out to be agreat success in dealing with all the British economic and social problems.—T—5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair was different from that of the old Labor Party and the Conservetive Party.—T—6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in oder to separate politics from economic policy.—F—7.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.—T—8.Nuclear power is one of the major energy sources in Britain.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. The —A—in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy in Britain.A.oil crisisB.high inflation ratesrge importsD.unemployment problem2. Of the following practices, —C—did not belong to Thatcher’s social welfare reform.A.reducing child benefitsB.shortening the period of unemployment benefitsC.reducing unemploymentD.lowering old age pension3. The Blair government was successful in the following aspect EXPECT—D—.A.limiting government spendingB.keeping inflation under controlC.reducing unemploymentD.reducing inequality4. Britain has devoted about—C—of its land area to agriculture.A.50%B.60%C.70%D.80%5. Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following EXCEPT—D—.A.the North SeaB.the English ChannelC.the area around the Irish coastD.the sea area between Britain and Ireland6. Coal mining industry in Britain provides—B—of the energy consumed in thecountry.A.one thirdB.one fourthC.one fifthD.two thirds7. The car industry in Britain is mostly —A—.A.foreign ownedB.state ownedC.joint ownedD.privately owned8. Of the following sectors in Britain, —C—has experienced spectacular growthsince the end of the World War Ⅱ.A.agricultureB.the energy industryC.the service sectorD.the manufacturing industryⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What was the negative aspect of Thatcher’s reform in the early 1980s.2.What are the charactoristics of Britain’sagriculture?3.What happened to Britain’s beef industry in the mid 1990s?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What were the major causes of Britain’s relative economic decline in the postwar period?2.Why do developed nations like Britian encourage the development of the service industry?Chapter 5Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F). —F—1.The Britain government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s.—F—cation inBritain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15.—F—3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the states system and the independent system.—T—4.When children finish their schooling at 16,they are required to take a national GCSE examination.—T—5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools.—F—6.The Times is the world oldest Sunday newspapers.—F—7.The BBC World Service broadcast only in English throughout the world. —T—8. Some British holidays are celebrated to mark important events in the Christian calendar,and some others are related to local customs and traditions.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. In Britain,the division between grammer schools and vocational schools was ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the —D—.A.1930sB.1940sC.1950sD.1960s2. Over—C—of British children receive primary and secondary education through the independent system.A.5%B.6%C.7%D.Partially funded 8%3. Partially funded by central government grants,most of the British universities receive the remaining funds from all the following sources EXCEPT—B—.A.tuition feesB.loansC.donationsD.corporate contributions4. To be admitted to the Open University, one needs—B—.A.some educational qualificatonsB.no educational qualificationsC.the General Certificate of Education Advanced level.D. the General Certificate of Secondary Education5. Among Britain’s quality press,the following newspapers are regarded asthe “Big Three”EXCEPT—C—.A.The TimesB.The GuardianC.The ObserverD.The Daily Telegraph6. Life On Earth is a kind of —C—program produced by the BBC is popularworldwide.A.radioB.dramaC.documentaryD.soap opera7. —D—is Britain’s top pay television provider.A.BSBB.SkyTVC.BBCD.BSkyB8. The following Christmas traditions are particularly British EXCEPT—A—.A.Trooping the ColorB.the Queen’s Christmas messageC.Boxing DayD.the Christmas pantomimeⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What used to be the major functions of grammer schools and vocational schools in Britain.2.What kind of subjects do British comprehensive schools provide?3.In what ways do British universities enjoy complete academic freedom?4.What role does the media play in Britain leisure culture?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What are the general features of Britain’s independent schools?2.What are the “Quality Press”and the “tabloids”in Britain?Chapter 6Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F).—F—1.The Canterbury Tales is representative work of the old English period. —T—2.The Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works.—T—3.As a great English peot,Alexander Pope also translated Homer’s Iliad. —F—4.Jhonathan Swift is probably the foremost prose satirist in the English language,and Robinson Crusoe is his masterpiece.—F—5.William Wordsworth amd Sumuel Taylor Colerdge brought the Romantic Movement to its height.—F—6.Lord Byron distinguished himself by the musical quality of his short poems,such as “Ode to the West Winds”.—F—7.Jane Austen is a well known novelist of the stream of consciousness school. —T—8.Joseph Conrad is classified as a forerunner of Modernism,which prevailed before World War Ⅱ.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. The most significant achievement of the English Renaissance is—B—.A.poetryB.dramaC.novelD.pamphlet2. —C—is viewed as Romantic poetry’s “Declaration of independence”.A. “I Wonder Lonely as a Cloud”B.Don JuanC.The preface to Lyrical BalladsD.Prometheus Unbound3.Of Dicken’s novels, —B—is considered most autobiographical.A.A Tale of Two CitiesB.Davied CopperfiedC.Oliver TwistD.Great Expectations4. —D—is a representative of English Critical Realism in the turn of the 19thcentury.A.Robert Louis SetevensonB.John MiltonC.Joseph ConardD.Thomas Hardy5. Of the following books, —C—is NOT written by Thomas Hardy.A.Jude the ObscureB.Tess of the d’UrbervillesC.Adam BedeD.The Return of the Native6. —A—is not included in the modernist group.A.Oscar WildeB.Virginia WoolfC.William Bulter YeatsD.T.S.Eliot7. Of the following writers, —B— is NOT a Nobel Prize winner.A.Samuel BeckettB.James JoyceC.William GoldingD.V.S.Naipual8. Waiting for Godot is written by—A—.A.Samuel BeckettB.Geroge OrwellC. William GoldingwranceⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What are the three catergries of Shakespeare’s plays and their representatives?2.What is Critical Realism?3.What are the two new literary trends prevailing at the end of 19th century?4.What is the stream of consciousness?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What is Romanticism?2.What are the characteristics of English literauture in the 20th century? Chapter 7Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F). —F—1.The Republic of Ireland occupies the entire area of the island of Ireland. —F—2.The earliest inhabitants in Ireland were Celtic tribes from Europe. —F—3.In the 1800s, Ireland gained in prosperity because it became a part of Britain.—T—4.In the 1930s, Ireland was not indeed a republic, but belonged to the British Commonwealth of Nations.—F—5.Ireland’s economy wasn’t affected by World War Ⅱ because it remained neutral during the war.—F—6.In 1949, Britain recognized the independence of the Irish Republic and returned the six northern counties.—F—7.English is the only official language in Ireland because the majority of people speak it as their mother tongue.—T—8.Catholicism in Ireland is more than a mere matter of private faith, but of public identity.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. --B-- established a unified Irish culture and language in the 6th century BC.A. Hunter-gatherers from BritainB. Celtic tribesC. British invadersD. The Vikings2. Divergent views about --C--resulted in the Irish Civil War.A. the Act of UnionB. the Unilateral Declaration of IndependenceC. the Anglo-Irish TreatyD. the Anglo-Irish Agreement3. --C---was the first Irish President to visit Queen Elizabeth Ⅱ.A. Eamon de ValeraB. John A. CostelloC. Mary RobinsonD. Albert Reynolds4. ---D--brought Anglo-Irish relations to a new height.A. The British recognition of the Irish RepublicB. The signing of the Downing Street DeclarationC. The signing of the Belfast AgreementD. The IRA’s formal declaration of the disarmament in 20055. In Ireland, the head of state is--B---A. the Prime MinisterB. the PresidentC. the British monarchD. the General Governor6. ---C---has been the dominant party in Ireland since 1930s and supportspeaceful reunification of the island of Ireland.A. Fine GaelB. The Labor PartyC. Fianna FailD. The Progressive Democrats7. Emigration in Ireland started since the --A--A. medieval periodB. 17th centuryC. Great Potato FamineD. early 18th century8. Ireland now has a --B-- economy.A. agriculture-basedB. knowledge-basedC. industry-basedD. foreign investment-basedⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1. Why was Cork given the nickname “the Rebel County”?2. Who were the first groups of people that came to Ireland?3. Why did Ireland remain neutral in World War Ⅱ？Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1. What is the significance of the following documents: the Act of Union, the Anglo-Irish Treaty, the Anglo-Irish Agreement and the Belfast Agreement?2. What are the goals of the main political parties in Ireland?Chapter 8Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F). —F—1.The eastern highlands formed by the Appalachian Range hold one-third of the country’s continental territory.—T—2.The climate in the United States can be classified as temperate, with some mild subtropical and tropical zones.—T—3.A 50-centimeter rainfall line runs through the middle of the United States. —T—4.New York is composed of five boroughs, including Manhattan, Brooklyn, the Bronx, Staten Island and Queens.—F—5.San Francisco is the second largest city after New York and the world-famous Hollywood is located here.—T—6.During the 1830s and the 1840s, many Northern Europeans and Irish immigrants came to America.—T—7.Almost half of the immigrants coming to the United States in the 1980s were Asians.—T—8.Basic American cultural values are freedom, equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of living.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. The U.S. lies in --B--North America, with Canada to the north, Mexico to the south, the Atlantic to its ----and the Pacific to its -----.A. northern, east, westB. central, east, westC. southern, west, eastD. western, west, east2. The continental United States has--C---states.A. 50B. 49C. 48D. 353. The state of --A--- is the largest in area of all the U.S. states.A. AlaskaB. HawaiiC. TexasD. Florida4. The longest river in the U.S. is ---B---A. the Missouri RiverB. the Mississippi RiverC. the Ohio RiverD. the Lake Itasca5. Some of the world-famous universities like Harvard, Yale and MIT arelocated in--C--.A. the SouthB. the WestC. New EnglandD. the Midwest6. San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego all belong to --D--A. MontanaB. UtahC. MaineD. California7. The Immigration Act of 1924 restricted further immigration into the UnitedStates, particularly from--A----.A. EuropeB. AsiaC. AfricaD. South America8. The characteristics of the dominant American culture are--D-A. English-speaking, Northern European, Roman Catholic and middle-classB. English-speaking, Western European, Roman Catholic and upper-classC. English-speaking, Northern European, Protestant and upper-classD. English-speaking, Western European, Protestant and middle-classⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1. How is the American population distributed?2. Why was the Immigration Act of 1924 instituted?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1. Why is the United States regarded as a “melting pot”and a “salad bowl”?2. What do you think is the best way to help assimilation in a multiculturalsociety?Chapter 9Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are ture(T) or false (F).—T—1.American was named after Amerigo Vespucci,who arrived on the new continent after Columbus.—F—2.The Second Continental Congress was held in Phiadelphia,and the Continental Army and Navy was established under the command of ThomasJerfferson.—T—3.The Amemrican Civil War not only put an end to slavery,but also make American a single,indivisible nation.—F—4.Most American people approved of the Vietnam War.—T—5.In1990,American troops and the troops from allied nations took joint military action in order to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.—F—6.According to the American government,Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible for the terrorist event on Septemble11,2001.—T—7.The Bush administration regarded Iraq a nation among the “axis of the evil”.—F—8.On March 20,2003,American and United Nations’troops, supposed by several other countries,began an invasion of Iraq.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1. The first successful English conoly in North America was foundedat—C—in——.A.Jamestown,LouisianaB.Boston, MassachusettsC.Jamestown,VirginiaD.Plymouth,Gergia2. The Seven Years’War occurred between—C—.A.the French and the American IndiansB.the French and the SpanishC.the French and the BritishD. the British and the American Indians3. “No taxation without representation”was the rallying slogan of—D—.A.the settlers of VirginiaB.the people of PennsylvaniaC.the colonists in New EnglandD.the people of the 13 colonies4. In May 1775, —B—was held in Phiadelphia and began to assume the functionsof a provisional government.A.the First Continental CongressB.the Second Continental CongressC.the Boston Tea PartyD.the Congress of Confederation5. Abraham Lincoln issued the —C—to grant freedom to all slaves.A.Declaration of IndependenceB.ConstitutionC.Emancipation ProclamationD.Bill of Rights6. The policy of the United States was —A—at the beginning of the two WorldWars.A.nuetralityB.full involvementC.partial involvementD.appeasement7. President —C— introduced the NⅡew Deal to deal with the problems of theGreat Depression.A.WilsonB.TrumanC.RooseveltD.Kennedy8. The Vietanam War was a long time suffering for Americans,and its continuedthroughout the terms of president—D—.A.Johnson,Nixon and FordB.Truman,Eisenhower and KennedyC.Kennedy,Johnson and NixonD.Eisenhower,kennedy and JohnsonⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.Why did American change its policy and enter World War Ⅱ?2.What were Nixon’s well known contributions during his presidency?3.What were the measure s of Reagan’s economic program?Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.What was the course of the American Civil War?2.What made the United States a powerful country by the end of World War Ⅱ? Chapter 10Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are true(T) or false (F). —F—1.The Bill of Right was written into the Constitution in 1787.—T—2.The form of the American government is based on three main principles: federalism, the separation of powers and respect for the Constitution and rule of law.—F—3.The US Congress consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the Houseof Lords.—T—4.The judicial branch of the US federal government consists of a series of courts: the supreme court, the courts of appeals and the district courts.—F—5.The Democratic Party is conservative in terms of its ideology.—T—6.The American presidential campaigns adhere to the “winner-takes-all”practice.—F—7.The American foreign policy throughout World War 2 was neutrality.—T—8.The American foreign policy during the Cold War period was containment and intervention.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.The US.Constitution came into effect in –B--A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D.17932. The Constitution of the United States --C--A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to thepresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD.gives the most power to the Supreme Court3.The Bill of Right –B--A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the US specific individual rights and freedomC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has norelationship with the Constitution.4.The terms for a Senator and Representative are __D_ and ___ yearsreapectively.A. 2;4B.2;3C. 2;6D.6;25. All the following can make legislative proposals EXCEPT –C--A. the senatorB. the RepresentativeC. the secretary of stateD. the president6.The following are all powers of the President EXCEPT CA. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federaljudges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD.issuing executive orders7. The Supreme Court is composed of __D_ justicesA. 6B. 7C. 8D.98. The president is directly voted into office by _C__A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and therepresentativesⅢ.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.what are the two characteristics of the us constitution?2.what are the qualifications for a senator and a representative respectively?3.what are the major powers of the Supreme Court?4.what are the differences between the Democrats and the Republicans in termsof political ideology.Ⅳ.State your understanding of the following questions.1.How is the American President voted into office? What are your ideas aboutthe American election?2.what was President Eisenhower’s foreign policy and what were the consequences?Chapter 11Ⅰ.Read the following statement and decide whether they are true(T) or false (F).—T—1.America is the world’s largest industrial nation.—T—2.In the US Constitution ,the recognition of the importance of ‘intellectual property’ could be identified.—F—3.Although slavery was abolished as a result of the Civil War, the owners of plantations in the South made more profits from selling their agriculturalproducts.—F—4. President Roosevelt’s New Deal had little effect in dealing with the economic crisis in the early 1930s—F—5. The 1960s was a period of consolidation for the American business.—T—6. American agriculture exports outweigh imports, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade.—T—7. Auto production is one of the important sectors in American manufacturing industry.—F—8. The growth and decline of the American foreign trade has little to do with the world economy.Ⅱ.Choose the best answer to complete each of the following statements.1.America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the followingfields EXCEPT __C_A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals2. The modern American economy progressed from___ to____, and then to __C__A. a colonial economy, a handcraft economy, an industrial economyB. a farming economy, a handcraft economy, an industrial economyC. a colonial economy, a farming economy, an industrial economyD. a handcraft economy, a farming economy, an industrial economy3. Chartered companies were NOT granted the _D__ by the British King or Queen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority4. __D__ urged the federal government to establish a national bank.A. George WashingtonB. President RooseveltC. Abraham LincolnD. Alexander Hamilton5. The following inventions took place during the ‘second industrialrevolution’ EXCEPT_C__A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator。
英语国家概况名词解释
英语国家概况名词解释英国部分Chapter1◆Official name 官方名称：The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.◆British Empire 大英帝国：About a hundred years ago, as a result of its imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area. However, the two world wars greatly weakened Britain. The British colonies became independent one after another. The British Empire gradually disappeared and it was replaced by the British Commonwealth in 1931.◆Commonwealth of Nations/the British Commonwealth 英联邦：It’s a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was established in 1931, replacing the former British Empire. Member nations are joined together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The Commonwealth has no special power. The decision to became a member of the Commonwealth is left to each nation .At present there are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth.Chapter2◆Heptarchy七王国：During the Anglo—Saxon’s time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East,Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria. They were giventhe name of Heptarchy.◆Alfred the Great 亚尔弗雷得大帝：Alfred was the King of Wessex, who was strong enough to defeat the invading Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as “the father of the British navy” .He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He established schools and formulated a legal system. He translated books from Latin into English.◆William the Conqueror 征服者威廉：He was also known as William, Duke of Normandy. In 1066, he invaded England, defeated and killed Harold near Hastings in Sussex and conquered England. He confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Chapter3◆Domesday Book 末日审判书：It’s a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of King William the First in 1086.The book was in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England. Today, it’s kept in the Public Records Office in London.◆The Great Charter[Magna Carta]大宪章： The Great Charter has been also known as Magan Carta which King John was forced to sign in 1215.The Great Charter has been regarded as the foundation of English liberties, a guarantee of the freedom of the Church and the spirit of it was the limitation of the powers of the King.◆Joan of Arc 圣女贞德：Joan of Arc was a national heroine in French history. She led and encouraged the French in driving the English out of France in the HundredYear’s War.Chapter4◆The Wars of the Roses 玫瑰战争：The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485.Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Field in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors, From these wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.◆Bloody Mary血腥玛丽：It’s the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to the throne after Henry Ⅷ.She was a devout Catholic and had so many Protestants burnt to death that shi is remembered less by her official title Mary I by her nickname Bloody Mary.◆The English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴：(1)Renaissance was a cultural movement in Europe from the 14th century to the 16th century.(2)It originated in Italy and began to come to England in the late 15th century.(3)The English Renaissance was largely literary, and achieved its finest expression in poetry, drama and prose.(4)The greatest literary writer of the English Renaissance was William Shakespeare.Chapter5◆The Reform Act of 1832 改革法案： (1)It’ s also known as the Greater Charter of 1832, it was passed by Parliament in 1832.(2)According to the Act, “rotten boroughs” were abolished, and parliament seats were redistributed more fairly among the growing industrial towns.(3)It also gave the vote to many householder and tenants who were required to have certain property.◆Charles Darwin 查尔斯达文：(1)A famous British scientist in the 19th century.(2)He has been especially remembered for his important book“the Origins of Species” in which he developed his theory of evolution.(3)The theory of evolution caused evident reaction of the Victorians and contributed to the decay of Victorianism.◆The Victorian Age 维多利亚时期：(1)It refers to monarchy of Britain under Queen Victoria from 1837 to 1901, the longest reign in British history.(2)The Victorian Age was an age of national development and national optimism.(3)The Victorians were very religious and conservative in family life. It was also, in its later stages, an age of imperialism.◆The State of Westminster 威斯敏斯特条例：(1)In 1931, the British Parliament passed a bill which later has been known as the Statute of Westminster, according to which, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Southern Ireland, New Foundland and South Africa turned into “Dominions”.(2)These selfgovernment both internally and externally, although they still regarded the British monarch as their head of state .(3)This marked the disruption of the British Empire and the establishment of the British Commonwealth.◆The Europe Economic Community 欧共体：(1)Also known as the Common Market, it was established by the Treaty of Rome on January 1,1958.(2)Originally it was composed of six Western Europe countries—France, West Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium and Luxemburg.(3)Britain didn’t become a full member of the Community until 1973. Today, there are altogether 12 member in the Community.Chapter7◆The Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制：It’s a political system that has been practiced in Britain since the Glorious Revolution of 1688.According to this system; the Constitution is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers. She reigns but doesn’t rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or to be exact in the House of Commons.◆The British Constitution英国宪法：It’s not written in any single document. It’ s made up of Statute Law, common law and Conventions. It’s more flexible than the written constitution of other countries.◆British Parliament 英国议会：It includes three elements: the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. It’s the Supreme lawmaking authority in Britain. The real center of parliamentary power lies in the House of Commons. Its other functions include: to control and criticize the executive government; to control the raising and the spending of money.Chapter9◆The Church of England 英格兰国教：(1)Also called the Anglican Church, it’s one of the many Protestant sects which broke away from Roman Catholic church during the Reformation tin the 16th century.(2)It’s an established church which means that it represents the official state religion.(3)Its religious leader is the Archbishop of Canterbury and its secular leader is the British Monarch.◆Free Churches 自由教会：(1)Also known as NonConformist Churches in England, Free churches are protestant sect that have separated from the established church of England.(2)These include the Methodist, the Congregational, the Baptist,an the Quakers, and many others.(3)All these sects agree on the essentials of Christianity, but have different forms of service and points of emphasis.◆The Quakers 贵格派：(1)Also known as the Religious Society of Friends. The Quakers are a Protestant group that originated in England in the 17th century, under George Fox.(2)They refuse to participate in the church of England services.(3)They advocate simple living and hard work and believe in complete equality and fraternity.Chapter10◆The elevenplus 十一岁附加考试：（1）Under the old selective system of secondary education in Britain, the “elevenplus” is the examination taken by children in their last year at primary school.(2)The results of this examination determine the kind of secondary schooling each child will receive.(3)Those with the highest marks go to grammar school ;other children may go to technical schools or secondary modern schools.(4)In the 1960s and 70s, this examination was abolished and has ever since gradually been replaced by comprehensive schools which take children of all abilities.◆Grammar schools 语法学校： (1)It’ s a type of state secondary schools in Britain. It has been in existence since the 16th century.(2)These schools concentrate on academic subjects and expect many of their children to take higher examinations and go on to universities.(3)Now, its importance in the British educational system has been largely diminished due to the growth of comprehensive schools.◆Public school公学：(1)It’s a kind of independent privatelyowned secondary boarding schools in Britain.(2)These schools are financially supported by tuition fees and private funds.(3)Most of their students come from rich families and arevery likely to go on to famous universities.(4)The word “public” is a traditional one with little meaning today since far from being public these schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the population.◆Prep schools 准备学校：(1)Also called preparatory schools. They are private elementary schools in Britain, which prepare their students for public schools.(2)The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the state junior schools, and there is a distinctive emphasis on classical subjects.(3)At the age of thirteen, the pupils will take the “common entrance” examination for admission to a public school.◆Open University 开放大学：(1)As a new type of higher education, Open University only appeared in Britain in 1969.(2)It’ s open to everybody, especially to people who have missed the opportunity for higher education.(3)It doesn’t demand the same formal qualification as the other universities.(4)It uses modern communications means such as television, radio or correspondence.(5)It’s nonresidential although there is a network of study centers throughout the country for contact with tutors and fellow students.(6)After passing the examinations of all required course, students are awarded a university degree.◆Comprehensive schools 综合中学：Comprehensive schools take pupils without reference to ability or aptitude and provide a wideranging secondary education for all or most of the children in a district.◆The Times 泰晤士报： (1)It’ s the most famous of all British national newspapers and is read by the most important British all over the world.(2)Politically it is independent, though it is traditionally inclined to be more sympathetic to the Conservative Party.(3)It’s not an organ of the British government and has areputation for extreme caution is its attitude.◆BBC 英国广播公司：(1)It’s the abbreviation of British Broadcasting Corporation.(2)It has both radio and television services.(3)For radio broadcasting, it uses 39 languages and broadcasts to the whole world.(4)There is no advertisement on any BBC program.(5)It’s financed by payments which must be made by all people who own television sets.(6)It has a Board of Governors, who are appointed by the Government.美国部分Chapter14WASPs：Traditionally, the mainstreams American were called WASPs, that is, White Anglo—Saxon Protestants.◆Indentured Servants 契约劳工：Indentured servants refer to some immigrants who had to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the cross—Atlantic fare and debts.◆Ellis Island 爱利斯岛：Ellis Island of New York was an important immigration reception spot in the 1980s and at the turn of the century.Sunbelt areas 阳光地带：Chapter15◆Bill of Right 人权法案：(1)In 1789,James Madison introduced in the House of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification.(2)Ten of them were ratified in 1791 and this first ten amendments to the constitution were called the Bill of Rights because they were to insure individual liberties.◆Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋：It’s written by Beecher Stowe’s novelUncle Tom’s Cabin, public feeling against slavery was increased. Many people joined the abolitionists. They considered slavery inhuman and brutal.◆Emancipation Proclamation解放宣言：Lincoln issues it during the Civil War, when Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making war a just war against slavery. Under the Emancipation of Proclamation, all slaves in areas still controlled by the Confederacy were freed.◆Abolitionists 废奴主义者：They were people, mostly Northern humanitarians, who strongly opposed slavery and aimed to abolish the system.◆The Constitutional Convention制宪会议：(1)Since 1781, the thirteen states had been governed by the Articles of Confederation which set up a very weak central government.(2)In May,1787,the Constitutional Convention met in Philadelphia with instructions to revise the Articles of Confederation.(3)After much debate, the Constitution was later ratified.◆The “Great Compromise”大妥协： On the American constitutional Convention, contradictions emerged between the bigger and smaller states, between the industrial—commercial interests and landed interests, etc. The Great Compromise of July 16,1787,gave each state an equal vote in the Senate, making representation in the House reflect the size of each state’s population.◆The Federalist Papers 联邦文集：(1)During the ratification period, beginning on October 27,1787, the newspapers of New York City carried at short intervals a total of 85 letters to the public written under the name of Publius.(2) Later it was known that these letters were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay and they came to be called the Federalist Papers.◆The Compromise of 1850 1850 年妥协：(1)With the territorial expansiontowards the west, the problem of whether slavery should be allowed to spread into these areas arose. (2)The compromise of 1850 was passed which allowed California to be accepted as a free state, New Mexico and Utah to be organized as territories without legislation either for or against slavery and more efficient machinery to be set up for returning runaway slaves to their masters.◆The Boston Tea Party波士顿倾茶事件：In 1773,when ships carried tea reached Boston, the governor decided to protest the distribution of tea. Several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians boarded the ships at night and threw the tea into the harbor. This came to be known as the “Boston Tea Party ”.Chapter16◆The Muckrakers 揭丑者：The Muckrakers, a group of reform—minded journalists, made investigations and exposed various dark sides of the seemingly prosperous society.◆The Progressive Movement 进步运动：The Progressive Movement, a movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country .The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals. Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social, and economic reforms.◆The Big Four 四大列强：It refers to the four most influential countries after the WWI. They were the United State, Britain, France, and Italy.`◆Henry Ford 亨利福特： Henry Ford was one of the most admired businessmen in the 1920s.He introduced the assembly line into automobile production.◆The Red Scare 红色恐惧：Between 1919 and 1920, the Red Scare happened in American where at that time a highly aggressive and intolerance nationalismexisted. On November 7,1919, and January 2,1920, the Justice Department launched two waves of mass arrests. Over 4,000 suspected communists and radicals were arrested and many were forced to leave the United States.◆The ku Klux Klan三 K 党：The KKK was first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867 after the Civil War in the South and by 1924 it claimed membership of four to five million. It was a violent society, which terrorized and attacked on not only blacks, but also progressives, communist and socialist party members, etc.◆The Black Thursday黑色星期四： It refers to the day of October 24,1929.On that day the New York stock market collapsed and the Great Depression began.◆The Great Depression 大萧条：(1)It refers to the economic depression started from the New York stock marker collapse on October 24,1929.(2)After that, thousands of bands and businesses failed.(3)Many people lost their jobs.(4)It was due the New Deal started in 1933 and the defense build up before and during the WWII, that the United States finally recovered from the Great Depression. Chapter17（1） George Kennan was a highranking official in the ◆George Kennan乔治坎南：American embassy to Moscow.(2)He sent a long telegram to the State Department and suggested the containment policy towards the Soviet Union.◆The Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义：On March 12,1949, American President Truman made the open declaration of containment policy in a speech to the joint session of Congress. The US would support any country which said it was fighting against Communism. This is the Truman Doctrine.◆The Marshall Plan马歇尔计划：It was announced by Secretary of State GeorgeMarshall on June 5,1947.The purpose of the Plan was to offer Western Europe countries economic aid and to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion.◆McCarthyism 麦卡锡主义：(1)Senator Joseph R. McCarthyism started a campaign of wild accusation and arrests in 1950s.(2)His fullscale antiCommunist hysteria was called McCarthyism.(3)In 1954 he was condemned by the Senate and McCarthyism ended.◆War Power Act战争权利法案： (1)The Vietnam War led to contradiction between Congress and the Executive.(2)The War Power Act was passed to limit the President’s power in sending troops abroad and required the President to consult Congress before any such decision.◆The New Frontier 新边疆计划：It was the name of American President Kennedy’s program which promised civil rights for blacks, federal aid to farmers and to education, medical care for all and abolition of poverty.◆The Civil Right Act of 19641964 年民权法案：Within months Johnson had signed into law the Civil Right Act of 1964, which outlawed discrimination not only in public housing, but also in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.Chapter18◆Monetarist policies货币主义政策： Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian theory was replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand. On one hand, taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.Chapter19◆The Federal system联邦制：In American, the Federal system has two layers of rule. There is a central or federal government for nation. There are also state or local government. Each layer of government has separate and distinct powers laid down in the Constitution.◆Separation of powers 三权分立：The government is divided into three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial, each has part of the powers but not all the power.◆Checks and balances 权利制衡：This is a major principle of the American government system by which each branch of the government exercises a check on the actions of others. Such three branches as the legislative, the executive, and the judicial are thus in balance. This is called “checks and balances”.◆The Supreme Court 最高法院：The Supreme Court is the highest court of the United States and is the only organ, which has the power to interpret the Constitution. The Supreme Court at present consists of a Chief Justice and eight Association Justices.Chapter20◆Public schools 公立学校：Public schools, usually larger in size, are created , financially supported and governed by states or communities.◆Private schools 私立学校： There’ re by religious groups, or nonreligious private organization or individuals.◆Diversity of American education美国教育的多样化：(1)Diversity considered to be and outstanding characteristic of American education.(2)This can be seen not only in the type, size and control of the institutions but educational policies andpractices.(3)As is stated by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, education is a function of the state, not the federal government.(4)As each state has the freedom the develop its own school system and delegate its power over education to local districts, many variation can be found in the education system of the 50 states.◆State board of education州教育委员会：An elected or appointed board. It’s responsible for establishing policies and, through a state department of education, delegates authority for the operation of schools to local school districts.◆School districts 学区：(1)They are subdivisions of the states.(2)Currently, there are some 15,500 operating local public school districts.(3)Each local school district has a government board which is usually elected by the voters.(4)Its major responsibilities are the hiring of professional and support staff, determining the most suitable local curriculum, and budget to carry out educational programs.◆High school 高中：High schools are made up of comprehensive, academic, vocational and technical schools with somewhat different tasks.◆The general standards for admission to institutions 入学标准水平：They include successful completion of high school, high school grade point average (GPAP) and class rank, course studied in areas of English, mathematics, and science and results from standardized tests such as the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and American College Testing Program’s examination (ACTP). Open admissions are also being practiced in some public institutions.◆Graduate study 研究生教育：(1)Graduate study, both at the master’s and doctoral levels, is intended to prepare students for professional work.(2)At the master’s level the program is primarily course oriented, an extension ofundergraduate study. The master’s degree can normally be earned in one year by students holding a bachelor’s degree in the field of study; in some cases, the program is designed to require two years.(3)The program of study for the Ph.D. is rarely as specific as that for the master’s degree. The student’s program is usually decided by the student and his advisor or with a committee of professors. It’ s based on the student’s previous study and experience and career plan and interests. The doctoral program requires at least three years’ postgraduate study including the master’s degree. The average number of years’ study beyond the bachelor’s degree for the Ph.D. is roughly about 5—8 years.◆Community college 社区大学：(1)An aspect of American higher education that has drawn attention is the community college and the role it plays.(2)In the early 1900s, this kind of twoyears colleges emerged to meet the immediate need of the economic expansion and rapid rise in immigrants of the times.(3)Since then, it has undergone a rapid growth. It calls for education to serve the good of both the individual and society. It embodies general and liberal education career and vocational education and adult and continuing education. It performs important function. The guiding principle of it is higher education for every one.Chapter21◆Benjamin Franklin本杰明富兰克林：(1)He was the only writer in the colonial period whose works are read today.(2)There are very famous saying in his Poor Richard’s Almanac.(3)His uncompleted autobiography is perhaps the first real American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.◆Knickerbockers era 纽约市人时代：In the early 19th century, New York City is the center of American writing. Its writers called “Knickerbockers”. The periodfrom 1810 to 1840 is known as the “Knickerbockers era” of American literature. The name comes from A History of New York, written by Washington Irving.◆华盛顿欧文：(1)He was the first American writer who gained international fame.(2)His book A History of New York gives the name “Knickerbockers era ” to the period from 1810 to 1840.His book created a lot of interest in the local history of New York.(3)His most famous book was“The Sketch Book”containing two of the best loved stories from American Literature “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.◆Ralph W. Emerson and Transcendentalism 爱默生和先验主义：(1) In the 1830s and 1840s, there emerged a movement among American young intellectuals, which emphasized man’s potentiality for goodness, creativity and selfdevelopment. It was called “Transcendentalism”.(2)Emerson was regarded as the leader of this movement. In “Nature” he stared that man shouldn’t see nature merely as something to be used; that man’s relationship with nature transcends the idea of usefulness.(3)In his speech “The American Scholar”, which was considered the intellectual Declaration of Independence, he attacked the influence of tradition and the past, and called for a new burst of American creativity. A man should know himself through intuition and the study of nature, not of books.(4)His other famous books include Selfreliance, Representative Men, English Traits and Poems.◆Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑：(1)One of those who attacked Transcendentalism with no regard for any social impact.(2)He thought that man was superior to all other living things because man could make a conscious choice between good and evil.(3)In his most famous novel “The Scarlet Letter” the considers the effect on an individual’s character of guilty conscience, of hypocrisy and of hatred.◆Mark Twain 马克吐温：(1)His real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He gained a wide knowledge of humanity through his life experience.(2)In 1865, he became famous with his short story“The celebrate Jumping Frog” .(3)His boyhood experience furnished his with ample material for writing. “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer” was an immediate success as “a boy book”, and “The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” became his master work.(4)All stories of his novels are simple and he represented American social life through portrayal of local places he knew best and through his colloquial style. His other famous book are :”A Tramp Abroad”, “Life on the Mississippi”.◆Walt Whitman 沃尔特惠特曼：(1)American poet, he praised an emerging America, its expansion and its individualism. He broke free from the convention of the poetic rhyme exhibiting a freedom in from unknown before.(2)In his master piece “Leaves of Grass”, he praised the ideas of equality and democracy and celebrated the dignity, the selfreliant spirit and the joy of the common man.(3)He was the first to explore fully the possibilities of free verse. He invented a completely new and completely American form of poetic expression.◆Emily Dickinson 艾米莉迪更森： (1)She was female American poet. She praised an emerging America, its expansion and individualism.(2)Cut off from the outside world, she created a very personal and pure kind of poetry. Her poetry is now seen as very modern for its time.(3)She made the “search for faith ”one of the great themes of her work. Apart from Bible, her most important guide in this search war the philosophy of Emerson.◆Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱曼：(1)He was one of the naturalists who in their works reported truthfully and objectively the life in the slums.(2)His first novel。
英语国家概况(修订版)Chapter 14
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
1.3 Major Cities—Montreal
the second largest city in Canada the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec used to be the largest city in Canada and industrial and financial centre of Canada The official language of Montreal is French. the largest French-speaking city in North America, and second in the world after Paris humid continental climate Montreal's Underground City the largest underground complex in the world
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
Chinese New Year Parade
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
1.3 Major Cities—Vancouver
Second largest Chinatown Canada Vancouver's Chinatown is the largest in Canada, and the second largest in North America, after San Francisco. Today the Chinese are the largest ethnic group in Vancouver. Since the 1980s, immigration has dramatically increased, making the city more ethnically and linguistically diverse and almost 30% of the city's inhabitants are of Chinese heritage.
英语国家概况中英对照
大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国P4The commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined economically and have trading arrangements. The commonwealth has no special powers. There are 50 member countries within the Commonwealth.英联邦是一个自由联合体，由曾是英国殖民地而现已独立的国家构成，成员国之间实行经济合作，有一定的贸易协议。
联邦没有特殊的权力。
有50个成员国在联邦。
P12The English are Anglo-Saxons, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts.英格兰人是盎格鲁——撒克逊人，而苏格兰人、威尔士人和爱尔兰人却都是凯尔特人；P17凯尔特人Celts----首先入侵The Celts, a taller and fairer race than the people who had come before, began to arrive about 700BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans. They may originally have come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium and southern Germany. They came to Britain in three main waves.凯尔特人比先前抵达的种族更高、更漂亮，他们于公元前700年开始迁入，并于此后不断迁居到此岛，直至罗马人入侵；他们最初来自东欧和中欧,现在法国、比利时和德国南部一带。
《英语国家概况》- Chapter 14 Population,Race and Ethnic Groups
第十四章人口与民族Ⅰ.导言美国1992年7月的人口是255，500，000人，是世界第三人口大国，仅次于中国和印度。
1990年的人口普查，即官方对人口的统计表明，20世纪80年代人口的年增长率为0.9%，在50年代为1.7%，在60年代为1.3%，在70年代为1.1%。
进入20世纪90年代，人口增长更加迅速，年增长率超过1%。
据估计，由于移民量大，在未来的60多年中，美国人口将会迅猛增加，预计将会增加7.8%，即从1992年7月的25，550万人增加到2000年的27，500万人。
到2050年，预计人口将攀升到38，300万人，即增长50%。
移民是人口增长的主要来源。
在1992年，几乎有2，000万人，也就是美国国家总人口中的7.8%，是来自海外的移民。
这些移民中有870万人是在80年代移居美国的。
各地移民所占比例不同。
在美国西部，在国外出生的人口占14.8%；在东北部为10.3%；在中西部为3.6%；在南部为5.3%。
自美国独立到20世纪60年代，美国的移民政策基本上是开放的。
19世纪末20世纪初，纽约的埃利斯岛是一个重要的移民入境接待点。
尽管后来有了诸多限制，移民的数量仍然很大。
自从1980年以来，净移民人数(移入者减去移出者)占人口总增长的30%。
现在80%到90%的美国移民来自亚洲和拉丁美洲的国家。
近几十年来，美国各地区的人口结构发生了巨大变化。
这种人口迁移反映了东北部和中西部从传统的制造业向高技术产业的转变，这种转变在南部阳光地带诸州和山区最为显著。
在过去的02年里，亚利桑那、内华达和佛罗里达是人口增长最快的州。
佛罗里达的人口增长归因于它既是退休后的好去处，又是美国和中美南美做生意及到中、南美旅游的方便之地。
1988年美国77%的人口居住在约283个城市里。
有21个城城市人口超过 200万。
最大的城市是纽约，1990年人口超过1800万，紧随其后的是洛杉矶(1450)、芝加哥(810)、旧金山(63)和费城(590)。
英语国家概况
Chapter 8 Society and Culture
I Canadian Society
II Education
III Arts and Sports
Chapter 9
Geography and
History of UK
A General Survey
配套使用。纸质版教材：供课堂教学使用，内容包括美国、加拿大、英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚和新西兰等英语六
国概况，任课教师可根据教学要求和学生情况对上述国家进行选择性教学。电子教程光盘：电子教程光盘供拓展
学习使用，内容更加丰富，为课堂教学内容的拓展与延伸，包含大量精美插图和音视频教学资料；涵盖六大部分
内容，分为美国、加拿大、英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰，以及新加坡、南非和印度等九国的概况，分为十
II Holidays and Special Days
III Education
IV British Literature
Chapter 12 Understanding the Republic of Ireland
I A General Survey
II Geography and History
II Mountains, Rivers and Lakes
III Administrative Areas and Major Cities
IV Climate
V Natural Resources
Chapter 7 Political System and National Economy
I Political System
八章进行介绍。配套习题：有各类练习题七百余道。每节附练习题10题（Section Exercises），习题型式包括
英语国家概况课件(修订版)
Interesting Fact: No one in the UK lives more than 120 km (75 miles) from the sea.
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lowlands in the south and east and highlands in the north and west.
Ben Nevis in Scotland — the highest point in UK
Wales: It’s mostly mountainous. South Wales is less mountainous
Countries
Topography(地势）
England: It consists of lowland terrain, with some mountainous
terrain in the northwest, north and southwest.
Scotland: Its geography is varied, with
The UK is made up of:
❖ Great Britain ( England , Scotland and Wales ) ❖ Northern Ireland
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❖The British Isles are the largest group of islands in Europe.
英语国家概况Unit14
people felt, instinctively(本能地)，that to lose their language was to lose their native culture, they resisted this policy strongly. Until the mid-19th century Irish was spoken widely by the peasant classes-although those who had to deal with the British administrationparticularly middle-class and professional people-chose to use English. Many of these lost their Irish and never regained it.
of Riverdance.
Literature
culture only slowly in the late 19th century . But even among the most literate classes, great value is extended to the ability to talk spontaneously(即兴地)and with grace and force.
Language
• The issue of language, like much else in Ireland, is heavily politicized. Traditionally, the Irish people spoke their own language, called Irish or Gaelic. It is a very ancient (and difficult) language with a rich oral culture. However, under English colonial policy, much pressure was brought to bear to stop the Irish people speaking their own language and to learn standard English instead. Since the Irish
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1.3 Major Cities—Montreal
the second largest city in Canada the largest city in the Canadian province of Quebec used to be the largest city in Canada and industrial and financial centre of Canada The official language of Montreal is French. the largest French-speaking city in North America, and second in the world after Paris humid continental climate Montreal's Underground City the largest underground complex in the world
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Chinese New Year Parade
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
1.3 Major Cities—Vancouver
Second largest Chinatown Canada Vancouver's Chinatown is the largest in Canada, and the second largest in North America, after San Francisco. Today the Chinese are the largest ethnic group in Vancouver. Since the 1980s, immigration has dramatically increased, making the city more ethnically and linguistically diverse and almost 30% of the city's inhabitants are of Chinese heritage.
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1.2 Geographic Regions and Climate
2. How many geographic regions is Canada divided into? The Atlantic Region cold winter, hot summer, sparse precipitation The Central Region a continental climate The Prairie Region a moderate climate The Pacific Region The Northern Region temperature below zero for seven months 3. Canada’s vast territory and unique topography result in a climate with wide regional variations. Can you figure out what the weather is like in the above regions?
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Geography
1.1 Location and Size
1.2 Geographic Regions and Climate
1.3 Major Cities
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
1.3 Major Cities—Vancouver
Stanley Park (斯坦利公园) It was opened in 1888, and located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada a National Historic Site of Canada attractions: forest, bodies of water, recreational facilities, animals and monuments
1.3 Major Cities—Toronto
located on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario the largest city in Canada the provincial capital of Ontario Canada’s financial capital the fifth most populous municipality in North America ranks 14th in the world with over 4 million tourist arrivals per year a humid continental climate one of the safest major cities in North America with a low crime rate
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History
2.1 Discovery and Exploration 2.2 European Settlement 2.3 British Canada
√ √ √ √ √
the second largest country in the world located in the North American continent Atlantic in the east, Pacific in the west, Arctic Ocean to the north share land borders with the United States to the south and northwest Canada has the longest coastline in the world.
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1.3 Major Cities—Toronto
the tallest tower in the western hemisphere, the world's second tallest freestanding structure
英语国家概况
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
Canada
Chapter 14
Geography and Hiຫໍສະໝຸດ tory英 语 国 家 概 况
A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
CONTENT
I
Geography
II
History
(Left) A house is barely visible from beneath the heavy Ottawa snowfall.
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A Guide to English-Speaking Countries
1.3 Major Cities—Ottawa
the capital of Canada the country's fourth largest city located in the Ottawa Valley lies on the banks of the Ottawa River a humid continental climate the seventh coldest capital in the world by annual average temperature, but ranks the third by means of January temperature nickname: Bytown
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1.3 Major Cities—Vancouver
a coastal city and major seaport in southwestern British Columbia the third largest in the country ranks one of the three most livable cities in the world ethnically diverse, with 52% of city residents and 43% of metro residents having a first language other than English temperate climate the second largest Chinatown in North America after San Francisco to the use and enjoyment of people of all colors, creeds and customs of all time