蝴蝶翅膀的进化

Figure 2 | The ‘nymphalid groundplan’. Despite the grea
‘groundplan’ has been proposed to describe most wingpattern variants6. According to this groundplan, the types of
7.Gene-expression patterns
8.Gene mapping 9.Genetic manipulation
1.在幼虫的发育过程中，表型可随着外界环境的不同而变化。如， 温度、光周期等。 2.目前对可塑性的遗传学基础还不清楚，包括是否有可塑性的特 定调节基因。 3。在一些蝴蝶种类中,脱皮甾酮激素(EC)能 调节非遗传多型性。
North Carolina, USA; P. occidentalis courtesy of Joel Kingsolver, University of North Carolina,
USA; P. coenia courtesy of Scott Weatherbee and Sean Carroll, University of
Various methods have been used to analyse the two-dimensional patterns on butterfly wings. parative method
2.Experimental crosses
3.Artificial selection 4.Surgical manipulations of pupal wings 5.Biochemistry 6.Physiology





1.蝴蝶翅膀的颜色模式无论在种间还是在种内都 有着非常壮观的差异。 2.蝴蝶翅膀模式是一个完整研究塑造形态的演化 和发育过程相互关系的理想系统。 3.蝴蝶翅膀模式在发育过程中的可塑性。 4. 蝴蝶翅平面模式图。 5. Wing-pattern 突变体及eyespot的形成
Figure 1 | Examples of model butterfly species. Evo–devo studies of butterfly wing patterns have concentrated on a few model species, which provide different opportunities for research. a | Heliconius melpomeme and b | Papilio dardanus butterflies are classical examples of species involved in polymorphic anti-predator mimicry systems. c | Pontia occidentalis has been used to study phenotypic plasticity, which, in this species, has a known ecological relevance. d | Precis coenia has been the classical model for the developmental dissection of wing-pattern formation. e | Papilio butterflies, including P. glaucus, have a characteristic pigment system and have been a favourite model for characterizing the pigment biosynthesis pathways. f | Bicyclus anynana has been successfully established in the laboratory and, during the past 12 years, has become the butterfly ‘lab-rat’, as it is amenable to controlled population and organism-level approaches to the study of wing-pattern variation and development. H. melpomene courtesy of Jim Mallet, University College London, UK; P. dardanus courtesy of Fred Nijhout, Duke University,
or eyespots, and the central and basal bands. Homologou pattern elements are serially repeated in individual wing
compartments that are bordered by veins (thickened wing veins on the forewing illustrate the boundaries of such a compartment, known as a wing cell). Pattern elements in individual wing cells are repeated along the posterior– anterior axis and can, to a large extent, change independently of each other. The figure shows a forewing (top) and a hindwing (bottom), both orientated with the anterior part to the top
Figure 3 | Wing-pattern mutants.. All photos are of the ventral surface of the forewing (top) and hindwing (bottom) of B. anynana females. a | Wildtype phenotype with two eyespots on the forewing and seven on the hindwing, with characterisic relative sizes; b | Bigeye mutant with overall enlarged eyespots46; c | Spotty mutant with extra eyespots on the forewing46; and d | Goldeneye mutant, in which the characteristically black scales of the central ring of the eyespots are almost completely replaced by gold scales56. The individual shown in d is, in fact, a Bigeye–Goldeneye double mutant. Other mutants not illustrated here include comet and cyclops, which have altered eyespot shape46, and mutant 3–4, which has fewer eyespots on its hindwing9,38.
谢 谢！
Evo-Devo of Butterfly Wing Patterns
2002.11.29
高锋
演化发育生物学家们关注的一个焦点是：蝴蝶 翅膀的颜色模式多样性是怎样通过自然选择形 成的以及特定模式的形成过程。演化发育生物 学中一个正在蓬勃发展的领域，试图探索在发 育过程与自然选择的分选作用下的遗传变异与 表型之间的一种联系。蝴蝶翅膀模式成为了一 种为数不多的在生物组织不同水平来研究形态 学差异的成功例子。
Ultrabithorax：参与控制眼点的大小中
a | Typical adult eyespot morphology with a central white pupil, a black ring and an outer gold ring. b,c | Expression pattern of Distal-less in the centres of the presumptive eyespots in larval (b) and pupal (c) wings. d–f | Expression of spalt (purple, d) and engrailed (green, e) in pupal wings in the rings of colour of an adult eyespot (a). Panel f shows the coexpression of these two genes。
一些在eyespot形成过程中表达的基因：
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Apterous:翅膀的背面表达 Wingless:在wing margin中表达 Distal-less:在wing margin中表达 Engrailed:翅的后部 cubitus interruptus:翅的前部 表达中有重部署的现象： Distal-less, engrailed and spalt：不仅在眼点中心中共同表 达，在周边的颜色区域也分别表达。 cubitus interruptus, patched and hedgehog：在特定的时间 表达（在眼点中心或周围） 不在眼点中心表达，但是能发挥影响的有： decapentaplegic and wingless：在眼点的定位中起作用
diversity in butterfly wing patterns, a recognizable idealize
pattern element (for example, eyespots, chevrons and bands)
are organized in parallel series: the marginal and submarginal bands (which might form chevron elements), the border ocelli