欧洲文化入门
“欧洲文化入门”课程学习指南
“欧洲文化入门”课程学习指南一、课程基础：欧洲文化入门是全校外语类选修课程，本课程面向全校文理学生开设，是主要以提高学生的文化素养为主的课程。
二、适应对象：大学英语完成三级课程学习的本科学生。
三、教学目的：本课程教学目标为：了解欧洲文化的最基本知识，开阔视野，培养兴趣，促进英语学习。
本课程力图在介绍文化知识的同时，激发学生学习英语的兴趣，从而提高语言能力，以达到充分体现素质教育，全面提高学生的跨文化交际能力，培养学生的综合文化素质，扩展国际视野。
四、内容提要：本课程的主要内容包括：希腊罗马文化、基督教及其《圣经》、中世纪、文艺复兴和宗教改革、十七世纪、启蒙运动、浪漫主义、马克思主义与达尔文学说、现实主义、现代主义及其它。
由于学时所限，本学期本门课只集中讲述前五个大题的内容。
若学生对本门课感兴趣，想继续学习后五个大题的内容可选修大外应用提高阶段的选修课—欧洲文化入门（下）。
本课程以欧洲文化为语境，培养学生人文知识的底蕴，使学生对西方文化最基本的方面有一定的认识和了解，从而激发语言学习的兴趣、带动英语学习。
五、自主学习授课模式：基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式是为了帮助学生达到大学英语应用提高阶段教学要求所设计的一种新型英语教学模式。
强调个性化教学与自主学习，以及教师可通过课堂进行辅导，传授知识和技能的特点，使学生可在教师的指导下，根据自己的特点、水平、时间，选择合适的学习内容，借助计算机的帮助，迅速提高自己的英语综合实用能力，达到最佳学习效果。
1、教学模式的构成图一、基于计算机和课堂的英语多媒体教学模式2、基于计算机的英语学习过程大学外语应用提高教学阶段各门课程采用“以传统教学模式为主，以网络自主学习模式为辅”的教学模式。
如下图：图二、基于计算机的英语学习过程六、自主学习学习方法：依据建构主义学习理论，在教学中采用自主学习、讨论学习等教学方法，采用学生为主体进行自主学习和训练及教师为主导进行讲授相结合的教学方法。
欧洲文化入门课程简介
《欧洲文化入门》课程简介课程介绍：本课程以欧洲国家文化概况为主要教学内容，以历史为线索，将文学、思想潮流、艺术、建筑等形式作为重要载体，为学生提供一个了解西方国家文化渊源的平台。
通过该课程的学习，学生将增强对欧洲文化历史的了解，对一些文化现象具有敏锐的观察鉴别能力, 并养成良好的阅读习惯。
这将在一定程度上为提高学生在不同文化背景下的有效交际的能力打下基础。
授课对象：对英美文化感兴趣，对欧洲历史较为熟悉且英语基础较好的2008级非英语专业学生授课形式以及预期效果：本课程采取教师讲解与学生自主展示相结合的授课形式，定期进行课程相关内容的测试，使学生积极主动的参与到课堂活动当中，达到有效学习的目的。
通过该课程的学习，学生应该达到以下几个目标：1、对主要西方国家的社会、文化、文学、历史等状况有一个全面而概括的了解。
2、对普遍的个体文化现象以及文化热点作专题的讨论和分析，在此过程中，学生的独立思考、研究、阅读能力以及口头表达能力要有所提升。
3、以英美文化为参照，促使学生更深层次的理解本国文化，树立学生热爱本国文化，包容异质文化，最终宣传本国文化的态度。
4、结合英语口语课程，实际锻炼学生的跨文化交际能力，达到有效交际的目的。
5、扩大单词量，为基础英语的巩固提供有力支持。
教学用书：王佐良主编，《欧洲文化入门》, 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2005。
参考书目：朱永涛编著，1994，《英美文化基础教程》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社。
（配学习指导）朱永涛，2002，《英语国家社会与文化入门》（上、下册），北京：高等教育出版社。
罗选民，2003，《英美社会与文化》（上、下），武汉：华中理工大学出版社。
赵毅衡，2007，《有个半岛叫欧洲》，上海：世纪出版集团/上海人民出版社。
工具书：《英美文化辞典》，外教社，胡文仲。
(前2章)欧洲文化入门课后习题答案复习课程
(前2章)欧洲文化入门课后习题答案欧洲文化入门课后习题答案：Division one: Greek culture and Roman culture希腊、罗马文化Ⅰ.Greek culture 希腊文化1.What are the major elements in European culture?There are two main elements ——the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element.2.What were the main features of ancient Greek society?In Greek society, only adult male citizen had real power and the citizenship was a set of rights which a man inherited from his father. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labor. Slaves worked for their masters. The exploitation was a serious social problem. The Greeks loved sports. They often took part in the contests of sports in Olympus Mount, thus Olympic Games came into being.3.What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of European literature?He depicted the great Greek men who lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. As an author of epics, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men, even though they were dull. He stood in the peek of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers.4.Who were the outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece? What important plays dideach of them write?Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides were three outstanding dramatists of ancient Greece. Aeschylus: Prometheus Bound, Persians, AgamemnonSophocles: Oedipus the King, Electra, AntigoneEuripides: Andromache, Medea, Trojan Women5.Were there historians then? Who were they? What did each of them write about? Yes, there are. They were Herodotus and Thucydides.Herodotus wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. Thucydides wrote about the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse.6. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed then? Who were the major philosophers?No, I wouldn’t. Because those philosophical ideas were only idealism or simple materialism or metaphysics. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were the major philosophers at that time.7. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy?No, he didn’t. We know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in the famous Dialogues written by Plato. He considered that philosophy rested with the dissect of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, was known as the dialectical method.8. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist?(1) Men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, and goodness. (2) We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which arenot seen eternal. Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought” had created the world, people call him an idealist.9. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today?(1) Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thinking. (2) He thought that “idea” and matter together made concrete individual realities in which he differed from Plato who held that ideas had higher reality than the political world. His significant works includes: Ethics, Politics and Rhetoric.10. Who were some of the other philosophers active in that period? Does the word “Epicurean” in its modern sense convey the true meaning of the philosophy of the ancient Epicureans? What were their views on pleasure?(1) They were Heracleitue, Democritus, Diogenes, Pyrrhon, Epicurus and Zeno.(2)No, it doesn’t. The ancient Epicureans believed pleasure to be the highest worth of life, but by pleasure they meant, not sensual enjoyment but that attained by the practice of virtue. But this idea was misled by modern people, in their sense, the word “Epicurean” has come to mean indulgence in luxurious living.11. Say something about Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture. What was the most famous Greek temple? Is it still there?(1) Along with the formation of Greek civilization, Greek sculpture, pottery and architecture got many great achievements. Greeks put into works of art the things they admired and worshiped, the scientific rules they discovered. Greek art evolved from the archaic period to the classical period which marked its maturity. (2) the most famous temple was the Acropolis at Athens. (3) Yes, it is still there.12. Give some examples to show the enormous influence of Greek culture on English literature.Some examples:(1) A Freudian term “Oedipus Complex” of 19th century originating from a Greek tragedy in which king Oedipus unknowingly killed his father and married his mother. (2) In the early part of the 19th century , in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture i n works which have themselves become classics: Byron’ s Isle of Greece, Shelley’ s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’ s Ode on a Grecian Urn. (3) In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.Ⅱ. Roman culture 罗马文化1.What did the Roman have in common with the Greeks? And what was the chiefdifference between them?(1)The Romans had a lot in common with the Greeks. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly, hostile to monarchy and to servility. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified —Greek Zeus with Roman Jupiter, Greek Aphrodite with Roman Venus, and so on—and their myths to be fused. Their languages worked in similar ways and were ultimately related, both being members of the Indo-European language family which stretches from Bangladesh to Iceland.(2) There was one big difference. The Romans built up a vast empire. The Greeks didn’t, excepted for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.2.Explain Pax Romana.In the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus. Two centuries later, the Roman empire reached its greatest extent in the North and East. The emperors mainly relied on a strong army—the famous Roman Legions and an influential bureaucracy to exert their rules. Thus the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years. This remarkable phenomenon in the history is known as Pax Romana.3.What contributions did the Romans make to the rule of law?In Roman’s earliest stage, only a number of patricians knew the customary legal procedure. When the rules were put into writing in the middle of the third century B.C. it marked a victory for the plebeians. There was further development of law under the emperors until it was codified, eventually to become the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries.4.Who were the important prose writers in ancient Rome? What does “Ciceronian”mean? Did Cicero write that kind of rhetorical prose all the time?<1>Marcus Tullius Cicero and Julius Caesar were two important prose writers. <2> Ciceronian means Cicero’s eloquent oratorical manner of writing, Which has had an enormous influence on the developmen t of European prose.<3> No, he didn’t. Because Cicero appears as a different man with a different style, far less rhetorical, but colloquial and intimate.5.Give the example of the terse style of Julius Caesar’s prose.An example: I came, I saw, I conquered (models of succinct Latin).6.Who was Lucretius? What did he do?(1)Lucretius was a poet of ancient Rome.(2)He wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Thing to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.7.What is the book for which Virgil has been famous throughout the countries? In whatways is the book linked with the Greek past?(1)The book was Aeneid. (2)The story was about Aeneas, one of the princes of Troy, who escaped from that burning city when it fell to the Greeks, to carry on the Trojan cause in a new place, Rome. He didn’t go alone, but, carrying his father on his shoulders and leading his little son by the hand, a family group of three generations moved together. Thus in this way the book is linked with the Greek past.8.Why do we say Aeneus is a truly tragic hero?Because Aeneas had to betray the great passion of his life, his love for Dido, queen of Carthage, so that he could fulfill his historic mission.9.What is the chief Roman achievement in architecture? Give some examples.(1)The Romans were great engineers. They covered their world from one end to the other withroads, bridges, aqueducts, theatres and arenas.(2)Some examples:A.The Pantheon: the greatest the best preserved Roman temple built in 27B.C..B.Pont du Gard: it is an exceptionally well-preserved aqueduct that spans a wide valley insouthern France.10.Why are the wall-paintings of the ancient Romans still significant to us today?Roman painting was strongly influenced by the art of Greece. And it also had pecularities of its own. Unfortunately much of the painting no longer exists. There are, however, some wall-paintings from Pompeii and other towns near Naples. These wall-paintings include still lives, landscape paintings and figure paintings. Among them were Lady Musician and Young Girl, the Maiden Gathering Flowers and the Landscape.Division two: the Bible and Christianity基督教及其《圣经》1.What was the Hebrew’s major contribution to world civilization?The history of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament, which still later became the first part of the Christian Bible. Thus the Hebrews made one of the greatest contributions to the world civilization.2.Why do we say Judaism and Christianity are closely related?Judaism and Christianity are closely related: ⑴it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity; ⑵both originated in Palestine—the hub of migration and trade route, which led to exchange ideas over wide areas.3.When did the great exodus take place?Around 1300 B.C., Moses, the famous Hebrew leader, went to see the pharaoh of Egypt, telling him that Yahweh wanted the pharaoh to end Hebrew slavery and let the Hebrew leave Egypt. With this began the Exodus, which lasted forty years.4.Who was Moses? What did he do for the Hebrews?Moses was a famous Hebrew leader. Around 1300 B.C., Moses led the Hebrews to leave Egypt for the Promised Land. This was called the Exodus which lasted forty years. When the wandering Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive form god message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments. He died shortly before the Hebrews arrived at their homeland.5.What are the Ten Commandments about?The Ten Commandment are a set of rules Moses commands all Israel to obey in the name of God: ⑴Yahweh is the only God all Israel should worship;⑵ Do not carve and serve any idol to worship; ⑶Do not take the name of God in vain; ⑷Keep the Sabbath day and labor in the other six days; ⑸Honor and respect one’s parents; ⑹Do not kill; ⑺Do not commit adultery; ⑻Do not steal; ⑼Do not bear false witness against people; ⑽Do not desire one’s neighbor’s wife, nor his house, nor his field, nor his servants, nor his livestock, nor anything else.6.What writings make up the New Testament?The New Testament consists of 14 books. The four accounts, which were believed to have been written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, four of Jesus’ early followers, are the first p art of the New Testament and tell of the birth, teaching, death and Resurrection of Jesus. Then come: the Acts of the Apostles, a history of the early Christian movement: the Epistles, or letters to thechurch groups around the Mediterranean; and lastly the book of Revelation, a visionary account of the final triumph of God’s purpose.7.How did the relations between Christians and the Roman government change?The early Christian were subject to persecutions by the Roman government. Jesus Christ was crucified by the Roman government. After Jesus died, his disciplines St. Peter and St. Paul suffered martyrdom under the Roman Emperor Nero about 65 A.D. Nero even burned Christians in his garden in 64 A.D. For 240 years after the martyrdoms of Peter and Paul, persecutions of Christians continued. The chief persecutions were under Nero, Domitian, Trajan, Valerian and Diocletian. Despite these persecutions, Christians continued to spread steadily over the Mediterranean region. It began to draw men and women from all classes and the attitude of the Roman government toward Christianity began to change. By 305 Diocletian gave up his effort to destroy the young religion. When ConstantineⅠ won the throne from his rivals, he believedthat God had helped him, and in 313 he issued the Edict of Milan which granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal. Under Constantine Christianity made great contribution of the empire. The emperors who followed ConstantineⅠ continued pro-Christian policies. In 392 A.D., Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions. Now Christianity had changed from an object of oppression toa weapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.8.How did Christian monks help Western civilization survive?The Christian monks helped western civilization survive in many ways: ⑴The Christian monksspread Christianity to the Mediterranean region and some of them even suffered martyrdom;⑵Some monks translated the Old Testament into Greek and St. Jerome translated the wholeBible into Latin. Later some such as John Wycliffe and William Tyndale translated the Bible into the vernacular; ⑶In the Middle Ages, people in Western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants. Of these three classes, the only literate section was the clergy. The Christian monks did a lot to help preserve and transmit a large part of the traditional heritage of the western culture. They not only translated the Bible into Latin or the Vernacular but also copied or translated the ancient works into the vernacular, such as the monks in these monasteries set up by Charlemagne and Alfred the Great.9.Why do we say the Bible has shaped Western culture more decisively than anythingelse ever written?Judeo-Christian tradition constitutes one of the two major components of European culture. The Bible which is virtually related to every phase of human life greatly influences people’s daily life, especially in the Middle Ages when almost everyone was a Christian; The Bible has great impact upon western literature. For a long period of time, the Latin Bible was accepted as the authority and Latin was official language of the Roman Catholic Church, so most Europe literature at that time was in Latin. Besides it is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English. Furthermore, the use of Biblical themes has been a literary tradition. In fact few great English and American writers of the 17th,18th, 19th and 20th century can be read and appreciated with satisfaction without a sufficient knowledge of the Bible; The study of the Christian teaching especially the Bible has become an important branch of knowledge—scholasticism which has been prevalent for centuries; The Bible has also influenced western philosophies and science. Thus the Bible has shaped western culture more decisively than anything else ever written.。
欧洲文化入门知识点总结
欧洲文化入门知识点总结《欧洲文化入门知识点总结》嘿，诸位！今天咱要来聊聊欧洲文化入门那些好玩的知识点，这可真是个有趣又充满魅力的领域啊！首先，咱得说说古希腊罗马文化，那可是欧洲文化的源头啊！那帮古希腊人可真是牛掰了，他们想出的那些哲学思想，到现在咱还在探讨呢！就说那苏格拉底，整天在街上和人辩论，问些稀奇古怪的问题，让人既头疼又佩服。
罗马人呢，盖起了大斗兽场，想想那时候的人在里面看角斗，得多刺激啊！这就像是咱现在看拳击比赛一样嗨呢！还有那基督教文化，可别小瞧它！整个欧洲都被它深刻影响着。
那教堂建得一个比一个宏伟壮观，让人一进去就感觉庄严肃穆。
就好像上帝在那瞪着你，让你不自觉地就挺直了腰板。
那些宗教故事也是丰富多彩，什么耶稣诞生啊，最后的晚餐啊，听得人一愣一愣的。
欧洲的文学艺术那也是杠杠的！莎士比亚的戏剧，那台词写得，就跟咱平时说话似的，特别有味道。
还有那些大画家，画出来的画简直像真的一样。
看着他们的作品，就感觉自己好像穿越到了画里的世界。
莫扎特的音乐就更不用说了，那旋律一响起来，整个人都陶醉了，感觉自己都要跟着节奏飘起来啦！再说说那欧洲的建筑，什么哥特式啊，巴洛克式啊，名字听起来就很高端大气上档次。
那些尖顶的教堂，华丽的宫殿，走在里面就跟走在童话故事里似的。
有时候都怀疑是不是有公主或者王子会突然冒出来。
不过呢，欧洲文化也不是没有奇怪的地方。
比如他们以前那贵族的礼仪，繁琐得要命，吃个饭都得比划半天，一顿饭吃完估计都饿过劲了。
还有那骑士精神，说是要忠诚勇敢啥的，感觉就是一群爱打架的人给自己找的借口。
总之呢，欧洲文化入门就是一个大坑，跳进去就出不来啦！这里面的好玩事情太多了，说也说不完。
咱要是有机会啊，可得好好去欧洲溜达溜达，亲身感受一下这些文化的魅力。
说不定还能在哪个角落里发现一些不为人知的小秘密呢！这样的欧洲文化，还真值得咱好好去探索一番呐！各位，是不是也迫不及待想去了解一。
欧洲文化入门
欧洲文化入门《欧洲文化入门》是一本为中国大学英语系学生编写的教科书，由外语教学与研究出版社出版。
书中介绍了英语中来自欧洲各个历史时期和人物的典故﹑名言﹑成语﹑人名﹑地名等等，并按时间顺序对欧洲从古至今的历史进行了具体扼要的讲述。
通过本书用英语讲授欧洲各时期的思想﹑科技﹑政治﹑社会方面的重要时间和人物，可以让学习英语的学生提高对欧洲历史文化的了解，从而更加顺利的学习英语，更好的掌握英语语言文化。
欧洲历史文化的特征：西方文化的基本特征的形成，主要是开放的海洋性地理环境，奴隶主民主政治，以及奴隶制商品经济的充分发展。
人类的古代社会大多以农业为主, 古希腊、罗马社会, 商品生产较发达, 这在整个古代世界史上是绝无仅有的。
这与其特定的海洋地理环境有关。
商品经济的发达, 造就出了一个强有力的工商业阶层, 他们推翻了氏族贵族的统治, 建立了民主政治。
这一传统的建立, 使历史的发展一开始就有着较强的运转机制, 使国家机体充满活力。
商品经济发达, 使生产力得到迅速发展。
这样，征服自然、改造自然的信念易于形成。
社会生活的内容也就丰富多彩，这又促使人们开阔视野, 向外探求, 把发现世界和改造世界作为人生的最高价值和获取自由的主要途径。
生产力的发展也要求与之相适应的科学文化等上层建筑的繁荣,于是, 西方人渴求知识,把知识作为人类文化的最高价值范畴, 从而不固步自封。
他们有“爱知”的传统, 对知识从来是孜孜以求。
商品经济的发展和开放的海洋性地理环境, 使西方人产生了外向好动、冒险的性格。
他们有独立不羁的人格, 开拓精神和变异观念。
古希腊哲人赫拉克里特的“人不能两次踏进同一条河流”的哲理, 说明了这一点。
这种变动和开拓观念, 使他们思想活跃, 锐意进取, 创立了不少学术思想和文化艺术的领域, 如理性主义、自然主义、经验主义、存在主义等等。
古希腊罗马的奴隶制民主政治,使西方文化产生了民主传统和科学精神。
他们提倡人权, 讲平等。
欧洲文化入门
欧洲文化入门
《欧洲文化入门》是一本为中国大学英语系学生编写的教科书，由外语教学与研究出版社出版。
书中介绍了英语中来自欧洲各个历史时期和人物的典故﹑名言﹑成语﹑人名﹑地名等等，并按时间顺序对欧洲从古至今的历史进行了具体扼要的讲述。
通过本书用英语讲授欧洲各时期的思想﹑科技﹑政治﹑社会方面的重要时间和人物，可以让学习英语的学生提高对欧洲历史文化的了解，从而更加顺利的学习英语，更好的掌握英语语言文化。
《欧洲文化入门》是一本中国大学英语系的教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。
学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。
英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。
如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。
而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好
欧洲文化的重要方面都讲到，但由于材料太多，又必须突出中心，为此本书采用历史叙述法，将全部内容
分为10个大题按照时间顺序来讲，如下：
1 希腊，罗马文化；
2 基督教及其《圣经》；
3 中世纪；
4 文艺复兴与宗教改革；
5 17世纪；
6 启蒙运动；。
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结
欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结第一篇：欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结1.希腊罗马Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poet 三大悲剧家：Aeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist 喜剧家：Aristophanes Comedy writer 历史学家：Herodotus wrote about wars between Greeks and Persians Father of history Thucydides wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that have ever lived 哲学和科学：Pythagoras All things were numbers founder of scientific mathematics Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist，one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory Socrates Dissect of oneself，virtue was high worth of life，dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation，theory follow fact，idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid a textbook of geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in water its loss of weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced “Give me a place to stand and I…ll move the World”Others Diogenes（the Cynics）Pyrrhon（the Sceptics）Epicurus（the Epicureans）Zeno（the Stoics）4th century B.C.后半叶希腊在Alexander，king of Macedon的领导下，5th century B.C.达到顶峰，146 B.C.被罗马攻克2.基督教和圣经Jews—以前叫Hebrews，3800B.C.穿过中东沙漠，1300B.C.Moses带领Hebrews离开埃及，开始他们的Exodus，他在Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine，known as Canaan，Hebrew人的历史口头传送记入the old Testament，6th century B.C.，他们在Babylon形成synagogue（忧太集会）来发扬他们的教义。
欧洲文化入门全译文精讲精练
欧洲文化入门全译文精讲精练欧洲文化入门是欧洲历史、艺术、宗教和社会现象等知识的概览，为了让人们更好地理解欧洲文化和古代历史，本文将通过介绍欧洲的古代文化、宗教、艺术创作、古老的政治体制以及当代的社会现象，来让大家对欧洲文化有一个基本的认识。
首先，欧洲古代文化的影响可以追溯到古希腊和罗马时期。
古希腊文化的影响在欧洲有着深远的影响，它被认为是现代西方文化的根基。
希腊精神因其影响力而被西方人认为是“经典”，由其形成了现代文化的一些基本原则。
罗马文化也在欧洲有着深远的影响。
罗马帝国在欧洲历史上有着重要的地位，它曾是西欧最大的政治实体。
罗马文化深深影响了欧洲的政治、法律、宗教、建筑、城市设计等元素，使之成为欧洲历史上不可或缺的一部分。
其次，欧洲的宗教在历史上也占据着重要的地位。
欧洲的宗教主要有教和。
教是欧洲最为流行的宗教，其影响力几乎覆盖了整个欧洲，长期以来，教对欧洲各国的政治、社会、文化和精神生活都产生了深远的影响。
也是欧洲历史上重要的宗教，它在欧洲古代文化中也有着重要的地位，受到了广泛的尊重，对现代欧洲文化产生了深远的影响。
此外，欧洲文化的艺术创作也是欧洲文化的重要组成部分。
艺术创作在欧洲历史上有着悠久的历史，从古希腊和罗马时期的雕塑和壁画，到中世纪的绘画，到文艺复兴时期的建筑和雕塑，以及19世纪以后艺术界的繁荣，欧洲文化的艺术创作都发挥着重要的作用。
最后，当代欧洲的社会现象也是欧洲文化的重要组成部分。
从政治至文化，欧洲社会的发展受到了多种因素的影响，形成了多元化的文化现象。
例如，欧洲的移民潮和多元文化的发展，使欧洲的文化更加丰富多彩，社会现象也更加多元化和复杂。
总之，欧洲文化是一种复杂而又悠久的文化，其古老的文化、宗教、艺术创作和当代社会现象都是欧洲文化的重要组成部分，为了更好地理解欧洲文化，我们需要多了解这些元素的发展史和影响力。
只有理解了欧洲文化的历史和现状，才能更好地发展和延续欧洲文化。
王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解
目录分析
1.1复习笔记
1.2课后习题 详解
2.1复习笔记
2.2课后习题 详解
3.1复习笔记
3.2课后习题 详解
4.1复习笔记
4.2课后习题 详解
5.1复习笔记
5.2课后习题 详解
6.1复习笔记
6.2课后习题 详解
第7章浪漫主义
第8章马克思主义和达尔文主义
9.1复习笔记
9.2课后习题 详解
10.1复习笔 记
10.2课后习 题详解
作者介绍
这是《王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解》的读书笔记模板，暂无该书作者的介绍。
读书笔记
这是《王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的心得。
精彩摘录
这是《王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课后习题详解》的读书笔记模板，可以替换为自己的精彩内容摘录。
王佐良《欧洲文化入门》笔记和课 后习题详解
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 目录分析 05 读书笔记
目录
02 内容摘要 作者介绍 06 精彩摘录
思维导图
关键字分析思维导图
王佐良
章节
文化
精华
现实主义
内容
浪漫主义
习题
知识
笔记 笔记
时代
文化
复习
圣经
习题
罗马
第章
达尔文主义
内容摘要
本书具有以下几个方面的特点：1．梳理章节脉络，浓缩内容精华。每章的复习笔记以该教材为主并结合其他 教材对本章的重难点知识进行了整理，并参考了国内名校名师讲授该教材的课堂笔记，因此，本书的内容几乎浓 缩了经典教材的知识精华。2．中英双语对照，凸显难点要点。本书章节笔记采用了中英文对照的形式，强化对重 要难点知识的理解和运用。3．解析课后习题，提供详尽答案。本书对王佐良主编的《欧洲文化入门》课后思考题 进行了详细的分析和解答，并对相关重要知识点进行了延伸和归纳。
欧洲文化入门复习题答案
欧洲文化入门复习题答案一、填空题1. 欧洲文化通常指的是欧洲大陆上各国的文化遗产和艺术成就，其中包括文学、艺术、音乐、哲学等多个领域。
2. 欧洲文艺复兴起源于14世纪的意大利，是欧洲历史上的一个重要时期，标志着从中世纪向现代过渡。
3. 法国大革命是18世纪末至19世纪初的一场政治、社会和文化变革，对欧洲乃至世界历史产生了深远的影响。
4. 欧洲的宗教改革运动主要发生在16世纪，它导致了基督教的分裂，形成了天主教和新教两大教派。
5. 欧洲启蒙运动是18世纪的一场思想解放运动，强调理性、科学和批判精神，对现代民主政治和文化有着重要影响。
二、选择题1. 欧洲文艺复兴的中心是（C）A. 法国巴黎B. 德国柏林C. 意大利佛罗伦萨D. 英国伦敦2. 欧洲宗教改革的领导者之一是（B）A. 马丁·路德B. 约翰·加尔文C. 托马斯·阿奎那D. 但丁3. 欧洲启蒙运动的代表人物包括（D）A. 但丁B. 达芬奇C. 米开朗基罗D. 伏尔泰4. 法国大革命的标志性事件是（A）A. 巴士底狱的攻占B. 拿破仑的加冕C. 法国的君主立宪制D. 法国的共和制确立三、简答题1. 简述欧洲文艺复兴的特点。
答：欧洲文艺复兴的特点包括对古典文化的复兴，对人文主义的强调，艺术和科学领域的创新，以及对个人主义的推崇。
这一时期的艺术家和学者开始重视人的价值和能力，探索自然和人类社会的真实面貌。
2. 欧洲宗教改革对欧洲社会产生了哪些影响？答：欧洲宗教改革对欧洲社会产生了深远的影响，包括促进了宗教多元化，引发了一系列的宗教战争，推动了民族国家的形成，以及促进了教育和文化的普及。
四、论述题1. 论述欧洲启蒙运动对现代民主政治和文化的影响。
答：欧洲启蒙运动对现代民主政治和文化产生了深远的影响。
它提倡理性思考和科学方法，反对迷信和盲从，为现代民主政治的建立提供了思想基础。
同时，启蒙运动还强调个人自由和权利，推动了法律和制度的改革，促进了社会的进步和文明的发展。
《欧洲文化入门》讲稿
《欧洲文化入门》讲稿Division One Greek Culture and Roman CultureI. Teaching Objectives1. get to know the historical context of ancient Greece and ancient Rome;2. be clear about the great achievements of ancient Greeks and Romans in various fields such as literature, philosophy, science and art;3. understand the significance and impact of Greek culture and Roman culture.II. The Points to Be Highlighted1. Democracy of ancient Greece.2. 3 styles of columns in ancient Greek architecture.3. The greatest names in European philosophy ---- Socrates, Plato and Aristotle4. Impact (1). Spirit of Innovation (2). Supreme Achievement (3). Lasting effectIII. Teaching Approaches1. Pair/Group work2. Discussion 3 Task-based approach 4. Communicative approach 5. Questions and answerIV. Background InformationThe Parthenon (447—432 B.C.) --- the most important of ancient Greek T emples the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 yearsV. Teaching Procedures and ContentsLead-in (or) Warming-up●How much do you know about Greece (ancient or modern)?●Do you know when the first Modern Olympic Games washeld?●Homer was famous for two epics. Do you know what they are?●There are many famous philosophers in ancient Greece. Could you name some of them?●You must have ever heard of the following sentence, ―Give me a place to stand, and I willmove the world. Do you know who said it?Specific ContentsGreek Culture：1. The Historical Context(1). 1200 B.C. the war of Troy a war was fought between Greece and Troy, ending in the destruction of Troy.(2). 5th century B.C. Greek culture reached a high point of development. --- successful repulse of the Persian invasion --- the establishment of democracy --- the flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens The century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta(3). In the second half of the 4th century B.C. all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon Greek culture was spread(4). In 146 B.C. the Romans conquered Greece2. Social and Political StructurePolitics --- Athens was a democracyDemocracy means ―exercise of power by the whole people. But ―the whole people‖ the G reeks meant only the adult male citizens.Economy --- the economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of slave labour. There was harsh exploitation in Greek societySports --- Greeks loved sports A big festival on Olympus Mount once every 4 year ---- Olympic GamesModern Olympic Games revived in 1896 顾拜旦(法)3. Homer ( probably lived around 700 B.C.)Two epics: Iliad / OdysseusThey are about great men and wars of a remoter age, probably in the period 1200—1100 B.C 4. Lyric Poetry Sappho (about 612—580 B.C.) woman poetShe is noted for her love poems of passionate intensity, some of which are addressed to women. She was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece. Many Greek and Latin writers know nearly all her poems by heart. But in the 10th century the Christian church burned her works. Only fragments remain.Pindar (about 518—438 B.C.) He is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympian odes. Pindar also had imitators, such as the 17th-century English poet John Dryden.5. DramaOrigin: perform plays at religious festivals.Development: in the 5th century B.C. a powerful drama developedStates: open-air theatres, audience sat on stone benches and looked down at the stage from three sides, actors wore masks.Tragedya. Aeschylus (525 — 456 B.C.)Works: Prometheus Bound, Persians, and Agamemnon. In these plays there are only two actors and a chorus. Yet they manage to stir and move the audience deeply by showing heroes and heroines in complicated human situations, out of which thereis no escape but death. The plays are written in verse. Aeschylus is noted for his vivid character portrayal and majestic poetry.b. Sophocles (496 --- 406 B.C.)Works: Oedipus the King, Electra《厄勒克特拉》, and Antigone《安提戈涅》. Contribution: he added a third actor and decreased the size of the chorus. Sophodcles has had a strong impact on European literature. Some of his plots were taken over and adoped by later writers. The Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud‘s term ―the Oedipus complex‖ was also derived from Sophocles‘s play.c. Euripides (484 --- 406 B.C.)Works: Andromache《安德洛玛刻》, Medea《美狄亚》, and Trojan Women.ComedyAristophanes (about 450 --- 380 B.C.)Works: Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds These plays are loose in plot and satirical in tone. 6. HistoryHistorical writing started early in Greece.a. Herodotus (484 --- 430 B.C.) ―Father of History‖, he wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians. His history, full of anecdotes and digressions and lively dialogue, is wonderfully readable. He kept alive many traditional stories, which were not always accurate. His object in writing was ―that the great and wonderful deeds done by Greeks and Persians should not lack renown.‖b. Thucydides (about 460 --- 404 B.C.) Younger than Herodotus, he is more accurate as an historian. He traced events to their causes and brought out their effects. He was never dull, but wrote with imagination and power. He was called ―the greatest historian that ever lived.‖by Macaulay (an eminenthistorian)7. Philosophy and ScienceThe ancient Greeks were curious about many things, including what made the universe. They had the spirit of free enquiry and were quite ready to drop established ideas, to speculate, to use their imagination and to form their own conclusions. They were also not afraid to speak their minds. Pythagoras (about 580 --- 500 B.C.) had the idea that all things were mumber.Heracleitue (about 540 --- 480 B.C.) believed fire to be the primary element of the universeHe also said: You cannot step twice into the same river. The sun is new everydayDemocritus (about 460 --- 370 B.C.) speculated about the atomic structure of matter. He was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.a. Socrates ( about 470 --- 399 B.C.) details in textbook P-23The dialectical method --- method of argument, by questions and answers.Greek philosopher who initiated a question-and-answer method of teaching as a means of achieving self-knowledge. His theories of virtue and justice have survived through the writings of Plato, his most important pupil. Socrates was tried for corrupting the minds of Athenian youth and subsequently put to death (399).苏格拉底希腊哲学家，首创了问答工教学方法，作为获得认识自我的一种方法。
《欧洲文化入门》课程介绍
《欧洲文化入门》课程介绍《欧洲文化入门》是面向完成《大学英语》（1-4）学习的高年级学生的公共选修课之一，计划开设于第三学年第一学期，每周2课时，学程18周。
该课程以课堂讲授为主，涉及内容广泛，讲授内容包括对西方尤其是欧美的文化、宗教、哲学、历史、地理、人文、风俗、以及音乐、美术、文学、科技等各方面知识的介绍。
课程采用历史叙述法，系统介绍欧洲文化的基本知识，增强学生对欧洲文化的了解掌握，使学生把英美文化放在大的欧洲背景下，体验欧洲文化的一体以及多元性。
1. 学习目标：通过本课程的学习，学生可以了解欧洲文化的最基本知识，开阔视野，培养兴趣，促进英语学习。
本课程力图在介绍文化知识的同时，激发学生学习英语的兴趣，从而提高语言能力，以达到充分体现素质教育，全面提高学生的跨文化交际能力，培养学生的综合文化素质，扩展国际视野的目的。
2. 教学语言和方式：英语和汉语；教师课堂讲授，多媒体展示，学生小组活动。
3. 对学生的要求：要求学生能够自觉训练使用英语去了解和表达，对欧洲文化有大体的了解。
广泛去接触欧洲文化，包括使用互联网，阅读相关书籍。
《欧洲文化入门》是一门兼具知识性与开放性的综合性课程。
教师通过网络教学平台、开放课程教学博客等，随着课程进展将复习练习、课外自学建议和学习材料等提供给选课学生。
4. 课程考核包括：1、出席率+小组活动与课堂报告20％；2、笔试60%（考题以问史实为主）；3、项目化教学报告成绩（20%）。
5. 课程内容及课时分配：第一讲：古希腊文化；影片观摩（四课时）；第二讲：古罗马；希腊、罗马文化比较与综述（四课时）；第三讲：基督教的兴起；影片观摩（三课时）；第四讲：《圣经》选读；欧洲的中世纪（三课时）；第五讲：文艺复兴运动；文艺复兴时期的艺术（四课时）；第六讲：宗教改革；十七世纪的欧洲（三课时）；第七讲：启蒙运动、新古典时期；启蒙时代与古典时期的音乐（四课时）；第八讲：浪漫主义；浪漫主义时期的文学与音乐（三课时）；第九讲：现实主义；影片观摩（三课时）；第十讲：二十世纪的欧洲与现代主义；现代美术作品观摩（三课时）；6. 教材王佐良等《欧洲文化入门》，外语教学与研究出版社，1992。
《欧洲文化入门》外国百科知识梳理
欧洲文化入门第一章特洛伊战争：特洛伊战争是以争夺世上海伦（Helen）为起因，以阿伽门农（Agamemnon）及阿喀琉斯（Achilles）为首的希腊军进攻以帕里斯及赫克托尔为首的的十年攻城战。
然而根据《世界通史》的论述，特洛伊地处交通要道，商业发达，经济繁荣，人民生活富裕。
亚细亚各君主结成联军，推举阿伽门农为统帅。
他们对地中海沿岸最富有的地区早就垂涎三尺，一心想占为己有，于是以海伦为借口发动战争，这才是特洛伊战争的真正目的。
民主制城邦：指全民行使权利的城邦，但全民仅指成年男性公民，而且公民权也是从父辈那里世袭而来。
荷马：古希腊盲诗人。
相传记述了公元前12～前11世纪特洛伊战争，以及关于海上冒险故事的古希腊长篇叙事代表作——史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，即是他根据民间流传的短歌综合编写而成。
他生活的年代，当在公元前10～9、8世纪之间。
他的杰作《荷马史诗》，在很长时间里影响了西方的宗教、文化和伦理观。
伊利亚特：相传是由盲诗人荷马所作。
是重要的古希腊文学作品，也是整个西方的经典之一。
《伊利亚特》全诗共15,693行，分为24卷，主要内容是讲述了在阿伽门农的率领下，古希腊南部各城邦联合征战特洛伊的故事。
它通过对特洛伊战争的描写，歌颂英勇善战、维护集体利益、为集体建立功勋的英雄。
奥德赛：又译《奥德修纪》，是古希腊最重要的两部史诗之一《奥德赛》延续了《伊利亚特》的故事情节，相传为盲诗人荷马所作。
这部史诗是西方文学的奠基之作，是除《吉尔伽美什史诗》和《伊利亚特》外现存最古老的西方文学作品。
讲述了奥德修斯在特洛伊战争结束后返回家乡绮色佳岛的故事，书中讲述了奥德修斯在漫长的海上航行中的种种冒险经历，以及最终如何与忠实的妻子泊涅罗泊重新团聚的故事。
荷马史诗：《荷马史诗》相传是由古希腊盲诗人荷马创作的两部长篇史诗——《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的统称，是他根据民间流传的短歌综合编写而成。
《荷马史诗》以扬抑格六音部写成，集古希腊口述文学之大成，是古希腊最伟大的作品，也是西方文学中最伟大的作品。
欧洲文化入门期末总结
欧洲文化入门期末总结欧洲是一个拥有悠久历史和丰富文化遗产的大陆，它融汇了不同国家、民族和语言的多样性。
在本学期的欧洲文化入门课程中，我学到了很多关于欧洲大陆的文化、历史和艺术的知识。
下面是我对欧洲文化入门这门课程的总结与回顾。
首先，在课程的开始阶段，我们学习了欧洲文化的起源和发展历程。
我们了解了欧洲大陆是如何由古希腊、罗马和基督教等起源发展而来的。
这种文化基因在整个欧洲历史中起着重要作用，并贯穿于欧洲文化的方方面面。
通过学习这些起源，我开始了解到欧洲文化的复杂性和多样性。
接着，我们研究了欧洲不同国家的文化特点和差异。
我们学习了法国、英国、德国、意大利和西班牙等国家的文化传统、习俗和价值观。
这些国家有着各自独特的文化贡献，如法国的艺术和文学、英国的皇室和文化遗产、德国的音乐和哲学、意大利的文艺复兴和美食、西班牙的舞蹈和音乐等。
通过学习这些国家的文化，我对欧洲的多样性有了更深入的了解，并能够欣赏不同国家的文化艺术。
此外，我们还学习了欧洲历史上的重要事件和人物。
我们深入研究了罗马帝国的崛起和衰落、宗教改革、工业革命和两次世界大战等等。
这些事件塑造了欧洲的历史进程，并对欧洲文化产生了重要影响。
我们还学习了一些欧洲重要人物，如达·芬奇、莎士比亚、贝多芬、伦勃朗等等。
通过学习这些历史事件和人物，我对欧洲文化史有了更全面的了解，并意识到文化和历史是相互关联的。
此外，我们还学习了欧洲艺术的发展和特点。
我们研究了文艺复兴时期的绘画、巴洛克音乐、洛可可式建筑和现代艺术等。
欧洲是艺术的摇篮，有众多的艺术家和作品。
通过学习欧洲艺术，我对不同时期的艺术风格和流派有了更深入的了解，并对欧洲艺术的多样性有了充分的认识。
最后，在课程的结束阶段，我们学习了欧洲文化的影响和重要性。
欧洲的文化遗产对全世界都有重要的影响和价值。
从音乐、文学、哲学到建筑和艺术，欧洲的贡献数不胜数。
欧洲文化不仅仅是欧洲人民独享的财富，更是世界共同的遗产。
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《欧洲文化入门》是一本中国大学英语系的教科书，为了教学需要而编写的。
学习英语的中国大学生在阅读英文书刊和同英语国家人士的交往中，往往感到由于缺乏欧洲文化知识而增加了许多困难。
英语中有数不清的典故、名言、成语、人名、地名等等来自古希腊罗马的哲学、文学、历史著作，希伯莱的圣经，文艺复兴时期的艺术创作或者牵涉到各时期思想、科技、政治、社会方面的重要事件和人物。
如果对这些所知无多，读书未必全懂，对谈也难顺利。
而一旦对这些有了较多知识，则不仅了解程度会提高，而且由于通过文化来学习语言，语言也会学得更好。
本书是外研社经典教材《欧洲文化入门》的全译文辅导读本，对原版教材所有章节进行了中文翻译，对核心考点精华进行了梳理与点拨，对最核心最重要的专业术语就行了解读，对重要西方文化进行了补充完善，对课后练习进行了详细和权威的回答，并且补充了大量的考试练习，是英语专业考研、英语专业自考和在校英语学生以及广大西方文化爱好者的必备首选参考书。
世界七大奇迹（Seven wonders of the world）即古代世界七大建筑奇迹，是指古代已知世界上的七处宏伟的人造景观。
最早提出世界七大奇迹的说法的是公元前3世纪的旅行家安提帕特，还有一种说法是由公元前2世纪的拜占庭科学家斐罗提出的。
由于古代奇迹大多已经毁灭，后人又提出了世界中古七大奇迹。
此外，美国人洛厄尔·托马斯还曾提出世界七大自然界奇观。
在2001年，由“新七大奇迹”基金会（由瑞士出身的法国人贝尔纳·韦伯创办，成立于2001年）发起新七大奇迹的网上选举。
“七大奇迹”指的是公元前三世纪左右，在地中海东部沿岸地区七座宏伟的建筑和雕塑。
它们是：埃及胡夫金字塔、巴比伦空中花园、阿尔忒弥斯神庙、奥林匹亚宙斯神像、摩索拉斯陵墓、罗德岛太阳神巨像和亚历山大灯塔。