外文文献翻译封面格式及要求(模版)
本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译基本规范一、要求1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。
2、两篇文献。
二、基本格式1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主（Journals from English speaking countries）。
2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的，其中应该包括题目、作者（可以不翻译）、译文的出处（杂志的名称）（5号宋体、写在文稿左上角）、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。
3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。
4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去，但在文献翻译的末页标注：图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。
（空一行，字体同正文）5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译，并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。
二、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译（一）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的内容要求外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关，外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。
译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。
原文出处：期刊类文献书写方法：[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等或et al表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名（版本）,出版年，卷次（期次）：起止页次.原文出处：图书类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地：出版者,出版年.起止页次.原文出处：论文集类文献书写方法：[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页次。
要求有外文原文复印件。
（二）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译的撰写与装订的格式规范第一部分：封面1.封面格式:见“毕业论文（设计）外文翻译封面”。
普通A4纸打印即可。
第二部分：外文翻译主题1.标题一级标题，三号字，宋体，顶格，加粗二级标题，四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗三级标题，小四号字，宋体，顶格，加粗2.正文小四号字，宋体。
第三部分：版面要求论文开本大小：210mm×297mm（A4纸）版芯要求：左边距：25mm，右边距：25mm，上边距：30mm，下边距：25mm，页眉边距：23mm，页脚边距：18mm字符间距：标准行距：1.25倍页眉页角：页眉的奇数页书写—浙江师范大学学士学位论文外文翻译。
外文文献封面及要求
华北科技学院
2014 届本科毕业外文文献翻译及原文
文献题目: Consumer and Business Credit Management 文献作者：Robert Cole，Lon Mishler发表时间：2003.8.1 资料出处：图书馆外文期刊（或互联网网址等）
外文文献:第19 页至第26 页文献翻译：第1 页至第10 页学生姓名：张瑞峰学号：201004044304
院(部)：管理学院
专业：会计学班级：B10-3
指导教师：刘富国
2014年6月8日
此处是翻译好的中文，格式按照论文的正文来排。
正文的后面附上英文。
英文的要求如下：
1.可以是互联网资源，但是需要注明来源。
需要在这里注明来源。
具体哪个网址里的哪份资料。
2.可以是正式发表的论文，论文的格式可以是CAJ或者PDF，但是格式不要动，是什么样就是什么样。
哪怕有文章的出版日期也可以。
如果文章太长，翻译一部分也可以。
3.还可以是复印的资料。
比如学过的或者参考过的某本教材或者外文著作，需要复印从第几页到第几页的文稿，同时还要复印该书的封面和封底。
注：英文的字数要求是3000个单词。
但是英文的主题要和论文的主题高度相关。
另外，此份资料是单独成册的。
外文翻译格式以及封面
外文翻译撰写格式要求
1、外文翻译一律打印，采取A4纸张，页边距一律采取：上、下2.5cm，左3cm,右1.5cm，行间距取多倍行距（设置值为1.25）；字符间距为默认值（缩放100%，间距：标准），封面采用教务处统一规定的封面。
2、字数及字体要求
（1）外文翻译所用字体要求为宋体；（2）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上。
3、字号
第一层次题序和标题用小三号黑体字；第二层次题序和标题用四号黑体字；第三层次及以下题序和标题与第二层次同；正文用小四号宋体。
4、页眉及页码
外文翻译各页均加页眉，采用宋体五号宋体居中，打印“河北大学XXXX 届本科生毕业外文翻译”。
页码从正文开始在页脚按阿拉伯数字（宋体小五号）连续编排，居中书写。
5、外文资料及译文
外文资料可用Ａ4纸复印，如果打印，采用小四号Times New Roman字体，译文采用小四号宋体打印。
（要求附原文复印件（A4纸张）
6、外文翻译封面见下页模板
7、电子文档在学院FTP毕业设计相关材料文件夹里
本科生外文文献翻译
外文题目：Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation System in the Development of Temperature Controller of Plastic Extruder 中文题目
： 硬件在环仿真系统在塑料挤出机温度控制器的发展中的应用
学 院 电子信息工程学院 学科门类 工学 专 业 自动化 学 号 2010448022 姓 名 李珊
装
订
线
指导教师郝雷。
毕业论文外文文献翻译要求
毕业论文外文文献翻译要求
一、翻译的外文文献可以是一篇，也可以是两篇，但英文字符要求不少于2万
二、翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关著作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并在中文译文首页用“脚注”形式注明原文作者及出处，外文原文后应附中文译文。
三、中文译文的基本撰写格式为：
1.题目:采用三号、黑体字、居中打印；
2.正文:采用小四号、宋体字，行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸。
四、英文的基本撰写格式为：
1.题目：采用三号、Times New Roman字、加黑、居中打印
2.正文：采用小四号、Times New Roman字。
行间距一般为固定值20磅，标准字符间距。
页边距为左3cm，右2.5cm，上下各2.5cm，页面统一采用A4纸.
3.脚注：五号,Times New Roman，顺序为作者.题目.出处，
五、封面格式由学校统一制作（注：封面上的“翻译题目”指中文译文的题目,封面中文小四号宋体，英文小四号Times New Roman），
六、装订：左侧均匀装订，上下共两个钉，并按“封面、外文原文、译文”的顺序统一装订。
七、忌自行更改表格样式
大连工业大学艺术与信息工程学院
毕业设计(论文)外文文献
外文题目
翻译题目
系别
专业班级
学生姓名
指导教师
大连工业大学艺术与信息工程学院
毕业设计(论文)开题报告
题目名称
系别
专业班级
学生姓名
指导教师
开题报告日期年月日。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料和译文格式要求(模板)
成都东软学院外文资料和译文格式要求一、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印，幅面A4。
外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前，译文在后，于左侧装订。
二、具体要求1、至少翻译一篇内容与所选课题相关的外文文献。
2、译文汉字字数不少于4000字。
3、正文格式要求：宋体五号字。
译文格式参见《译文格式要求》，宋体五号字，单倍行距。
纸张纸张为A4纸，页边距上2.54cm、下2.54cm、左3.17cm、右3.17cm。
装订外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前，译文在后封面封面的专业、班级、姓名、学号等信息要全部填写正确。
封面指导教师必须为讲师以上职称，若助教则需要配备一名讲师协助指导。
讲师在前，助教在后。
指导教师姓名后面空一个中文空格，加职称。
页眉页眉说明宋体小五，左端“XX学院毕业设计（论文）”，右端“译文”。
页眉中的学院名称要与封面学院名称一致。
字数本科4000字。
附：外文资料和译文封面、空白页成都东软学院外文资料和译文专业：软件工程移动互联网应用开发班级：2班姓名：罗荣昆学号：12310420216指导教师：2015年 12月 8日Android page layoutUsing XML-Based LayoutsW hile it is technically possible to create and attach widgets to our activity purely through Java code, the way we did in Chapter 4, the more common approach is to use an XML-based layout file. Dynamic instantiation of widgets is reserved for more complicated scenarios, where the widgets are not known at compile-time (e g., populating a column of radio buttons based on data retrieved off the Internet).With that in mind, it’s time to break out the XML and learn how to lay out Android activities that way.What Is an XML-Based Layout?As the name suggests, an XML-based layout is a specification of widgets’ relationships to each other—and to their containers (more on this in Chapter 7)—encoded in XML format. Specifi cally, Android considers XML-based layouts to be resources, and as such layout files are stored in the res/layout directory inside your Android project.Each XML file contains a tree of elements specifying a layout of widgets and their containers that make up one view hierarchy. The attributes of the XML elements are properties, describing how a widget should look or how a container should behave. For example, if a Button element has an attribute value of android:textStyle = "bold", that means that the text appearing on the face of the button should be rendered in a boldface font style.Android’s SDK ships with a tool (aapt) which uses the layouts. This tool should be automatically invoked by your Android tool chain (e.g., Eclipse, Ant’s build.xml). Of particular importance to you as a developer is that aapt generates the R.java source file within your project, allowing you to access layouts and widgets within those layouts directly from your Java code. Why Use XML-Based Layouts?Most everything you do using XML layout files can be achieved through Java code. For example, you could use setTypeface() to have a button render its textin bold, instead of using a property in an XML layout. Since XML layouts are yet another file for you to keep track of, we need good reasons for using such files.Perhaps the biggest reason is to assist in the creation of tools for view definition, such as a GUI builder in an IDE like Eclipse or a dedicated Android GUI designer like DroidDraw1. Such GUI builders could, in principle, generate Java code instead of XML. The challenge is re-reading the UI definition to support edits—that is far simpler if the data is in a structured format like XML than in a programming language. Moreover, keeping generated XML definitions separated from hand-written Java code makes it less likely that somebody’s custom-crafted source will get clobbered by accident when the generated bits get re-generated. XML forms a nice middle ground between something that is easy for tool-writers to use and easy for programmers to work with by hand as needed.Also, XML as a GUI definition format is becoming more commonplace. Microsoft’s XAML2, Adobe’s Flex3, and Mozilla’s XUL4 all take a similar approach to that of Android: put layout details in an XML file and put programming smarts in source files (e.g., JavaScript for XUL). Many less-well-known GUI frameworks, such as ZK5, also use XML for view definition. While “following the herd” is not necessarily the best policy, it does have the advantage of helping to ease the transition into Android from any other XML-centered view description language. OK, So What Does It Look Like?Here is the Button from the previous chapter’s sample application, converted into an XMLlayout file, found in the Layouts/NowRedux sample project. This code sample along with all others in this chapter can be found in the Source Code area of .<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><Button xmlns:android="/apk/res/android"android:id="@+id/button"android:text=""android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent"/>The class name of the widget—Button—forms the name of the XML element. Since Button is an Android-supplied widget, we can just use the bare class name. If you create your own widgets as subclasses of android.view.View, you would need to provide a full package declara tion as well.The root element needs to declare the Android XML namespace:xmlns:android="/apk/res/android"All other elements will be children of the root and will inherit that namespace declaration.Because we want to reference this button from our Java code, we need to give it an identifier via the android:id attribute. We will cover this concept in greater detail later in this chapter.The remaining attributes are properties of this Button instance:• android:text indicates the initial text to be displayed on the button face (in this case, an empty string)• android:layout_width and android:layout_height tell Android to have the button’swidth and height fill the “parent”, in this case the entire screen—these attributes will be covered in greater detail in Chapter 7.Since this single widget is the only content in our activity, we only need this single element. Complex UIs will require a whole tree of elements, representing the widgets and containers that control their positioning. All the remaining chapters of this book will use the XML layout form whenever practical, so there are dozens of other examples of more complex layouts for you to peruse from Chapter 7 onward.What’s with the @ Signs?Many widgets and containers only need to appear in the XML layout file and do not need to be referenced in your Java code. For example, a static label (TextView) frequently only needs to be in the layout file to indicate where it should appear. These sorts of elements in the XML file do not need to have the android:id attribute to give them a name.Anything you do want to use in your Java source, though, needs an android:id.The convention is to use @+id/... as the id value, where the ... represents your locally unique name for the widget in question. In the XML layout example in the preceding section, @+id/button is the identifier for the Button widget.Android provides a few special android:id values, of the form @android:id/.... We will see some of these in various chapters of this book, such as Chapters 8 and 10.We Attach These to the Java How?Given that you have painstakingly set up the widgets and containers in an XML layout filenamed main.xml stored in res/layout, all you need is one statement in your activity’s onCreate() callback to use that layout:setContentView(yout.main);This is the same setContentView() we used earlier, passing it an instance of a View subclass (in that case, a Button). The Android-built view, constructed from our layout, is accessed from that code-generated R class. All of the layouts are accessible under yout, keyed by the base name of the layout file—main.xml results in yout.main.To access our identified widgets, use findViewById(), passing in the numeric identifier of the widget in question. That numeric identifier was generated by Android in the R class asR.id.something (where something is the specific widget you are seeking). Those widgets are simply subclasses of View, just like the Button instance we created in Chapter 4.The Rest of the StoryIn the original Now demo, the button’s face would show the current time, which would reflect when the button was last pushed (or when the activity was first shown, if the button had not yet been pushed).Most of that logic still works, even in this revised demo (NowRedux). However,rather than instantiating the Button in our activity’s onCreate() callback, we can reference the one from the XML layout:package youts;import android.app.Activity;import android.os.Bundle;import android.view.View;import android.widget.Button; import java.util.Date;public class NowRedux extends Activity implements View.OnClickListener { Button btn;@Overridepublic void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle);setContentView(yout.main);btn=(Button)findViewById(R.id.button);btn.setOnClickListener(this);upd ateTime();}public void onClick(View view) { updateTime();}private void updateTime() {btn.setText(new Date().toString()); }}The first difference is that rather than setting the content view to be a view we created in Java code, we set it to reference the XML layout (setContentView(yout.main)). The R.java source file will be updated when we rebuild this project to include a reference to our layout file (stored as main.xml in our project’s res/l ayout directory).The other difference is that we need to get our hands on our Button instance, for which we use the findViewById() call. Since we identified our button as @+id/button, we can reference the button’s identifier as R.id.button. Now, with the Button instance in hand, we can set the callback and set the label as needed.As you can see in Figure 5-1, the results look the same as with the originalNow demo.Figure 5-1. The NowRedux sample activity Employing Basic WidgetsE very GUI toolkit has some basic widgets: fields, labels, buttons, etc. Android’s toolkit is no different in scope, and the basic widgets will provide a good introduction as to how widgets work in Android activities.Assigning LabelsThe simplest widget is the label, referred to in Android as a TextView. Like in most GUI toolkits, labels are bits of text not editable directly by users. Typically, they are used to identify adjacent widgets (e.g., a “Name:” label before a field where one fills in a name).In Java, you can create a label by creating a TextView instance. More commonly, though, you will create labels in XML layout files by adding a TextView element to the layout, with an android:text property to set the value of the label itself. If you need to swap labels based on certain criteria, such as internationalization, you may wish to use a resource reference in the XML instead, as will be described in Chapter 9. TextView has numerous other properties of relevance for labels, such as:• android:typeface to set the typeface to use for the label (e.g., monospace) • android:textStyle to indicate that the typeface should be made bold (bold), italic (italic),or bold and italic (bold_italic)• android:textColor to set the color of the label’s text, in RGB hex format (e.g., #FF0000 for red)For example, in the Basic/Label project, you will find the following layout file:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><TextView xmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="You were expecting something profound?" />As you can see in Figure 6-1, just that layout alone, with the stub Java source provided by Android’s p roject builder (e.g., activityCreator), gives you the application.Figure 6-1. The LabelDemo sample applicationButton, Button, Who’s Got the Button?We’ve already seen the use of the Button widget in Chapters 4 and 5. As it turns out, Button is a subclass of TextView, so everything discussed in the preceding section in terms of formatting the face of the button still holds. Fleeting ImagesAndroid has two widgets to help you embed images in your activities: ImageView and ImageButton. As the names suggest, they are image-based analogues to TextView and Button, respectively.Each widget takes an android:src attribute (in an XML layout) to specify what picture to use. These usually reference a drawable resource, described in greater detail in the chapter on resources. You can also set the image content based on a Uri from a content provider via setImageURI().ImageButton, a subclass of ImageView, mixes in the standard Button behaviors, for responding to clicks and whatnot.For example, take a peek at the main.xml layout from the Basic/ImageView sample project which is found along with all other code samples at : <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><ImageView xmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:id="@+id/icon"android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent"android:adjustViewBounds="true"android:src="@drawable/molecule" />The result, just using the code-generated activity, is shown in Figure 6-2.Figure 6-2. The ImageViewDemo sample applicationFields of Green. Or Other Colors.Along with buttons and labels, fields are the third “anchor” of most GUI toolkits. In Android, they are implemented via the EditText widget, which is a subclass of the TextView used for labels.Along with the standard TextView properties (e.g., android:textStyle), EditText has many others that will be useful for you in constructing fields, including:• android:autoText, to control if the fie ld should provide automatic spelling assistance• android:capitalize, to control if the field should automatically capitalize the first letter of entered text (e.g., first name, city) • android:digits, to configure the field to accept only certain digi ts • android:singleLine, to control if the field is for single-line input or multiple-line input (e.g., does <Enter> move you to the next widget or add a newline?)Beyond those, you can configure fields to use specialized input methods, such asandroid:numeric for numeric-only input, android:password for shrouded password input,and android:phoneNumber for entering in phone numbers. If you want to create your own input method scheme (e.g., postal codes, Social Security numbers), you need to create your own implementation of the InputMethod interface, then configure the field to use it via android: inputMethod.For example, from the Basic/Field project, here is an XML layout file showing an EditText:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><EditTextxmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:id="@+id/field"android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent"android:singleLine="false" />Note that android:singleLine is false, so users will be able to enter in several lines of text. For this project, the FieldDemo.java file populates the input field with some prose:package monsware.android.basic;import android.app.Activity;import android.os.Bundle;import android.widget.EditText;public class FieldDemo extends Activity { @Overridepublic void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle);setContentView(yout.main);EditText fld=(EditText)findViewById(R.id.field);fld.setText("Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 " + "(the \"License\"); you may not use this file " + "except in compliance with the License. You may " + "obtain a copy of the License at " +"/licenses/LICENSE-2.0");}}The result, once built and installed into the emulator, is shown in Figure 6-3.Figure 6-3. The FieldDemo sample applicationNote Android’s emulator only allows one application in the launcher per unique Java package. Since all the demos in this chapter share the monsware.android.basic package, you will only see one of these demos in your emulator’s launcher at any one time.Another flavor of field is one that offers auto-completion, to help users supply a value without typing in the whole text. That is provided in Android as the AutoCompleteTextView widget and is discussed in Chapter 8.Just Another Box to CheckThe classic checkbox has two states: checked and unchecked. Clicking the checkbox toggles between those states to indicate a choice (e.g., “Ad d rush delivery to my order”). In Android, there is a CheckBox widget to meet this need. It has TextView as an ancestor, so you can use TextView properties likeandroid:textColor to format the widget. Within Java, you can invoke: • isChecked() to determi ne if the checkbox has been checked• setChecked() to force the checkbox into a checked or unchecked state • toggle() to toggle the checkbox as if the user checked itAlso, you can register a listener object (in this case, an instance of OnCheckedChangeListener) to be notified when the state of the checkbox changes.For example, from the Basic/CheckBox project, here is a simple checkbox layout:<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><CheckBox xmlns:android="/apk/res/android"android:id="@+id/check"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="This checkbox is: unchecked" />The corresponding CheckBoxDemo.java retrieves and configures the behavior of the checkbox:public class CheckBoxDemo extends Activityimplements CompoundButton.OnCheckedChangeListener { CheckBox cb;@Overridepublic void onCreate(Bundle icicle) { super.onCreate(icicle);setContentView(yout.main);cb=(CheckBox)findViewById(R.id.check);cb.setOnCheckedChangeListener(this);}public void onCheckedChanged(CompoundButton buttonView,boolean isChecked) {if (isChecked) {cb.setText("This checkbox is: checked");}else {cb.setText("This checkbox is: unchecked");}}}Note that the activity serves as its own listener for checkbox state changes since it imple ments the OnCheckedChangeListener interface (via cb.setOnCheckedChangeListener(this)). The callback for the listener is onCheckedChanged(), which receives the checkbox whose state has changed and what the new state is. In this case, we update the text of the checkbox to reflect what the actual box contains.The result? Clicking the checkbox immediately updates its text, as you can see in Figures 6-4 and 6-5.Figure 6-4. The CheckBoxDemo sample application, with the checkbox uncheckedFigure 6-5. The same application, now with the checkbox checkedTurn the Radio UpAs with other implementations of radio buttons in other toolkits, Android’s radio buttons are two-state, like checkboxes, but can be grouped such that only one radio button in the group can be checked at any time.Like CheckBox, RadioButton inherits from CompoundButton, which in turn inherits fromTextView. Hence, all the standard TextView properties for font face, style, color, etc., are available for controlling the look of radio buttons. Similarly, you can call isChecked() on a RadioButton to see if it is selected, toggle() to select it, and so on, like you can with a CheckBox.Most times, you will want to put your RadioButton widgets inside of aRadioGroup. The RadioGroup indicates a set of radio buttons whose state is tied, meaning only one button out of the group can be selected at any time. If you assign an android:id to your RadioGroup in your XML layout, you can access the group from your Java code and invoke:• check() to check a specific radio button via its ID (e.g., group.check(R.id.radio1))• clearCheck() to clear all radio buttons, so none in the group are checked• getCheckedRadioButtonId() to get the ID of the currently-checked radio button (or -1 if none are checked)For example, from the Basic/RadioButton sample application, here is an XML layout showing a RadioGroup wrapping a set of RadioButton widgets: <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <RadioGroupxmlns:android=/apk/res/androidandroid:orientation="vertical"android:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="fill_parent" ><RadioButton android:id="@+id/radio1"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Rock" /><RadioButton android:id="@+id/radio2"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Scissors" /><RadioButton android:id="@+id/radio3"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Paper" /></RadioGroup>Figure 6-6 shows the result using the stock Android-generated Java forthe project and this layout.Figure 6-6. The RadioButtonDemo sample application Note that the radio button group is initially set to be completely unchecked at the outset. To pre-set one of the radio buttons to be checked, use either setChecked() on the RadioButton or check() on the RadioGroup from within your onCreate() callback in your activity.It’s Quite a ViewAll widgets, including the ones previously shown, extend View, and as such give all widgets an array of useful properties and methods beyond those already described.Useful PropertiesSome of the properties on View most likely to be used include:• Controls the focus sequence:• android:nextFocusDown• android:nextFocusLeft• android:nextFocusRight• android:nextFocusUp• android:visibility, which controls wheth er the widget is initially visible• android:background, which typically provides an RGB color value (e.g., #00FF00 for green) to serve as the background for the widgetUseful MethodsYou can toggle whether or not a widget is enabled via setEnabled() and see if it is enabled via isEnabled(). One common use pattern for this is to disable some widgets based on a CheckBox or RadioButton selection.You can give a widget focus via requestFocus() and see if it is focused via isFocused(). You might use this in concert with disabling widgets as previously mentioned, to ensure the proper widget has the focus once your disabling operation is complete.To help navigate the tree of widgets and containers that make up an activity’s overall view, you can use:• get Parent() to find the parent widget or container• findViewById() to find a child widget with a certain ID• getRootView() to get the root of the tree (e.g., what you provided to the activity via setContentView())Android 页面布局使用XML进行布局虽然纯粹通过Java代码在activity上创建和添加部件，在技术上是可行的，我们在第4章中做的一样，更常见的方法是使用一种基于XML的布局文件。
武科大外文翻译封面
外文翻译格式要求一、封面外文翻译封面格式，见附件7：《外文翻译封面格式》（可在教务处网上下载）。
二、内容外文翻译要求内容完整，格式规范。
版面页边距上下左右均为 2.5cm；页眉距边界2cm；页脚距边界1.75cm；页眉加“武汉科技大学本科毕业设计外文翻译”或“武汉科技大学本科毕业论文外文翻译”，字体为三号隶书，居中，单倍行距。
每页首行文字的段前间距为0.5行。
一律左侧装订。
页码用阿拉伯数字，小五号Times New Roman字体，底端居中。
（一）首页首页第一项：外文论文题目，作者．学术刊物名，年，卷（期）：引用起~止页（如果是著作则为：外文著作书名，翻译部分的章节序号，章节名，作者．版次．出版地：出版者，出版年．引用起~止页）（原文书写）。
首页第二项：外文论文题目，作者．学术刊物名，年，卷（期）：引用起~止页（如果是著作则为：外文著作书名，翻译部分的章节序号，章节名，作者．版次．出版地：出版者，出版年．引用起~止页）（中文翻译）。
首页格式见附件8：《外文翻译首页格式（参考）》。
（二）翻译后的中文正文翻译后的中文正文按原文的章节结构顺序进行翻译，正文用小四号宋体字（西文及阿拉伯数字用Times New Roman字体），行间距 1.25倍。
一级标题：标题号1，用小三号黑体字，单倍行距，左对齐，段前段后空0.5行。
二级标题：标题号 1.1，用四号黑体字，单倍行距，左对齐，段前段后空0.5行。
三级标题：标题号 1.1.1，用小四号黑体字，单倍行距，左对齐，段前段后空0.5行。
四级标题：标题号 1.1.1.1，用小四号宋体字加粗，单倍行距，左对齐，段前段后空0.5行。
（三）外文原文附件的格式要求外文原文作为附件，放在翻译后的中文正文之后，另起一页。
外文原文应为刊物电子版原版的打印件或刊物复印件，A4纸型，要清晰、整洁。
三、打印及装订要求封面用普通A3纸型白纸打印，对折装订；内容用A4 纸打印。
一律左侧装订。
本科生英文文献翻译格式要求
本科生英文文献翻译格式要求
翻译英文文献是本科生学习和研究的重要环节之一、在进行英文文献
翻译时，要求严谨、规范，以确保翻译结果准确、准确。
以下是本科生英
文文献翻译的一般格式要求：
1.标题：在翻译文献的标题处，应准确、简洁地翻译出原文的标题。
翻译后的标题应该置于原文标题的下方，并用加粗的字体显示。
4.主体内容：主体内容是英文文献的核心部分，应该全面、准确地翻译。
在翻译主体内容时，应注意不要改变原文的结构和意义，并尽量使用
符合学科特点的术语和词汇。
5.结论：结论是对整篇文献的总结和归纳。
翻译结论时，应准确地译
出原文的意思，并清晰地表达出来。
6.引用文献：如果原文中引用了其他文献，应该在翻译文献中注明出处，并按照相应的格式进行引用。
常见的引用格式包括APA、MLA等。
总体而言，整篇文献的翻译应该准确、准确地传达原文的意义，同时
符合学术规范和格式要求。
在翻译过程中，应注意用词准确、语法正确，
尽量避免出错。
此外，还需要注意文献的语言风格，以确保翻译结果通顺、自然。
外文译文(格式要求)
外文文献译文格式如下文献题目上角标（上角标以脚注形式给出原文的文献来源，文献来源标注请注意按照指导手册中关于参考文献的要求列出，必须真实可查）原文作者姓名（英文）译者姓名包括信息（班级学号姓名 [译]）（译文正文）一、************(一级标题)（一）***********(二级标题)……注意：尽量保持译文完整，整篇翻译（包括摘要、关键词等），如有省略，请译出标题后加（略），中间内容可部分省略，但是结论最好要译出，此外文末有参考文献的译出参考文献字样，后面加（略）。
译文正文的格式要求同论文正文的格式，包括字体，行间距，页边距，图表等所有格式，详见指导手册。
黑色字体为格式说明项，红色字体为需要的信息。
所有文中所出现的序号请按照指导手册要求修改，例如一、（）一……等。
外文原文的打印可以直接原文打印，若原文太长，可转换为word打印所译内容，其他省略翻译的列上标题后写略。
原文打印可不必再写文献来源，只需在打印的原文第一页上方空白处按序写上“班级学号姓名”等信息。
转换为word打印的，需按照指导手册要求调整好打印格式，并在标题后以脚注形式标注原文来源信息（指导手册要求）。
在打印的word原文第一页上方空白处写上“班级学号姓名”等信息（此时不需加[译]的字样）。
所有打印文件页脚上注意自动生成页码（如译文范文）。
定稿时发送的文件名称改成（专业班级学号姓名-外文原文）。
若是译文的话则文件名为（专业班级学号姓名-外文译文）。
其他文件定稿时也是这个要求。
范文：（见下一页）韩国**对经济影响的分析①原作者名可直接用英文经济学 061*班 2006*****6 张三[译][摘要] 本文研究的目的*******的影响。
在探讨*****影响各行业的产出、就业、收入、增值和进口中应用了投入产出模型。
*******************。
根据研究的结果，得出结论*********的作用。
[关键词] ***** 投入-产出模型 **效应 **效应一、引言在当今经济全球化***************。
英文论文(外文文献)翻译成中文的格式与方法
英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文关键词：外文，英文，中文，翻译成，文献英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文简介：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找英文论文（外文文献）翻译成中文的格式与方法本文内容：在撰写毕业设计（论文）或科研论文时，需要参考一些相关外文文献，了解国外的最新研究进展，这就需要我们找到最新最具代表性的外文文献，进行翻译整理，以备论文写作时参考，外文文献中英文文献占绝大多数，因此英文论文准确的翻译成中文就显得尤为重要！一、外文文献从哪里下载1、从知网国际文献总库中找，该数据库中包含14,000多家国外出版社的文献，囊括所有专业的英文文献资料。
2、一些免费的外文数据库或网站，为了方便大家查找，编者整理成文档供大家下载：国外免费文献数据库大全下载3、谷歌学术检索工具，检索时设置成只检索英文文献，键入与专业相关的关键词即可检索。
二、英文论文翻译格式与要求翻译的外文文献的字符要求不少于1.5万（或翻译成中文后至少在3000字以上）。
字数达到的文献一篇即可。
翻译的外文文献应主要选自学术期刊、学术会议的文章、有关着作及其他相关材料，应与毕业论文（设计）主题相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业论文（设计）的参考文献。
并在每篇中文译文首页用＂脚注＂形式注明原文作者及出处，中文译文后应附外文原文。
需认真研读和查阅术语完成翻译，不得采用翻译软件翻译。
中文译文的编排结构与原文同，撰写格式参照毕业论文的格式要求。
参考文献不必翻译，直接使用原文的（字体，字号，标点符号等与毕业论文中的参考文献要求同），参考文献的序号应标注在译文中相应的地方。
专业英语翻译封面及格式
南京理工大学泰州科技学院专业外语外文资料翻译学院 (系)： 土木工程学院专 业： 土木工程姓 名：学 号：外文出处：附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
(用外文写)附件1：外文资料翻译译文（空一行）译文标题（3号黑体，居中）（空一行）（可作为正文第1章标题，用小3号黑体，加粗，0.5行，段后0.5行）4号宋体，1.5倍行距，首行缩进2字符）×××××××××××××××××××××………1.1 ××××××（作为正文2级标题，用4号黑体，加粗）×××××××××（小4号宋体，1.5倍行距，首行缩进2字符）××××××…………1.1.1 ××××（作为正文3级标题，用小4号黑体，不加粗）×××××××××（小4号宋体，1.5倍行距，首行缩进2字符）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××………2 ×××××××（作为正文第2章标题，用小3号黑体，加粗，并留出上下间距为：段前0.5行，段后0.5行）×××××××××（小4号宋体，1.5倍行距，首行缩进2字符）×××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××………参考文献：（“参考文献”四个字为小四号黑体加粗，内容字体为Times New Roman，字号为小四号，不需要翻译，如下所示）[1] Frangopol, D. M., Structural optimization using reliability concepts. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 1985,111, 2288-2301.2.12.2（1）说明：1、针对科技文献的翻译只要翻译题名、摘要、关键词、正文部分，作者、单位、注释和参考文献部分不用翻译；针对书或教材章节的翻译，直接翻译从正文部分开始。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料和译文格式要求
东北大学东软信息学院外文资料和译文格式要求一、译文必须采用计算机输入、打印，幅面A4。
外文资料原文（复印或打印）在前，译文在后，于左侧装订。
二、具体要求1、至少翻译一篇内容与所选课题相关的外文文献。
2、译文汉字字数不少于4000字。
3、正文格式要求：宋体五号字。
附：外文资料和译文封面、空白页外文资料和译文专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：2010年12月23日5.2.5. Read/Write Spin LocksRead/write spin locks have been introduced to increase the amount of concurrency inside the kernel. They allow several kernel control paths to simultaneously read the same data structure, as long as no kernel control path modifies it. If a kernel control path wishes to write to the structure, it must acquire the write version of the read/write lock, which grants exclusive access to the resource. Of course, allowing concurrent reads on data structures improves system performance.Figure 5-2 illustrates two critical regions (C1 and C2) protected by read/write locks. Kernel control paths R0 and R1 are reading the data structures in C1 at the same time, while W0 is waiting to acquire the lock for writing. Kernel control path W1 is writing the data structures inC2, while both R2 and W2 are waiting to acquire the lock for reading and writing, respectively.Figure 5-2. Read/write spin locksEach read/write spin lock is a rwlock_t structure; its lock field is a 32-bit field that encodes two distinct pieces of information:∙ A 24-bit counter denoting the number of kernel control paths currently reading the protected data structure. The two's complement value of this counter is stored in bits 023 of the field.∙An unlock flag that is set when no kernel control path is reading or writing, and clear otherwise. This unlock flag is stored in bit 24 of the field.Notice that the lock field stores the number 0x01000000 if the spin lock is idle (unlock flag set and no readers), the number 0x00000000 if it has been acquired for writing (unlock flag clear and no readers), and any number in the sequence 0x00ffffff, 0x00fffffe, and so on, if it has been acquired for reading by one, two, or more processes (unlock flag clear and the two's complement on 24 bits of the number of readers). As the spinlock_t structure, the rwlock_t structure also includes a break_lock field.The rwlock_init macro initializes the lock field of a read/write spin lock to 0x01000000 (unlocked) and the break_lock field to zero.5.2.5.1. Getting and releasing a lock for readingThe read_lock macro, applied to the address rwlp of a read/write spin lock, is similar to thespin_lock macro described in the previous section. If the kernel preemption option has been selected when the kernel was compiled, the macro performs the very same actions as those of spin_lock( ), with just one exception: to effectively acquire the read/write spin lock in step 2, the macro executes the _raw_read_trylock( ) function:int _raw_read_trylock(rwlock_t *lock){atomic_t *count = (atomic_t *)lock->lock;atomic_dec(count);if (atomic_read(count) >= 0)return 1;atomic_inc(count);return 0;}The lock fieldthe read/write lock counteris accessed by means of atomic operations. Notice, however, that the whole function does not act atomically on the counter: for instance, the counter might change after having tested its value with the if statement and before returning 1. Nevertheless, the function works properly: in fact, the function returns 1 only if the counter was not zero or negative before the decrement, because the counter is equal to 0x01000000 for no owner, 0x00ffffff for one reader, and 0x00000000 for one writer.If the kernel preemption option has not been selected when the kernel was compiled, theread_lock macro yields the following assembly language code:movl $rwlp->lock,%eaxlock; subl $1,(%eax)jns 1fcall _ _read_lock_failed1:where _ _read_lock_failed( ) is the following assembly language function:_ _read_lock_failed:lock; incl (%eax)1: pausecmpl $1,(%eax)js 1block; decl (%eax)js _ _read_lock_failedretThe read_lock macro atomically decreases the spin lock value by 1, thus increasing the number of readers. The spin lock is acquired if the decrement operation yields a nonnegative value; otherwise, the _ _read_lock_failed( ) function is invoked. The function atomically increases the lock field to undo the decrement operation performed by the read_lock macro, and then loops until the field becomes positive (greater than or equal to 1). Next, _ _read_lock_failed( ) tries to get the spin lock again (another kernel control path could acquire the spin lock for writing right after the cmpl instruction).Releasing the read lock is quite simple, because the read_unlock macro must simply increase the counter in the lock field with the assembly language instruction:lock; incl rwlp->lockto decrease the number of readers, and then invoke preempt_enable( ) to reenable kernel preemption.5.2.5.2. Getting and releasing a lock for writingThe write_lock macro is implemented in the same way as spin_lock( ) andread_lock( ). For instance, if kernel preemption is supported, the function disables kernel preemption and tries to grab the lock right away by invoking_raw_write_trylock( ). If this function returns 0, the lock was already taken, thus the macro reenables kernel preemption and starts a busy wait loop, as explained in the description of spin_lock( ) in the previous section.The _raw_write_trylock( ) function is shown below:int _raw_write_trylock(rwlock_t *lock){atomic_t *count = (atomic_t *)lock->lock;if (atomic_sub_and_test(0x01000000, count))return 1;atomic_add(0x01000000, count);return 0;}The _raw_write_trylock( ) function subtracts 0x01000000 from the read/write spin lock value, thus clearing the unlock flag (bit 24). If the subtraction operation yieldszero (no readers), the lock is acquired and the function returns 1; otherwise, the function atomically adds 0x01000000 to the spin lock value to undo the subtraction operation.Once again, releasing the write lock is much simpler because the write_unlock macro must simply set the unlock flag in the lock field with the assembly language instruction:lock; addl $0x01000000,rwlpand then invoke preempt_enable().5.2.6. SeqlocksWhen using read/write spin locks, requests issued by kernel control paths to perform a read_lock or a write_lock operation have the same priority: readers must wait until the writer has finished and, similarly, a writer must wait until all readers have finished.Seqlocks introduced in Linux 2.6 are similar to read/write spin locks, except that they give a much higher priority to writers: in fact a writer is allowed to proceed even when readers are active. The good part of this strategy is that a writer never waits (unless another writer is active); the bad part is that a reader may sometimes be forced to read the same data several times until it gets a valid copy.Each seqlock is a seqlock_t structure consisting of two fields: a lock field of type spinlock_t and an integer sequence field. This second field plays the role of a sequence counter. Each reader must read this sequence counter twice, before and after reading the data, and check whether the two values coincide. In the opposite case, a new writer has become active and has increased the sequence counter, thus implicitly telling the reader that the data just read is not valid.A seqlock_t variable is initialized to "unlocked" either by assigning to it the value SEQLOCK_UNLOCKED, or by executing the seqlock_init macro. Writers acquire and release a seqlock by invoking write_seqlock( ) and write_sequnlock( ). The first function acquires the spin lock in the seqlock_t data structure, then increases the sequence counter by one; the second function increases the sequence counter once more, then releases the spin lock. This ensures that when the writer is in the middle of writing, the counter is odd, and that when no writer is altering data, the counter is even. Readers implement a critical region as follows:unsigned int seq;do {seq = read_seqbegin(&seqlock);/* ... CRITICAL REGION ... */} while (read_seqretry(&seqlock, seq));read_seqbegin() returns the current sequence number of the seqlock; read_seqretry() returns 1 if either the value of the seq local variable is odd (a writer was updating the data structure when the read_seqbegin( ) function has been invoked), or if the value of seq does not match the current value of the seqlock's sequence counter (a writer started working while the reader was still executing the code in the critical region).Notice that when a reader enters a critical region, it does not need to disable kernel preemption; on the other hand, the writer automatically disables kernel preemption when entering the critical region, because it acquires the spin lock.Not every kind of data structure can be protected by a seqlock. As a general rule, the following conditions must hold:∙The data structure to be protected does not include pointers that are modified by the writers and dereferenced by the readers (otherwise, a writer couldchange the pointer under the nose of the readers)∙The code in the critical regions of the readers does not have side effects (otherwise, multiple reads would have different effects from a single read) Furthermore, the critical regions of the readers should be short and writers should seldom acquire the seqlock, otherwise repeated read accesses would cause a severe overhead. A typical usage of seqlocks in Linux 2.6 consists of protecting some data structures related to the system time handling (see Chapter 6).5.2.7. Read-Copy Update (RCU)Read-copy update (RCU) is yet another synchronization technique designed to protect data structures that are mostly accessed for reading by several CPUs. RCU allows many readers and many writers to proceed concurrently (an improvement over seqlocks, which allow only one writer to proceed). Moreover, RCU is lock-free, that is, it uses no lock or counter shared by all CPUs; this is a great advantage over read/write spin locks and seqlocks, which have a high overhead due to cache line-snooping and invalidation.How does RCU obtain the surprising result of synchronizing several CPUs without shared data structures? The key idea consists of limiting the scope of RCU as follows:1.Only data structures that are dynamically allocated and referenced by meansof pointers can be protected by RCU.2.No kernel control path can sleep inside a critical region protected by RCU.When a kernel control path wants to read an RCU-protected data structure, it executes the rcu_read_lock( ) macro, which is equivalent to preempt_disable( ). Next, the reader dereferences the pointer to the data structure and starts reading it. As stated above, the reader cannot sleep until it finishes reading the data structure; the end of the critical region is marked by the rcu_read_unlock( ) macro, which is equivalent to preempt_enable( ).Because the reader does very little to prevent race conditions, we could expect that the writer has to work a bit more. In fact, when a writer wants to update the data structure, it dereferences the pointer and makes a copy of the whole data structure. Next, the writer modifies the copy. Once finished, the writer changes the pointer to the data structure so as to make it point to the updated copy. Because changing the value of the pointer is an atomic operation, each reader or writer sees either the old copy or the new one: no corruption in the data structure may occur. However, a memory barrier is required to ensure that the updated pointer is seen by the other CPUs only after the data structure has been modified. Such a memory barrier is implicitly introduced if a spin lock is coupled with RCU to forbid the concurrent execution of writers.The real problem with the RCU technique, however, is that the old copy of the data structure cannot be freed right away when the writer updates the pointer. In fact, the readers that were accessing the data structure when the writer started its update could still be reading the old copy. The old copy can be freed only after all (potential) readers on the CPUs have executed the rcu_read_unlock( ) macro. The kernel requires every potential reader to execute that macro before:∙The CPU performs a process switch (see restriction 2 earlier).∙The CPU starts executing in User Mode.∙The CPU executes the idle loop (see the section "Kernel Threads" in Chapter 3).In each of these cases, we say that the CPU has gone through a quiescent state.The call_rcu( ) function is invoked by the writer to get rid of the old copy of the data structure. It receives as its parameters the address of an rcu_head descriptor (usually embedded inside the data structure to be freed) and the address of a callback function to be invoked when all CPUs have gone through a quiescent state. Once executed, the callback function usually frees the old copy of the data structure.The call_rcu( ) function stores in the rcu_head descriptor the address of the callback and its parameter, then inserts the descriptor in a per-CPU list of callbacks. Periodically, once every tick (see the section "Updating Local CPU Statistics" in Chapter 6), the kernel checks whether the local CPU has gone through a quiescent state. When all CPUs have gone through a quiescent state, a local taskletwhose descriptor is stored in the rcu_tasklet per-CPU variableexecutes all callbacks in the list.RCU is a new addition in Linux 2.6; it is used in the networking layer and in the Virtual Filesystem.5.2.8. SemaphoresWe have already introduced semaphores in the section "Synchronization and Critical Regions" in Chapter 1. Essentially, they implement a locking primitive that allows waiters to sleep until the desired resource becomes free.Actually, Linux offers two kinds of semaphores:∙Kernel semaphores, which are used by kernel control paths∙System V IPC semaphores, which are used by User Mode processesIn this section, we focus on kernel semaphores, while IPC semaphores are described in Chapter 19.A kernel semaphore is similar to a spin lock, in that it doesn't allow a kernel control path to proceed unless the lock is open. However, whenever a kernel control path tries to acquire a busy resource protected by a kernel semaphore, the corresponding process is suspended. It becomes runnable again when the resource is released. Therefore, kernel semaphores can be acquired only by functions that are allowed to sleep; interrupt handlers and deferrable functions cannot use them.A kernel semaphore is an object of type struct semaphore, containing the fields shown in the following list.countStores an atomic_t value. If it is greater than 0, the resource is free that is, itis currently available. If count is equal to 0, the semaphore is busy but noother process is waiting for the protected resource. Finally, if count isnegative, the resource is unavailable and at least one process is waiting for it.waitStores the address of a wait queue list that includes all sleeping processes that are currently waiting for the resource. Of course, if count is greater than orequal to 0, the wait queue is empty.sleepersStores a flag that indicates whether some processes are sleeping on thesemaphore. We'll see this field in operation soon.The init_MUTEX( ) and init_MUTEX_LOCKED( ) functions may be used to initialize a semaphore for exclusive access: they set the count field to 1 (free resource with exclusive access) and 0 (busy resource with exclusive access currently granted to the process that initializes the semaphore), respectively. The DECLARE_MUTEX and DECLARE_MUTEX_LOCKED macros do the same, but they also statically allocate the struct semaphore variable. Note that a semaphore could also be initialized with an arbitrary positive value n for count. In this case, at most n processes are allowed to concurrently access the resource.5.2.8.1. Getting and releasing semaphoresLet's start by discussing how to release a semaphore, which is much simpler than getting one. When a process wishes to release a kernel semaphore lock, it invokes the up( ) function. This function is essentially equivalent to the following assembly language fragment:movl $sem->count,%ecxlock; incl (%ecx)jg 1flea %ecx,%eaxpushl %edxpushl %ecxcall _ _uppopl %ecxpopl %edx1:where _ _up( ) is the following C function:__attribute__((regparm(3))) void _ _up(struct semaphore *sem){wake_up(&sem->wait);}The up( ) function increases the count field of the *sem semaphore, and then it checks whether its value is greater than 0. The increment of count and the setting of the flag tested by the following jump instruction must be atomically executed, or else another kernel control path could concurrently access the field value, with disastrousresults. If count is greater than 0, there was no process sleeping in the wait queue, so nothing has to be done. Otherwise, the _ _up( ) function is invoked so that one sleeping process is woken up. Notice that _ _up( ) receives its parameter from the eax register (see the description of the _ _switch_to( ) function in the section "Performing the Process Switch" in Chapter 3).Conversely, when a process wishes to acquire a kernel semaphore lock, it invokes the down( ) function. The implementation of down( ) is quite involved, but it is essentially equivalent to the following:down:movl $sem->count,%ecxlock; decl (%ecx);jns 1flea %ecx, %eaxpushl %edxpushl %ecxcall _ _downpopl %ecxpopl %edx1:where _ _down( ) is the following C function:__attribute__((regparm(3))) void _ _down(struct semaphore * sem){DECLARE_WAITQUEUE(wait, current);unsigned long flags;current->state = TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE;spin_lock_irqsave(&sem->wait.lock, flags);add_wait_queue_exclusive_locked(&sem->wait, &wait);sem->sleepers++;for (;;) {if (!atomic_add_negative(sem->sleepers-1, &sem->count)) {sem->sleepers = 0;break;}sem->sleepers = 1;spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sem->wait.lock, flags);schedule( );spin_lock_irqsave(&sem->wait.lock, flags);current->state = TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE;}remove_wait_queue_locked(&sem->wait, &wait);wake_up_locked(&sem->wait);spin_unlock_irqrestore(&sem->wait.lock, flags);current->state = TASK_RUNNING;}The down( ) function decreases the count field of the *sem semaphore, and then checks whether its value is negative. Again, the decrement and the test must be atomically executed. If count is greater than or equal to 0, the current process acquires the resource and the execution continues normally. Otherwise, count is negative, and the current process must be suspended. The contents of some registers are saved on the stack, and then _ _down( ) is invoked.Essentially, the _ _down( ) function changes the state of the current process from TASK_RUNNING to TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE, and it puts the process in the semaphore wait queue. Before accessing the fields of the semaphore structure, the function also gets the sem->wait.lock spin lock that protects the semaphore wait queue (see "How Processes Are Organized" in Chapter 3) and disables local interrupts. Usually, wait queue functions get and release the wait queue spin lock as necessary when inserting and deleting an element. The _ _down( ) function, however, uses the wait queue spin lock also to protect the other fields of the semaphore data structure, so that no process running on another CPU is able to read or modify them. To that end, _ _down( ) uses the "_locked" versions of the wait queue functions, which assume that the spin lock has been already acquired before their invocations.The main task of the _ _down( ) function is to suspend the current process until the semaphore is released. However, the way in which this is done is quite involved. To easily understand the code, keep in mind that the sleepers field of the semaphore is usually set to 0 if no process is sleeping in the wait queue of the semaphore, and it is set to 1 otherwise. Let's try to explain the code by considering a few typical cases. MUTEX semaphore open (count equal to 1, sleepers equal to 0)The down macro just sets the count field to 0 and jumps to the nextinstruction of the main program; therefore, the _ _down( ) function is notexecuted at all.MUTEX semaphore closed, no sleeping processes (count equal to 0, sleepers equal to 0)The down macro decreases count and invokes the _ _down( ) function withthe count field set to -1 and the sleepers field set to 0. In each iteration of theloop, the function checks whether the count field is negative. (Observe thatthe count field is not changed by atomic_add_negative( ) because sleepers isequal to 0 when the function is invoked.)∙If the count field is negative, the function invokes schedule( ) tosuspend the current process. The count field is still set to -1, and thesleepers field to 1. The process picks up its run subsequently insidethis loop and issues the test again.∙If the count field is not negative, the function sets sleepers to 0 and exits from the loop. It tries to wake up another process in thesemaphore wait queue (but in our scenario, the queue is now empty)and terminates holding the semaphore. On exit, both the count fieldand the sleepers field are set to 0, as required when the semaphore isclosed but no process is waiting for it.MUTEX semaphore closed, other sleeping processes (count equal to -1, sleepers equal to 1)The down macro decreases count and invokes the _ _down( ) function withcount set to -2 and sleepers set to 1. The function temporarily sets sleepers to 2, and then undoes the decrement performed by the down macro by addingthe value sleepers-1 to count. At the same time, the function checks whethercount is still negative (the semaphore could have been released by theholding process right before _ _down( ) entered the critical region).∙If the count field is negative, the function resets sleepers to 1 andinvokes schedule( ) to suspend the current process. The count field isstill set to -1, and the sleepers field to 1.∙If the count field is not negative, the function sets sleepers to 0, tries to wake up another process in the semaphore wait queue, and exitsholding the semaphore. On exit, the count field is set to 0 and thesleepers field to 0. The values of both fields look wrong, becausethere are other sleeping processes. However, consider that anotherprocess in the wait queue has been woken up. This process doesanother iteration of the loop; the atomic_add_negative( ) functionsubtracts 1 from count, restoring it to -1; moreover, before returningto sleep, the woken-up process resets sleepers to 1.So, the code properly works in all cases. Consider that the wake_up( ) function in _ _down( ) wakes up at most one process, because the sleeping processes in the wait queue are exclusive (see the section "How Processes Are Organized" in Chapter 3).Only exception handlers , and particularly system call service routines , can use the down( ) function. Interrupt handlers or deferrable functions must not invoke down( ),because this function suspends the process when the semaphore is busy. For this reason, Linux provides the down_trylock( ) function, which may be safely used by one of the previously mentioned asynchronous functions. It is identical to down( ) except when the resource is busy. In this case, the function returns immediately instead of putting the process to sleep.A slightly different function called down_interruptible( ) is also defined. It is widely used by device drivers, because it allows processes that receive a signal while being blocked on a semaphore to give up the "down" operation. If the sleeping process is woken up by a signal before getting the needed resource, the function increases the count field of the semaphore and returns the value -EINTR. On the other hand, if down_interruptible( ) runs to normal completion and gets the resource, it returns 0. The device driver may thus abort the I/O operation when the return value is -EINTR.Finally, because processes usually find semaphores in an open state, the semaphore functions are optimized for this case. In particular, the up( ) function does not execute jump instructions if the semaphore wait queue is empty; similarly, the down( ) function does not execute jump instructions if the semaphore is open. Much of the complexity of the semaphore implementation is precisely due to the effort of avoiding costly instructions in the main branch of the execution flow.5.2.9. Read/Write SemaphoresRead/write semaphores are similar to the read/write spin locks described earlier in the section "Read/Write Spin Locks," except that waiting processes are suspended instead of spinning until the semaphore becomes open again.Many kernel control paths may concurrently acquire a read/write semaphore for reading; however, every writer kernel control path must have exclusive access to the protected resource. Therefore, the semaphore can be acquired for writing only if no other kernel control path is holding it for either read or write access. Read/write semaphores improve the amount of concurrency inside the kernel and improve overall system performance.The kernel handles all processes waiting for a read/write semaphore in strict FIFO order. Each reader or writer that finds the semaphore closed is inserted in the last position of a semaphore's wait queue list. When the semaphore is released, the process in the first position of the wait queue list are checked. The first process is always awoken. If it is a writer, the other processes in the wait queue continue to sleep. If it is a reader, all readers at the start of the queue, up to the first writer, are also woken up and get the lock. However, readers that have been queued after a writer continue to sleep.Each read/write semaphore is described by a rw_semaphore structure that includes the following fields:countStores two 16-bit counters. The counter in the most significant word encodesin two's complement form the sum of the number of nonwaiting writers(either 0 or 1) and the number of waiting kernel control paths. The counter inthe less significant word encodes the total number of nonwaiting readers andwriters.wait_listPoints to a list of waiting processes. Each element in this list is arwsem_waiter structure, including a pointer to the descriptor of the sleepingprocess and a flag indicating whether the process wants the semaphore forreading or for writing.wait_lockA spin lock used to protect the wait queue list and the rw_semaphorestructure itself.The init_rwsem( ) function initializes an rw_semaphore structure by setting the count field to 0, the wait_lock spin lock to unlocked, and wait_list to the empty list. The down_read( ) and down_write( ) functions acquire the read/write semaphore for reading and writing, respectively. Similarly, the up_read( ) and up_write( ) functions release a read/write semaphore previously acquired for reading and for writing. The down_read_trylock( ) and down_write_trylock( ) functions are similar todown_read( ) and down_write( ), respectively, but they do not block the process if the semaphore is busy. Finally, the downgrade_write( ) function atomically transforms a write lock into a read lock. The implementation of these five functions is long, but easy to follow because it resembles the implementation of normal semaphores; therefore, we avoid describing them.5.2.10. CompletionsLinux 2.6 also makes use of another synchronization primitive similar to semaphores: completions . They have been introduced to solve a subtle race condition that occurs in multiprocessor systems when process A allocates a temporary semaphore variable, initializes it as closed MUTEX, passes its address to process B, and then invokes down( ) on it. Process A plans to destroy the semaphore as soon as it awakens. Later。
英文文献翻译格式
英文文献翻译格式
英文文献翻译格式通常包括以下几个方面:
1. 文献信息：在翻译文献之前，首先要提供文献的基本信息，包括作者、标题、期刊/书名、出版日期等。
通常按照以下格式进行排列：
[作者姓氏]，[作者名字]. [文章标题]. [期刊/书名]. [出版日期].
2. 翻译译者：如果是自己翻译的文献，应该标明自己是译者。
可以在文献信息的末尾加上"Translated by: [译者姓名]"或者"Translation by: [译者姓名]"。
3. 段落翻译：在翻译文献的内容时，可以将原文按照段落进行翻译，并使用缩进或者空行进行分隔。
可以使用换行符或者段落符号表示新的段落。
4. 引用翻译：如果在翻译过程中需要引用原文的内容，可以使用引号标注，同时在引用的末尾注明原文的出处。
可以使用段落符号或者引用标记来引用内容。
5. 注释：如果在翻译过程中需要添加注释或者补充说明，可以使用括号或者脚注来表示。
注释应该直接放在被注释的内容后面，使用合适的标点符号进行分割。
6. 标题翻译：如果文献中包含标题或子标题，应该将其翻译成对应的中文。
可以将翻译后的标题用加粗、斜体、下划线等格
式进行标记，以便读者区分。
7. 插图翻译：如果文献中包含插图或者图片，通常需要对其进行翻译。
可以在插图下方或者旁边加上对应的中文说明，以方便读者理解。
总体而言，英文文献翻译格式应该清晰明了，准确无误地传达原文的信息。
要注重原文内容的准确性，并注意译文的语法、词汇、结构等方面的准确性和流畅度。
2013外文文献翻译封面及排版要求(电信)
外文文献翻译
2013届
译文一：MATLAB通信工具箱的使用（小二仿宋加粗居中）
译文二：4k字节可编程闪存8位微处理器（若只有一篇，就写译文，不加“一”）
学生姓名王小丽（三号仿宋加粗）
学号07011115
院系数理信息学院
专业电子信息工程
指导教师张一三
完成日期2012年11月25日（不要修改时间）
原文出处：Y ukitaka Minesaki, Y oshimasa Nakamura.A new discretization of the Kepler motion which conserves the Runge-Lenz vector[J]. Physics Letters A,2002,306:127~133或
http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/e94/PDF/EPAC1994_1848.PDF9(保存网页)
1．外文文献翻译的原文（1~2篇）要完整，要求是外文期刊上的文章，并且内容与课题相关（至少与专业相关）。
2．在译文的首行表明原文出处（如上），译文要通顺、完整，避免机译，中文字数不低于3000字。
3．外文翻译的正文：宋体小四号，1.25倍行距。
题目: 小一号, 黑体,居中。
4．页面设置:上方和左侧：2.5cm,下方和右侧:2.0cm.。
排版不分栏。
页码居中，首页不显示页码。
5．封面的格式、时间请不要改变，注意划线长短要一样。
6．译文中的公式要用公式编辑器重打，公式的编号照原文；参考文献、图题可不翻译。
3-外文翻译模板
说明： 模板中的蓝色字体及红色字体为提示说明用，填写过程应删除。
3外文翻译模板外文翻译格式毕业论文外文翻译格式外文翻译外文翻译网站外文翻译范文外文文献翻译外文翻译怎么写谷歌翻译身份证翻译模板
毕业设计
外文出处：（用外文写，按参考文献格式要求）
附 件:1.外文资料翻译译文
2.外文原文
题 目填写毕业论文（设计）的题目 （黑体四号）
院 （系）化工与环境工程学院专 业环境工程
班 级环境0#Байду номын сангаас#学号
学 生###
指导教师###（职称）
附件1：外文资料翻译译文
译文标题 （3号黑体，居中）
（空一行）
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxx。…（小4号宋体，1.25倍行距）
附件2：外文原文
外文文献翻译封面格式和要求模版
毕业论文外文文献翻译年级专业：2011级国际经济与贸易姓 名：学 号：附 件：Challenges and Opportunities备注：（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可）1.从所引用的与毕业设计（论文）内容相近的外文文献当选择一篇或一部份进行翻译（很多于3000实词）；2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部份，第一部份为外文文献，页码从正文开始到英文终止；第二部份为该外文文献的中文翻译，页码从头从正文开始到终止，中英文两部份之间用分页符隔开。
也确实是说，第一外文文献部份终止后，利用分页符，另起一页开始翻译。
3.格式方面，外文文献的格式，除字体统一利用Times new roman之外，其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。
中文翻译的格式，跟中文论文的格式一样。
（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.）【Abstract】Exports of dairy products are becoming increasingly important in terms of export earnings for Australia. The industry is the fourth highest foreign exchange earner compared toall Australia's food exports. However, Australian exports of dairy products account for about 67 per cent of the total Australian production of dairy products, and about 13 per cent of total world exports of dairy products. About 68 per cent of Australian dairy products exports are sold on Asian markets. The purpose of this paper is to examine the challenging issues and opportunities for Australian exports of dairy products on world markets and to identify potential and emerging export markets for Australian dairy is highly restricted on its access to world dairy product markets by the impact of export subsidies and other trade barriers of overseas markets. The current cconomic and political crises in Asia are also not favourable to maintain export sales on some of the Asian export support schcme in Australia has made exporting attractive relativc to domestic sales. But it is anticipated that the termination of the scheme after June 2000, will reduce production and exports by 6 and 20 per cent, respectively in the short run. However, in the long run,resources will be efficiently used without government intervention and Australian dairy products will also bc competitivc on the domestic is scope for greater market opportunities in the emerging markets in Asia and other parts of the world for Australian dairy will also bcnefit from the agreement on international trade that directs exporting countries to reduce export subsidy and remove non-tariff trade barriers on exports of dairy products. Australia should implement appropriatc measures to increase the milk yield per ww, to improve the quality of dairy products and to identify the need for market promotion and rescarch in order to increase the volume of dairy product exports on world markets, especially in Asia and othcr potential markets such as Middle East,Africa, Europe and the Americas. 【Keywords】Australia, Dairy Milk（本页为英文文献摘要，关键词两项一路单唯一页，字体为：Times New Roman，小四号，倍行距）I. DAIRY PRODUCTS INDUSTRY IN AUSTRALIADairy manufacturing is one of Australia's leading dairy terms of foreign exchange earnings, the industry ranks fourth (after meat, wheat and sugar) compared to all Australia's food exports(ADIC, 1996). The real gross value of production was estimated atA$billion in 1997, accounting for about 66 per cent of the combined value of market and manufacturing milk at the farm gate. The total real value of Australian exports of dairy products was about $ billion in 1996, and represented about 8 per cent of total farm exports. Likewise, Australia's dairy exports contributed about 2 per cent to total Australian exports in 1995-96 (Doucouliagos,1997). However, Australia has little influence on world price as its share accounted for about 13 per cent of world trade in 1996.Manufacturing milk is produced in all states in Australia, and there are significant regional differences in the production of dairying due to climatic and natural resources that are favorable to dairying to be produced based on year round pasture grazing (NSWA, 1996-97). In 1997, national milk production was estimated at 9 billion litres, and New South Wales is second behind Victoria, accounting for 13 per cent and 62 per cent, respectively of the nation's annual milk production(ABARE, 1997). Total milk production increased at an average of about per cent between 1988 and 1997. About billion litres of milk were used for manufacturing purposes, accounting for about 79 per cent of the total milk production. Victoria accounts for 79 per cent,Tasmania 6 per cent, and NSW 5 per cent of the total dairy products produced in the country (ADC,1997).The production of dairy products recorded an average increase of per cent between 1988 and 1997. However, Australian exports of dairy products as a proportion of total production increased on average by per cent over the same period. This was due to world surplus production of dairy products as a result of domestic industry support by some of the world's largest producers (EU and USA). Subsidised exports of dairy products account for about 50 per cent of globally traded dairy products, and this lowers international market prices of dairy products (ADIC, 1997). Australian production of dairy products accounted for about 4 per cent of total world production, and about 13 per cent of total world export sales . Thus, price taker countries such as Australia are adversely affected by the exportable surpluses of dairy products directed to world markets by major exporting countries.The expansion of milk production in Australia has come from an increase in the number of dairy cows. The number of daq cows increased from 1,714,000 head in 1988 to 2,046,000 head in 1997, an average increase of about per cent. The milk yield per cow also recorded an average increase of about 2 per cent over the same , the milk yield per cow declined by about 5 per cent in 1997 compared to 1996. This is attributed to drought and other adverse weather conditions experienced by many dairy-producing regions.Australia's dairy products industry has the potential to increase the volume of its production and exports since the country is well endowed with natural resources necessary to increase dairy also has suitable climate that is favourable to dairy production based on year round pasture production. In addition, Australia's dairy farms are family owned and operated, and hired labour does not contribute a higher percentage to the cost of production. Thus, Australia is considered as one of the efficient, low cost milk producing countries (ADC,1997). The country has also locational advantage to have access to the Asian markets, which are the major importers of Australian dairy domestic production capacity and the exports of dairy products are positively related. Accordingly,the volume of exports could be increased through the expansion of manufacturing milk production by increasing the number of dairy herds and milk yield per cow, provided Australia makes an effort to undertake marketing promotion and research to capture sizeable market shares in the potential and emerging study carried out by ABARE has projected that milk production in Australia will increase by about 3 per cent a year to the 1999-2000 fiscal has been attributed mainly to the estimated increase in the number of dairy herds, milk yield per cow, improved pasture, livestock management techniques and increased capital investment (ADIC, 1996).ARRANGEMENTS FOR MANUFACTURING MILK IN AUSTRALIA To facilitate the proper functioning of a free market system, market information must be available so that buyers and sellers are aware of the production and pricing arrangements (Kidane and Gunawardana,Downloaded by [The University of British Columbia] at 00:35 10 June 2021 1997, p. 37). Thus, producers and consumers would perform their functions efficiently, and prices and quality of dairy products will be competitive. To assist in meeting these market criteria, the government has established the Australian Dairy Industry Council (ADIC), Products Federation Inc. (ADPF), Australia Dairy Farmers' Federation Ltd. (ADFF), Market MilkFederation of Australia Inc. (MMFA),Australian Dairy Corporation (ADC) and Dairy Research Development Corporation (DRDC). These organisations are expected among other things to disseminate market information and coordinate production and market activities. For example, some of the major objectives of the ADC are to improve the domestic market for dairy pioducts; to provide technical and product advice to emerging markets; to undertake a range of export promotion activities in overseas markets;and international promotion focused on growing Asian markets such as Japan, Hong Kong, China, Vietnam, Singapore, etc. (ADIC,1996). The farm gate pricing and domestic milk support schemes are discussed below.(i)Farm Gate PricingThe government does not have formal control over the prices processors pay to farmers Producing milk used in manufacturing products. The manufacturing milk prices are based on both milk fat and protein, and payment to farmers by processors also depends on the quality, volumes and seasonal incentives. High prices are offered to farmers by factories to encourage them to maintain production during the dry period.Most manufacturers offer different prices as their profits are affected by factors such as product mix, marketing strategies and processing efficiencies (NSWA, 1996-97). Consequently, farm gate prices paid for manufacturing milk are lower than the prices paid for market milk . (ii)Domestic Milk Support SchemePrior to July 1, 1995, the marketing of manufactured dairy products were funded by a levy on all Australian milk production under the Market Support Scheme (Crean Plan). The scheme raised domestic farm gate prices for manufacturing milk above international prices by about 2 cents a litre. However, following the Uruguay Round agreement on manufactured dairy products, Australia introduced a scheme known as 'Domestic Market Support Scheme (DMS)' on July 1, 1995. The new scheme that is administered by the Australian Dairy Corporation imposes compulsory levies both on market milk and manufacturing milk for sales on the domestic market. In 1997-98, the rates of these levies were about and cents per litre,respectively (ADC, 1997). The funds raised by these levies are targeted to make domestic support payment to farmers who produce manufacturing milk. This scheme provides incentives to farmers to increase production of milk used in dairy products for export markets. However,this extended market arrangement will cease at the end of June 2000,and like many other industries,the dairy industry will receive Commonwealth assistance estimated at 5 per cent in tariff terms after June 2000. In 1995/96, this implicit export subsidy increased gross returns on manufacturing milk by about 7 per cent (Industry Commission, 1997). This has made exporting dairy products more attractive and has encouraged milk producers to use most of the resources in the production of dairying.However, it is predicted that the removal of this export support will reduce milk production by 6 per cent and the volume of exports by 20 per cent as producers will concentrate on the domestic markets. This will have a short term effect of reducing manufacturing milk producers' incomes, and may also encourage producers to move some resources into alternative enterprises in the long run. Consequently, this is likely to reduce production of manufactured dairy products for export markets with effect from the end of June 2000. However, given the available resources necessary to increase the volume of production, with efficient use of resources without government intervention and export promotion undertaken by ADC and DRDC, Australian dairy producers will still have the incentives to focus on both export and domestic markets. Optimal allocation of resources is also likely to increase dairy production, while domestic prices will decline, as the exportable surplus will be directed to domestic markets (ABARE, 1991a). DAIRY PRODUCTS EXPORTS AND CHALLENGING ISSUESIn Australia, milk production is subject to seasonal influences, but production and exports of dairy products have recorded an average increase of about per cent and per cent between 1988 and 1997. The export price, which includes export freight,insurance, export commission and handling charges, is very attractive compared to the domestic wholesale prices. This partly acts as an incentive for producers to direct a large percentage of their dairy products to export markets and Australian dairy products to be less competitive on domestic markets.Australia is considered as a relatively non-subsidized exporter compared to EU and the USA, and Australia has to compete with countries, which have considerable domestic dairy industry support and guaranteed price for manufactured products. Australia is being excluded by the impact of these export subsidy programs of the major competitors to have access to world markets. As specified in the Uruguay Round Outcome (GAW, the agreement (reduction in export subsidies and use of tariffs as trade barriers)is being implemented over a five year period with effect from , the short run effect from the termination of the domestic support scheme and thelimited access that Australia will have to overseas markets until the Uruguay agreement is fully implemented, will have negative impacts on the exports of Australian dairy products.Cheese, skim milk powder and whole milk powder are the major components of exports of Australian dairy products and account for 22, 33 and 17 per cent of the total exports. Australian exports have continued to grow and accounted for about 67 per cent of total production of dairy products in 1997. However, Australia still has the potential to increase the volume of dairy production,which can be achieved by improved feed, breeding and farm management practices. But Australia will have to give priority to export development to sell the additional supply of dairy products to emerging markets in Asia, Middle East, Africa and the Americas.In 1997, major importers of Australian dairy products (mainly skim milk powder, cheese and whole milk powder) were Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Singapore, and their market shares accounted for about 41 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products. Japan and the Philippines are the major importers of Australian cheese and skim milk powder, respectively. In 1997, Japan's imports of cheese accounted for about 47 per cent of Australia's total exports of cheese, and the Philippines's imports of skim milk powder accounted for about per cent of ~ustralia's total exports of skim milk powder (ABARE, 1997). The total volume of exports and total real value of dairy products have increased by 21 per cent and per cent, respectively in 1997 compared to 1996. The world dairy production also increased by about 2 per cent over the same period. This partly affected the Australian export prices and the increase in the value of exports is substantially lower compared to the volume of exports .Asia is the leading export market for Australian dairy , it is anticipated that there are considerable hurdles-to maintain sales on export markets in the region. Most of the Asian nations are experiencing slow economic growth due to the recent financial crisis and political instability in some parts of the region.Australia imports dairy products (mainly cheese) to meet the increasing domestic consumption as most of the country's dairy products are exported due to the relative attractiveness of exporting to domestic total domestic consumption of dairy products fluctuated throughout the 1990s but has shown an upward trend in recent years. Thus, the volume of dairy products sales on the domestic market had also fluctuated during the same period but increased on average by about 2 per cent between 1988 and 1997. Similarly, the consumption per person ofdairy products has been fluctuating since 1989 but has increased on average by per cent over the same period.Imports of dairy products increased on average by about per cent, and exports of the same product recorded an average increase of about per cent, between 1988 and of imported dairy products are relatively lower compared with the prices of domestically processed dairy products. Imports of dairy products at lower prices have made the Australian processed dairy products less competitive on domestic markets. New Zealand is the major supplier of cheese to Australia. The closer Economic Relations agreement between New Zealand and Australia has made Australia's domestic markets more accessible to New Zealand's exportable surplus production of dairy products (ABARE, 1991b). Australia's production costs are similar to those in NZ, but dairy products imported from NZ are relatively cheaper compared to Australia's dairy products sold on domestic markets. Limited domestic market capacity and the inaccessibility of other overseas markets for NZ's exportable excess production, are some of the factors that made NZ's dairy products relatively cheaper on the Australian domestic market.Ⅳ.EXPORT MARKET OPPORTUNITIES FOR AUSTXALIAN DAIRY PRODUCTS In 1997, Australian total real export value of dairy products was estimated at $ billion and recorded an increase of about per cent compared with 1996 . Australian exports of dairy products to . Asia and other Asian countries accounted for about 44 and 25 per cent of their total imports of dairy products, respectively and about 69 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products in 1996. Japan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore,Thailand and Taiwan are the major importers of Australia's dairy products, and their imports account for about 55 per cent of Australia's total exports (ABARE, 1997).Japan, which is considered the number one Asian per capita consumer of dairy products, is the largest importer of dairy products in the Asian region. It is also the largest market for Australian dairy products and the major export market especially for Australian cheese. In 1996, its total imports of dairy products were estimated at thousands tonnes, and about 48 per cent of its total imports was purchased from Australia .Cheese accounted for about 22 per cent of Australia's total exports of dairy products in 1997, and exports to Japan accounted for about 48 per cent of Australia's total exports of cheese (ABARE, 1997). Under the Uruguay Round agreement on dairy products trade, Japan iscommitted to purchase a minimum of about 137,202 tonnes of dairy provides greater export market opportunities for Australian dairy products in the Japanese market. This is based on the assumption that Japan would take action to reduce any existing trade barriers under the proposed Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) free trade agreement and the Uruguay (GATT) commitment.The bulk of Australia's dairy products are exported to the Asian countries, mainly due to Australia's geographical proximity to the region. The lower transportation costs have given Australia competitive advantage over other exporting countries. However, as a result of the recent financial crisis and political instability in some of the Asian countries, their economic growth is slowing down. Australia will need to give priority to export development to emerging markets in which it has competitive advantage. Australia has to diversify its export market base and focus on the markets in Africa, the Americas, Middle East, Europe, Russia, and the Pacific. The imports of dairy products of these countries accounted for about 12, 24, 11, 8 and 3 per cent of total world exports, respectively in 1996. Australia's exports of dairy products to these countries account for about , , , , and per cent of total world exp&, respectively during the same are also estimated at 20 per cent of the total consumption requirements. The preferential tariff agreement between China and Australia will remove the trade barriers for Australian dairy products exports to China (ADIC, 1996).Australia's exports to China accounted for about 5 per cent of China's total dairy products imports in 1996. There is also a scope for greater export market opportunities for Australian dairy products in S. Korea. It is estimated that per capita consumption of dairy products will rise from 45 kg in 1991-92 to more than 63 kg in 2000 (ADIC, 1996). The country is expected to liberalise its trade barriers under the Uruguay Round arrangement. Australia's exports of dairy products to S. Korea account for about per cent of Australia's total exports and per cent of S. Korea's total imports . The geographical proximity and quality of Australian dairy products will provide better opportunities for Australian exporters to have large market shares in the Chinese and S. Korean markets.Australian exports of dairy products to Europe mainly consist of cheese, and the Australian exports account for 5 per cent of Europe'stotal imports of cheese. However, after the implementation of the Uruguay Round agreement, Australia's exports to Europe increased at anaverage of over 30 per cent between 1995 and 1997 (ABARE,1997). Australia has to make efforts to establish markets in the EU member countries as the annual global EU quotas are increasing by 83,175 tonnes for cheese and curd, 67,933 for SMP and 10,000 tonnes for butter (ADC, 1997). Likewise, the USA has agreed to increase import levels for all major dairy products, and Australia has to compete in terms of quality and volume to increase its market share in the USA market.【摘要】关于澳大利亚的出口收入，奶制品出口变得愈来愈重要。
外文翻译及外文原文参考格式
外文翻译要求：1、外文资料与毕业设计（论文）选题密切相关，译文准确、质量好。
2000的共字符左右）的外文资料，完成2篇不同文章、阅读22篇幅以上（10000 汉字以上的英译汉翻译。
严禁采用专业外国作者可以由指导教师提供，外文资料原则上应是3、外文资料外语教材文章。
插图、排序：“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”4 内文字及图名也译成中文。
与论文格式要求相同。
5、标题与译文格式（字体、字号、行距、页边距等）下页附：外文翻译与原文参考格式英文翻译黑体、四号、顶格()外文原文出处：)(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍，译文后附上外文原文 .CHAPTER3 .SYSTEM Practices for ammonia —Refrigeration》《ASHRAE Handbook System Selection 3.1Equipment3.2外文翻译的标题与译Reciprocating Compressors3.10 字号文中的字体页边距等与论文距、式相同。
章氨制冷系统的实施第3 3.1 系统选择）在选择一个氨制冷系统设计时，须要考虑一些设计决策要素，包括是否采用（1）液体再64）直接蒸发（5）满液式（）多级压缩（单级压缩（2）带经济器的压缩（3 7循环（）载冷剂。
单级压缩系统基本的单级压缩系统由蒸发器、压缩机、冷凝器、储液器（假如用的话）和制冷剂手册——“原理篇”中的第一章讨论控制装置（膨胀阀、浮球阀等）。
1997 ASHRAE了压缩制冷循环。
图1.壳管式经济器的布置文件可采用外文原文有PDF 文件直接插入。
PDF英文原文)(黑体、四号、顶格2英文翻译（黑体，四号，顶格）外文原文出处：（黑体，四号，顶格）Lecturer, Concrete Beams. Reinforced and Post-tensioned Models P. Fanning. Nonlinear ofDepartment of Civil Engineering, University College Dublin. Received 16 Jul 2001.非线形模型钢筋和后张法预应力混凝土梁商业有限元软件一般包括混凝土在荷载做用下非线性反应的专用数值模型。
格式要求4-外文文献翻译封面及内容要求
格式要求4-外文文献翻译封面及内容要求毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译院系：商学系年级专业：08国际商务姓名：石华聪学号：0801022145附件：The Development of Transportation andLogistics in Asia: An Overview指导老师评语：指导教师签名：年月日Western countries to low-cost Asian developing countries, Asian economies have been growing rapidly and have become the world factory of finished goods. Asia's trade has soared over the past two decades, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) in particular recording explosive growth. The PRC' s exports grew at an average of more than 18 percent per year between 1990 and 2007, while the other eight emerging economies among Asia's top-10 exporters recorded export growth of more than 10 percent a year (Brooks and Stone 2010). A business model that is integrated and global, uses direct distribution, and emphasizes shippinghigh-value products from Asian factories directly to worldwide markets has been developed by multinational firms. This integrated model replaces the traditional multiechelon, pushbased intemational distribution model; it also helps to reduce redundant inventories along the global supply chain and speeds up time to market (Su 2007). Due to all these changes, Asia now accounts for about one-fourth of world trade and world gross domestic product (GDP), respectively (World Bank 2006).With about 4.1 billion people in 2009 (PRB 2009), Asia is the most populous region in the world, accounting for 60 percent of populationand representing enormous market opportunities for multinationalfirms. There are around 20 cross-regional free trade agreements (FTAs) at different stages of implementation there. The consolidation of FTAs improves economic welfare compared to the current bilateralism. A broad Pan-Asian agreement (covering goods, services, and trade costs) involving East Asian and South Asian economies is estimated to offer significant improvement to the general welfare through gains to global income of around $261 billion (François, Rana, and Wignaraja 2009). All East and Asian and South Asian members of such an agreement would benefit from closer subregional cooperation. For trade-related infrastructvire, the dominant mode for freight transport between East Asia and South Asia remains ocean transport. This situation is expected to continue in the foreseeable future. The effectiveness of ocean transport and other trade-related infrastructure to respond to growing East Asia-South Asia trade depends on regional ability to maintain high-quality and efficient logistics services at a competitive cost. The need for sea transport has been amplified, especially for time-sensitive goods, due to improvements in technology for containerization and air freight. Air cargo volume has grown rapidly and air cargo involving Asian countries, particularly within Asia, has much higher growth than in the world as a whole. Effective logistics service and intermodalshipping have enabled Asia to trade with more markets, more quickly, and often at lower cost (Brooks and Hummels 2009). However, in spite of their rich opportunities, Asian countries have yet to overcome challenges associated with fulfilling their potential. The availability of infrastructiure and of other trade facilitation services has fallen behind the pace of Asia's economic growth. The underdevelopment of transport and logistics infrastructure and lack of logistics infrastructure connectivity among Asian countries have been major barriers to further trade and economic development there (Armstrong, Drysdale, and Kalirajan 2008; Bhattacharyay and De 2009;Brooks and Stone 2010).The Emerging Features of Trade in AsiaTrade volume within Asia has been rising rapidly since the early 1980s. In 2006 Asia contributed one-fourth of world trade in goods, second in production after Europe (see table 1). As shown in table 2, about 50 percent of Asia's exported goods are moved within the region, which was lower than percentage of intraregion trade in Europe and North America, most likely due to lack ofwell-established FTAs in Asia. In parallel to grovñng intraregional trade, Asia's interregional trade has also grown over time. North America (21.6 percent) and Europe (18.4 percent) have become the two largest non-Asian destinations of Asia's exports (see table 2).The growth of trade on the part of the PRC trade is particularly notable. With a world share of about 9 percent in 2009 (Batson 2010), the PRC is driving Asia's exports intraregionally and interregionally. India's rise in the late 1990s has further fueled Asia's trade.Serving the growing international demand for goods and services after World War II, Asian economies have transformed from industrial production that is labor intensive to production that is capital intensive and technology driven. The changes have been reflected in the product shares of exports. For example, integrated circuits account for the highest share (78.33 percent) in intra-Asia manufacturing exports, whereas the personal and household goods account for the lowest share (20.42 percent).Intra-Asia exports of agricultural and mining products are even lower compared to their exports to the world (Bhattacharyay and De 2009). The nature of Asia's trade is changing and becoming more efficient due to its recent rapid growth. Higher-value, often lighter goods and trade services have gradually replaced bulky commodities, resulting in declining weight-to-value ratios. In particular, the information and communication technology (ICT) revolution has generated increased trade in ICT products and outsourced services, and the application of information technology in many public and private supply chain collaborations, as well as greater migration of highly skilled professionals within and across the regions(Hummels 2009). This change has had a major impact on the distance and destination of trade flows, the locations and fragmentation of production processes, the choice of transport mode, logistics facilities decisions, the harmonization and standardization of customs classifications and inspections, and thedemand for supporting infrastruct\ire. Pan-Asian connectivity and other facilitation efforts would, therefore, play important roles in sustaining Asia's trade growth. The connecti\dty for goods flowing within Asia or between Asia and other regions must be gradually enhanced to ensure reliable, better, and faster movement of cargo. Asia Transport and Logistics DevelopmentRecent studies have shown that globalization has resulted in increased international exchanges of products and services, and the identification and establishment of Asia-wide cross-border transportation network connectivity should now be a major goal (see Brooks 2008a, 2008b; Hummels 2009). Another set of studies in Asia show that countries with geographical proximity could benefit substantially from more trade, provided infrastructure and trade costs are improved (see Brooks 2008b; De 2008a, 2008b; Brooks and Hummels 2009). These studies aU call for effective and integrated transport and logistics networks for enhancing movement of goods and services; Asia has been notorious for fragmented production and economic networks across borders. The ongoing global financial problems make it even more critical for Asian countries to integrate transport and logistics networks to facilitate the growth of regional demands.Asia now faces a new world economy that is very different from theone that prevailed before the 1990s. In toda/s world, falling communication and transport costs—coupled with technological development—have reshaped the comparative advantages of economies (Krugman 1991,1993). However, the current leading position of Asian trade may be replaced if a true Pan-Asian connectivity of its logistics infrastructures is still missing. What Asia needs now is to reestablish a modern "Silk Road." The ancient trade route that stretched from Asia to Europe was, untu the 13th century, among the world's most important cross-border arteries. As trade is once again growing between Asia and the rest of the world, a modern Silk Road must be built for sustainable economic development in Asia (Bhattacharyay and De 2009). Efforts to develop an Asia-wide transport network have been attempted since the 1960s. However, little progress was achieved until the 1980s (UNESCAP 2006). During the 1980s and early 1990s, significant political and economic changes in this region ultimately facilitated the trade and mobility of factors of production in Asia. Subsequently, during the 1990s, an increase in the demand for physical connectivity to support an export-oriented growth strategy and to support a fragmented production network contributed to successful implementation of some transport corridors in the Greater Mekong Subregion and elsewhere in Asia.This infrastructure development suggests the important role of physical connectivity in regional cooperation. Nevertheless, the progress toward full regional connectivity in Asia still lags far behind need(Bhattacharyay and De 2009). Many political, economic, technical, and social factors have contributed to the slow progress of a transport network throughout Asia. Technical factors that hinder Asian transport integration include lack of effective overland official trade outlets and associated facilities (e.g.,India-Bangladesh and PRC-Lao People's Democratic Republic), lack of integrated railway networks (e.g., Myanmar-India and PRC-Vietnam), lack of transit trade (in the whole of Asia with some exceptions), lack of trade facilitation mechanisms (soft infrastructure), and lack of policy measures (especially in the interior part of Asia) (Bhattacharyay and De 2009).In 1992, the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) initiated the Asian Land Transport Infrastructure Development (ALTID) project, which aims to expand transport and communication linkages within the region and with other regions. The ALTID project consists of the Trans-Asian Railway (TAR), the Asian Highway (AH), and the facilitation of land transport. In the initial stages of implementation, the ALTID focused on formulating the TAR andAH networks and establishing related standards and requirements. The TAR and AH could become the major building blocks for developing an international, integrated, and intermodal transport system in Asia and beyond (Bhattacharyay and De 2009). The appendix provides an example of how the private sector has taken action to upgrade surface transportation in this region. Increasing port efficiency has reduced the average time that shipments spend in ports and at sea, leading to more frequent shipping and timely delivery. Furthermore, trade routes with high densities enable an effective use of hub-and-spoke design, in which small container vessels feed shipments into a hub, where containers are consolidated into larger and faster container ships for longer hauls. A recent study found that given transport costs accounting for about a 20 percent ad valorem tax equivalent on import prices in East Asia, an increase in port capacity by 10 percent leads to a decrease in across-the-board tariffs by 0.3 to 0.5 percent (Abe and Wilson 2009). In addition, John Wilson, Catherine Mann, and Tsunehiro Otsuki (2003) find that trade among the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum members could expand by US$254 billion, or 21 percent, if each APEC member that is below average in regulatory and customs barriers, port efficiency, and electronic business usage enhanced its capacity just halfway to theAPEC average (Brooks and Stone 2010). Air cargo in Asia has benefited substantially from growth in trade. As mentioned earlier, the weight-to-value ratios of trade have been declining in the past decades (Hummels 2009). This shows that exports in Asia are shifting from bulk shipments toward lighter and higher-value goods, implying an increasing demand for air shipping. Air cargo involving Asia has been leading the growth of world air cargo in the past two decades (ibid.). The international air cargoes of Europe-Asia, North America-Asia, and intra-Asia grew faster than the world average by 1.6 percentage points, 3.4 percentage points, and 6.9 percentage points, respectively (Hummels 2006). The trend in air cargo is consistent with that in trade growth. Several factors have affected the air cargo growth trend involving Asia in the past two decades. For the market between North America and Asia, four elements—economic activity, currency exchange rate, infrastructure improvement, and liberalization of air transport agreements—determine the air cargo volume between these two regions (Boeing 2010).For the intra-Asia air cargo market, the global production chain in Asia is getting mature and provides a sustainable source of growth. Because most countries in Asia are separated by ocean, air cargo is essential to regional development. Unlike U.S. carriers, whichprefer narrow-body aircraft, Asian carriers prefer wide-body passenger aircraft. Wide-body passenger aircraft provides huge capacity, equivalent to 50 weekly medium wide-body freighters in the top-10 pairings of Asian countries that conduct cargo traffic (Boeing 2010), offering sufficient capacity to support air cargo growth. The emerging role of the greater China region has challenged Japan's role within Asia. In the top-10 country pairs (see table 3), the greater China region—including the PRC, Hong Kong, and Taiwan—is involved in 7 out of 10 pairs, whereas Japan is in only 5. It is expected that the regional integration among Greater China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) will continue boosting the air cargo growth within this region. The importance of a high-quality logistics infrastructure varies by commodity, depending on three factors (Arnold 2009). First, there are the importers' scheduling requirements. Timeliness is particularly important to just-in-time supply chains in sectors such as fashion clothing or high-tech products, and to retailers with coordinated national sales programs.The second factor is the shelf life of the commodity, reflecting volatility of demand or physical deterioration. Third is the value of the commodity per shipment unit, for example, twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU) or per metric ton. The needs of logistics and supply chain services related to highervalue- added products are growing at a fast pace. Giyen its diversity, Asian trade, particularly Asia trade supply chains, is affected by each of these factors. Soft infrastructure may contribute more than physical infrastructure does to increased trade and its profitability. Bureaucracy, inefficient institutional structures, and policy may result in reduced margins from international trade. Erom 2006 to 2007, most developing Asian countries were actively implementing reforms of their trade policies. Erom 2007 to 2008, Thailand and the Philippines were prominent reformers; during 2008 and 2009 Vietnam and the PRC were. In 2010, 71 percent of East Asian economies reported at least one significant trade facilitation reform (Brooks and Stone 2010). On average, manufacturers in Asia require 11 days to export to their Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development (OECD) counterparts, which is significantly shorter than the approximately 23 days required to export to non-OECD coimtries (table 4) (Brooks and Stone 2010). Logistics services, which connect supply chains across the regionand determine the location of foreign direct investment within the region, are a vital component of Asia's global competitiveness. Improved efficiency in infrastructure service facilitates trade and leads to huge cost savings, equivalent to relocating production thousands of kilometers closer to trading partners. Economies such as those of the PRC, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand have currently built well-developed logistics systems to facilitate international trade. The comparison of logistics performance internationally shows that East Asia performs relatively well compared to other developing regions, such as South Asia, but still lags well behind developed countries (Arvis et al. 2007; Brooks and Stone 2010).Opening up Asia's trade potential is very challenging. Costs for having interrupted road or railway connectivity across the region or for lack of facilitation of border trade can offset gains achieved from trade preferences as proposed under several FTAs and otherarrangements. Therefore, the need for an environment to better enable trade that offers lower trade costs has gained momentum in Asia. However, a favorable regional climate to establish amodern-day Silk Road is lacking. Hence, the agenda of Asian regional cooperation has to go beyond "policy" barriers by including "nonpolicy" barriers. For example, in order to facilitate seamless connectivity in Asia and accelerate the movement of goods and services in Asia and beyond, Asian countries have to integrate the different subregional transport corridors and modes (roads, rails, maritime, and air shipping). Moreover, they have to remove institutional bottlenecks and barriers that are raising costs and lowering regional competitiveness (Bhattacharyay and De 2009).Future DevelopmentAsia has presented itself in the past three decades as a region of fast-growing economies, particularly among those with emerging markets. However, weak regional connectivity has become one of the major barriers constraining the full potential of regional economic integration and growth. A true regional collaboration among Asian countries is very important for establishing Asia-wide economic integration and supply chain connectivity.In order to build a highly integrated Asia, an innovative andcomprehensive approach is needed to address the physical infrastructure issues and nonphysical soft infrastructure issues. Whereas the former includes the airports, seaports, dry ports, roads, rail, inland waterways, maritime transport, and information and communication networks, the latter covers cross-border transit facilitation measures, customs clearance, and other facilitating policies and regulations. Addressing the issues above requires collaborative efforts among Asian countries, bilateral donor agencies, multilateral development banks, UN agencies, intergovernmental organizations, professional associations, and the private sector. Above aU, highlevel commitments and policy direction are crucial for the successful integration of logistics infrastructxires in the Asian region (Bhattacharyay and De 2009). Potentially what can be done and the positive outcomes that result from a well-connected region are many and far reaching. In broader terms, the efficiency gains in an interconnected network for transport (and trade) would lead to more than just easier movement of goods; overall, it would result in higher growth and greater prosperity. In fact, a 1 percentage point increase in the ratio of trade to GDP would lead to a 2 to 3 percent increase in income per capita, while a 10 percent efficiency gain in supply chain connectivity would lift APEC's real GDP by US$21 billionper year and generate thousands of jobs (Centre for International Economics 2009).APEC has consistently made progress in reducing barriers to trade that are "at-the-border" (e.g., tariffs) and "behind-the-border" (e.g., regulatory impediments). In 2009, in order to address the remaining frontier—namely "across-the-border" barriers—APEC launched a supply chain framework to specify what needs to be done to create an integrated supply chain and an interconnected region. The goal is clear: to achieve multimodal connectivity by air, land, and sea; and to facilitate a seamless flow of goods, services, and people throughout the Asia-Pacific (APEC 2010).In collaboration with business, academia, and government sectors, APEC has identified eight critical choke points in Asian supply chains and is focusing on relieving them (APEC 2009). Broadly, they relate to regulatory impediments, customs inefficiencies, and inadequate transport networks and infrastructure. Tackling these bottlenecks requires a coordinated and concerted effort by all APEC members and their alliances. Members of APEC are developing concrete action plans which have already been disclosed in May 2010, and full implementation wiU start in 2011 (APEC 2010).。
外文文献翻译格式
外文文献翻译格式
外文文献翻译格式一般需包括以下内容：
1. 文献翻译的题目：对外文文献的标题进行翻译，并在翻译后的题目前加上“外文文献翻译：”。
2. 文献的出处：包括外文文献的作者名称、文献标题、原文出版信息等。
3. 翻译的正文：按照文章的段落，将外文文献逐段翻译成中文。
在翻译的文本前后加上序号，以示区分。
4. 翻译的语言风格：外文文献翻译应注重语言风格的保持。
翻译时要根据文章的风格，选择适当的中文表达方式，保持原文的句子结构和词汇用法。
5. 原文和译文对照：将原文和译文对照排列，方便读者对照阅读。
可以将原文和译文分别排列在左右两栏中，或者将原文和译文分别放在不同的页面上，便于对照阅读。
6. 翻译中的注释：如果有部分内容翻译困难或有待解释的地方，在翻译文中添加注释。
注释的格式一般为在译文后面加上方括号，括号内的文字为注释内容。
7. 译者的信息：在文献翻译末尾一般会加上译者的姓名，并注明译者的专业领域或者工作单位。
总之，外文文献翻译格式需要将原文翻译成中文，保持原文的结构和风格，并加上适当的注释和对照，方便读者阅读和理解。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
毕业论文外文文献翻译年级2009级XXXXXXXXXXX 姓学附备注：（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可）1.从所引用的与毕业设计（论文）内容相近的外文文献中选择一篇或一部分进行翻译（不少于3000实词）；2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部分，第一部分为外文文献；第二部分为该外文文献的中文翻译，两部分之间用分页符隔开。
也就是说，第一外文文献部分结束后，使用分页符，另起一页开始翻译。
3.格式方面，外文文献的格式，除了字体统一使用Times new roman 之外，其他所有都跟中文论文的格式一样。
中文翻译的格式，跟中文论文的格式一样。
（注意：备注页这一整页的内容都不需要打印，看懂了即可,定稿后,请删除本页.）范文如下：注意,下面内容每一部份均已用分页符分开了,如果用本模板,请将每一模块单独删除,直接套用到每一模板里面,不要将全部内容一次性删除.【Abstract】This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors ofbrands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.，Times New Roman.【Key Words】Brand positioning; Marketing mix; Positioning Strategy; enlightenment, lessons；ABC（本页为英文文献摘要，关键词两项一起单独一页，字体为：Times New Roman，小四号，1.5倍行距）(注:以下为英文文献正文内容,英文全文3000字.具体标题以原文为准.全文字体为Times New Roman.行间距为1.5倍.字号大小与论文正文的各级标题一致.如下:)I.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged itsproduct strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.II.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense ofWONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.III.Times New Roman ，Times New Roman，Times New RomanTimes New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman, Times New Roman,This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbaltea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.This paper has a systematic analysis on outside Marco-environment of herbal tea beverage industry and major competitors of brands inside the herbal tea market. Based on the theoretic framework, this paper takes WONG LO KAT and JIA DUO BAO herbal tea as an example, and researches the strategy on brand positioning and relevant marketing mix of it. Through analysis on the prevention sense of WONG LO KAT herbal tea, it was positioned the beverage that can prevent excessive internal heat in body, a new category divided from the beverage market. the process of brand positioning of it in Consumers brain was finished. Based on this positioning strategy, WONG LO KAT reasonably organized and arranged its product strategy, price strategy, distribution strategy and promotion strategy, which not only served for and further consolidated the position of preventing excessive internal heat in body, but also elevated the value of brand. The JDB and WONG LO KAT market competition brings us enlightenment. Reference the successful experience from the JDB and lessons from the failure of the WONG LO KAT.【摘要】本文是对凉茶饮料的宏观环境以及凉茶市场内部主要品牌的竞争对手进行了系统分析。