名词和名词短语

第三讲：名词和名词短语
概说：名词就是人、地、物、事和抽象概念的名称。

在英语中，名词是最重要的词类之一，它在句子中起着重要的作用。

重点：名词的性、数、格的用法。

难点：名词的性、数、格的用法。

内容：
名词复数的规则变化
名词的功能
•名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。

•The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。

•书包在桌子里边。

•I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。

•昨天我洗了我的衣服。

•This is a good book. book 作表语。

•这是一本好书。

•We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语。

•我们选他为我们的班长。

•Mary lives with her parents. parents作介词宾语.
名词复数的不规则变化
•名词复数
•1） child——children foot——feet tooth——teeth
•mouse——mice man——men woman——women
•注意：由一个词加 man 或 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是
-men 和-women，如an Englishman，two Englishmen.但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是the Bowmans.
•2）单复同形，如deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese ，li，jin，
yuan，two li，three mu，four jin等。

但除人民币的元、角、分外，
美元、英镑、
的不规则变化
3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。

例如：
•people police cattle 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people，a
police，a cattle，但可以说a person，a policeman，a head of cattle，the English，the British，the French，the Chinese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用，如The Chinese are industries and brave. 中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。

•4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：
• a. maths，politics，physics等学科名词，一般是不可数名词，为
单数。

• b. news 为不可数名词。

• c. the United States，the United Nations 应视为单数。

•The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组
建起来的。

• d. 以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。

例如：
•"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. 《一千零一夜》是一本非常有趣的故事书。

•5）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses （眼镜）trousers，clothes
等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair（对，双）；suit（套）； a pair of glasses； two pairs of trousers等。

•6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼。

名词的格
•英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book.名词所有格的规则如下：•1）单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。

•2）若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加" ' "，如：the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。

•3）凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。

•4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。

•5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有"；只有一个's，则表示'共有'.例如：
•John's and Mary's rooms（两间）John and Mary's room（一间）
•6）复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。

例如：a month or two's absence
不可数名词量的表示
• 1）物质名词
• a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时为可数。

•比较：Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。

（不可数）•These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。

（可数）
• b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。

例如：
•This factory produces steel. （不可数）
•We need various steels. （可数）
• c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。

例如：
•Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。

•Two teas， please. 请来两杯茶。

•2）抽象名词表示具体的事例时也可数。

例如：
•four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化•物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量，如a glass of water 一杯水/ a piece of advice 一则建议。

定语名词的复数
•1）用复数作定语。

例如：
•sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
•talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
•2） man， woman， gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。

例如：
•men workers women teachers gentlemen officials
•3）有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。

例如：
•goods train （货车） arms produce 武器生产
•customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷
•4）数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。

例如：
•two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路
•two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划名词词组
•词组的几种方法
1. n. + adj.短语，如the jobs available to women
2. n. +介词短语，如a child with reading problem
3. adv. + v.-ed + n.，如seemingly limited number
4. n. + v.-ed短语或者-ing短语
5.n. of sth
讲练结合：
• 1. This is ___ reading-room.
• A. the teacher’s B. teacher’s
C. teacher’s
D. the teachers’
• 2. Nothing was found but ___ broken.
• A. the room window B. the room’s window
C. the room of the window
D. the window of room
• 3. How many___ would you like?
• A. paper B. bread
C. pieces of papers
D. pieces of bread
• 4. He was praised for his ___.
• A. brave B. bravery
C. bravely
D. great brave
• 5. Please get me a new ___ when you go to town.
• A. clothes B. dress
C. clothing
D. trousers
• 6. There are 34___ doctors in the hospital.
• A. woman B. women
C. woman’s
D. women’s
•7. Some___ are even thinner than your little finger.
• A. bamboo B. bamboos
C. kinds of bamboo
D. kinds of bamboos
•8. He was born in this town and now he lives in ___.
• A. Building second B. Building Two
C. the Building Two
D. Building the Second
•9. Old as he is, he has ___to do every day.
• A. a lot of work B. much works
C. lots of homeworks
D. quite a lot of homeworks
•10. Jack’s room is furnished with ___.
• A. new furnitures B. many new furnitures
C. many new pieces of furnitures
D. many new pieces of furniture •11. Have you read ___newspaper yet?
• A. today’s B. Today’s
C. the today’s
D. your today’s
•12. It’s not far, only ___walk from here to our school.
• A. a ten minutes B. ten minutes
C. a ten minutes’
D. ten minutes’
•13. Last month, he wrote me ___letter.
• A. a 1000-word B. 1000 words
C. a 1000-words
D. 1000 words’
•14. He had a ___sleep yesterday.
• A. a good night B. a good-night
C. a good night’s
D. good-night’s
•15. ___is not a long way to drive.
• A. Three miles distance B. Three-mile distance
C. Three miles’ distance
D. A three-mile-distance •16. His isn’t fit for the work. Please get me ___. • A. something else B. somebody else
C. someone else’s
D. somebody’s else
•17. Do you know how large ___ is?
• A. population of China B. Chinese population
C. China population
D. China’s population
•18. ___ is too much for the boy to carry.
• A. The box weight B. The box’s weight
C. The weight of the box
D. The box of the weight •19. Excuse me, how can I get to the nearest ___ shop? • A. shoes B. shoe
C. shoes’
D. shoe’s
•20. What ___ weather we’re having these days!
• A. nice B. a nice
C. a bad
D. worse
•21. They say that the meeting will be ___.
• A. of very important B. great importance
C. of great importance
D. great important
•22. I’m going to call at ___ this evening.
• A. Mr Black B. the Blacks
C. Mr Black’s
D. Blacks’
•23. What Darwin said was an attack on people’s religious ___. • A. belief B. beliefs
C. beliefs
D. believs
•24. There are some ___waiting for you outside.
• A. German B. American
C. grown-up
D. Japanese
•25. Their factory has developed a kind of ___ to help people walk. • A. machine B. machines
C. a machine
D. the machine
•26. There’re many ___ in my brother’s album.
• A. leafs B. toys
C. books
D. stamps
•27. Yesterday I went to the super market and bought a lot of ___. • A. tomatoes B. potatos
C. vegetable
D. meats
•28. Upon hearing what I said, his ___ rose.
• A. anger B. angry
C. angrily
D. angriness
•29. Excuse me, can you change this ___ for me?
• A. five-pound note B. five pounds note
C. five-pound notes
D. five pounds notes
•30. You have to make ___ for your journey
• A. preparing B. preparation
C. a preparation
D. preparations
•31. While washing up, she broke a ___.
• A. glass wine B. wine glass
C. glass of wine
D. wine of glass
•32. You have worked out the plan and now we must put it into ___. • A. fall B. reality
C. practice
D. deed
•33. Here’s my card, Let’s keep in ___.
• A. touch B. relation
C. connection
D. friendship
•34. I’ll look into the matter as soon as possible, just have a little ___.
• A. wait B. time
C. patience
D. rest
•35. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask him or her to leave a ___.
• A. message B. letter
C. sentence
D. notice
•36. We walked all the ___ to the museum.
• A. trip B. road
C. way
D. journey
•37. Scientists are watching for the earliest ___ of harmful ___ on the world’s weather.
• A. signs; effects B. marks; affect
C. tracks; affections
D. instance; effections
•38. These young people are now making an active ___ to save the old temple.
• A. part B. effort
C. decision
D. plan
•39. Don’t push to the front; you have to wait your ___.
• A. chance B. duty
C. line
D. turn
•40. You need more ___ to keep fit.
• A. practice B. train
C. exercises
D.exercise
答案
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