Contract
商务英语中contract与agreement不同
商务英语中contract与agreement不同Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。
综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement，即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned或者说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。
二、什么是“Agreement?L.B “A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。
Black “Law Dictionar y有两个定义。
一个是：“A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。
Contract一词翻译刍议
Contract一词翻译刍议随着全球化的不断深入，中国以中译名形式从西方引进许多新名词。
本文试图从构词层面、中西方人性格层面及中西方合同文化层面研究Contract一词的中译名，考察译名对人们行为产生的影响，以期得出更具语言力量的精准、全面的译名。
标签：contract 译名合同契约一、引言从中国近代开始，绝大多数外来新名词都是以中译名形式从西方引进的。
这些译名往往有几个层面的意义：最表层的是表现中国原来没有的新事物，因此必须用中译名即新词加以描绘和定义；表层之下还有进一步的意义，即表现一种新知识、新概念、新的价值体系或新的话语体系，会潜移默化地影响着人们的生活和行为，甚至会导致社会的变化和思维的变化。
译自contract的“合同”“契约”就属此类外来新事物。
二、contract的两个中译名20世纪初，中国通过日本整体性移植了西方大陆法系的contract概念，将蕴含“独立、平等、自由、人权、诚信”等精神的contract译为“契约”。
在此之前，中国没有与之等值的契约思想，在表达类似概念时人们常常使用单字“契”或者“约”，因此，为了对这一新思想进行准确描绘和界定，译者将“契”和“约”这两个同义词合成一个新词，以期表达出与contract等值的思想，但事实上这个译名似乎显得有点牵强。
20世纪50年代后期，随着“合同”一词在苏联立法文件中的出现，在中国法学界、司法部门以及社会实践等诸多领域，人们开始广泛使用“合同”这一译名，希望能更准确地传达出contract所蕴含的而中国原来没有的如独立、平等、自由、人权的思想。
目前，虽然合同在中国人的日常社会生活中随处可见，如高校应届毕业生与用人单位签订的毕业生就业协议、证明合法婚姻关系的结婚证等等，可对合同的尊重程度及合同执行力又如何呢？事实是，有些应届毕业生在找到较之前签订就业协议的用人单位待遇更好的工作单位时，往往会谎称以前的就业协议丢失，以便再申请就业协议。
contract是什么意思中文翻译
contract是什么意思中文翻译contract既能做名词也能做动词，那么你知道contract做名词和动词分别都是什么意思吗?下面店铺为大家带来contract的英语意思和英语例句，欢迎大家参考学习!contract作名词的意思合同;契约;协议contract作动词的意思签合同;缩小;感染contract的英语音标英 [kənˈtrækt] 美 [ˈkɑnˌtrækt]contract的时态现在分词： contracting过去式： contracted过去分词： contractedcontract的英语例句1. A formal contract is signed which is renewable annually.正式签订了每年可续签的合同。
2. That contract proved to be a millstone around his neck.那个合同结果成了他的一个负担。
3. The contract was awarded to a previously unknown company.合同签给了一个之前并不知名的公司。
4. She's coining it in with a $10 million contract with Revlon.她靠与露华浓签订的一笔1,000万美元的合同发了大财。
5. They can transfer or share the contract with whosoever they choose.他们可以与他们选择的任何人交换或分享这份合约。
6. Don't sign anything until your solicitor has explained the contract to you.在律师向你解释清楚合同之前，不要签署任何东西。
7. Employees can contract out of their employer's occupational pension scheme.雇员可以退出雇主的职业养老金计划。
contract和agreement的区别
在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。
何谓“contract”?1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为：A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligationsbetween subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”。
根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。
，Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of thewhich the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。
L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。
综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。
英文合同介绍
其谨慎。权利义务的约定部分构成了合同的主体。这 几个词如选用不当，可能会引起纠纷。
May 旨在约定当事人的权利（可以做什么），shall约 定当事人的义务（应当做什么）， must 用于强制性义 务（必须做什么），may not （或shall not）用于禁止 性义务（不得做什么）。
然后是开始陈述：
WHEREAS…THEREFORE … It is hereby agreed as follows:
或以： WITNESSETH, WHEREAS… NOW THEREFORE, for and in consideration of the mutual covenants and agreements contained herein, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows:
2、正式用语（Formal Terms） 合同英语有着严肃的风格，与其它英语作品有很大不 同。例如：
“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of”，远远多于 “due to”一般不用“because of”； “财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”，而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”； “在……之前”一般用“prior to”，而不用 “before”； “关于”常用“as regards”，“concerning”或 “relating to”，而不会用“about”； “事实上”用“in effect”，而不用“in fact”；
party a wishes to be released and discharged from agreement as from the effective date”，一句中的“release”和 “discharge”意思几乎相同。
翻译 contract
翻译contract基本解释●contract：合同，契约●/ˈkɒn.trækt/●n. 合同，契约●v. 收缩，感染（疾病）变化形式●n. 复数形式：contracts●v. 第三人称单数：contracts●过去式：contracted●过去分词：contracted●现在分词：contracting具体用法●●n.:o合同，契约o同义词：agreement, pact, deal, arrangement, understanding o反义词：disagreement, dispute, discord, conflict, contentiono例句：●The company signed a contract with the supplier to ensure asteady supply of raw materials for the next five years. (公司与供应商签署了一份合同，以确保未来五年的原材料稳定供应。
)●After months of negotiation, the two parties finally reached acontract that satisfied both sides. (经过数月的谈判，双方终于达成了一份令双方满意的合同。
)●The contract clearly outlines the responsibilities andobligations of each party involved. (合同明确列出了每个参与方的责任和义务。
)●Breaking the contract could result in severe financial penaltiesfor the company. (违反合同可能会导致公司面临严重的经济处罚。
)●The lawyer reviewed the contract thoroughly to ensure therewere no hidden clauses. (律师仔细审查了合同，以确保没有隐藏条款。
contract的过去式和用法例句
contract的过去式和用法例句contract做动词有缩小;订合同;缩短等意思，那么你知道contract的过去式是什么吗?下面小编为大家带来的contract的过去式和用法例句，供大家参考学习!contract的过去式和其他时态：过去式: contracted过去分词: contracted现在分词: contractingcontract的用法：contract的用法1：contract作订契约解时,指双方为共同利益所吸引。
用作及物动词时可接名词或动词不定式作宾语; 用作不及物动词接for可表示承包录入; 接in可表示承诺加入; 接with可表示与订合约。
contract的用法2：contract作缩小解时,指由于内部的力量,使物体的范围和结构收缩集中,多用作不及物动词,引申可表示缩写,这时常接介词to。
也可用作及物动词接名词或代词作宾语。
contract的用法3：contract用作不及物动词时,可表示订合同,订约,后面常接介词with; 与介词for连用表示原因或目的。
contract的用法4：contract作感染疾病或染上恶习解时是及物动词，接名词或代词作宾语。
contract的过去式例句：1. She contracted a formal marriage to a British ex-serviceman.她和一个英国退役军人正式订婚了。
2. When Barclays Bank contracted out its cleaning, the new company was cheaper.当巴克莱银行外包其结算业务后，新公司的价格更为便宜。
3. The manufacturing economy contracted in October for the sixth consecutive month.10月，制造业经济已经连续第6个月出现萎缩状况。
4. Ovarian cancer is the sixth most common cancer contracted by women.卵巢癌是女性常患的第六大癌症。
contract造句
contract造句1. I need to sign a contract with my new employer before starting my job.2. The contract stipulates that the company will provide health insurance for all employees.3. We have a legal team that reviews all contracts before they are signed.4. The contractor is responsible for completing the project on time and within budget.5. My landlord and I signed a lease contract for one year.6. The athlete's agent negotiated a lucrative endorsement contract with a major sports brand.7. It's important to read the fine print in any contract before signing it.8. The construction company won the bid to build the new office building through a competitive contracting process. 9. The musician was thrilled to sign a recording contract with a well-known record label.10. The government awarded the defense contract to a top military contractor.11. The terms of the contract were clear and straightforward,leaving no room for misunderstandings.12. Our company has an exclusive distribution contract with several major retailers in the region.13. The client requested several changes to the original design, which required us to renegotiate the contract.14. We had to terminate our agreement with the contractor due to repeated delays and quality issues.15. The software developer signed a licensing agreement with another company to use their technology in their product. 16. Our sales team is working hard to secure new contracts with potential clients in overseas markets.17. It's important for both parties to fulfill their obligations under the terms of the contract in order to avoid legal disputes later on.18. We had to hire an attorney to help us resolve a dispute over breach of contract with our former business partner.19. The artist's manager negotiated a favorable performance contract for her upcoming tour dates.20. Before hiring any subcontractors, we require them to sign an agreement outlining their responsibilities and compensation under our main construction contract.。
商务英语合同Contract讲解
合同特点与翻译Contract—pay attention to the specific articles and is based on the agreement Agreement—focus on the fundamental principles and orientations of the two sides合同(Contract)是双方或数方当事人对某一具体项目承担权利义务的协议，对当事人均具有约束力。
定义条款(Definition Clause)是对合同书中反复使用的词汇或在合同中具有特定意义的用语进行说明和解释。
经常在合同中做出定义的用语有：product（产品）,licensed product（许可产品）,trademark （商标）,know-how（专有技术）,industrial property right（工业产权）,technical documentation（技术资料）,exclusive territory（独占地区）,etc..基本条款(Basic Conditions)即经过交易磋商达成一致的条款，体现了双方当事人具体的权利与义务。
Name of Commodity (品名) Quality (品质) Specifications (规格)Quantity (数量) Packing (包装) Price (价格) Insurance (保险) Inspection (检验) 一般条款General Terms and Conditions ：合同有效期限Duration of Contract合同的终止Termination of Contract 不可抗力Force Majeure通知手续Notice 仲裁Arbitration 适用的法律Governing Law合同的修改Amendment of Contract 合同的让与Assignment of Contract基本条款(Basic Conditions)即经过交易磋商达成一致的条款，体现了双方当事人具体的权利与义务。
contract的用法和短语
contract的用法和短语合同是我们生活中经常遇到的一种法律文件，用于规定各方之间的权利和义务。
无论是在商业领域还是个人生活中，了解合同的用法和常用短语对我们非常重要。
本文将介绍合同的基本概念和用途，并提供一些常见的合同短语。
一、合同的定义和作用1. 合同的定义：合同是指两个或两个以上的自然人、法人或其他组织之间建立、变更、终止民事法律关系等财产权益关系的协议行为。
它可以是口头约定、文字约定或其他形式的协议，并被视为具有法律效力。
2. 合同的作用：- 确保各方权益：合同明确约定了各方在交易过程中应承担的责任和享有的权益，保证了交易双方利益互惠互利。
- 约束履行：通过签署合同，各方都有义务按照约定进行履行，减少因为各自主观判断产生歧义带来的纠纷。
- 保证权利保障：当交易发生争议时，通过检查合同可以明确双方之间约定好的权利和义务，提供法律保障。
二、常见的合同短语1. Offer and acceptance（提议与接受）：- "I hereby offer to sell my car for $10,000."（我特此以1万美元出售我的汽车。
）- "Thank you for accepting my offer."（感谢您接受我的提议。
）2. Terms and conditions（条款和条件）：- "The terms and conditions of this agreement are subject to negotiation."（本协议的条款和条件可进行商讨。
）- "The following terms and conditions apply to all sales transactions."（以下条款适用于所有销售交易。
）3. Consideration (对价)：- "In consideration of the services rendered, I agree to pay $500."（作为对所提供服务的回报，我同意支付500美元。
值得一读：contract与agreement区别
值得一读：contract与agreement区别Contract 与Agreement的有无区别？在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。
下面分别进行讲解。
第一部分、何谓“Contract”?1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为：A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is ,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations. 根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。
Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。
L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。
综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将事同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。
商务英语写作-合同与协议的区别
★以下是英⽂写作翻译频道为⼤家整理的《商务英语写作-合同与协议的区别》，供⼤家参考。
更多内容请看本站频道。
在英语中，合同⼀般称为Contract，协议⼀般称为Agreement. 何谓“contract”？ 1999年中国《合同法》第⼆条对contract定义为： A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing， modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing， that is， between natural persons， legal persons or other organizations“。
根据这⼀定义，合同平等主体之间设⽴的确定民事权利和义务的协议。
Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise， or a set of promises， for breach of which the law gives remedy， or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这⼀定义，合同是⼀种，违反可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履⾏该看做是⼀种补偿。
L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这⼀定义，合同就是有法律约束⼒的协议。
综合起来，有⼀个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce. 何谓“Agreement”？ L.B “A consensus of mind， or evidence of such consensus， in spoke or written form， relating to anything done or to be done.” 根据这⼀定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得⼀致意见，以⼝头或书⾯形式做出的约定。
contract和agreement的区别
在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。
何谓“contract”?1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为：A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligationsbetween subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations”。
根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。
，Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中将contract 定义为“contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of thewhich the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。
L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典“A Dictionary of Law”给contract的定义：“Contract is a legally binding agreement”根据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。
综合起来，有一个相同点，就是“Contract is an agreement”，即可将合同说成是“An agreement which binds the parties concerned”或者说合同说成是“An agreement which is enforceable by law”，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。
工程合同翻译术语
工程合同翻译术语
在工程合同中，翻译术语的准确性和一致性至关重要。
以下是一些常见的工程合同翻译术语，以确保合同的准确理解和执行：
1. Contract: 合同。
2. Contractor: 承包商。
3. Subcontractor: 分包商。
4. Scope of work: 工作范围。
5. Specifications: 技术规范。
6. Deliverables: 交付物。
7. Schedule: 进度表。
8. Payment terms: 付款条件。
9. Liquidated damages: 违约金。
10. Indemnification: 赔偿。
11. Force majeure: 不可抗力。
12. Termination: 终止。
13. Dispute resolution: 争议解决。
14. Governing law: 管辖法律。
15. Confidentiality: 保密性。
以上这些术语在工程合同中经常出现，对于合同的准确理解和执行至关重要。
作为合同范本专家，我可以根据客户的需要，定制合适的工程合同范本，并解答他们在合同起草过程中的疑问。
希望以上信息能对您有所帮助。
Contract 与Agreement有无区别
Contract 与Agreement有无区别在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement. 何谓contract ?1999年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为：A contact in t his Law refers to an agreement establishing，modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing，that is ，between natural persons，legal persons or other organizations 。
根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。
Steven H. Gifts编著的Law Dictionary 中将contract 定义为contract is a promise，or a set of promises，for breach of which the law gives remedy，or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty. 根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。
L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典A Dictionary of Law 给contract的定义：Contract is a legally binding agreement 根据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。
综合起来，有一个相同点，就是Contract is an agreement ，即可将事同说成是An agreement which binds the parties concerned 或者氢说合同说成是An agreement which is enforceable by law ，也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce.何谓Agreement ?L.B A consensus of mind，or evidence of such consensus，in spoke or written form，relating to anything done or to be done. 根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。
contract公式
contract公式Contract公式相关公式1. 合同总金额公式合同总金额公式用于计算合同中各项费用的总和，包括货物价格、劳务费用、运输费用等。
一般以如下形式表示：总金额 = 货物价格 + 劳务费用 + 运输费用例如，某合同中的货物价格为10000元，劳务费用为5000元，运输费用为2000元，则合同总金额为17500元。
2. 折扣率公式折扣率公式用于计算合同中某项费用的折扣比例，一般以百分比的形式表示。
计算公式如下：折扣率 = (折后价 ÷ 原价) × 100%例如，某货物原价为5000元，经过协商后的折后价为4000元，则折扣率为80%。
3. 惩罚金计算公式惩罚金计算公式用于根据合同条款中规定的违约情况，计算合同违约方应支付的惩罚性赔偿金额。
计算公式如下：惩罚金 = 每日违约金率 × 违约天数例如，某合同中规定的每日违约金率为100元，违约方违约10天，则应支付的惩罚金为1000元。
4. 利润率公式利润率公式用于计算合同中某项产品或服务的利润百分比，一般以百分比的形式表示。
计算公式如下：利润率 = (利润 ÷ 销售额) × 100%例如，某项产品的销售额为10000元，该产品的利润为3000元，则利润率为30%。
5. 货款支付期限公式货款支付期限公式用于计算买卖双方在合同中约定的货款支付截止日期。
一般以合同签订日期为基准，再根据约定的支付期限计算得出。
计算公式如下：货款支付截止日期 = 合同签订日期 + 支付期限天数例如，某合同于2022年1月1日签订，支付期限为30天，则货款支付截止日期为2022年1月31日。
以上是与”contract公式”相关的一些公式示例，它们在合同行业中经常被使用，用于计算各项费用、折扣、赔偿金额等重要数据。
在实际工作中，合同方需要根据具体情况，使用适当的公式进行计算和处理，以确保合同的准确性和公平性。
6. 毛利润公式毛利润公式用于计算合同中某项产品或服务的毛利润，即销售额减去成本的金额。
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THE INPORTANCE OF CONTRACT AND THE RELEV ANCE OF CONTRACT IN TODAYS DAY AND AGEDefinition of contract:A contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two or more parties with mutual obligations, which may or may not have elements in writing. Contracts can also be formed orally (parol contracts). The remedy at law for breach of contract is usually "damages" or monetary compensation. In equity, the remedy can be specific performance of the contract or an injunction. Both remedies award the damaged party the "benefit of the bargain" or expectation damages, which are greater than mere reliance damages, as in promissory estoppel.The Importance of a contractThe basic definition of a contract is that it is an exchange of promises. In order to have a contract you must have an offer, an acceptance and consideration. What is an offer and acceptance ispretty self explanatory. Consideration generally means something of value given in exchange like money or a promise.A contract can be oral or written. A contract does not necessarily have to be in writing to be enforceable. Whether a written contract is required will be determined by state law. There are certain types of contracts that must be in writing in order to be enforceable such as the sale of real estate.An implied contract (or sometimes called an implied-in-fact contract) is one that is created by action. For example, when you enter a store, you agree to purchase items in a store and not steal the items. You place the items on the conveyor belt at the register with your intent to purchase them. Your conduct implies action and creates a contract. In other words, you don't have a written agreement that you can enter the store in order to purchase certain items that you need.An express contract, in comparison to an implied contract, is a contract where all the terms are exchanged prior to the contract being completed. A written contract is generally an expressed contract.An adhesion contract is a form contract. For example, when you are asked to sign a pre-printed form as a contract to purchase an automobile, you are required to sign an adhesion contract. In mostcases, you cannot negotiate the terms of the contract if it is an adhesion contract.There are many types of contracts surrounding your day-to-day life, whether for personal or business reasons. You may have a contract with your employer, landlord, or your mortgage company. You may also have a contract with your insurance company, your auto finance company or your dry cleaner. A company can have a contract with another company. One cannot do most things in this world without a contract.The two most important things to know about contracts is 1) to understand the terms of the contract before you bind yourself to the contract, and 2) to read everything you sign. If you don't understand a contract, it is important to ask questions until you do. And, as always, contact an attorney to help you understand and negotiate your contracts, no matter how simple the contract may appear to be.The relevance of contractOrigin and scopeContract law is based on the principle expressed in the Latin phrase pacta sunt servanda, which is usually translated "agreements to bekept" but more literally means "pacts must be kept".[1]Contract law can be classified, as is habitual in civil law systems, as part of a general law of obligations, along with tort, unjust enrichment, and restitution.As a means of economic ordering, contract relies on the notion of consensual exchange and has been extensively discussed in broader economic, sociological, and anthropological terms (see "Contractual theory" below). In American English, the term extends beyond the legal meaning to encompass a broader category of agreements.[2] This article mainly concerns the common law. Such jurisdictions usually retain a high degree of freedom of contract, with parties largely at liberty to set their own terms. This is in contrast to the civil law, which typically applies certain overarching principles to disputes arising out of contract, as in the French Civil Code. However, contract is a form of economic ordering common throughout the world, and different rules apply in jurisdictions applying civil law (derived from Roman law principles), Islamic law, socialist legal systems, and customary or local law.Formation of ContractIn addition to the elements of a contract:▪ a party must have capacity to contract;▪the purpose of the contract must be lawful;▪the form of the contract must be legal;▪the parties must intend to create a legal relationship; and ▪the parties must consent.As a result, there are a variety of affirmative defenses that a party may assert to avoid his obligation.。