药剂学英文名词解释整理说课讲解

药剂学英文名词解释
整理
1.What is pharmaceutics? How many branches of pharmaceutics ?
2.What is a drug? Give some examples
A drug is defined as an agent intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, cure, or prevention of disease in humans or in other animals.
药物是有目的地用于诊断、缓解、治疗、治愈或预防人类或动物疾病的物质。

●Emetic (induce vomiting催吐剂) and antiemetic (prevent vomiting止吐剂)
drugs
●Diuretic drugs (increase the flow of urine利尿剂)
●Expectorant drugs (increase respiratory tract fluid除痰剂)
●Cathartics or laxatives (evacuate the bowel泻药)
●Other drugs decrease the flow of urine, diminish body secretions, or induce
constipation (便秘)
Drug standards
●The united states pharmacopeia (药典) and the national formulary (国家药品标
准)
●Pharmakon, meaning “drug”; poiein, meaning “make”;
●The combination indicates any recipe or formula or other standards required to
make or prepare a drug.
●Organized sets of monographs or books of these standards are called
pharmacopeias or formularies.
International Organization for standardization (ISO)
is an international consortium of representative bodies constituted to develop and promote uniform or harmonized international standards.
国际标准化组织是一个代表性的国际联合会，其设立是为了发展和增进国际标
准的均一性和协调性。

ISO 9000-ISO9004 used in the pharmaceutical industry
●ISO included standards pertaining to development, production, quality assurance,
quality control, detection of defective products, quality management, and other issues as product safety and liability.
●ISO 包括标准适合开发、生产、质量保证、质量控制、缺陷产品的检测、
质量管理和其他如产品安全性和责任的问题。

●Internationally recognized quality- management system.
Prodrugs
is a term used to describe a compound that requires metabolic biotransformation after administration to produce the desired pharmacologically active compound.
(前体药物使之能够在给药后经体内代谢性生物转化成具有期望的药理活性化合物的化合物。

）
a lead compound
is a prototype（原形化学物质） chemical compound that has a fundamental desired biologic or pharmacologic activity.
（先导化合物是一种具有生物学和药理学活性基本要求的原型化学物质。

）
a goal drug
In theory, a “goal drug”
●would produce the specifically desired effect,
●be administered by the most desired route (generally orally) at minimal dosage
and dosing frequency,
●have optimal onset and duration of activity,
理论上，目标药物应能通过最理想的途径（通常为口服）以最小的剂量和给药频率给药，能产生特异的期望疗效，具有最理想的起效和持续时间，
●exhibit no side effects,
●following its desired effect would be eliminated from the body efficiently,
completely, and without residual effect.
●it would be easily produced at low cost,
●be pharmaceutically elegant,
●physically and chemically stable under various conditions of use and storage.
●（无副作用，并在发挥疗效后能完全有效地从体内消除，且无残留效应。

它应该易于生产，费用低，制剂产品美观，在不同的使用和贮藏条件下物理和化学上稳定。

）
5(知)
●Pharmacodynamics is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of
drugs and their mechanisms of action.
●Pharmacokinetics deals with the absorption, distribution, metabolism or
biotransformation, and excretion of drugs.
●Clinical pharmacology applies pharmacologic principles to the study of the
effects and actions of drugs in humans.
A treatment IND
or a treatment protocol permits the use of an investigational drug in the trentment of patients not enrolled in the clinical study but who have a serious or immediately life-threatening disease for which there is non satisfactory alternative therapy.
1 药剂学定义
The general area of study concerned with the
formulation
manufacture
stability
effectiveness
of pharmaceutical dosage forms is termed pharmaceutics.
Biopharmaceutics
is the area of study embracing the relationship between the physical, chemical, and biological sciences as they apply to drugs, dosage forms, and to drug action.
（生物药剂学是围绕物理学、化学和生物科学及它们关于药物、剂型和药物作用相互关系的研究领域。

）
药物动力学
The area of study which elucidates the time course of drug concentration in the blood and tissues is termed pharmacokinetics.
It is the study of the kinetics of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of drugs and their corresponding pharmacologic, therapeutic, or toxic response in animals and man.
Pharmacokinetics also may be applied in the study of interactions between drugs.
Active transport
denotes a process of the solute or drug being moved across the membrane against a concentration gradient, that is, from a solution of lower concentration to one of a higher concentration or, if the solute is an ion, against an electrochemical potential gradient
（主动转运是指溶质或药物穿过生物膜的转运的过程是逆浓度梯度进行，即从低浓度向高浓度转运或当溶质是离子时逆电化学电势梯度转运。

）
endocytosis(内吞)
Many large molecules and particles can not enter cells via passive or active mechanisms. However, some may enter, as yet, by a process known as endocytosis(内吞)
In phagocytosis (吞噬) (cell eating),
large particles suspended in the extracellular fluid are engulfed and either transported into cells or are destroyed within the cell. This is a very important process for lung phagocytes and certain liver and spleen cells.
Pinocytosis (胞饮) (cell drinking)
is a similar process but involves the engulfing of liquids or very small particles that are in suspension within the extracellular fluid.
The bioavailability
describes the rate and extent to which an active drug ingredient or therapeutic moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of drug action.
The bioequivalence
refers to the comparison of bioavailabilities of different formulations, drug products, or batches of the same drug product.
Peak height (Cmax)
concentration is the maximum drug concentration observed in the blood plasma or serum following a dose of the drug.
For conventional dosage forms, as tablets and capsules, the Cmax will usually occur
at only a single time point, referred to as Tmax.
Time of peak (Tmax),
maximum level of drug in the blood
This parameter reflects the rate of drug absorption from a formulation. It is the rate of drug absorption that determines the time needed for the minimum effective concentration to be reached and thus for the initiation of the desired pharmacologic effect.
Area under the serum concentration time curve (AUC)
The AUC of a concentration-time plot is considered representative of the total amount of drug absorbed into the circulation following the administration of a single dose of that drug.
The smaller the AUC, the less drug absorbed.
Pharmaceutical equivalents
are drug products that contain identical amounts of the identical active drug ingredient, i.e., the same salt or ester of the same therapeutic moiety, in identical dosage forms,
but not necessarily containing the same inactive ingredients, and that meet the identical compendial or other applicable standard of identity, strength, quality, and purity, including potency and, where applicable, content uniformity, disintegration times, and/or dissolution rates.
（制剂等效指包含等量同种活性药物成分的药品，即：有相同治疗效应的相同盐或酯的形式，相同剂型。

但并不一定包含相同的非活性成分，具有相同的外观或其他相应的性质如规格、质量、纯度，包括效价、含量均匀性、崩解时间和溶出速率。

）
Pharmaceutical alternatives
are drug products that contain the identical therapeutic moiety, or its precursor, but not necessarily in the same amount or dosage form or as the same salt or ester. Each such product individually meets either the identical or its own respective compendial or other applicable standard of identity, strength, quality, and purity, including potency and, where applicable, content uniformity, disintegration times, and/or dissolution rates.
（制剂替代品指含有相同治疗效果的组成部分或它的前体药物，不需要相同剂量、相同剂型、相同的盐或酯的形式。

每种药品符合同样的或各自的外观和其他相应的性质如规格、质量、纯度，包括效价，含量均匀性、崩解时间和溶出速率。

)
Bioequivalent drug
products are pharmaceutical equivalents or pharmaceutical alternatives whose rate and extent of absorption do not show a significant difference when administered at the same molar dose of the therapeutic moiety under similar experimental conditions, either single dose or multiple dose.
(生物等效性药品指在相同的试验条件下，单次或多次给予相同治疗剂量的药物，其吸收的速率和程度没有显示显著性差异的制剂等效品或制剂替代品。

）
Therapeutic equivalents
has been used to indicate pharmaceutical equivalents which, when administered to the same individuals in the same dosage regimens, will provide essentially the same therapeutic effect.
The half-life (T1/2)
of a drug describes the time required for a drug’s blood or plasma concentration to decrease by one half.
4（复）What is Noyes-Whitney equation?
The dissolution of a substance may be described by the modified Noyes-Whitney equation:
dc/dt=kS(cs-ct)
in which dc/dt is the rate of dissolution
k is the dissolution rate constant
S is the surface area of the dissolving solid,
Cs is the saturation concentration of drug in the diffusion layer
Ct is the concentration of the drug in the dissolution medium at time t
Biotransformation
is a term used to indicate the chemical changes that occur with drugs within the body as they are metabolized and altered by various biochemical mechanisms.
The process of biotransformation is commonly referred to as the “detoxification” or “inactivation” process.
8（复）Explain shortly about one compartment model and two compartment model？
The simplest pharmacokinetic model is the single compartment open-model system.
This model depicts the body as one compartment characterized by a certain volume of distribution (Vd) that remains constant.
In the two-compartment system, a drug enters into and is instantaneously distributed throughout the central compartment.
Its subsequent distribution into the second or peripheral compartment is slower.
8 Powders
are intimate mixtures of dry, finely divided drugs and /or chemicals that may be intended for internal or external use. e.g. tablets, capsules, liquid dosage forms, ointments and creams.
粘附性(adhesion)
是指不同分子间产生的引力，如粉体粒子与器壁间的粘附。

凝聚性(cohesion，粘着性)
是指同分子间产生的引力，如粉体粒子之间发生粘附而形成聚集体(random floc)
6 Capsules
are solid dosage forms in which medicinal agents and/or inert substances are enclosed in a small shell of gelatin. Gelatin capsule shells may be hard or soft, depending on their composition.
1（知）sustained-release preparations 缓释制剂
系指在规定释放介质中，按要求缓慢地非恒速释放药物，其与相应的普通制剂比较，给药频率比普通制剂减少一半或给药频率比普通制剂有所减少，且能显著增加患者的顺应性的制剂。

controlled- release preparations 控释制剂
系指在规定释放介质中，按要求缓慢地恒速或接近恒速释放药物，给药频率比普通制剂减少一半或给药频率比普通制剂有所减少，血药浓度比缓释制剂更加平稳，且能显著增加患者的顺应性的制剂。

delayed-release preparations 迟释制剂
迟释制剂系指在给药后不立即释放药物的制剂，包括肠溶制剂、结肠定位制剂和脉冲制剂等。

1（知）定时释放系统（chronopharmacologic drug delivery system ）
是根据人体的生物节律变化特点，按时辰药理学和时辰治疗学原理设计的新型控释给药系统
又称脉冲式给药系统(pulsatile drug delivery system)
片剂（Tablet)
系指药物与适宜的辅料通过制剂技术制成的片状或异型片状制剂，主要供口服使用。

Tablets are solid dosage forms usually prepared with the aid of suitable pharmaceutical excipients.
（复）Ointments
①are semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membranes.
②Ointments may be medicated or nonmedicated.
③Nonmedicated ointments are used for the physical effects that they provide as protectants, emollients or lubricants.
（复）Pharmaceutical creams
are semisolid preparations containing one or more medical agents dissolved or dispersed in either an oil-in-water emulsion or in another type of water-washable base.
（复）Gels
are semisolid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jelly-like through the addition of a gelling agent.
（复）- transdermal drug delivery systems(TDDS)
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) facilitate the passage of therapeutic quantities of drug substances through the skin and into the general circulation for their systemic effect.
经皮给药系统能促进具治疗量的药物透过皮肤，进入体循环发挥系统作用。

（复）- iontophoresis
Iontophoresis is delivery of a charged chemical compound across the skin membrane using an electrical field.
（离子导入法是指在电场作用下，带电荷的化合物导入皮肤粘膜的一种方法。

）
（复）- sonophoresis (超声导入法)
Sonophoresis, is a process that exponentially increases the absorption of topical compounds (transdermal delivery) with high-frequency ultrasound.
Sonophoresis occurs because ultrasound waves stimulate micro-vibrations within the skin epidermis and increase the overall kinetic energy of molecules making up topical agents.
（复）- percutaneous absorption enhancers
chemical permeation enhancers and physical methods that can increase percutaneous absorption of therapeutic agents.
A chemical skin penetration enhancer increases skin permeability by reversibly damaging or altering the physicochemical nature of the stratum corneum to reduce its diffusional resistance.
化学吸收促进剂通过通过可逆地改变角质层的理化状态，降低扩散阻力而提高皮肤渗透率。

Solutions
In pharmaceutical terms, solutions are “liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents”.
Because of a particular pharmaceutical solution’s use, it may be classified as： oral solution, otic solution, ophthalmic solution, topical solution.
（重）solubility
The solubility of an agent in a particular solvent indicates the maximum concentration to which a solution may be prepared with that agent and that solvent.
Syrups （糖浆剂）
are concentrated aqueous preparations of a sugar or sugar substitute with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances.
（复）Elixirs
are clear, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use and are uaually flavored to enhance their palatability.
Nonmedicated elixirs are employed as vehicles;
Medicated elixirs are used for the therapeutic effect of the medicinal substances they contain.
（复）Tinctures
are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances.
Suspensions
may be defined as preparations containing finely divided drug particles distributed somewhat uniformly throughout a vehicle in which the drug exhibits a minimum degree of solubility.
混悬剂系指难溶性固体药物以微粒状态分散于分散介质中形成的多相分散体系。

（复）Emulsions
An emulsion is a dispersion in which the dispersed phase is composed of small globules of a liquid distributed throughout a vehicle in which it is immiscible.
乳剂系指互不相溶的两相液体混合，其中一相以液滴状态分散于另一相中形成的非均匀分散液体制剂。

（复）floc or floccule.
One common method of preventing rigid cohesion of small particles of a suspension is intentional formation of a less rigid or loose aggregation of the particles held together by comparatively weak particle-to-particle bonds.
Such an aggregation of particles is termed a floc or a floccule（絮状物, 絮凝粒）.
（复）creaming of the emulsion
Aggregates of globules of the internal phase have a greater tendency than do individual particles to rise to the top of the emulsion or fall to the bottom. Such a
preparation of the globules is termed the creaming of the emulsion，and provided coalescence is absent, it is reversible process.
（内相液滴的聚集体比其单个颗粒具有更大的趋势上浮到乳剂顶部或下沉到底部，这种聚集体的形成称为乳剂的分层。

当未发生合并时，是一可逆过程。

）
（复）coalescence of the emulsion.
Of greater destruction to an emulsion than creaming is the coalescence of the globules of the internal phase and the separation of that phase into a layer. The separation of the internal phase from the emulsion is called the “breaking” of the emulsion, and the emulsion is described as being “cracked” or “broken.” this is irreversible.
比分层更具有破坏性的是乳剂内相液滴的合并，从而产生相分离形成不同的液层。

乳剂中内相的分离称为乳剂的“破坏”，此时乳剂则被描述成“破裂”。

这是不可逆的变化。

aerosols
are pressurized dosage forms containing one or more active ingredients which upon actuation emit a fine dispersion of liquid and/or solid materials in a gaseous medium. 药物气雾剂为一种或多种活性成分的压缩剂型，可通过喷出在气态介质中形成液体和（或）固体物质的细小分散体系。

Injections
are sterile, pyrogen-free preparations intended to be administered parenterally. Pyrogen:
Fever-producing organic substances arsing from microbial contamination
热原：微量即能引起恒温动物体温异常升高的物质。

Biotechnology
The term biotechnology encompasses any technique that uses living organisms in the production or modification of products.
生物技术或称生物工程（biotechnology),是应用生物体（包括微生物，动物细胞，植物细胞）或其组成部分（细胞器和酶），在最适条件下，生产有价值的产物或进行有益过程的技术。

stealth liposomes
To extend the half-life of liposomes in the body, “stealth liposomes” have been developed by coating the liposomes with materials, such as the polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG), enabling liposomes to evade detection through the components of the body’s immune system
This extends their half-life and may also alter their biodistribution.。